Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Système proche infrarouge'
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Goguin, Alexandre. "Système d’imagerie optique proche infrarouge de la moelle épinière." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066430.
Full textDuthen, Simon. "Etude de la caractérisation de matières collagéniques pour spectroscopie Infrarouge. : Mise au point et développement d'un système d'analyse en mode dynamique par l'industrie de la Gélatine." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0005.
Full textGelatin is a natural biopolymer obtained after denaturation and partial hydrolysis of collagen fibers, a fibrillar protein present in the connective tissues of all species of the animal kingdom. It is used in various industries, including the agri-food, pharmaceutical, photographic and cosmetic industries. Its functional properties depend on the manufacturing process, but also on the origin of the collagenous materials. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the raw material (pig rind), but also the gelatin obtained during the process, by a fast and non-destructive tool. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric methods allowed us to work on the scale of the laboratory but also on the industrial chain. The first study examines the heterogeneity of pig rinds, under laboratory conditions, in terms of protein, fat, moisture and collagen contents. Several models have been developed to predict these levels, from near infrared spectra collected on moving rinds. The best models have good performances. In the second industrial scale trial, an approach to gelatin yield from 75 tons batches was proposed. The predictive approach has not been conclusive; however, classification approaches have shown interesting results. The next two tests were on gelatin. The third test allowed the development of models for predicting the physicochemical properties of gelatin samples from near-infrared spectra, demonstrating very good predictive capabilities of these parameters (r²> 0.9). Finally, a final test allowed to link the molecular characteristics of the gelatin to its physicochemical properties, by the technique of Asymmetrical Field-Flow Fractionation coupled with a Multiangular Light Scattering Detector (MALS). The characterization parameters of AFlFFF-MALS make it possible to partially discriminate gelatin samples with different bloom and viscosity parameters
Gousset, Silvère. "Optimisation d'un système d'Optique Adaptative pour l'observation de l'espace et mise en oeuvre d'un détecteur proche infra-rouge innovant en analyse de front d'onde." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. https://hal.science/tel-01297334.
Full textAdaptive Optics (AO) allows the correction of the atmospheric effects on the images. This technic is today mature in astronomy. However the future systems require more advanced developments to increase sky coverage. In that, recent Avalanche PhotoDiodes (APD) arrays are promising by providing possible low flux wave-front sensing from visible to near infra-red. Other applications are also searching for take advantage of AO, like space observation or free space optical telecommunications. The integration of the ODISSEE AO bench at the OCA provides a sky acces for new concepts validation in many fields. We present in this PhD thesis the approach to calibrate and optimize the bench. We carry out a detailed analysis of error sources from a complete characterization of the system and of its results in operation, supported by a fitted modeling. These works enable guide future bench optimization works, and represent a gain in terms of operability for space observation and telecom, where ODISSEE has an unique status in Europe. In parallel we prepare the implementation of APD array for Wave-Front Sensing (WFS), by studying the RAPID camera. This involves analysing the impact of cosmetic and Fixed Pattern Noise (FPN) propagation on WFSensing in AO. Therefore we propose a FPN modeling and its propagation in AO. These works allow to design an optimize a RAPID wave-front sensor, taking advantage of the major breakthrough of APD arrays for AO
Alexandre, François. "Implication du système nerveux central dans la faiblesse musculaire périphérique du patient atteint de broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONT4003/document.
Full textPeripheral muscle weakness, as defined by a reduced voluntary strength outside any state of neuromuscular fatigue, is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Maximal voluntary strength is determined by both peripheral muscle properties (i.e. muscle volume and architecture, contractile quality) and the nervous system's ability to activate the muscle maximally. In COPD, many studies highlighted the paradoxical existence of maximal voluntary strength loss without any peripheral muscle impairment, and without a clearly identified voluntary activation deficit. However, patients with COPD exhibited several nervous system alterations compatible with a reduced maximal voluntary activation capacity. The aim of this thesis was to test the nervous system implication in COPD muscle weakness and to determine the involved mechanisms. As major results, we found a reduced cortical activity in COPD during maximal and sub-maximal voluntary contractions. Furthermore, we reported reduced motor cortex excitability and voluntary activation deficit, specifically in patients with muscle weakness. These results are in accordance with an involvement of cortical alterations in COPD muscle weakness. Then, we indentified a potential origin for cortical alterations: O2 desaturation during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. This hypothesis has been corroborated by the observation of a reduced voluntary activation in patients with NREM sleep desaturation. However, no significant repercussion could have been observed on maximal voluntary strength in these patients, suggesting a compensatory mechanism.Our results are an important step forward in understanding the COPD muscle weakness that was classically attributed to loss of muscle mass only. The involvement of the central nervous system in COPD muscle weakness also brings about new patient care opportunities via tailored approaches, in order to fight against muscle weakness and its deleterious consequences on a patient's life
Lengignon, Christophe. "Développement d'un système de mesure de radicaux hydroxyles par spectroscopie d'absorption en cavité résonante hors axe." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874400.
Full textRoche-Labarbe, Nadège. "Couplage de l'EEG et de la spectroscopie dans le proche infrarouge (NIRS) pour l'étude de la fonction et de la maturation cérébrale chez le nouveau-né, en particulier prématuré." Amiens, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AMIED004.
Full textNeonates, especially premature ones, are fragile and should not be moved. Current techniques for their routine neurological follow-up are usable at the child's bedside but do not cover all the aspects of brain function. It is thus necessary to develop complementary techniques, usable at the child's bedside and non-invasive, to study haemodynamic aspects (like NIRS), and to improve current techniques (like EEG). In this work, we gave evidence that EEG source localisation is feasible in premature neonates, and gave a first evaluation of the influence of the main skull parameters (thickness, conductivity, fontanels) on the location variation range. Simultaneous recording of EEG and NIRS in premature neonates, infants, children and a rat model of epilepsy allowed us to evaluate the relevance of this approach to study physiological and pathological activities. Various information of biological and clinical interest have been extracted from these studies. This whole work highlighted the advantage of NIRS temporal resolution and ease of use compared with other techniques for haemodynamic functional explorations. These results allowed us to propose leads to develop the use of EEG and NIRS in neonates, that should improve their follow-up and help to reduce the consequences of premature birth
Zhang, Hongyi. "Road surface condition detection for autonomous vehicle by NIR LED system and machine learning approaches." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPAST106.
Full textThe field of autonomous vehicles has aroused great interest in recent years. In order to ensure the passenger to get a safe and comfortable experience on autonomous vehicles, advanced obstacle systems have to be implemented. Although current solutions for detecting obstacles have shown quite good performances, they have to be improved for an increased safety of autonomous vehicles on road, both in day-time and night-time conditions. In particular, autonomous vehicles in real life may encounter ice, snow or water puddles, which may be the cause of severe crashes and traffic accidents. The detection systems must hence allow detecting changes in road conditions to anticipate the vehicle reaction and/or deactivate the automated functions. The aim of this thesis is to propose a system implemented on the autonomous vehicles in order to detect the road surface conditions induced by the weather. After deep investigation of the state of art, a near infrared (NIR) system based on LEDs and a machine learning system were proposed for daytime and night-time detection. The NIR systems with three LEDs were investigated with experimental validations. In addition, the specifications of the NIR systems are carefully discussed. Furthermore, the machine learning system is proposed as a supplementary system. The performance of different models is compared in terms of classification accuracy and model complexity. Finally, the results are discussed and a combination of the two systems is proposed
Bambara, Gisèle. "Evaluation de la performance des ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai soumis à la présence de végétation arborescente." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4301/document.
Full textThe performance assessment of embankment hydraulic works is a major challenge for managers in charge of their security. For both dikes and dams, the presence of trees represents an important fragility factor. Two types of deterioration mechanism can thus be initiated or aggravated: internal erosion or scouring. However, this factor has been taken only partially into account in existing assessment models. In addition, small embankment dams can have different sealing devices and are not always equipped with drains and monitoring instruments: it is thus necessary to customize the models in each case. The aim of the thesis was to remove these scientific obstacles. The results of our research concern the design of performance assessment models relying on knowledge-based approaches.The approach was implemented for real works: three sections of river dikes and seven small embankment dams which allowed us to show its relevance and therefore its operational potential
Lapointe, Eric. "Scanner pour tomographie optique diffuse sans contact à canaux de détection dans le domaine temporel à deux bandes de longueur d'onde pour imagerie intrinsèque et par fluorescence sur petit animal." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1619.
Full textLange, Frédéric. "Développement d’un système de Topographie Optique Diffuse résolu en temps et hyperspectral pour la détection de l’activité cérébrale humaine." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI012.
Full textThe Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) is now a relevant tool for the functional medical imaging. One of the most widespread application of this technic is the imaging of the human brain function. Indeed, this technic has numerous advantages, especially the richness of the optical contrast accessible. Nevertheless, some drawbacks are curbing the use of the technic, especially for applications on adults in clinics or in particular environment like in the monitoring of sports activity. Indeed, the measured signal contains information coming from different depths of the head, so it contains different tissues types like skin and brain. Yet, the response of interest is the one of the brain, and the one of the skin is blurring it. In this context, this work is about the development of a new instrument of DOT capable of acquiring spatial and spectral information, as well as the arrival time of photons simultaneously and at a high acquisition speed. During the PhD thesis the instrument has been developed and characterised on optical phantoms. Then, it has been validated in-vivo on adults, especially by detecting the cortical activation of the prefrontal cortex, in response to a simple calculation task. Multidimensional information acquired by our system allowed us to better distinguish between superficial and deep layers. It also allowed us to distinguish between the physiological signature of those tissues, and especially to detect the variations of concentration in Cytochrom-c-oxydase. Concurrently to this experimental work, Monte-Carlo simulation of light propagation in a model off a human head has been done. Those simulations allowed us to better understand the light propagation in tissues as function as their wavelength, and to validate the relevance of our multidimensional approach. Perspectives of this work is to use the developed instrument to monitor the brain’s response of the Human adult to several solicitations like tDCS stimulation, or sports activity
Cao, Bertrand. "Systèmes performants pour la limitation optique large bande dans le visible et le proche infrarouge." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363735.
Full textMordenti, Stéphane. "Etude magnéto-optique dans le proche infrarouge de systèmes bidimensionnels élaborés à partir d'alliages II-VI ou III-V." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10127.
Full textFortin, Francis. "Systèmes binaire : formation, évolution et environnement." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7071.
Full textAccreting binary systems are stellar couples in which a compact object (white dwarf, neutron star, black hole) feeds on a regular star. This accretion phase in the life of a binary shows characteristic high-energy emission, and can cause the formation of relativistic jets as well as a transient behavior which goes from violent outbursts to quiescent periods. These objects contribute significantly to the X-ray and gamma radiation in the universe, and since 2015 we know they are the progenitors of spectacular collisions between compact objects, which at the end of their lives radiate gravitationnal waves. Because more than half of the stars in our Galaxy spend at least a part of their lives within a binary, studying these systems is key to better understand stellar evolution in general. This thesis starts from an intial questioning about the origin of binary systems, of their diversity and the different evolutionnary paths they take, as well as the intricacy of their local environment. The tools we use to adress these topics are mainly observation-oriented. In particular, we will try to make full use of the multi-wavelength properties of binaries in the studies we present. The first part is a general introduction which covers the basics of stellar evolution, the processes taking place within binary systems, and also introduces practical aspects about observations such as the messengers and the observables that are associated. The second part is about a project of census concerning accreting binaries. We correlate previous catalogues with the Centre de Données Astronomiques de Starsbourg to update some of the information about the binaries, and also try to find counterparts of high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB) among the detections of the Gaia satellite. This census will be used in a project studying the natal kick of HMXBs and will also be the starting point to look for progenitors of compact binaries which will be detected by the gravitationnal satellite LISA. The third part aims to actively participate in the census of X-ray binaries by determining the nature of unidentified INTEGRAL sources (IGR). We present the analysis of spectrophotometric data in near-infrared acquired with VLT/ISAAC on 14 IGR sources. Among them, we identified 9 new accreting binaries and 5 active galactic nuclei. The fourth part focuses on a particular system. IGR J16318-4848 is an obscured supergiant B[e] high-mass X-ray binary, and posesses a complex environment which we aim to characterize. We report on spectroscopic acquisitions with VLT/X-Shooter which allow us to probe the dynamics of the stellar wind from the supergiant star, the orbital motion of the dusty circumbinary disk as well as its own metal-rich wind. By modeling the broadband spectral energy distribution down to the far-infrared (Spitzer, Herschel), we determine the temperature of the emitting media as well as their absolute scales. The fifth part is a study on a transient source, the microquasar Swift J1745-26, made of a low-mass star orbiting a black hole. It was detected in X-rays down to radio waves late 2012 during outburst, and was observed again five months later during its decay. We use photometric data from VLT/FORS2, ISAAC in optical and near-infrared as well as soft and hard X-ray measurements (Swift/BAT, XRT) in order to compare the broadband spectral energy distributions at these two epochs. The variations in luminosity can be especially explained by a change in the internal radius of an accretion disk around the black hole. We conclude this manuscript by doing a summary of the results we brought on these topics, and also do a short review of the future prospects in the field of accreting binaries
Aumaitre, Cyril. "Synthèse et études de matériaux organiques absorbeurs visible-proche infrarouge pour la réalisation de cellules solaires hybrides." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV050/document.
Full textOn a global scale, the share of renewable energies in the energy mix is constantly increasing. Based on the principle of photosynthesis, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells are an emerging technology for Building Integration Photovoltaic (BIPV). These hybrid cells use an inorganic semiconductor oxide whose surface is covered with an organic dye. The absorption of the incident light by this dye will cause the injection of an electron from the photo-excited state of the molecule into the conduction band of the oxide. A redox mediator present in the electrolyte will regenerate the oxidized dye and generate a current under illumination. The dyes already described in the literature shows efficiencies reaching 14%. On the other hand, very few of these materials can absorb up to the near infrared range (NIR) (700-1000 nm). Thereby, the absorption of the NIR spectral range could lead to a greater photo-generated current density. In this context, this work presents a complete study of new panchromatic dyes extending into the near infrared range. For this study, the "donor-acceptor" approach was used to obtain the desired optoelectronic properties. A first family based on benzothiadiazole derivatives has been developed leading to very good absorption properties in the NIR region (absorption up to 925 nm). The optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of these materials have been studied in order to understand the limitations for solar cell applications. Following this, a new dye family based on isoindigo derivatives was synthesized and studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, electrochemistry and DFT simulation. These compounds strongly absorbs in the UV-visible and NIR spectral range up to 848 nm. The dyeing bath composition and the electrolyte formulation were optimized in order to obtain a device conversion efficiency of 5.76%. Photophysical measurements have allowed us to have a fine understanding of the limiting factors of these dyes. On the basis of this observation, we improved the structure of one of the dye and witg this new molecule we reached a power conversion efficiency of 7.0% with a UV-Visible and near infrared absorption for the solar cell. In the last part of this work we have also obtained preliminary results employing various alternative materials to the TiO2/iodine system
Rinnert, Emmanuel. "Etats d'hydratation d'argiles suivis par analyses vibrationnelles de l'eau et des hydroxyles dans le proche infrarouge : Applications aux systèmes saponite et bentonite." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011201.
Full textLes spectroscopies de vibration sont appliquées à l'étude des états d'hydratation de saponites synthétiques, (Si4-xAlx)Mg3O10(OH)2Mz+x/z, afin de caractériser les molécules d'eau adsorbées et les conséquences de cette adsorption sur la structure des matériaux. La réalisation de ce projet a nécessité la conception, la réalisation et la validation d'un montage expérimental original ; il permet d'enregistrer des spectres proche infrarouge en réflexion diffuse et des spectres de diffusion Raman, les échantillons étant maintenus à température (30°C à 80°C) et pression de vapeur d'eau contrôlées (10-6 < P/P0 < 0,98). Par l'analyse approfondie des spectres proche infrarouge, des isothermes d'adsorption -désorption d'eau sont obtenues et se révèlent être en parfait accord avec les techniques gravimétriques quantitatives, en plus des informations sur les états de l'eau à l'échelle moléculaire.
L'étude concomitante des spectres de vibration et une approche pluridisciplinaire originale (Diffraction de Rayons X et de neutrons, Analyse Thermique à Vitesse Contrôlée, gravimétrie d'adsorption d'eau et simulations Grand Canonique Monte Carlo) permet de décrire les mécanismes de l'hydratation ainsi que la localisation et l'organisation des molécules d'eau dans l'espace interfoliaire des saponites. Grâce à la diversité des échantillons synthétiques – deux charges (x=0,4 ou 0,7) et trois cations compensateurs (Mz+x/z=Na+ ou K+ ou Ca2+) –, il est possible d'établir l'influence des paramètres charge et nature du cation compensateur sur l'hydratation. Le cation se révèle alors être l'acteur principal de la structuration de l'eau dans l'espace interfoliaire et du gonflement ; par exemple, le potassium K+ s'avère très difficile à extraire de sa cavité ditrigonale lors de l'hydratation, à tel point que, pour la charge x=0,7, il reste localisé au niveau de la substitution au-delà de P/P0=0,90. La conséquence directe sur la quantité d'eau adsorbée est que, à P/P0=0,40 par exemple, la saponite 0,7 K adsorbe quatre fois moins de molécules d'eau que le même échantillon échangé au sodium. Ensuite, l'étude de l'effet de la température sur l'hydratation des saponites sodiques tend à montrer que le film d'eau interfoliaire reste structuré en deux dimensions jusqu'à plus de 95% d'humidité relative à 80°C alors que le passage à un réseau tridimensionnel est observé dès 60% d'humidité relative à 30°C. Une autre conséquence est qu'à P/P0=0,80, la quantité d'eau adsorbée par un même échantillon est trois fois plus grande à 30°C qu'à 80°C. Après avoir extrait les mécanismes et les paramètres principaux de l'hydratation des saponites, l'hydratation d'une argile méthodologique de l'Andra, la bentonite MX80, est également étudiée. L'accent est mis sur l'importance des phases minérales accessoires de cette argile naturelle qui représentent environ 20% en masse. Notamment, la composition en cations de l'espace interfolaire n'est pas à l'équilibre avec les minéraux extérieurs aux particules de smectite ; un enrichissement de l'espace interfoliaire en cations divalents (Ca2+ et/ou Fe2+) est mis en évidence en présence de vapeur d'eau. Les phases accessoires modifient également la porosité intergranulaire et, par conséquent, la quantité d'eau adsorbée à des P/P0 supérieurs à 0,80 varie entre la phase smectique et la bentonite. Enfin, l'acquisition de nombreux spectres de l'eau a nécessité le développement d'une méthode simple de traitement des profils spectraux. Reposant sur la mesure du barycentre du massif d'absorption des combinaisons de l'eau, elle permet de différencier deux types d'eau tout en les quantifiant ; de l'eau adsorbée sur les cations à haut nombre d'onde et de l'eau engagée dans un réseau de liaisons hydrogène appelée eau auto-associée, à plus bas nombre d'onde. Il apparaît que, jusqu'aux alentours de 0,6 en P/P0, c'est l'eau des cations qui est majoritaire. Au-delà, l'eau auto-associée augmente fortement jusqu'à devenir prédominante, la quantité d'eau sur les cations restant quasi-constante.
Rinnert, Emmanuel. "Etats d'hydratation d'argiles suivis par analyses vibrationnelles de l'eau et des hydroxyles dans le proche infrarouge : Application aux systèmes saponite et bentonite." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10197.
Full textThe study of the feasibility of a deep geological disposal facility conducted by ANDRA - the French national radioactive waste management agency -, requires the knowledge of water status and water content in clays. Thanks to an original lab-built device coupling vibrational spectroscopies and water adsorption isotherms, adsorbed water and clay's structure are described quantitatively and qualitatively. A multidisciplinary approach allows the description of hydration mechanisms and water molecules network in the interlamellar space of synthetic saponites. The effects of density and nature of interfoliar cations and the influence of temperature on hydration are presented. Using mechanisms and important parameters established on saponites, hydration of bentonite MX80 is carried out. In order to describe and quantify simultaneously two different water states, a simple but relevant method of spectra analysis was developed
Thomas, Marjorie. "Fluorescence d’une molécule unique au voisinage d’une nanostructure métallique et étude de systèmes résonants pour la plasmonique dans le domaine visible et infrarouge." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112331.
Full textThe doctoral thesis tackles some of the interesting issues regarding the optics of metallic nanostructures. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the influence of a metallic nanostructure, such as a tip, on the emission properties of a single dipolar emitter. The modification of the radiative and nonradiative lifetimes of a fluorescent molecule in the presence of a metallic nanostructure has been investigated. The current work provides a fast algorithm for calculating the fluorescence lifetime and the emission pattern of a molecule in the vicinity of a nanostructure with arbitrary shape, position and orientation. Indeed, it is shown that the emission pattern is strongly dependent on the orientation of the structure with respect to the molecule and on the shape of the object. Furthermore, it has been shown and emphasized that the choice of wavelength is crucial in this problem. By tuning the absorption and emission wavelengths of the emitter with respect to that of the plasmon resonance of the metallic nanostructure, one can adjust the quantum efficiency of the emitter in the near field of the particle. These findings are particularly important for the optimization and interpretation of current experiments on surface enhanced Raman scattering. The second part of the dissertation turns to the coupling among many metallic nanostructures. This topic has attracted much attention in recent years due to its appeal for applications such as integrated optics. One of the driving forces in this field is to replace conventional waveguides which have widths of several wavelengths by a periodic chain in metallic nanoparticles for guiding light. Although due to a strong absorption of visible light these systems are not suitable for long range transport, the fact that light is confined to lateral dimensions of the order of and below the diffraction limit makes them very interesting. The thesis starts by examining a chain of particles analytically based on a coupled dipole model. Next it moves on to numerical studies where various illumination effects and the role of the substrate under the nanoparticles are investigated. In particular, it investigates the dispersion relations of the system which help identify the optimal spectral window for an efficient propagation of light
Garnache, Arnaud. "Etude et réalisation de nouveaux types de lasers proche infrarouge pour la spectroscopie d'absorption intracavité laser : dynamique des lasers fortement multimodes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10256.
Full textAdami, Julien. "Etudes rhéocinétique et diélectrique de systèmes réactifs à base de polyester insaturé (résines UP) : application au suivi en temps réel du processus de polymérisation dans le procédé RTM." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0021/these.pdf.
Full textThe set of this work consists in operating experimental methodologies allowing to reach kinetic and rheological properties in real time during the process of resin transfer molding (RTM). Chemical reactions in this type of process are characterized by rather short times of gelation, of the order of some minutes. Resin UP made the object of numerous studies in the past, that is why in the first chapter, we shall review knowledge on these system. In a second time, it seemed to us sensible to begin our study with formulations of which response times are of the order of hour in isothermal condition, to finalize our experimental protocol. Finally in the third chapter, we shall confirm this protocol for representative formulations of those used in industry, with rather short times of gelation
Decroix, Lieselot. "Cocoa flavanols, exercise and the brain." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S004/document.
Full textSports performance depends on physical factors, but also on cognitive functioning. Nutritional supplements as potential ergogenic aids can impact muscle, but also the brain. Cocoa flavanols (CF) have antioxidant capacities, can stimulate vascular function, and potentially enhance cognitive function. CF intake might thus improve exercise performance and recovery by reducing oxidative stress, increasing NO availability and/or boosting cognitive function. It is the purpose of this PhD to identify the effects of CF on physical and cognitive performance in healthy athletes at sea level and altitude, as well as in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our systematic review showed that CF can reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, but without improving exercise performance. Combining CF intake and exercise training improves cardiovascular risk factors and vascular function in healthy and overweight participants, but evidence on the synergistic effects of CF and exercise training on oxidative stress, inflammation and fat and glucose metabolism is lacking.In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind cross-over study, we showed that 900 mg CF intake increased prefrontal oxygenation in athletes, but without affecting executive function. BDNF was not affected by CF intake. The effects of high-intensity exercise largely overruled the effects of CF intake: large beneficial effects of exercise on prefrontal oxygenation and cognitive function were observed and CF supplementation did not enlarge these effects. In a 2nd study, the effect of acute CF intake (530 mg CF) on performance on a demanding cognitive test was assessed in normoxia and hypoxia (simulated altitude 4000 m). Electroencephalogram and fNIRS were used to analyse neuronal activity and hemodynamic changes. Acute CF intake improved the neurovascular response, but did not affect neuronal activity and cognitive performance in normoxia and hypoxia. Most cognitive functions, the cerebrovascular response and neuronal activity, were not altered in hypoxia in healthy subjects. In a 3rd study, we found that acute intake of 900 mg CF enhanced cognitive performance on the Flanker test in patients with type 1 diabetes, and their healthy matched controls. CF intake increased the BOLD response in brain areas activated during this specific task. While cognitive performance was not deteriorated in patients with type 1 diabetes, a different brain activation pattern during the cognitive task was observed, compared to healthy controls and this brain activation pattern was altered by CF intake. To conclude, acute CF intake improves prefrontal oxygenation and cerebrovascular responsiveness. This can be associated with better cognitive function in patients with type 1 diabetes, but does not result in improved executive function in healthy persons. Compared to exercise, the magnitude of the CF-induced neurovascular changes is small.Two studies were conducted examining the effects of CF on exercise-induced oxidative stress, NO availability and its implications for exercise performance, in well-trained cyclists. We found that acute CF (900 mg) improved the exercise-induced increase in total antioxidant capacity, but did not reduce the exercise-induced increase in lipid peroxidation. One week CF intake (530 mg CF) improved vascular function at rest, and prefrontal oxygenation at rest and during low-intensity exercise, but did not influence muscular oxygenation. One week CF intake partially restored the hypoxia-induced decline in prefrontal oxygenation during rest and low-intensity exercise, but not during high-intensity exercise. One week CF intake reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but did not alter total antioxidant capacity. Both acute and 1-week CF intake did not improve exercise performance and recovery and do not change NO production during exercise (in normoxia and hypoxia) in well-trained athletes
Monin, Jean-Louis. "Conception et réalisation d'une camera astronomique basée sur un détecteur infrarouge bidimensionnel : résultats astrophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725260.
Full textMontcel, Bruno. "Tomographie optique diffuse résolue en temps : Applications fonctionnelles en neurosciences." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125499.
Full textSoucy, Adams. "Système de surveillance du statut nutritionnel des plants de tomates utilisant la vision numérique proche infrarouge." Thèse, 2016. http://constellation.uqac.ca/4069/1/Soucy_uqac_0862N_10252.pdf.
Full textFarhat, Maya. "Le rôle des vésicules extracellulaires dans la dysfonction lymphatique liée à l’athérosclérose." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23982.
Full textAll cell types release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry different types of cellular cargo, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These small vesicles are found in all biological fluids including blood and lymph and can interact with neighboring cells. The lymphatic system is a preferred route for the mobilization of cholesterol from the arterial wall. We have demonstrated in a mouse model that lymphatic dysfunction precedes the development of atherosclerosis and that that this dysfunction affects the contraction capacity of the collecting vessels. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that EVs contribute to atherosclerosis-associated lymphatic dysfunction. Therefore, we have initiated a translational study involving two groups of healthy subjects that differ in their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We quantified several subtypes of circulating EVs on platelet-free plasma by ultraspecialized flow cytometry in the detection of small particles (> 100 nm) combined to other state-of-the art complementary techniques. Next, we assessed the lymphatic function using near-infrared imaging and injection of indocyanine green (ICG). Our preliminary results are promising for the role of EVs and lymphatic dysfunction in the development of atherosclerosis and corroborate with our observations made in mice. Individuals at high risk of CVD have signs of lymphatic dysfunction even before the onset of subclinical atherosclerosis. The mechano-sensitive response of their collecting vessels appears to be defective and is observable in concert with a profile of EVs that presume lymphatic damage. These results remain to be confirmed with the recruitment of additional subjects and the assessment of the correlation with the polygenic risk score of developing a CVD, in the hope of making these specific EV subsets and lymphatic function new biomarkers in the early detection of CVD.
Marois, Christian. "La recherche de naines brunes et d'exoplanètes : développement d'une technique d'imagerie multibande." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14765.
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