Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Systèmes circadiens'
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Tinakoua, Anass. "Impact de l’intoxication au Paraquat/Maneb et des déplétions sélectives des monoamines sur les systèmes moteur et circadien : Etude comportementale, biochimique et électrophysiologique dans le contexte de la maladie de Parkinson." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0447/document.
Full textThe present study aimed to investigate the effects of monoaminergic system lesionson the motor and non-motor functions, including anxiety, depression and circadian rhythmswithin the context of Parkinson’s disease. First, we developed appropriate animal models usingcombined paraquat/maneb (PQ/MB) intoxication or using selective lesions of monoaminergicsystems; second, we characterized the models using behavioral, biochemical andelectrophysiological approaches.In the first part of the study, we investigated the relevance of the PQ/MB model by studyingthe effects of combined PQ/MB on: (1) locomotor activity and motor coordination using theopen field and the rotarod test respectively, (2) anxiety and “depressive-like” behaviors usingthe elevated plus maze and the forced swim test respectively, (3) subthalamic nucleus neuronalactivity using extracellular single unit recordings and (4) tissue level of dopamine,noradrenaline and serotonin in the striatum and frontal cortex.Our data provide evidence that male Sprague Dawley rats are not equally sensitive to PQ/MBand that the observed motor deficits in vulnerable animals are not only a result of dopamineneuron degeneration, but may also be a consequence of peripheral disabilities. Nevertheless,the parkinsonian-like non-motor impairments may be a direct consequence of the bilateraldopamine depletion.Based on the results of the first part, we used the 6-OHDA rat model to investigate the effectsof DA cell degeneration, alone or combined with the noradrenaline (NA) and/or serotonin (5-HT) depletions, on the electrical activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons usingextracellular electrophysiological recordings. SCN is a key structure involved in the control ofcircadian rhythms. Our data provide the first evidence that monoamine depletions are at theorigin of changes in the firing activity of SCN neurons, suggesting new insight into theinvolvement of these electrical changes in the pathophysiology of circadian rhythms disruptionin PD
Chassard, David. "Implication du système circadien dans la fonction de reproduction chez la souris femelle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ060/document.
Full textThe kisspeptin (Kp) neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) are essential for the preovulatory LH surge, which is gated by circulating estradiol (E2) and the time of day. We investigated whether AVPV Kp neurons in intact female mice may be the site in which both E2 and daily signals are integrated and whether these neurons may host a circadian oscillator involved in the timed LH surge. In the afternoon of proestrous day, Kp immunoreactivity displayed a marked and transient decrease 2 hours before the LH surge. In contrast, Kp content was stable throughout the day of diestrus, when LH levels are constantly low. AVPV Kp neurons expressed the clock protein period1 (PER1) with a daily rhythm that is phase delayed compared with the PER1 rhythm measured in the main clock of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). PER1 rhythm in the AVPV, but not in the SCN,exhibited a significant phase delay of 2.8 hours in diestrus as compared with proestrus. Isolated Kp expressing AVPV explants from PER2::LUCIFERASE mice displayed sustained circadian oscillations of bioluminescence with a circadian period (23.2 h) significantly shorter than that of SCN explants(24.5 h). Furthermore, in AVPV explants incubated with E2 (10 nM to 1 μM), the circadian period was lengthened by 1 hour, whereas the SCN clock remained unaltered. In conclusion, these findings indicate that AVPV Kp neurons display an E2-dependent daily rhythm, which may possibly be driven by an intrinsic circadian clock acting in combination with the SCN timing signal
Tang, Ni. "Circadian and non-visual regulation of light on sleep-wake states in humans and nocturnal rodents." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10356.
Full textLight influences a wide range of behavioral and physiological functions, including sleep-wake cycles, melatonin secretion, pupil light reflex, glucose metabolism, and more. As a key environmental factor, light synchronizes the circadian system with a roughly 24-hour cycle. Light signals are detected by a specific type of retinal cell, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which are distinct from the classical photoreceptors—rods and cones—that are primarily involved in vision. These ipRGCs transmit light information to the brain's master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN then projects to various brain structures, coordinating rhythmic behavioral and physiological processes. Notably, ipRGCs also send projections to brain regions beyond the SCN, bypassing circadian regulation to directly influence non-visual functions like sleep, wakefulness, and metabolism. This dual pathway—circadian and non-circadian—mediates light's non-visual effects on the body. However, the exact mechanisms by which light affects sleep-wake states, and which brain structures and neurotransmitters are involved, remain largely unknown. As artificial light becomes increasingly common in modern life, including during nighttime, its disruption of natural light-dark cycles raises concerns. The aim of our project is to explore the wake-promoting and sleep-inhibiting effects of light using both animal models and human studies. In the animal studies, we employed genetically modified mouse models with disrupted histamine and/or orexin transmission to investigate whether these neurotransmitters mediate the sleep-inducing effects of light. Mice were exposed to three conditions: LD12:12, DD, and LD1:1 cycles. Our findings revealed that light significantly increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) during the dark phase in wild-type (WT) mice, but this effect was diminished in OX knockout, HDC knockout, and dual OX/HDC knockout mice. Additionally, light induced a significant increase in EEG delta activity during SWS in WT, OX knockout, and OX/HDC knockout mice, but not in HDC knockout mice. Furthermore, while light induced sleep rapidly and for a sustained duration in WT mice, this effect was slower and shorter-lasting in the knockout models. These results suggest that the sleep-inducing effects of light require both orexin and histamine transmission. In the human study, 20 healthy male participants were exposed to four different light conditions (0, 3, 8, and 20 lux) during a 5-day protocol in a controlled laboratory setting. We found that wake after sleep onset (WASO) was significantly higher under 20 lux compared to lower light intensities, and sleep efficiency was lower under 20 lux than under 3 and 8 lux. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in salivary melatonin and cortisol levels at wake time between the four light conditions. Similarly, body temperature during sleep remained unchanged across light conditions, but heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were affected, with a decrease in HR and an increase in HRV under 20 lux and 3 lux compared to 0 lux. Glucose levels during sleep were significantly higher under low-light conditions (3 and 20 lux) than under 0 lux. Moreover, nocturnal light exposure impaired sensitivity to light and cognitive performance the following morning. Our study concludes that even very low-intensity artificial light at night (ALAN) can disturb sleep and affect physiological functions
El, Cheikh Raouf. "Multiscale modeling for the regulation of cell cycle by the circadian clock : applications to chronotherapy." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10082/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the development of a multiscale mathematical model that describes the regulation of the cell cycle by the circadian clock. What motivated this work is the fact that several tumorigenic diseases are linked to circadian rhythms disruption. We would like to understand the effect of circadian rhythms on the proliferation of a cell population and hence give plausible explanation for diseases that arise form circadian clock disruption. The mammalian cell cycle and the circadian clock are two molecular processes that operate in a rhythmic manner and exquisite precision. On one hand, the cell cycle is driven by the rhythmic activity of cyclin dependent kinases which dictate the time a cell must engage mitosis and the time it must divide giving birth to two daughter cells. On the other hand, the circadian clock is a system of transcriptional and translational feedback-loops that generates sustained oscillations of different mRNAs and proteins with a period of approximately 24 h. It turns out that several components of the circadian clock regulates various cyclin-dependent kinases at different stages of the cell cycle. This makes the circadian clock a key player of the temporal organization of the cell cycle and makes these two biological processes act as two tightly coupled oscillators. Our modeling approach consists of using a molecular-structured partial differential equation that describes the proliferation of a cell population. Proliferation depends on the coupled cell cycle-circadian clock molecular state of cells. Due to the large number of molecular components involved in the cell cycle-circadian clock system, the problem becomes of high-dimensionality and specific numerical techniques are needed to solve the equation
Morant, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Réseaux de régulation génétique : dynamique d'un gène autorégulé et modélisation de l'horloge circadienne de l'algue unicellulaire Ostreococcus tauri." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10161.
Full textNetworks of genes interacting via regulatory proteins modulating their activities are highly nonlinear systems wich display a variety of dynamical behaviour, such multistability or oscillations. The development of systemic approaches in biology has put emphasis on identifying genetic modules whose behavior can be modeled quantitatively so that their function and structure can be studied and understood. Our experience in nonlinear systems and modeling of experimental systems has led us to study minimal oscillating networks. First, we have revisited the dynamics of a gene repressed by its own protein in the case where the transcription rate does not adapt instantaneously to protein concentration but is a dynamical variable. Indeed, burst-like gene transcription has been monitored with new in vivo technique for tracking single-RNA molecule. We have derived analytical criteria for the appearance of sustained oscillations and found that they require degradation mechanisms much less nonlinear than for infinitely fast regulation. Deterministic predictions are confirmed by stochastic simulations of this minimal genetic oscillator. Secondly, we have studied a minimal mathematical model of a circadian oscillator, wich is in surprisingly good agreement with expression profiles of two central clock genes TOC1 and CCA1 of the microscopic green alga Ostreococcus tauri. We not only found that this two-gene transcriptional loop model can reproduce almost perfectly transcript and protein profiles but observed that excellent adjustment of data recorded under light/dark alternation is obtained when no model parameter depends on light intensity. Furthermore, we have shown that this paradoxical behaviour is in fact compatible with a coupling to light that is confined to short temporal windows and judiciously scheduled during the day. This circadian clock is robust in that the oscillator is both sensitive to phase shifts when resetting is required and insensitive to daylight fluctuations
Tracqui, Philippe. "Des concepts de la dynamique non linéaire à l'auto-organisation des systèmes biologiques : attracteurs multiples, structures de bifurcation et trajectoires spatio-temporelles d'un modelé autocatalytique du métabolisme minéral osseux." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066704.
Full textDas, Aparna. "Modeling the dynamics of gene regulatory networks : piecewise linear differential equations and discrete approaches." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4078.
Full textIn order to describe the dynamic behavior of gene regulatory networks different formalisms have been introduced. In this thesis, we describe first the discrete approach of René Thomas and piecewise linear differential equations approach. Then we proposed a correspondence result between the two approaches and based on it we proposed an automatic computational technique to understand the global behavior of such complex systems using MAPLE programming language. The proposed code provides a way to compute the trajectories of the discrete version of a gene regulatory network model given an initial condition, in the same way as usual numerical algorithms give the “true” solution of a differential model from an initial condition. Knowing a discrete trajectory is less precise than knowing a true trajectory but correspondence theorems shows the link between the two approaches. Hence, it is a mathematical tool for analysing gene regulatory networks models. Finally, we illustrate both discrete and piecewise linear approaches, theircorrespondence and the use of our Maple code on a specific example: a mathematical model of the circadian clock. Our first two presented 8 and 4 variables models are the simplification of a model proposed by Leloup and Goldbeter. We deliberately choose to push the simplicity of the model as far as possible, focusing only on a few biological behaviors of interest. The hope is to get nevertheless the essential abstract causalities that govern these behaviors
Danel, Thierry. "Alcool et système circadien." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066447.
Full textBehaegel, Jonathan. "Modèles hybrides de réseaux de régulation : étude du couplage des cycles cellulaire et circadien." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4071/document.
Full textModelling biological systems has become instrumental to understand complex and emerging phenomena resulting from partially known influences, and to consider controlling an altered system in order to restore a physiological behaviour. Any model, independent of the underlying paradigm, involves parameters governing its dynamics. However, experimental measurements generally do not allow their identification and this remains one of the major problems of modelling. This PhD proposes an automatic method for identifying the dynamic parameters of biological systems in a hybrid modelling framework. The chosen hybrid framework splits the phase space according to the activity of the biological entities, and associates to each of these subspaces a celerity for each of the components. We introduce a continuous time Hoare logic as well as its weakest precondition calculus which, from qualitative and chronometrical experimental observations, constructs the minimum constraints on the model parameters making it compatible with the observations. This calculus leads to a Constraint Satisfaction Problem on real numbers and we show that it can be solved by the AbSolute solver.The Holmes BioNet prototype developed during this PhD can not only automate the parameter identification process from experimental data, but also simulate the evolution of the obtained model in order to compare it with experimental traces. We use this prototype to model the coupling of the cellular and circadian cycles
Negroni, Julia. "Étude neuroanatomique et fonctionnelle du système circadien chez les mammifères souterrains." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T118.
Full textBurckard, Odile. "Analyse mathématique de la dynamique du cycle et de la synchronisation des horloges circadiennes périphériques des mammifères." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ4046.
Full textCircadian clocks, present in the cells of virtually all living beings, are essential for the rhythmic regulation of many biological processes. The healthy functioning of organisms depends on the phase coherence of these genetic oscillators. However, in mammals, the mechanisms underlying the synchronization of peripheral clocks remain poorly understood. This thesis focuses on the study of the synchronization of mammalian peripheral circadian clocks and on the analysis of circadian cycle dynamics.First, we hypothesize that peripheral clocks can achieve synchronization through coupling mechanisms, comparable to those observed between central clock cells. We investigate this hypothesis numerically, using a model of a network of coupled peripheral clocks, constructed with ordinary differential equations. Our simulations lead to the identification of factors promoting the synchronization of circadian oscillators. Secondly, we focus on the dynamics of a single circadian cycle, which we characterize theoretically through the construction of a piecewise affine model approximating a continuous model including mass action terms. Our approach is based on the identification of a sequence of periodic transitions between regions of the discretized phase space of the continuous model, and on the development of an algorithm generating real threshold values that guarantee a periodic trajectory for the oscillators of the piecewise affine model and the reproduction of the main qualitative properties of circadian cycles. We then propose a general and automated method for characterizing the behaviour of any circadian cycle whose time series of CLOCK:BMAL1, REV-ERB and PER:CRY protein (complexes) are known. Our method provides a benchmark for testing and comparing the dynamics of different circadian cycles, while highlighting properties they share. Finally, these methods allow us to better understand the influence of coupling on the cycle dynamics of a network of peripheral clocks
Alejevski, Faredin. "Photoentrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock through visual system." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS200.
Full textThe rotation of the earth forces living organisms to adapt to its cyclic environment, in particular light and temperature changes. From unicellular organisms to humans, almost all species have evolved circadian clocks, which allow them to anticipate day-night transitions and use light as the most powerful synchronizing cue. In light-dark cycles, D. melanogaster flies display a bimodal locomotor activity with peaks around dawn and dusk. To perceive light, Drosophila has evolved a complex visual system, composed of compound eyes, ocelli and Hofbauer-Buchner eyelet. These organs contain photoreceptors (PRs) expressing six different light receptors named rhodopsins (Rh1 to Rh6). In addition, one rhodopsin (Rh7) is found in some of the clock neurons in the brain. Most of the clock cells also express another type of light receptor, Cryptochrome (Cry). Most studies about clock entrainment by light have focused on the Cry-dependent light input, which allows short light pulses to reset the brain clock. The present thesis focuses on the entrainment of the brain clock through rhodopsins. In photoreceptors, rhodopsins capture photons and activate a transduction cascade, where a key player is the phospholipase C (PLC) encoded by norpA. Mutants deficient for Cry and NorpA do not synchronize at low light intensity but still entrain with high light, indicating that an unknown NorpA-independent pathway is also used by the clock. Light induces a depolarization of the PRs, which release histamine as a neurotransmitter, but their role in circadian entrainment is unknown. Which type of rhodopsine-expressing photoreceptors are implicated? After the phototransduction cascade activation and the release of histamine from the photoreceptors, which downstream neurons expressing the histamine-gated chloride channels Ort and Hiscl1 (whose function has been studied in the visual behavior) are involved in the circadian entrainment? The first part of the thesis was to study the function of the 6 PR rhodopsins in circadian entrainment. I first contributed to studying the function of the specific photoreceptors in the NorpA-dependent pathway (Saint-Charles et al. J Comp Neurol 2016). Then, we generated genotypes having either none or only one of the six PR rhodopsins. Mutants with no Cry and none of the 6 PR rhodopsins could not synchronize with light-dark (LD) cycles (low light or high light). In low light, Rh1 and Rh6 were the main light input for entrainment. In high-light, each one of the 6 PR rhodopsins can provide entrainment, with Rh1, Rh5 and Rh6 being the most efficient (Alejevski et al., in prep).The second part of the work was to identify the neuronal pathways that connect the PRs to the brain circadian clock. Flies deficient for Cry and the two histamine receptors are circadianly blind, whereas Cry mutants having either Ort or Hiscl1 are able to entrain. Thus, each one of the two receptors supports circadian entrainment. Rescuing Ort or Hiscl1 in the clock cells could not restore entrainment, indicating that there is no direct histaminergic connection between PRs and clock neurons. Our rescue experiments revealed several pathways in otic lobes that rely on Ort-expressing interneurons to entrain the clock. In contrast and unexpectedly, we observed that the expression of Hiscl1 in PRs but not in interneurons was involved in circadian entrainment. In fact, only Hiscl1 expression in Rh6 PRs mediates entrainment. Our work thus reveals Rh6-expressing PRs as both photoreceptors and histamine-receiving interneurons in the rhodopsin-dependent entrainment pathway, which recalls the role of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mammalian retina (Alejevski et al. Nat Commun, in revision)
Innominato, Pasquale Fabio. "Le système circadien : cible pharmacologique pour prévenir ou améliorer les symptômes associés au cancer et à ses traitements." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00722229.
Full textFigueiredo, Almeida Sofia José. "Synchronisation d'oscillateurs biologiques : modélisation, analyse et couplage du cycle cellulaire et de l’horloge circadienne." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4239/document.
Full textThe cell division cycle and the circadian clock are two fundamental processes of cellular control that generate cyclic patterns of gene activation and protein expression, which tend to be synchronous in healthy cells. In mammalian cells, the mechanisms that govern the interactions between cell cycle and clock are still not well identified. In this thesis we analyze these two biological oscillators, both separately and as a coupled system, to understand and reproduce their main dynamical properties, uncover essential cell cycle and clock components, and identify coupling mechanisms. Each biological oscillator is first modeled by a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations and its parameters calibrated against experimental data: the cell cycle model is based on post-translational modifications of the mitosis promoting factor and results in a relaxation oscillator whose dynamics and period are controlled by growth factor; the circadian clock model is transcription-based, recovers antiphasic BMAL1/PER:CRY oscillation and relates clock phases to metabolic states. This model shows how the relative duration of activating and repressing molecular clock states is adjusted in response to two out-of-phase hormonal inputs. Finally, we explore the interactions between the two oscillators by investigating the control of synchronization under uni- or bi-directional coupling schemes. Simulations of experimental protocols replicate the oscillators’ period-lock response and recover observed clock to cell cycle period ratios such as 1:1, 3:2 and 5:4. Our analysis suggests mechanisms for slowing down the cell cycle with implications for the design of new chronotherapies
Saint-Charles, Alexandra. "Contribution des rhodopsines et des récepteurs à l’histamine dans la synchronisation de l’horloge circadienne par la système visuel chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T033.
Full textThe circadian clock allowed physiologic and behavioural anticipation against the day/night oscillation. Light is the most powerful clue for living organism. In the fly Drosophila melanogaster, the rest-activity is synchronized by light and pass through the cryptochrome and the visual system. CRYPTOCHROME act directly in the clock neurons to inform the clock but little is known about the visual system. Drosophila posses tree structures: the ocelli, the compound eye and the eyelet of Hofbauer-Buchner, each structure expressed one or multiple rhodopsins. The phototransduction cascade is activated by light and depend one a phospholipase C-ß NORPA, this lead to histamine realised. Study of mutants show that the 6 rhodopsines represent the only photo-sensible molecule for the clock and the RH2 and the RH5 alone could entrain the clock. We have also find that the RH1, RH3, RH4 and RH6 use a NORPA-dependant way to inform the clock whereas the RH2 does not. Some doubt is still present regarding the RH5 NORPA-dependant way. We have determined that the two-histamines receptor ORT and HISCL1 are involved in the circadian process. Besides, we have shown that there is no direct connexion between the clock and the photoreceptors but the information is relay on a glutamatergique and a cholinegique pathway. This thesis draws the circuit by which the light informed the clock and identified the opsines and the interneurons involved
Cuesta, Marc. "Modulation sérotonergique différentielle de l’horloge circadienne principale entre rongeurs diurnes et nocturnes." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/CUESTA_Marc_2009.pdf.
Full textThe main circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). They are synchronized by many factors, such as light or serotonin. In this thesis, we have tried to characterize mechanisms of the SCN synchronization by the serotonergic system in nocturnal (Rat) and diurnal (Sudanian Arvicanthis) rodents. The first part has determined the diurnality of Sudanian Arvicanthis. In this species, some rhythmic parameters are bimodal (locomotor activity, body temperature) and others are unimodal (blood glucose, plasma leptin, hippocampal 5-HT). In both cases, the phases of these rhythms are often opposed to those of Rats. We conclude that in spite of partial bimodality, Sudanian Arvicanthis is a diurnal model. The second part has studied the serotonergic modulation of the SCN in Sudanese Arvicanthis. With the use of fluoxetine an inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake commonly prescribed as antidepressant, we have shown that this modulation on SCN and photic synchronization is opposed between diurnal and nocturnal rodents. The last part has delineated the serotonergic paradox in the Rat circadian system. We have found that the serotonergic system induces non-photic effects by activation of 5-HT1A/7 receptors. The photic-like effects are due to activation of the 5-HT2C/3 receptors. This work has demonstrated that the serotonergic system acts in a differential manner between nocturnal and diurnal rodents. These results open biomedical perspectives in Humans, who are also diurnal
Karaboué, Abdoulaye. "Rôle du système circadien dans le contrôle de la survie des patients traités par immunothérapie pour cancer : Analyse des mécanismes impliqués." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASQ019.
Full textA better understanding of physiopathological mechanisms and better-targeted treatments, according to the characteristics of the patient and his/her tumor, are the focus of intensive research, within the framework of precision and personalized cancer medicine. Precision medicine is now beginning to integrate molecular circadian clocks, which generate periodic oscillations of around 24 h in metabolism, cell proliferation and death, as well as responses to toxic or therapeutic drugs. Several experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the important role of the circadian timing system in all stages of carcinogenesis, from initiation and promotion to progression and metastatic dissemination. The circadian timing system also influences tolerance and efficacy of anti-cancer treatments, both in experimental models and in patients. After my initial observation of an apparent great homogeneity in the temporal responses to cancer immunotherapy in my clinical practice, I have been investigating the role of dosing time and circadian rhythms in the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Indeed, immunotherapy has emerged as a standard anticancer treatment for several cancer types in the last decade. However, not all patients benefit from it, and only a small number are cured. My current thesis project results first highlighted the role of the time of administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors on their efficacy and tolerability in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, with a four-fold increase in survival of patients treated in the morning compared with the afternoon or evening. I then showed, in a first meta-analysis and then in a review, that morning administration of immunotherapy doubled on average the survival and progression-free survival of patients with eight different types of cancer. I then propose the main circadian mechanisms that can influence the efficacy of immunotherapy over the course of 24 hours. Finally, my work shows that morning administration of an immune checkpoint inhibitor also doubles its efficacy compared with afternoon administration, despite its combination with immunosuppressive chemotherapy. Moreover, the administration times of the first four immunochemotherapy cycles recapitulate the chrono-immunotherapeutic effect of the treatment over its full duration the vast entire. In conclusion, the discovery of a major impact of the time of administration of cancer immunotherapy on its efficacy is in favor of between-patient synchronization of the circadian mechanisms of its pharmacodynamics vis-à-vis immune system cells. The characterization of between-patient differences in circadian synchronization could further enable personalized optimization of cancer chronoimmunotherapy
Pasquier, Florane. "Etude de l'implication de la fonction vestibulaire dans la rythmicité biologique chez l'Homme." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC201.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis was to test if the vestibular stimulation can impact the circadian biological rhythms in human. We have evaluated the effects of two vestibular stimulation methods (rotatory chair, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation/GVS) on the motor activity rhythm of young healthy adults. This project also evaluated tolerability of the stimulation protocols. The similarities between GVS and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) used in the treatment of depression, and the links between biological rhythms disorders and mood disorders, have led us to assess the effects of vestibular stimulation on the anxiety level.Effects of vestibular stimulation induced by a rotatory chair at the end of the afternoon has been tested in the first study. We observed a decrease in motor activity level after the vestibular stimulation, and a phase advance effect two days after the stimulation. The second study demonstrated no significant effects of the GVS applied in the middle of the day on the motor activity rhythm, and the wake/sleep transition. Finally, the third study showed that GVS can decrease the anxiety level. This effect depends on the stimulation parameters (duration). GVS method was well tolerated by the participants. On the contrary, the rotatory chair induced motion sickness symptoms.These results confirm the influence of vestibular stimulation on biological rhythms and mood in human. However, the observed effects depend on the stimulation parameters (technique, time of the day). These results promote studies about the use of vestibular stimulation in the regulation of biological rhythms, and the GVS in the treatment of the biological rhythms and mood disorders
Najjar, Raymond. "Non visual photoreception in humans : circadian consequences of spectral modulations of light." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10110.
Full textPhysiological and behavioral circadian rhythms in mammals and humans are under the control of a central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. This endogenous clock has a period close to but not exactly 24 hours and therefore needs to be constantly entrained to the 24-h period of the earth, by the light-dark cycle. Light is perceived through the eyes and implicates all the retina’s photoreceptors (rods, cones, melanopsin ganglion cells (ipRGCs)). A properly entrained circadian system leads to an appropriate rhythmic expression of many physiological functions (hormonal secretion, sleep/wake cycles, core body temperature …). My project’s hypotheses are: 1- a chronic exposure to blue deprived light, as occurring in the aged due to lens filtration or under standard indoor lighting, leads to a decreased nonvisual sensitivity to light.; 2- exposure to blue enriched white light in the young subjects enhances non-visual responses to light such as, entrainment of the circadian system, vigilance, mood, sleep quality and cognitive performance. The aim of my thesis is to evaluate these hypotheses using two approaches : 1. A physiological approach: In the aged subject, in whom the ocular crystalline lens specifically filters short wavelength lights, known to be crucial for circadian entrainment. This approach includes the development and clinical validation of a scotopic heterochromatic flicker photometry technique to assess lens transmittance in vivo. This technique is essential to evaluate individual light spectra reaching the retina. 2. An artificial approach: In young subjects chronically exposed (63 days in the Concordia base, Antarctica) solely to standard white or blue enriched white light
Martin, Tristan. "Etude de l'implication du système vestibulaire dans la synchronisation des rythmes biologiques." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2010.
Full textThe aim was to study whether the vestibular system, which is stimulated in phase with the day-night alternance, is involved in circadian rhythms regulation in human and in animal. In rat, a chemical bilateral vestibular loss (bvl) caused a sudden and temporary disruption of circadian rhythms of body temperature and locomotor activity. In human, we have characterized circadian rhythms in patients suffering from an idiopathic bvl. Circadian rhythms were present in these patients but were desynchronized from their sleep/wake cycle. Sleep was also qualitatively disrupted and quantitatively short. We also aimed to explore the effect of an acute vestibular stimulation on re-entrainment of circadian rhythms after a 6h jet lag. Bvl rats were not influenced by the vestibular stimulation and have shown a modification of rhythmicity within a couple of day after jet lag. Conversely, this stimulation caused an entrainment of circadian rhythms in sham rats, which exhibited identical circadian rhythms before and during the period of stimulation after jet lag. So, vestibular system is not necessary to entrainment of circadian rhythms on a 24 h period. However, it could be related to the stability and precision of ld entrainment. Vestibular system should thus not be considered as a time cue which would act in an isolated manner on biological rhythms, but as a system which act in synergy with the visual one to enhance the synchronization on a 24 h period. This work demonstrates that the effect of vestibular inputs is strong enough to be used for rehabilitation in patients with sleep and chronobiological disorders
Coste, Olivier. "Effets de l'hypoxie modérée sur le système circadien humain : simulation de vols de longue durée." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066128.
Full textDiop, Ousmane. "Analyse mathématique de la dynamique de réseaux de régulation biologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG013.
Full textIn this thesis, we are interested in the qualitative analysis of the dynamics of two biological cycles that are central in eukaryotic cells, the cell division cycle and the circadian clock. For that purpose, we use asynchronous Boolean networks that provide an adapted qualitative framework. In these networks, cycles are captured by complex attractors containing hundreds of states. A new method for the analysis of such complex attractors is proposed. It is based on the construction of a summary graph of the attractor, enabling the comparison between the attractor's trajectories and qualitative properties of the biological cycle. The method is illustrated on a cell cycle model from the literature and of a circadian clock model we built from an existing continuous model. In both models our method proves to be efficient to visualize the attractor's structure and to compare it with the biological cycle. By combining the summary graph with a Markov chain, proportions of time spent in each phase are estimated. By combining it with a Boolean inference technique, we show how to locally adjust the asymptotic dynamics of the model in order to force specific dynamical properties. These two applications show the interest of our method in the modeling and analysis of cellular regulatory networks
Crouzier, David. "Effets non thermiques des champs de radiofréquences sur le système nerveux central : étude multiparamétrique réalisée sur le rat vigile." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10034.
Full textDeleterious effects on healthcare and particularly disruption of the cholinergic system have been reported after exposure to radiofrequency field at low power density. This work present a multiparametric study of freely moving rat where neurophysiology was investigated using a neurochemical (by microdialysis technique), electrophysiological, behavioral (by vigilance stages quantification) and thermophysiological approaches. No neurophysiological effect has been noticed after electromagnetic exposure at 1,8 GHz and 2,45 GHz frequencies and for low power (no thermic level) density. Similarly complementary studies of metabolic and lipidic composition of brain tissue was performed using NMR spectrometry and failed studies by NMR and failed to show any significant effect
Parent, Benjamin. "Algorithmes d'optimisation et d'analyse des problèmes multidimensionnels non-linéaires en biologie et biophysique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196740.
Full textPour cela, nous avons abordé le problème via deux aspects : le premier concerne la modélisation des interactions moléculaires en vue de prédire les modes de fixation et les affinités entre molécules. Puisque ces estimations nécessitent de considérer la flexibilité des acteurs, nous avons abordé, en premier lieu, la prédiction des conformations moléculaires qui reste un challenge majeur, caractérisé par ses aspects multimodal et de grandes dimensions. Nous avons alors développé une suite d'heuristiques autour d'un algorithme génétique central. Les paramètres de contrôle et les stratégies d'hybridation sont pilotés par un méta-algorithme permettant d'optimiser la recherche. En outre, des stratégies innovantes de parallélisation sur grilles d'ordinateurs ont été validées afin de réduire les temps de calculs. Enfin, pour entreprendre l'étude des conformations de plusieurs molécules, nous avons développé des algorithmes de criblage rapides basés sur la comparaison d'indices topologiques.
Nous avons également étudié un autre aspect en modélisant formellement certains graphes d'interactions, ceci à une toute autre échelle : celle des concentrations des molécules. Nous avons alors mis en évidence l'impact des modes d'interactions moléculaires sur la dynamique globale.
Malpel, Sébastien. "Étude fonctionnelle et développementale des interactions entre le système visuel et l'horloge circadienne de Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077114.
Full textBigot, Lucile. "Impact d'un programme d'activités physiques adaptées sur la qualité de vie et les caractéristiques physiologiques de personnes agées : utilisation d'un système de visioconférence collective." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC205/document.
Full textThe main goals of this thesis were to determine the feasibility, the acceptability, and to evaluate the benefits brought by a multivariate home based APA program for older adults using a videoconferencing system.Forty-one participants aged between 67 and 80 years old were recruited and separated into three groups: an untrained control group, and two groups trained by videoconferencing or face-to-face programs. The APA program was provided during 4 months, with two sessions of one hour per week. In order to improve the quality of life and the physiological characteristics of the participants, resistance, balance and aerobic exercises were conducted during each session. In order to evaluate the effects induced by this program, the evaluation protocol was similar for the pre- and post-program tests. Quality of life, physical condition, balance, simple and dual walking-tasks and circadian rhythmicity (temperature, subjective sleepiness and fatigue, rest-activity cycle) were evaluated.Main results showed improvement of quality of life, of the leg extension power, of the maximal aerobic power and of the rest-activity cycle. The training did not affect significantly balance and walking abilities of the participants.Although benefits have been obtained for both trained groups, effects are globally more important and seem larger when using the traditional face-to-face program in comparison to the use of the novel videoconferencing program. Nevertheless, the benefits observed using the video-conferencing program demonstrate its relevance in older adults. This program could thus be suitable as a complement or in transition of traditional methods (i.e. face-to-face)
Guillaumond, Fabienne. "Rythmicité du facteur de transcription AP-1 et de l'activation des MAPK dans la glande pinéale de rat : intégration dans le système circadien." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20653.
Full textMormont, Marie-Christine. "Sélection et validation d'un test prédictif de la survie des patients atteints de cancer : fonde sur l'altération du système Circadien." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA11T036.
Full textVirone, Gilles. "Architecture et simulation locales du système d'information domotique-santé intégré a domicile (sidø) pour la détection de situations à risque et l'aide à la décision." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE19016.
Full textWe will begin with a review of Health Smart Homes (HSH) around the world before moving onto a description of our system, the HISø or "Health Integrated Smart Home Information System", developed at the TIMC laboratory in Grenoble. We hypothesize that there is a connection between biological and social rhythms, behavior, and thus with physical activity which we can measure by observing a subject's displacements within the habitat. We created the term "activity circadian rhythms" (ACR) to refer to the behavioral measurement of patient activity
Graff, Caroline. "Photic and non-photic inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat : Role of the serotonergic system." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-25256.
Full textAttia, Joël. "Recherche du rôle des yeux et du système nerveux dans l'expression des rythmes circadiens de déplacement et de prise alimentaire chez le mollusque gastéropode hélix aspersa maxima." Saint-Etienne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STET4018.
Full textKitchener, Pierre. "Régulation intracellulaire de l'activité du récepteur aux glucocorticoi͏̈des (GR) in vivo." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21081.
Full textThe aim of this work was to determine how important are the mechanisms regulating glucocorticoids effects on the central nervous system. We measured GR nuclear translocation and their binding to specific GRE sequences during the circadian cycle and in response to an acute stress. We then undertook the same measurements in 2 rat models more prone to self administer drugs of abuse. GR activity in physiological conditions is variable among cerebral structures and tissues, and is rather submitted to many structure dependent regulations. Moreover, rats more vulnerable to drugs of abuse show less GR activation in structures involved in the negative feedback on the HPA axis while having more activation in the nucleus accumbens, one of the main neurobiological substrate of the motivational effects of drugs. This work shows how important intracellular regulations of GR activity are on the physiological and pathophysiological effects of glucocorticoids on the central nervous system and behaviour
Lahouaoui, Hasna. "Impact de la rétinopathie diabétique sur le fonctionnement et l’entraînement par la lumière des horloges centrale et rétinienne." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10305.
Full textDiabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness and is commonly viewed as a vascular complication of type 1 diabetes. However, this kind of diabetes causes visual dysfunction before the onset of clinically visible microvascular changes, associated with diabetic retinopathy. Several histopathological studies in diabetic patients and in chemically-induced or genetic rodent models of diabetes indicate that photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are affected by diabetes with apoptotic degeneration. There is increasing evidence that melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells that are crucial for the regulation of a range of non-visual functions including the photic synchronization of circadian rhythms are altered in retinal pathologies. The link between diabetes and circadian rhythms has only been addressed in a relatively limited number of studies. Using a streptozotocin-induced (STZ) model of diabetes, we investigated the impact of diabetic retinopathy on non-visual functions by analyzing the morphology of melanopsin ganglion cells and light-induced c-fos and Period 1-2 clock genes in the central (SCN) and the retina clocks. The effect of this pathology on the endogenous circadian function of clock and controlled clock genes was assessed in the SCN and the retina at 12 weeks post-diabetes. Behaviorally, the ability of STZdiabetic mice to entrain to light was challenged by the exposure of animals to 1) successive light/dark (LD) cycle of decreasing or increasing light intensities during the light phase and 2) 6-hr advance of the LD cycle. Our results show that diabetes induces morphological changes of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells including soma swelling and dendritic varicosities with no reduction in their total number, associated with decreased c-fos and clock genes induction by light in the SCN and also in the retina at 12 weeks post-onset of diabetes. In addition, the circadian expression of major clock genes was altered in the central and retinal clocks, suggesting that RD affects the endogenous molecular machinery and the light response of these two clocks. Moreover, STZ-diabetic mice exhibited a reduction of overall locomotor activity, a decrease of circadian sensitivity to light at low intensities, and a delay in the time to re-entrain after a phase advance of the LD cycle. These novel findings demonstrate that diabetes alters clock genes and behavioral responses of the circadian timing system to light and suggest that diabetic patients may show an increased propensity for circadian disturbances, in particular when they are exposed to chronobiological challenges
Oliva, Freitas Santos Marina. "Rôle de l'auxine et de sa signalisation dans la dynamique et la robustesse des patrons développementaux dans le méristème apical caulinaire." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0879.
Full textPlants, contrarily to animals, are able to generate new organs and tissues throughout their lives thanks to the activity of specialized tissues containing stem cells called meristems. The shoot apical meristem (SAM), located at the shoot tip, generates all the aerial parts of the plant that arise after germination. At its periphery, organ production occurs following precise spatio-temporal patterns also known as phyllotaxis. During the past twenty years, the phytohormone auxin has been demonstrated to play a major role in this process. Indeed, both experimental and theoretical studies strongly suggest that auxin accumulates successively in sites of organogenesis thanks to its efflux carriers, and instructs cells to differentiate into organs.However, so far, very little is known about the actual temporal dynamics of auxin in tissues, because of the lack of appropriate tool to visualize auxin in vivo. We developed a new auxin signaling sensor, called DII-VENUS, that allows for monitoring auxin levels in planta with a good spatio-temporal resolution. Using this new tool, we were able to demonstrate that for the first time that the SAM is subjected to circadian oscillations of auxin levels. Our data suggest that these oscillations are not perceived by the auxin transcriptional pathway, which is predicted, according to our mathematical models, to exhibit buffering properties. However, they are perceived by the non-transcriptional putative receptor ABP1 and translated into rhythmic growth patterns at the SAM. These growth oscillations seem to regulate organ initiation in the meristem thus demonstrating for the first time the rhythmic emergence of organs at the SAM does not only result from the self-organizing properties of the tissue but is also controlled, at least partially, by a biological clock
Hatchondo, Laura. "Spectroscopie par Résonance Magnétique : Étude des variations diurnes des mesures de concentrations de métabolites cérébraux et applications cliniques." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT1804.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique allowing a non-invasive and non-radiative study of the neurophysiology and neurobiochemistry of human body tissues. Nowadays, proton MRS (1H-MRS) is used routinely, particularly in brain tumor imaging tests, but also in neuroimaging studies exploring the cerebral metabolism of neurological or psychiatric conditions. Currently, 1H-MRS is scheduled without taking into account the time at which the examination is performed. But to date, we cannot assert if the concentrations of brain metabolites are stable over 24 hours. We know that the human body is subject to circadian rhythmicity leading to global changes including, among others, hormonal secretions (TSH, cortisol, melatonin, carbohydrate metabolism), body temperature, blood pressure.The main objective was to study, in a population of healthy subjects, diurnal variations in the concentration of brain metabolites (NAA, Cho, Cr and lactates) in 1H-MRS, in several regions of interest : caudate nucleus (CN), putamen, thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior (PCC), insular cortex (IC), white matter (WM) of the anterior / frontal portion of the corpus callosum radiation and posterior / parietal portion of the corpus callosum radiation, at 3 "critical" times of the day : 7:30 a.m., 1:30 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. In addition, we compared the metabolic concentrations in each cerebral region according to the sex of the subjects. We looked for a modeling of these variations using the mathematical tools. Finally, we discussed the results of our clinical study on patients with severe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).30 healthy subjects selected in terms of age to be homogeneous were included in this descriptive, monocentric, transverse, prospective and comparative study. All of them benefited from three MRI examinations including the 1H-MRS sequence at the defined hours on an 3T MRI.Our results revealed significant variations in all the structures studied, mainly between MRI1 (7:30 a.m.) and MRI2 (1:30 p.m.), and between MRI1 and MRI3 (6:00 p.m.). Areas with the most significant changes (p <0.01) were basal ganglia, CCP and CI. Metabolites have all shown significant variations; to a lesser extent for lactates confirming that this energy buffer is stable under physiological conditions. The comparative analysis by sex of the subjects found significant differences in the CCA, CCP, NC, putamen and posterior / parietal SB of the corpus callosum. In addition, "sinusoidal" mathematical modeling appeared to be the most confident as numerical simulations, remained consistent with biological viability. It confirmed that lactates do not fluctuate during the day, but vary from one region to another suggesting functional pathway involvement and potential usefulness for clinical monitoring. Finally, we discussed again our clinical study on OCD considering the schedules chosen for MRI examinations and the potential role of lactates in the neuropathophysiological network of OCD.This work has shown that cerebral metabolism has significant variations during the day. The results of previous studies must be reconsidered if they used different schedules in and/or between the groups of subjects studied. In the future, the 1H-MRS studies will need a more rigorous protocol on the time of MRI examinations. Finally, these results suggest that cerebral metabolism may follow a circadian variability that can be modeled using mathematical tools. This opens a field of exciting opportunities for extensive investigations, with more measurement points on 24 hours and biological or even genetic correlations
El, haïkali Bouazza. "Estimations des productions organique et inorganique de quelques espèces macrophytobenthiques méditerranéennes calcifiées : interactions avec les conditions naturelles du milieu et rôle dans la variabilité circadienne de certaines caractéristiques physico-chimiques des eaux cotières." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22105.
Full textVirone, Gilles. "ARCHITECTURE ET SIMULATION LOCALES DU SYSTEME D'INFORMATION DOMOTIQUE-SANTE INTEGRE A DOMICILE (SID²) POUR LA DETECTION DE SITUATIONS A RISQUE ET L'AIDE A LA DECISION." Phd thesis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005971.
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