Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Système des carbonates océanique'
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Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy. "Dynamiques saisonnière et pluriannuelle du système des carbonates dans les eaux de surface en mer Méditerranée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0503.
Full textThe Mediterranean Sea is often considered as a laboratory ocean for understanding global changes related to the atmospheric CO2 increase. This work, based on the study of data collected in three Mediterranean regions, investigates the variations of oceanic CO2 in this basin. On a seasonal timescale, in addition to temperature changes, alkalinity content influences the CO2 content in the Eastern Mediterranean, while total carbon changes are responsible for variations in the Western Basin. In urbanised coastal areas, anthropogenic CO2 emission’ influences air-sea CO2 exchanges. This study shows that the carbon increase and the acidification on a multi-year timescale is not only due to the increase in atmospheric CO2: the alkalinity content modulates these trends in the eastern basin, while, in the western basin, these trends are likely influenced by current dynamics
Fourrier, Marine. "Impact des forçages physiques sur la dynamique des éléments biogéochimiques en mer Méditerranée : approche couplée observations in situ et réseaux de neurones." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS255.
Full textThe Mediterranean Sea is characterized by rapid circulation of its water masses, low nutrient concentrations with a strong oligotrophy gradient, and a more rapid acidification than the global ocean. The Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW) that connect the two basins are marked by a minimum of oxygen (O2). Variability in O2 content, nutrients, and inorganic carbon remain poorly understood given their low density of observation. The development and validation of a neural method CANYON-MED, specifically designed for the Mediterranean Sea, allowed to derive nutrients (nitrates, phosphates, silicates) and carbonate system variables (total alkalinity, total carbon and pH) from systematically measured variables (pressure, temperature, salinity and oxygen, position in time and space). The dynamics of the O2 minimum in the LIW in the face of variability in intermediate water ventilation processes in the northwestern Mediterranean was studied over the period 2012-2020. The application of CANYON-MED allowed the description of nutrients and carbonate trends in this area, in response to the intermittent deep convection phenomenon. The importance of convection on the ventilation of water masses, as well as on nutrient and acidification trends are thus highlighted, in a context of increased stratification by climate change. Finally, the ventilation of the LIW has been explored in its formation area (Levantine basin) using Argo floats over the period 2018-2019, nuancing the injection of O2 in the mixing patch
Nehlig, Pierre. "Etude d'un système hydrothermal océanique fossile : l'ophiolite de Semail (Oman)." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2012.
Full textBienvenu, Philippe. "Géochimie comparée des éléments hygromagmaphiles dans le système exogène océanique." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2032.
Full textGemayel, Elissar. "Contribution à l'estimation des paramètres du système des carbonates en Mer Mediterranée." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0023/document.
Full textThe objective of the thesis is to contribute to the estimation of the carbonate system parameters in the Mediterranean Sea, in particular the partial pressure of CO2 in water (pCO2sw), total alkalinity (AT), total inorganic carbon (CT) and pH.The study was initiated by an adequate calculation of the water masses mixing coefficients in the Western and Eastern basins, using data from the Boum and MedSeA cruises in 2008 and 2013, respectively. The analysis of the mixing coefficients, allowed us to study the evolution of water masses in the Mediterranean Sea between the years 2008 and 2013.Subsequently, using data from the 2013 MedSeA cruise, we presented the results of recent measurements of pCO2sw on a wide longitudinal section from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Levantine sub-basin. The results indicated that the Western and Eastern basins were characterized by two different pCO2sw regimes. These regimes were mainly affected by the distinctive physico-chemical properties of each basin. From the direct measurements of pCO2sw we calculated along the track of the MedSeA cruise, the daily CO2 fluxes across the air-sea interface in May 2013. To achieve a more comprehensive analysis, we referred in a consecutive study to the data of the Thresholds and MedSeA cruises. From these data, we provided two equations to estimate in May 2007 and 2013; pCO2sw from satellite data of sea surface temperature, Chlorophyll_a and the chromophoric dissolved organic matter index. Furthermore, we calculated and mapped the air-sea CO2 fluxes in May 2013 across the whole Mediterranean Sea, with a spatial resolution of 4 km.Successively, we established from the MedSeA cruise data, linear regressions to estimate AT and CT from salinity, in each sub-basin of the Mediterranean Sea and for several depths. Later on, we focused on the physico-chemical data in surface waters, compiled from several oceanographic cruises between 1998 and 2013. The equations developed to estimate the AT and CT in surface waters, indicated that it is best to include in these polynomials both salinity and temperature. These polynomials were applied to the climatological fields of salinity and temperature of the World Ocean Atlas, in order to map the spatial and seasonal variability of AT and CT on a 7 years average.Moreover, we estimated from the MedSeA cruise data, the concentrations of anthropogenic carbon (CANT) and the variation of acidification (ΔpH) in the Mediterranean Sea. The results indicated that the Mediterranean Sea is heavily contaminated by CANT, with higher concentrations than those recorded in the Pacific or Indian Ocean. Also, the calculated ΔpH indicated that the Mediterranean Sea is already acidified from the surface to the deep waters. Finally, we presented a model to predict the ΔpH according to theoretical concentrations of CANT. Consequently, we showed that we already reached the tipping point of CANT, for which the acidification will strongly intensify in the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, the deep waters of the Western and Eastern basins are very likely to become under saturated in calcite and aragonite by the end of the next century
Le, Traon Pierre-Yves. "Apport des flotteurs de surface suivis par Argos à l'étude de la circulation océanique : comparaison et combinaison avec des données altimétriques, hydrologiques et de flotteurs profonds : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30229.
Full textGailler, Lydie-Sarah. "Structure interne d'un système volcanique océanique de type point chaud : la Réunion ( Océan Indien )." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22022.
Full textGailler, Lydie. "Structure interne d'un système volcanique océanique de type point chaud : La Réunion (Océan Indien) - Approches géophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598469.
Full textAgasse, Estelle. "Les crues de rivières en Basse-Normandie : expression d'un système hydrogéographique complexe en milieu tempéré océanique." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN1414.
Full textEl, Gadarri Mohamed. "Les minéralisations sulfurées associées aux ophiolites de Corse : un exemple de système hydrothermal de sous-plancher océanique." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00276213.
Full textLa mise en place des minéralisations sulfurées est liée à un système hydrothermal convectif établi dans la croûte océanique. Les interactions eau de mer - roches ont abouti à des transformations des roches à différents degrés de métamorphisme. L'étude minéralogique et paragénétique de ces transformations montre que le système hydrothermal a évolué en deux stades et avec une baisse de température. En se rapprochant des filons minéralisés, le quartz devient plus abondant et les minéraux secondaires s'enrichissent en fer. La pénétration des fluides jusqu'au dans le manteau supérieur est facilitée par les fissures des roches liées à la déformation intraocéanique.
Le système hydrothermal responsable du dépôt des minéralisations sulfurées est lié au magmatisme tardif de la série de Rospigliani. Cette série montre des caractères magmatiques, tectoniques et sédimentaires particuliers permettant de placer sa genèse au niveau d'une zone transformante. Ce magmatisme est précédé par celui de la série de l'Inzecca qui présente des affinités avec les tholéiites reconnues actuellement à l'aplomb des dorsales océaniques de type normal.
Le modèle génétique des minéralisations sulfurées associées aux ophiolites de Corse est comparable à ceux développés dans les rides océaniques actuelles et dans les ophiolites de Chypre et d'Oman.
Bel, Madani Ali. "Impact du changement climatique dans le système de courant de Humboldt simulé par un modèle régional océanique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/777/.
Full textWhat do we need to study the influence of climate change simulated by global coupled models of the current generation upon the Peru-Chile upwelling system " is the main question addressed in this PhD thesis. Thanks to a dynamical downscaling approach performed with the ROMS model (Regional Oceanic Modelling System) at an eddy-resolving resolution (1/6°), we aim at understanding the processes that are likely to control possible future changes in the ocean circulation over this region influenced by ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). A study of the physical mechanisms that control ENSO-like variability in PI (pre-industrial) simulations performed with CGCMs (Coupled General Circulation Models) of the WCRP-CMIP3 multi-model ensemble (the so-called " IPCC-AR4 models ") allows identifying the most reliable models in terms of equatorial variability. It makes use of an intermediate coupled model of the tropical Pacific with prescribed mean stratification and wind forcing in order to derive explicitly the tendency terms of the mixed layer heat budget. Such analysis allows classifying the models according to the dominant ENSO process: zonal advective feedback or thermocline feedback. Models with a hybrid feedback like in the observations best represent the coupled processes that control SST variability, which makes us assume that they provide the highest confidence levels in terms of prediction of ENSO evolution under global warming. Among them, two CGCMs (IPSL-CM4 and INGV-ECHAM4) best reproduce mean temperature and currents as well as their intraseasonal-to-interannual variabilities at the western boundary of the Peru-Chile domain (100°W) and are therefore retained for downscaling experiments over the HCS (Humboldt Current System) region. CGCM outputs from the PI and 4xCO2 (CO2 quadrupling) simulations for the oceanic part are used directly as open boundary conditions for ROMS, whereas a high-resolution (~50km) CGCM-derived wind product obtained from a statistical downscaling procedure is used together with raw CGCM air-sea fluxes for the atmospheric forcing. .
Guédon, Stéphane. "Système à base de connaissances pour l'aide à la surveillance océanique à partir d'un réseau de magnétomètres." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0132.
Full textBellot-Coignus, Nina. "Application du système isotopique 138La-138Ce en contexte de subduction intra-océanique : les Petites Antilles et les Mariannes." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22665/document.
Full textElements from the Rare Earth Elements have very close chemical behavior. They include two long-lived isotope systems: 138La-138Ce (T1/2 = 292.5 Ga) and 147Sm-143Nd (T1/2 = 106 Ga). Ce displays a specific behavior in supergene environments. For example in seawater cerium is oxidized in Ce (IV) whereas other rare earth elements are present in a trivalent state (3+). Thus, seawater rare earth element patterns are characterized by strong negative Ce anomalies. The sediments formed in equilibrium with seawater (biogenic and authigenic sediments) present similar chemical characteristics. The study of the 138Ce/142Ce ratio in lavas formed in subduction settings is able to bring additional information regarding the nature of recycled sediments, and more particularly the participation of authigenic materials in the genesis of these lavas since negative Ce anomalies are commonly measured in these samples. 138Ce/142Ce variations are always small given the long half-life of the parent isotope and its small abundance. Although the study of 138La-138Ce systematics has been developed during the 80’s, we propose here to reinvestigate its use as a potential tracer of recycled sediment with the new generation of mass spectrometers. The Ce isotopic compositions are measured in oxide species on a thermal ionization mass spectrometer. The analytical precision defined on the same analytical session is about 40 ppm after correction of oxygen mass fractionation and considering the tailing effect of 140Ce on lower masses. A large amount of data has been obtained on two artificial Ce standards (AMES and JMC-304), and on two rock standards (BCR-2 and BHVO-2). Two intra-oceanic subduction zones with contrasting geodynamic settings have been studied: the Lesser Antilles and the Marianas. We have analyzed the 138Ce/142Ce ratio on lavas, sediments drilled in front of the trenches, and MORB, in order to better characterize the nature of the sediments incorporated in the mantle wedge. A large Ce isotopic variability and correlation with Nd isotopes is observed for the Martinique lavas (Lesser Antilles). The origin of Ce anomalies of lavas cannot only be attributed to the participation of sediments at the source of the lavas. Marianas lavas present very similar Ce and Nd isotopic ratios. Binary solid-fluid mixing between the mantle wedge and sediments potentially subducted permits to assess the origin of the Ce anomalies to the participation of fluids coming from the partial melting of biosiliceous sediments (1.5% to 7%)
Recouvreur, Audrey. "Morphologie, architecture et mise en place d’un système carbonaté profond alimenté par un canyon." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0013.
Full textThe large acoustic data set acquired during the Carambar cruises (2010 – 2017) is composed of high resolution bathymetry, backscatter data and very-high resolution seismic lines which allow for an overview of the morphology and sediment transfer processes from the shallow upper slope to the abyssal plain of a modern carbonate system: the north-eastern slope of the Little Bahama Bank. This work completes the results from Tournadour (2015), Chabaud (2016), and Fauquembergue (2018), with a focus on the architecture of this deep system. Surficial distribution of the acoustic facies and echofacies reflects a wide variety of sedimentary processes along and across the slope. It demonstrates the occurrence of a differential subsidence affecting the eastern versus western part of the bank. High resolution seismic profiles give new clues on the origin of a giant carbonate canyon, the Great Abaco Canyon. N110-trending faults have been recognized on the seismic profiles crossing through the Great Abaco Canyon mouth and can be related to the Great Abaco fracture zone. These structures suggest a Neogene fault reactivation during platform growth, contrasting with the quiet tectonic period previously described on the region. The channel – lobe complex at the Great Abaco Canyon mouth has no bathymetric expression. It shows that exceptional mass-flow events largely contributed to an important sediment transfer in the canyon during the Upper Miocene. The seismic architecture of the southern part of the Blake Plateau shows a succession of well-defined seismic facies, separated by high-amplitude reflections, interpreted as stacked contouritic sequences. These contouritic drifts emphasize the occurrence of an Oligo-Miocene current flowing northward along the Blake Bahama Escarpment edges and across the Blake Plateau. Fluid-associated structures and current-associated mounds located in topographic lows allow the definition of two origins for mounds: bioherms (type 1 & 2) and chemoherms (type 3). The stratigraphic association of mounds with erosion surfaces is further indicative of large-scale changes of the activity of bottom currents in the zone
Michel, Guillaume. "Mise en place et pérennisation d'un vaste système fluide microbien sur le plateau aquitain : caractérisation et facteurs de contrôle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066458.
Full textThe recent discovery (2013) of microbial methane emissions along the Aquitaine continental Shelf edge, south west of France (from 140 to 220 m of water depth), extending along 80 km N-S and 8 km E-W, questions about the initiation and temporal evolution of this fluid system. Several fluid evidences related to the microbial system at the edge of the Aquitaine Shelf, such as authigenic carbonates and gas-charged layers extend from the external shelf until the upper part of the continental slope. Based on regional horizon geometry, geochemical evidences and potential migration pathways, the organic source matter for microbial methane is most likely located within the last upper Pleistocene clinoforms of the South Aquitaine margin. Occurrence of potential buried fluid evidence at the east of the fluid system is interpreted as potential evidence for initiation of this fluid system during the Pliocene age. The fluid system initiation and its evolution would be strongly related to the evolution/progradation of the South Aquitaine Margin and thus to the sedimentary regime controlling sediment and organic matter supplies to the shelf and upper continental slope. This relation explains the fact that such fluid system is unique in the Bay of Biscay and is restricted to the South Aquitaine Margin
Rassmann, Jens. "Le système des carbonates influencé par la diagenèse précoce dans les sédiments côtiers méditerranéens en lien avec l’acidification des océans." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV110/document.
Full textContinental shelves are key regions for theglobal carbon cycle and particularly exposed to oceanacidification. A large part of organic matter (OM) ofcontinental and marine origin is mineralized in estuarinesediments following oxic and anoxic pathways.This mineralization produces dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) leading to acidification of the bottom waters.Anoxic mineralization can produce total alkalinity(TA) that can contribute to buffer bottom water pHand increase the CO2 storage capacity of seawater. Measurementsin the sediments of the Rhˆone River prodeltashowed that anoxic mineralization, especially sulfate reduction,are the major pathways of OM mineralizationand create high DIC and TA fluxes. Land derived OMis mineralized close to the river mouth and marine OMtakes over on the shelf. An acidification experiment withsediment cores from the bay of Villefranche evidencedthat acidification causes carbonate dissolution at thesediment surface that buffers porewater pH
Rassmann, Jens. "Le système des carbonates influencé par la diagenèse précoce dans les sédiments côtiers méditerranéens en lien avec l’acidification des océans." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV110.
Full textContinental shelves are key regions for theglobal carbon cycle and particularly exposed to oceanacidification. A large part of organic matter (OM) ofcontinental and marine origin is mineralized in estuarinesediments following oxic and anoxic pathways.This mineralization produces dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) leading to acidification of the bottom waters.Anoxic mineralization can produce total alkalinity(TA) that can contribute to buffer bottom water pHand increase the CO2 storage capacity of seawater. Measurementsin the sediments of the Rhˆone River prodeltashowed that anoxic mineralization, especially sulfate reduction,are the major pathways of OM mineralizationand create high DIC and TA fluxes. Land derived OMis mineralized close to the river mouth and marine OMtakes over on the shelf. An acidification experiment withsediment cores from the bay of Villefranche evidencedthat acidification causes carbonate dissolution at thesediment surface that buffers porewater pH
Alkama, Ramdane. "Interactions ruissellement-système climatique en climats froids et chauds." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066675.
Full textJan, Cyrielle. "Approche métagénomique de la chimiosynthèse en système hydrothermal océanique profond : cas particulier des symbioses bactériennes associées à la crevette Rimicaris exoculata." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0069/document.
Full textThe hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris exoculata is an endemic species of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR).This species lives in dense aggregates on the walls of active chimneys and dominates the megafauna of most of these sites. This shrimp has two distinct microbial communities whose roles remain almost unknown. One of these communities is associated with the cephalothorax and hypertrophied mouthparts.These are covered by a dense community of bacteria affiliated to chemoautotrophic epibionts associated with mineral deposits. To deepen our knowledge on the symbiotic community in the context of the thesis, a metagenomic approach was undertaken. This helped highlighting the microbial diversity present with a dominant phylum, the Proteobacteria. Two classes are dominant, Gamma-and Epsilonproteobacteria, other classes are also present. A new class of Proteobacteria, the Zetaproteobacteria very recently described as free living in hydrothermal environments, was identified. Bacterial metabolic types have also been studied in more detail via the metagenome to advance further in the understanding of the symbiosis. It has been possible to reconstruct metabolic pathways for each main epibiont (i.e. Epsilon- and Gammaproteobacteria), and to study genes in response to environmental fluctuations, in cell communication and quorum-sensing. The Zetaproteobacteria group has also been studied, first in the context of metagenomic analysis, but also using molecular approaches on several specimens from the MAR hydrothermal sites, to better define the possible association between R. exoculata and iron-oxidizing bacteria. The second community associated with R. exoculata is located in the digestive tract. Additional analyzes to previous studies have been conducted in this thesis including a metagenomic approach and cultures
Renault, Lionel. "Impact des jets côtiers atmosphériques sur l'Upwelling du système de courants de Humboldt." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/465/.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the impact of atmospheric Coastal Jets on the upwellings of the Humboldt Currents System. A double approach is used: the first one consists in studying the Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation as well as the Ocean/Atmosphere interactions from the observations, whereas the second aims at modeling these Circulations in a realistic way by means of numerical regional models (ROMS for the ocean modeling and WRF for the atmosphere modeling. The obtained results suggest that there are various Atmospheric Coastal Jets along the Chilean and Peruvian Coasts. For certain ranges of frequencies, they control the upwelling variability of Chile and Peru. A heat flux balance of the Ocean Mixing Layer allows to identify the main mechanisms which control the oceanic answer off Central Chile. Moreover, we show that the Peruvian coast is under the influence of the both local atmospheric forcing and remote forcing. At some frequencies, the Kelvin wave trapped to the Peruvian Coasts induce a control of the coastal ocean variability by the Equatorial variability. The atmospheric regional model reproduces with realism the Chilean Coastal Jets whereas it has difficulty in simulating the atmospheric circulation at the level of Peru. The oceanic simulations reproduce the oceanic answer to the Coastal Jets off Central Chile. A heat flux balance of the Mixing Layer allows us to study what are the main mechanisms which control the oceanic answer in the model. Finally, we show that the regional models present a sensibility to the spatial resolution of the atmospheric and oceanic models. In particular, close to the coast, the wind characteristics in the atmospheric model depends on the spatial resolution of the model. This sensibility induce that the oceanic answer depends on the forcing field spatial resolution. .
Michel, Guillaume. "Mise en place et pérennisation d'un vaste système fluide microbien sur le plateau aquitain : caractérisation et facteurs de contrôle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066458.
Full textThe recent discovery (2013) of microbial methane emissions along the Aquitaine continental Shelf edge, south west of France (from 140 to 220 m of water depth), extending along 80 km N-S and 8 km E-W, questions about the initiation and temporal evolution of this fluid system. Several fluid evidences related to the microbial system at the edge of the Aquitaine Shelf, such as authigenic carbonates and gas-charged layers extend from the external shelf until the upper part of the continental slope. Based on regional horizon geometry, geochemical evidences and potential migration pathways, the organic source matter for microbial methane is most likely located within the last upper Pleistocene clinoforms of the South Aquitaine margin. Occurrence of potential buried fluid evidence at the east of the fluid system is interpreted as potential evidence for initiation of this fluid system during the Pliocene age. The fluid system initiation and its evolution would be strongly related to the evolution/progradation of the South Aquitaine Margin and thus to the sedimentary regime controlling sediment and organic matter supplies to the shelf and upper continental slope. This relation explains the fact that such fluid system is unique in the Bay of Biscay and is restricted to the South Aquitaine Margin
Poulbot, Valéry. "Contribution à l'étude des champs électriques très basses fréquence en milieu océanique : Elèctromètre expérimental haute-sensibilité : Modélisation du système à l'aide d'éléments." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECDL0036.
Full textParis, Guillaume. "Réponses du système Terre aux pertubations géologiques du cycle du carbone : isotopes du carbone, modélisation et apport des isotopes du bore." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0017.
Full textStudying geological carbon cycle disruption helps to further understand modern carbon cycle and to better apprehend the consequences of the current increase in atmospheric CO2. Specifically, geological crisis highlight the reaction ability of the environment to stressful situation. We used a multi‐proxy approach to study the Triassic‐Jurassic (TJ) boundary events. This transition period is characterized by a succession of two carbon isotopes negative excursions (CINEs) in sections from Tethyan realm. Through GEOCLIM modeling, we show that the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) likely generated the carbonate production crisis observed during the first CINE provided that emplacement is modeled as a succession of intense short‐lived pulses (<400y) as suggested by recent studies. If emitted mantellic carbon is isotopically light (<‐20‰), CAMP emplacement also generated the first CINE. We investigated British and Austrian sections through carbon and nitrogen isotopes for local consequences of global TJ transition events (CAMP emplacement and sea level variations). We showed that the biological pump is perturbated by eutrophication and blooms of prokaryotic organisms. A supplementary tool is provided by boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of carbonates that record seawater pH. However, inter‐laboratory discrepancies prevent this tool from being broadly used. Here, we present a recently developed injection device for boron isotopes analysis on MC‐ICP‐ MS and use it for studying boron isotopes on Middle Jurassic limestones during a time of carbonate production perturbation. Nevertheless, we remain speculative in our interpretation for carbonate δ11B values record both seawater pH and δ11B values. As a consequence, we initiated the reconstruction of Phanerozoic seawater δ11B values by measuring δ11B values in marine halites. The reconstructed values exhibit clear variations through time that are related to geodynamic parameters. This study underlines the necessity for multi‐proxy approach to bring new light on atmospheric pCO2 and seawater chemical composition
Ponte, Jean-Pierre. "La marge africaine du canal du Mozambique, le système turbiditique du Zambèze : une approche « Source to Sink » au Méso – Cénozoïque." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B005/document.
Full textThe Zambezi system located on the eastern slope of Africa is characterized by a turbiditic system of very large size (x 100 km) and is associated onshore to the third largest watershed in Africa (1,320,000 km2) after those of the Nile and Congo. Few studies have examined the evolution of the land - sea system from the eroding catchment to the sedimentation basin. This work will focus on: [1] characterize and discuss the origin of the deformations recorded in the Zambezi sedimentary system since 155 Ma, [2] quantify the erosion-sedimentation balances of the Zambezi system, for a better understanding of the sedimentary routing
Ngodock, Hans Emmanuel. "Assimilation de données et analyse de sensibilité : une application à la circulation océanique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005006.
Full textDujoncquoy, Emmanuel. "Architecture stratigraphique et caractérisation, réservoir des systèmes carbonates progradants, crétacé inférieur du Sultanat d'Oman : étude intégrée en subsurface et à l'affleurement du système progradant Lekhwair/Habshan/Salil." Bordeaux 3, 2011. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2011BOR30074.
Full textThe Lekhwair/Habshan/Salil (or LHS) system is a carbonate succession that prograded across the eastern part of the Arabian plate from Berriasian to early Bareremian. The three ormations that compose this system respectively correspond to the inner platform (Lekhwair Fm. ) platform margin (Habshan Fm. ) and slope to basin facies associations (Salil Fm. ). In Interior Oman, this system shows a conspicuous prograding character with well-expressed clinoforms (Berriasian to Valanginian). The formations imaged on seismic crop out toward the North in the Oman Mountains (upper Valanginian to lower Barremian). This aim of this study is to precise the stratigraphic and geometric organisation of the LHS system at the scale of the sedimentary basin and the depositional sequences, but also to improve the understanding and the prediction of the carbonate reservoir into these prograding systems. The study went through a combination of an interpretation of prograding geometries by seismic stratigraphy and a sedimentologic and stratigraphic outcrop analysis in the Jebel Akhdar (Oman Mountains). This analysis of this system from the Berriasian to the early Barremian allows the interpretation of the relative sea level variations of the Cretaceous and the tectonic episodes that affected the arab plate in this time
Bel, Madani A. "Impact du changement climatique dans le système de Humboldt." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022928.
Full textVerdier-Paoletti, Maximilien. "Etude des conditions physique et chimique de l'altération hydrothermale dans les astéroïdes carbonés de type C." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0020/document.
Full textChondrites are leftover solids from the evolution of the solar protoplanetary disk that enable for its primordial conditions to be studied. However, many chondrites have seen their mineralogy modified by the circulation of fluids during hydrothermal alteration events, thereby blurring the primordial informations retained in it. CM carbonaceous chondrites have been extensively studied, mainly because of the various episodes and extent of hydrothermal alteration they exhibit. The understanding of the evolution of water and the influence of alteration on organic matter in those asteroids is essential as they might be the source of life on Earth. In order to better understand the geochemical conditions and the chronology of this process in carbonaceous asteroids, we focused this project on CM chondrites and the secondary phases they contain. We developped a methodology to estimate the precipitation temperatures of carbonates in CM chondrites relying only on in situ measurements of their O-isotopic composition. Our results yield precipitation temperatures in a larger range than what has previsouly been estimated, i.e. from -50 to approximatively 300°C with an average temperature of 113 +/- 54°C (2σ). To further our study of the geochemical conditions of hydrothermal alteration we extensively studied the CM of Boriskino. The peculiar texture of this meteorite, due to its numerous clasts with sharp boundaries and their various degrees of aqueous alteration, enable to investigate the reccurent question of a genetic link between brecciation and aqueous alteration. Using the same methodology as in our first project we concluded that temperatures in which the process took place could not account for the various extent of aqueous alteration that we observe. In addition, Our work suggest that aqueous alteration in this chondrite was discontinuous and preceeded brecciationand that instead the initial quantity of accreted ice could be the controlling parameter of aqueous alteration. However, this study neglect the contribution of the duration of exposure of the rock to the fluid to the extent of aqueous alteration. Therefore, our last project was to determine the age of carbonates in several CM chondrites of various degrees of aqueous alteration. The datation of these minerals in chondrites relies on the radiochronometer 53Mn-53Cr. However, the lack of a suitable carbonate standard for these SIMS analyses pushed us to synthetize carbonates with the adequat cristallinity and chemical composition first. To do so, we experimentated at high pressure and high temperature using a piston-cylinder apparatus
Waldman, Robin. "Etude multi-échelle de la convection océanique profonde en mer Méditerranée : de l'observation à la modélisation climatique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30361/document.
Full textThe northwestern Mediterranean sea, also named the Liguro-Provençal basin, is one of the few places where ocean deep convection occurs. This localized and intermittent phenomenon is one of the main modes of interaction between the deep ocean and the climate system. It is of paramount importance for the vertical redistribution of heat, carbon dioxyde and biogeochemical elements, and therefore for climate and marine biology. The PhD has been carried out in the framework of HyMeX programme, it aims at characterizing the ocean deep convection phenomenon in the Liguro-Provençal basin from the year 2012-2013 case study and at understanding the role of mesoscale dynamics and of the resulting intrinsic ocean variability on deep convection. The PhD work has first focused on characterizing the ocean deep convection phenomenon from observations collected during the 2012-2013 case study. We estimated the winter deep convection and spring restratification rates and an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) was developed to estimate the associated observation error. We conclude on the validity of MOOSE network observations to estimate the deep convection and restratification rates in the period 2012-2013. We characterize the period as exceptionally convective with a winter deep water formation rate of 2.3±0.5Sv (1Sv=106m³/s) and we estimate for the first time a spring deep water restratification rate of 0.8±0.4Sv. Two novel numerical approaches were developped during the PhD to characterize the roles of mesoscale dynamics and of intrinsic variability in the deep convection phenomenon. We implemented AGRIF grid refinement tool in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea within NEMOMED12 regional model to document the impact of mesoscale on deep convection and on the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation. In addition, we carried out perturbed initial state ensemble simulations to characterize the impact of ocean intrinsic variability on convection. After extensively evaluating the realism of deep convection in NEMOMED12 numerical model thanks to the 2012-2013 observations, we study with this model the impact of intrinsic variability on deep convection. During the case study as well as in the 1979-2013 historical period, intrinsic ocean variability largely modulates the mixed patch geography, particularly in the open-sea domain. At climatic timescales, intrinsic variability modulates largely the deep convection rate interannual variability. On average over the historical period, it also modulates the mixed patch geography, but it impacts marginally its magnitude and the properties of the deep water formed. Finally, we study with AGRIF tool the impact of mesoscale dynamics on deep convection and on the thermohaline circulation. In the 2012-2013 case study, mesoscale improves the realism of the simulated convection. We show that it increases the deep convection intrinsic variability. In this period as well as during the 1979-2013 historical period, it decreases the mean deep convection rate and it reduces deep water transformations. We mainly relate its impact on convection to the modifincation of the stationary circulation characterized by a relocation and an intensification of boundary currents and the presence of a stationary Balearic Front meander. Also, in the historical period, exchanges with the Algerian basin are increased, which modifies water mass climatological properties. Finally, the surface signature of mesoscale is likely to alter air-sea interactions and the coastal to regional Mediterranean climate
Bégovic, Miléna. "Contribution à l'étude du système des carbonates en Méditerranée-Distribution et variation spatio-temporelle de la pression partielle de CO2 dans les eaux superficielles du bassin Liguro-Provençal." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002793.
Full textElias, Bahnan Alexy. "Circulation des fluides et diagenèse du système pétrolier de Lacq : impact de l'évolution géodynamique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0221.
Full textThe geodynamic evolution of basins exerts a major control on the evolution of the pathways, temperature, pressure and chemistry of circulating fluids. This in turn influences the diagenesis and petrophysical properties of petroleum reservoirs. Recently, geodynamic models of the Pyrenees and the south Aquitaine basin were revisited and updated to include the involvement of an Early Cretaceous rifting phase that evolved to extreme crustal thinning coupled with mantle exhumation, followed by an inversion and convergence during the Late Cretaceous and the Paleogene. This revised model highlights the possible impact of hydrothermal fluids on the diagenesis of petroleum reservoirs in the southern Aquitaine Basin. This work is based on the study of three drill cores penetrating the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Lacq) reservoirs and the Upper Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (Deep Lacq) reservoirs. Using a multitude of petrographic, geochemical and modeling tools, we document how the Aptian hyperextension was coupled with the circulation of Mg-rich fluids that partially dolomitized Deep Lacq. Mg was provided from the clay-rich formations at depths while salinities were the result of fluid interaction with the Triassic evaporites. Different fracturing episodes during the post-rift stage, when the N-S convergence started, connected Deep Lacq with a pool of fluids oversaturated with respect to calcites. A third fluid pulse, linked to the Eocene compression, precipitated massive anhydrites in Deep Lacq. At the same time in Upper Lacq, diagenesis was marked by orogeny-driven hydrothermal fluid circulations along the major faults and fractures on the crest of Lacq anticline. Hydrothermal dolomites were documented with temperatures nearly 40°C higher than the surrounding host rocks. Different fracturing episodes, related to the Pyrenean orogeny, were later responsible for calcite and anhydrite cementation. The oil and gas infilling of Upper and Deep Lacq respectively are assumed to be post-orogenic. Therefore, it is evident that the overall geodynamic setting and the geologic evolution of the Pyrenean foothills, governed mainly by the Aptian hyperextension and the Eocene convergence, had a significant control on the types, sources and circulation pathways of the diagenetic fluids
Gutknecht, Élodie. "Interactions côte-large dans le système de l'upwelling du Benguela par modélisation couplée physique/biogéochimique." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2713/.
Full textThe main objective of this PhD thesis is the study of the shelf/offshore interactions in the Benguela upwelling system, off South African and Namibian coasts, using a numerical model as well as satellite and in-situ data. A Biogeochemical model adapted for the Benguela Upwelling System (BioBUS), taking into account the main processes linked with eastern boundary upwelling systems and associated oxygen minimum zones, has been developed and coupled with the ROMS hydrodynamical model, in order to implement a realistic configuration in the Namibian upwelling system (Northern Benguela), the studied area of this PhD thesis. This PhD thesis contributes to the improvement of the physical/biogeochemical couplings as well as the understanding of the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) and their local and regional impact. Nitrogen inputs from the upwelling area to the South Atlantic oligotrophic gyre were estimated (0. 38 molN. M-2. Yr-1) and are of the same order as other possible N sources (such as atmospheric deposition, biological fixation,. . . ) sustaining primary production in the subtropical gyre (from 0. 01 to 0. 24 molN. M-2. Yr-1). Nitrogen losses by denitrification and anammox processes linked with the oxygen minimum zone (2. 2 108 molN. Yr-1) have the same order of magnitude than N2O outgasing to the atmosphere (5. 5 108 molN. Yr-1), however they are underestimated when compared with in-situ estimations. Air-sea N2O fluxes are clearly significant in this area for the atmospheric N2O budget. Indeed, even if this area represents 1. 2% of the EBUS, its estimated N2O emission contributes to 4% of the EBUS emissions. Furthermore, this PhD thesis shows the important role of mesoscale processes in the nitrogen total transport off the Namibian continental shelf
Paris, Guillaume. "Réponses du système Terre aux perturbations géologiques du cycle du carbone. Isotopes du carbone, modelisation et apport des isotopes du bore." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00655630.
Full textEl, haïkali Bouazza. "Estimations des productions organique et inorganique de quelques espèces macrophytobenthiques méditerranéennes calcifiées : interactions avec les conditions naturelles du milieu et rôle dans la variabilité circadienne de certaines caractéristiques physico-chimiques des eaux cotières." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22105.
Full textRadwan, Jean. "Contribution à la mise au point d'une technique de mesure du Kr85 dans l'océan : étude et réalisation d'un système d'extraction, de séparation et de mesure du Krypton total dissous." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066529.
Full textAmann, Méderic. "Evolution du magmatisme et du métasomatisme dans une marge passive pauvre en magma durant l'initiation de l'accrétion océanique : exemple de la marge fossile de la Platta (Alpes suisses) et comparaison avec le système actuel Ibérie-Terre Neuve." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAH014/document.
Full textDistal parts of magma-poor rifted margins represent a complex transition between continental and oceanic domains. These areas remain poorly understood while being a key-place to unravel magmatic and metasomatic processes involved during the first stages of oceanization. At this time, these processes are enhanced by mantle exhumation, and the interaction between melts, mantle rocks and fluids affect the thermal regime of the margin. So far, only two Ocean-Continent Transitions (OCT) have been particularly investigated, namely the present-day Iberia Newfoundland conjugate margins and the fossil analog Platta-Tasna nappes, remnants of the Jurassic Alpine-Tethys OCTs. Studies presented in this Ph.D. thesis have been focused on these two margins. Here, by combining field-works, petrological, mineralogical and geochemical investigations, we have unraveled in OCTs three key-points: (i) The deep porous-flow melt percolation impregnating the long-lived inherited subcontinental mantle in Iberia-Newfoundland margins allow the refertilization of these distal domains; (ii) The geochemical transition depicted from OCT-basalts towards MOR-basalts can be explained by the partial melting of the refertilized subcontinental mantle; (iii) The role of active hydrothermal fluids, on both the exhumed mantle and basalt dikes, lead to the serpentinisation and the rodingitization respectively, at temperature ranging between 60°C and 190°C. These temperatures being consistent with the ongoing mantle exhumation towards near-seafloor conditions
Charria, Guillaume. "Influence des ondes de Rossby sur le système biogéochimique de l'Océan Atlantique Nord : utilisation des données couleur de l'eau et d'un modèle couplé physique/biogéochimie." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30268.
Full textThe marine phytoplankton in the ocean represents only less than 1% of global biomass. Phytoplankton performs half of all photosynthesis. This autotrophic biomass in ocean is then an essential element in the climate regulation through processes as carbon dioxide absorption during the photosynthesis. Therefore, we need to estimate precisely this biomass as well as the processes which affect it. Using remotely sensed data (altimetry and ocean colour) and a coupled physical/biogeochemical model (MERCATOR-OPA/NPZDDON), Rossby waves and their influence on phytoplankton biomass are specifically studied in the North Atlantic Ocean. Their features and their influences on surface chlorophyll concentrations were analysed. Through the different mechanisms identified, we estimated that these waves can induce local increases from 60% to 150% of the estimated primary production
Bénard, Bhavani. "Caractérisation du système hydrothermal du Piton des Neiges par des méthodes géochimiques et isotopiques." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0010.
Full textPiton des Neiges volcano (Reunion Island) shows evidence of a hydrothermal activity that could potentially be used for geothermal energy generation. However, so far, the characteristics of this hydrothermal system (fluid temperature, heat source, recharge, etc.) remain too uncertain to consider exploiting it. To evaluate its geothermal potential, we carried out a vast prospecting campaign for markers of hydrothermal activity, performed geochemical analysis (major, trace elements, δ18O, δD, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr, δ7Li, δ37Cl) on 38 thermal springs (including 21 new ones) and monitored the resource over time. Our results show that the hydrothermal activity is concentrated in the cirques of Cilaos and Salazie, along the N30 rift zone and inside a supposed caldera. Recharge is meteoric, local, plurennial and mainly comes from cyclones. There is no hydraulic connection between the two cirques, and barely with the ocean. Thermal waters interact with mantellic CO2, other more superficial magmatic gases (inside the edifice or at its base) and differentiated rocks. Geochemical geothermometers indicate a water-rock interaction temperature of above 210°C. The hydrothermal system of Piton des Neiges thus reaches computed temperatures compatible with high temperature geothermal use. Our work steers the next exploratory steps toward the geologic structures associated with the supposed caldera and the rift zone. Their geometry, their hydrodynamic property and their relation with the heat source will be decisive in the choice of a drilling site
Marquez, Lencina Avila Jannine. "Comparaison de l’état de l’acidification des océans entre deux régions de l’océan Austral." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0017.
Full textThe intensification of the greenhouse effect due to increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations could be higher if not for the ocean’s important role as a sink for atmospheric CO 2 . A consequence of the ocean’s capacity for buffering CO 2 is the ocean acidification of sea surface waters. The Southern Ocean is particularly vulnerable to these consequences due to its low temperatures and high seasonal primary productivity. The present Ph.D. thesis focus on the analysis of the carbonate system, particularly the ocean acidification state, in the Gerlache Strait and the polar zone off the Adelie Land region. These two regions present different hydrodynamics and, consequently, are expected to present differences in their carbonate system variability. Using data sets from the Brazilian NAUTILUS programme and the French MINERVE programme, the carbonate system dynamic was assessed in these regions from 2015 to 2017. The results are presented as scientific articles, which were assembled to structure this thesis. The Gerlache Strait showed the largest spatial variations of carbonate system properties with potentially acidic conditions during austral summer. In comparison, the polar zone off Adelie Land larger inter-annual and spatial variations associated with frontal zones. Due to its geographical and hydrodynamic conditions, the Gerlache Strait is currently more vulnerable to ocean acidification than the off Adelie Landregion