Dissertations / Theses: 'Système artisanal'

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Ramanakoto, Toky Nandrasana. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale des écoulements à surface libre : application à l'interaction de sillages et à l'écoulement dans un sluice artisanal." Thesis, Le Havre, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEHA0012/document.

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ALe travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse en co-tutelle est à cheval entre deux domaines d’étude de l’interférence de sillage d’obstacle non profilé (soit un cylindre ou deux cylindres en tandem) et celle des zones de recirculations dans un sluice artisanal (un appareil de tri d’or). Notre étude contribue à l’étude des écoulements à surface libre par combinaison de quelques méthodes expérimentales. Nous avons couplé quelques techniques entre autres la visualisation de la topologie du sillage proche par la caméra CCD embarquée, les mesures des champs de vitesse par PIV et des efforts hydrodynamiques. Ainsi, le cylindre animé d’un mouvement uniformément accéléré/décéléré est caractérisé par les forces de traînée et de portance, les enveloppes des maximas, la longueur de le zone de recirculation et le nombre de Strouhal local. Dont ce dernier a une valeur avoisinant de 0.4 près de la surface libre. Et entre deux pics de la portance, le déferlement de la vague d’accompagnement est observable. L’interférence entre deux structures est simulée à travers deux cylindres et que sur une configuration symétrique, le paramètre de proximité B a tendance à accroître la longueur de la zone de recirculation. Les méthodes et dispositifs expérimentales décrites ci-dessus sont appliqués dans le cas d’écoulement hydrodynamique turbulent au sein du sluice. Les essais sur sites aurifères à Madagascar ont permis la collecte des informations sur les paramètres optimums du tri. Ces paramètres sont pris comme base initiale des travaux de laboratoire entamés sur une maquette à l’échelle 1. L’acquisition par PIV suivi des traitements statistique à multi-variables POD Snapshot nous a permis de créer un modèle expérimental de l’écoulement composé de 4 zones distinctes. L’étude expérimentale a été complétée par une simulation numérique par ANSYS14.5 ; qui nous a permis de conclure que l’approchement des riffles entraîne une diminution de la zone favorable du dépôt des minerais lourds
Two major areas are focused in the thesis. The first investigates the interference due to a wake-pattern of non-profiled obstacles (such as one or two cylinder in tandem). The second characterizes the zone of recirculation inside an artisanal sluice-boxe, which is a device for gold extraction. The work contributes to the study of the flow of a free-surface using experimental methods. Also, a few approaches is combined for the investigation. In this regard, the near-wake pattern of the flow is examined using an embedded CCD camera, correlated to a PIV measurement of the velocity fields and the hydrodynamic forces. We found that a cylinder of uniform motion, accelerated or decelerated, is characterized by: the drag and the lift forces, the envelopes of maxima, the length of the recirculation zone and the local Strouhal number. The Strouhal number approaches the value of 0.4 next to a free-surface and a breaking wave is observed in-between two peaks of the lift force. We modeled the interference between two structures using a succession of two cylinders. The proximity parameter B tends to an increase of the recirculation length for a symmetrical arrangement.Our methods and the experimental procedures are applied for the examination of a turbulent hydrodynamic flow inside a sluice. Tests were performed on gold sites in Madagascar. This permitted the collection of information concerning the optimum parameters for an extraction. The obtained values form the basis of our laboratory work and are applied to a scaled model for validation. An experimental flow model, made of four distinct zones, is derived from a monitored PIV data and a statistical analysis of a multi-variable POD snapshot. The results are validated through simulations using the package ANSYS 14.5. The investigation shows that a closer riffles reduces the region for heavy minerals deposition

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Randrianantenaina, Cyriaque Donat. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale des écoulements confinés à surfaces libres : application à l'interaction fluide-structure dans un compartiment de JIG artisanal." Thesis, Le Havre, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEHA0033/document.

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Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse en co-tutelle concerne deux domaines d’étude de l'interaction fluide-structure. Le premier relevant du Génie Minier traite de l'interaction entre une grille mobile au sein d'un sluice et de l'écoulement confiné associé. Le second relevant de l'Hydrodynamique fondamentale porte sur l'interaction d'un cylindre monté sur appuis souples et un écoulement à surface libre en présence de fond. Notre travail contribue à l’étude des écoulements confinés à surface libre par une approche expérimentale. Nous avons couplé des techniques de visualisation par caméra CCD, de mesures de champs de vitesse par PIV et d'efforts hydrodynamiques pour qualifier la dynamique des objets en mouvement dans l'écoulement. Les méthodes et dispositifs expérimentaux sont alors appliqués à l'étude de l'écoulement autour de deux maquettes simplifiées d'un JIG à grille mobile puis à celui du cylindre vibrant sous l'effet de l'écoulement. L’acquisition par PIV suivi des traitements statistique multi-variables par POD nous a permis d'étudier l'évolution des zones de recirculation dans le compartiment ainsi que le champ de vitesse instationnaire. L’étude expérimentale a été complétée par une simulation numérique par ANSYS14.5 pour la maquette de JIG et par un modèle numérique d’oscillation du sillage pour le cylindre. Ces travaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence une technique simple pour mettre en mouvement, dans un sluice, un filet attaché à un cylindre et d'étudier les effets du confinement sur un cylindre vibrant en présence de surface libre
The work realized under this co-supervised thesis concerns two study areas of fluid-structure interaction. The first concerned the Mineral Engineering and deals with the interaction between a moving grate in a sluice and the confined flow associated. The second concerns the fundamental Hydrodynamics and deals with the interaction of a cylinder mounted on flexible supports and a free surface flow in presence of plane wall. Our work contributes to the study a confined free surface flow by experimental approach. We coupled techniques of CCD camera visualization, velocity fields measurements by PIV and hydrodynamic forces to qualify the dynamics of structure motion in the flow. Experimental methods and devices are applied to the study the flow around two simplified models of a moving JIG grate and then to study a vibrating cylinder due to flow. Treatments of PIV data acquisitions by multivariable statistical POD enabled us to describe evolution of recirculation zones in the compartment and unsteady velocity field. Experimental study was completed by a numerical simulation of Jig model by using ANSYS14.5 and a numerical wake oscillator model for the case of the cylinder. This work highlighted a simple technique to give motion, in a sluice, a attached net to a cylinder and to study effects of free surface flow confinement on a vibrating cylinder

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Letowski, André. "Les systèmes socio-culturels de l'artisanat face aux mutations." Paris 9, 1987. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1987PA090094.

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L'artisanat présente une identité unique notamment à travers l'histoire, les textes législatifs, les prises de position des institutions. L'artisanat présente aussi une grande hétérogénéité tant à la lecture des chiffres, par l'observation des populations composant l'artisanat, ou encore à travers les filières produits. Une typologie, fondée sur le comportement des artisans dans leur fonction de chef d'entreprise, permet de mieux définir l'artisanat, son identité et son hétérogénéité, et d'observer pour chaque groupe la façon dont il s'adapte. Pour comprendre et agir sur l'artisanat, il faut donc tenir compte à la fois des fonctions remplies par les produits artisanaux, des systèmes de référence du client et des artisans, et enfin du positionnement de l'artisanat dans les filières produits
Small business in France (i. E. Craft industry and handicraft) is characterized with a specific identity through its history, legislation and the positions of the small business representative institutions. However, the great diversity of small businesses is shown through statistics, different population categories and lines of products. A typological analysis based on the entrepreneurial behaviour enables a better definition of the craft sector, i. E. Its specific and heterogeneous characters, in order to observe for each group its adaptation capacity. A thorough knowledge of the sector is required to achieve efficient actions in this field. For that purpose, it is necessary to take into account at the same time the functions of the craft products, the sociocultural systems of customers and craftmen and at least the range of activities covered by the craft sector in the lines of products

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Caricofe, Erin E. "Handcrafting The Change They Want To Eat In The World? An Inquiry Into The Who, What, and Why of Artisanal Food Production in Central Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316399043.

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Girard, Antoine. "De la perception des risques à la construction de la sécurité dans le métier de guide de haute montagne : prendre et faire prendre des risques en sécurité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALH034.

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Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le champ de la sécurité des activités artisanales. Basée sur l’étude de la profession de guide de montagne, système artisanal par excellence, elle vise à mieux comprendre la manière dont la sécurité peut se construire dans ce type de systèmes encore peu analysé. Notre travail consiste d’abord à analyser la manière dont les guides, travailleurs indépendants, régulent en permanence leur prise de risque face aux dangers naturels, tout en tenant les autres dimensions de l’activité (économique, servicielle, sociale, etc.). Puis, il vise à proposer une prévention qui favorise cette régulation naturelle.La thèse soutenue est la suivante : la construction de la sécurité dans un système artisanal passe à la fois par le développement du « savoir agir » et du « pouvoir agir » des professionnels. En se plaçant dans une approche adaptative et systémique de la sécurité, il s’agit de miser sur la responsabilité, l’autonomie et l’autonomisation des professionnels, qui restent les seuls compétents pour décider en situation. L’action ergonomique doit alors favoriser la contribution de tous les niveaux du système (macro, meso, micro) à la construction d’un environnement capacitant permettant aux acteurs et aux collectifs « d’agir en sécurité ».Quatre études empiriques ont été conduites pour défendre cette thèse. Celles-ci sont basées sur des données récoltées lors d’entretiens semi-directifs et d’observations participantes filmées de courses avec des guides de montagne. Chacune de ces études est construite à partir d’une méthode particulière d’analyse de ces données. La première étude porte sur l’analyse de la perception des risques des guides de montagne. Elle permet de caractériser les risques auxquels s’exposent les guides et leurs clients. Elle met notamment en évidence que la course implique la gestion de risques endogènes, qui dépendent de l’activité de la cordée, et de risques exogènes, qui renvoient à la dynamique intrinsèque de l’environnement de travail. La deuxième étude s’intéresse à l’activité de préparation de la course. Elle montre que cette préparation peut être abordée comme une activité de conception visant à se construire un espace de situations acceptables intégrant les risques endogènes et exogènes. La troisième étude porte sur la réalisation de la course en montagne. Basée sur le cadre théorique de la gestion de situations dynamiques, elle s’intéresse à la manière dont les guides se construisent une conscience de la situation, élaborent des plans dans l’action et agissent pour se maintenir dans un espace de situations acceptables. Enfin, la quatrième étude se focalise sur les « arbitrages risqués » observables dans l’activité. Elle vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui peuvent pousser les guides à prendre des risques, à toutes les étapes de la course, mais aussi à l’échelle de la saison ou de la carrière. Cette dernière étude montre que les processus d’arbitrage visent à tenir de façon permanente différents compromis entre toutes les ressources et contraintes des situations. Elle permet de comprendre qu’un des principaux enjeux de sécurité concerne le traitement de ces arbitrages risqués pour éviter un débordement de la prise de risque dans le temps.Nos résultats peuvent donc être résumés de la façon suivante : « Les guides de montagne doivent gérer des risques endogènes et exogènes, afin de se placer dans un espace de situations acceptables et de s’y maintenir de façon dynamique en évitant des débordements dans la prise de risque ». Ces résultats permettent de proposer une explication des accidents à partir de la prise de risque. Ils permettent aussi d’envisager de nouveaux moyens de prévention basés non plus sur la maitrise de l’enchainement des évènements de la course mais sur la gestion des mécanismes pouvant entrainer une accumulation des prises de risques
This research adresses safety issues in craft activities. Drawing on a study of the mountain guide profession, an archetypal craft system, it aims to provide a better understanding of the way in which safety can be constructed in this type of system, which is still relatively unexplored. Our work focuses on analyzing how self-employed guides constantly regulate their risk-taking in the face of natural hazards, while taking into account the other dimensions of their activity (economic, service, social, etc.). The aim is then to propose a prevention strategy that encourages this natural regulation. The thesis assumes that the construction of safety in a craft system calls for the development of both the ‘know-how‘ and the ‘capability' of professionals. By adopting an adaptative, systemic approach to safety, we rely on the responsibility, autonomy and empowerment of professionals, who remain the only ones competent to take decisions in a work situation. Ergonomic action must therefore promote the contribution of all levels of the system (macro, meso, micro) to the construction of an enabling environment that allows actors and collectives to “act safely”.Four empirical studies have been carried out to support this thesis. These are based on data gathered from semi-structured interviews and filmed participant observations of alpine tours with mountain guides. Each of these studies is based on a specific method of data analysis. The first study analyzes the risk perception of mountain guides. It characterizes the risks to which guides and their clients are exposed. It reveals that an alpine tour involves managing both endogenous risks, which depend on the activity of the climbing team, and exogenous risks, which refer to the intrinsic dynamics of the work environment. The second study focuses on the preparation of the alpine tour. It shows that this preparation can be approached as a design activity aimed at constructing a space of acceptable situations integrating endogenous and exogenous risks. The third study focuses on the realization of the alpine tour. Based on the theoretical framework of the management of dynamic situations, it examines how guides construct situation awareness, develop plans in action and act to maintain themselves in a space of acceptable situations. Finally, the fourth study focuses on the “risky trade-offs” that can be observed in the work. It aims better understand the mechanisms that can lead guides to take risks, at all stages of the alpine tour, but also on a season-long or career-long perspective. This latest study shows that trade-off processes aim to permanently hold different compromises between all the resources and constraints of situations. It shows that one of the main safety issues concerns the management of these risky trade-offs, to prevent risk-taking from getting out of control over time.Our results can therefore be summarized as follows: “Mountain guides have to manage endogenous and exogenous risks, in order to place themselves in a space of acceptable situations and maintain themselves there dynamically, while avoiding risk-taking excesses”. These results enable us to propose an explanation for accidents based on risk-taking. They also suggest new ways of preventing accidents, based not on controlling the sequence of events in the alpine tour, but on managing the mechanisms that can lead to an accumulation of risk-taking

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El, Jebbari Zyad. "Distribution channel for Moroccan artisans." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99809.

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Thesis: M. Eng. in Logistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages [72]-[74]).
The handicraft sector in Morocco represents more than 9% of the nation's GDP and employs 2.3 million people. However, despite their talent and expertise, Morocco's artisans are struggling to reach markets other than local regional or national markets. The main distribution model used so far has been the classic retail distribution model, which does not add value to the artisans' work, with most downstream actors playing the role of the middlemen. Other Ecommerce models such as the marketplace model or the crowdfunding model did not solve all the issues faced by artisans and customers. This paper provides the framework for a new distribution channel for Moroccan artisans to improve the efficiency of the value chain linking them to the American consumer by eliminating all unnecessary steps, overhead, and overall inefficiencies of the current distribution models. We first identify the models that are currently used to bring the artisans' crafts to the end consumer in developed markets: the market place (used by the platform Etsy), the crowdfunding model and the classic retail distribution model involving middlemen. We assessed the benefits of all the models by developing a new framework allowing to score each one of them. We then switched our focus to a hybrid model: a crowdfunding platform where the company partners with the artisans to align the different stakeholders' interests. To the extent of our knowledge, this model has not been used yet. It was found that our methodology could help artisans access international markets more efficiently. We finished by determining the optimal strategy using social media to market this platform and engage more efficiently potential customers. Keywords: handicraft, supply chain, crowdfunding, retail, social network marketing.
by Zyad El Jebbari.
M. Eng. in Logistics

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Desbordes, Christelle. "Travail et société dans l’Égypte du IIIe millénaire : enseignements du système hiéroglyphique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20085.

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La graphie des signes hiéroglyphiques représentant des travailleurs est analysée, puis confrontée aux sources iconographiques et à la sculpture, pour comprendre la façon dont le système d’écriture interprète la notion de travail et cerner ce que l’élite souhaite voir se pérenniser dans l’imagerie. S’ajoute à ces données graphiques une approche lexicographique des termes liés au travail. Une mise en perspective de nos conclusions, par l’apport de sources historiques et sociologiques variées, contribue enfin à forger une appréciation plus juste de la façon dont l’organisation professionnelle est perçue sous l’Ancien Empire, et dont l’élite lettrée se confronte au contexte professionnel. Notre analyse a tout d’abord permis de définir les procédés utilisés pour transcrire le travailleur dans l’écriture et dans l’ensemble de l’imagerie d’Ancien Empire. Les critères intervenant dans la composition de l’image du travailleur, que ce soit dans son apparence, son rapport à l’action ou sa relation à la technique, sont ainsi définis. La relation du lexique au thème du travail est aussi abordée. L’ensemble des données récoltées sert ensuite à définir la perception du travail à cette époque. Le travail est ainsi considéré comme un acte social, et le travailleur, lié à une collectivité solide, apparaît intégré au cœur d’un système hiérarchique complexe. Le travail est aussi perçu comme un acte de peine, exercé par une population modeste dépendante d’une autorité dirigeante et entièrement investie dans la charge qui lui incombe. Le travail apparaît enfin comme un acte de production, dans lequel l’homme, technicien et producteur, constitue un chaînon essentiel dans le processus de transformation de la matière, et garantit la prospérité du pays et le bien-être de son élite
The written form of hieroglyphic signs which represent workers is studied, and compared with iconographic documents and sculpture, to understand the way in which the writing interprets the notion of work, and the elements that the elite wants to fix in the imagery. A lexicographical approach of work is also done. Historical and sociological documentation is lastly used to obtain a more complete appreciation of the perception of the professional organization in the Old Kingdom. Our analysis has come to define the processes used to transcribe the worker in writing and in whole imagery of the Old Kingdom. The parameters which play a part in the composition of the worker’s image, in his appearance, his relation to action or his connection with technique, are thus defined. The link between lexicography and work is also treated. Whole information is then used to define the ideological perception of work at this time. Work is thus considered like a social act, and the worker, linked to a solid community, appears to be integrated in a complex hierarchic system. Work is also perceived as a hard act, practised by a modest population who is dependent on a ruling authority and who put a lot of effort into carrying out his task. Work finally appears as a productive act, and worker, as technician and producer, constitutes an essential link in the process of transformation of materials, and assures the prosperity of the country and the comfort of the elite

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Granlund, Nilsson Mattias. "Artisan : Professional urban mobility." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160366.

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The idea for this project initially came from an article i read about a small company in Stockholm, called “The cycling plumber” In the article, the founder of the company who explained that he was tired of looking for parking and sitting in traffic in his work-van around the tight and congest- ed streets of Stockholm. This sparked an interest from me, what options does the urban-operating handyman have in terms of transportation? Using the design process and thorough user studies, this project explores a new type of commercial vehicle segement, intended for carpenters operating in the dense city traffic of the future. The final product proposed, is called VW Artisan. It’s a versatile commercial vehicle utilizing a detachable toolbox system to improve the efficiency and comfort of the user during their daily work.
Idén till detta projekt kom ursprungligen från en artikel som handlade om ett nytt företag i Stockholm, kallat “Cyklande rörmokaren”. I artikeln förklarade grundaren till företaget att han hade tröttnat på att sitta i köer och leta efter parkering runt Stockholms tätt trafikerade gator. Detta väckte ett intresse för mig. Vilka transportalternativ har en hantverkare som huvudsakligen arbetar i större städer? Med hjälp av designprocessen och utförliga användarstudier utforskar detta projektet en ny typ av kommersiellt fordonssegment, avsett för hantverkare i framtidens tätt befolkade städer. Slutresultatet som föreslås i detta projekt kallas för VW Artisan. Ett mångsidigt arbetsfordon med en avtagbar verktygsvagn för att effektivisera och öka komforten i användarens dagliga arbete.

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Richomme, Katia. "Contribution à la compréhension du système de gestion des entreprises artisanales." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10051.

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L'intérêt de notre recherche repose sur notre champ d'étude, à savoir l'artisanat. Il a suscité jusqu'à présent assez peu de travaux en sciences de gestion, ce qui semble renforcer l'intérêt d'une réflexion spécifique à ce sujet, d'autant que l'essentiel de ces recherches est dispersé dans différents champs : pme, tpe, entrepreneuriat et entreprise familiale. Nous nous sommes positionnés dans une approche systémique pour représenter la spécificité de l'entreprise artisanale et des acteurs qui la composent, basée sur son système de gestion et la prépondérance du couple. Ainsi, dire que les petites entreprises artisanales sont souvent familiales revient à constater que les deux époux participent conjointement au développement de l'entreprise. En réalité, cette cogestion est rarement officielle et provoque un certain nombre de prise de risque pour le conjoint comme le financement de l'entreprise. De plus, en l'absence de dispositions particulières, le conjoint est considéré comme " sans profession ", et son travail, assimilé à une simple entraide familiale, ne lui donne que peu de droits sur l'entreprise et aucune protection sociale personnelle, malgré la création de statuts juridiques spéciaux. Nous avons retenu une méthodologie qualitative, fondée sur l'analyse de contenu thématique d'une étude de cas en profondeur, des récits de vie et des rapports de synthèse de conjoints collaborateurs de chef d'entreprise artisanale. Cette recherche nous a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle stratégique du conjoint dans le système de gestion et la direction bicéphale de l'entreprise dans l'artisanat traditionnel.

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Ripouteau, Michel. "Vers une conceptualisation de l'autonomie du travail : l'hétérautonomie professionnelle : l'expérience d'une entreprise "multi-artisanale" en réseau." Lyon 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO33018.

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Depuis quelques années, l'autonomie dans le travail est un leitmotiv dans les publications en sciences de gestion, tout autant que dans les propos des dirigeants d'entreprises. Accompâgnée par la "mise en réseau" des acteurs, elle semble être un facteur-clé de l'adaptation des organisations à un environnement marqué par l'instabilité et l'imprévisibilité. Cependant, la notion d'autonomie reste mal conceptaullisée en sciences de gestion. C'est pouquoi nous nous tournons vers diverses sciences pour lesquelles l'autonomie est une notion centrale depuis longtemps : la biologie, la physiologie, la génétique, l'éthologie, les sciences cognitives, la psychologie, la psychiatrie, la sociologie, la cybernétique et la science des systèmes, afin de dégager le sens profond de cette notion, d'ne préciser les contours et d'en proposer une définition. Ensuite, à partir d'une recherche-observation réalisée dans une entreprise du second oeuvre du bâtiment, nous mettons en évidence les implications potentielles, organisationnelles et humaines, de la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie d'autonomisation-mise en réseau des acteurs dans l'entreprise. La réflexion épistémologique qui accompagne l'ensemble de ce travail conduit à revisiter le paradigme des épistémologies constructivistes en proposant diverses voies de développement

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Deslondes, Olivier. "Les fourreurs de Kastoria (Macédoine) : une aire-système inachevée." Paris 10, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA100100.

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L'émigration prolongée des fourreurs de Kastoria vers l’Europe centrale et l'occident avait fait décliner leur activité ; mais après 1960, la détaxation locale des importations de peaux a attiré à nouveau de nombreux artisans qui ont fourni l'essentiel des emplois et des revenus jusqu'en 1985. Les avantages initialement consentis par la Grèce aux négociants étrangers ont dépossédé les fourreurs kastoriens de leur indépendance commerciale et les ont réduits à sous-traiter la fabrication occidentale. Eux-mêmes contraints de réduire leurs couts de production, ils se sont débarrassés de leurs salaries et confient désormais l'exécution de leur commandes a des fauconniers que l'existence d'autres revenus permet de mal rétribuer. Le travail au noir est courant. En aggravant encore les conditions d'emploi, la récession des ventes a ravale le travail de la fourrure au rang d'activité complémentaire chez les ouvriers et les petits artisans, qui pour assurer leur existence ont à nouveau recours à d'autres sources de revenu, souvent celles d'une petite exploitation. La concentration des terres en est ralentie. La fourrure n'a donc guère contribue au développement local, et l'organisation du travail ne l'apparente que de loin aux aires artisanales mieux structurées et plus autonomes d’Italie centrale
After a long period of decline brought about by the emigration of many furriers to Central Europe and the West, the fur industry of Kastoria has drifted many small-scale furrier businesses after 1960, thanks to the local decontrolling of fur imports. Until 1985 confection activities kept developing and went to provide most of the furriers' income. The tax reductions first allowed by the Greek government to foreign dealers have divested Kastorla's furriers of their trading independence and have reduced them to becoming subcontractors for the Western fur confection industry: as they were compelled to lower their production costs, they dismissed their own employees and handed over their orders to home-workers who could be given lower wages since they had other sources of income. Moonlighting is widespread. The slump in fur sales has made this standard practice, thus relegating the fur confection to a mere secondary activity among workers and small craftsmen, who are now turning to other sources of income -tilling land, mostly- to ensure a living; hence leading to a slackening in the process of land concentration. So the fur-business has played but a small past in the developing process of the local economy, and the Kastorian model remains quite removed from the artisan areas of Central Italy, which are better organized and more independent

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Ndiaye, Jean-Luc. "Une activité dynamique au sein d'un système complexe : rôle et place de la transformation artisanale dans le "système pêche maritime" au Sénégal : étude de géographie économique." Montpellier 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON30070.

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Au senegal, la transformation artisanale de la peche maritime est le composant le moins connu du systeme-peche. Pourtant, la transformation artisanale joue un role important au sein de ce systeme : elle fut tout d'abord a l'origine de la specialisation des communautes de pecheurs senegalais ; elle continue a jouer des roles divers de soutien a la peche et de valorisation des debarquements. L'activite procure des revenus a un nombre important d'artisans repartis sur toute la cote, ainsi qu'a des commercants charges de la distribution de la production sur les marches interieurs de consommation et pour l'exportation. Enfin, les divers produits transformes sont reserves a des usages alimentaires differencies tant pour les populations urbaines que rurales (selon leur utilisation comme condiment ou comme principale proteine animale), tout en restant une source protidique bon marche
Small-scale fish processing remains a part of the fishing system in senegal which is relativaly unknow. However, this activity plays an important part within the system : in the past, it enabled some traditionnal communities to specialized in marine activities ; nowadays, it still plays an important role in the development of the fishery and in the valorization of sea products. The activity provides a regular income to a large number of men and women all along the coast, as well as to traders who sell the products in senegal and aboard. Finally, dried and smoked fishes are basic food for both rural and urban populations for whom they are one of the cheapest source of animal protein

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Voyant, Olivier. "Contribution a l'elaboration d'un systeme de veille strategique intégré pour les PME-PMI." Lyon 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO22019.

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Dans les revues specialisees tout comme dans les revues economiques, on parle de plus en plus de veille technologique, de veille concurrentielle, de veille strategique. Cependant, peu nombreuses sont les pme-pmi qui maitrisent les notions liees a ces concepts : on confond le systeme d'information avec la veille, la veille technologique et la veille strategique, ou encore, on assimile la veille strategique et l'analyse strategique. De plus, lorsque l'on interroge les entreprises sur leur systeme de veille strategique, on constate qu'elles mettent en place des actions sans pour autant les identifier : elles semblent utiliser des pratiques de veille strategique, leurs responsables en sont persuades, mais ils eprouvent les plus grandes difficultes lorsqu'il s'agit d'en faire le recensement. Les actions conduites peuvent, par voie de consequence, souffrir de redondance, d'inefficacite et de manque de synergie, ce qui affecte la preparation de l'entreprise aux enjeux actuels et futurs. Cettethese a pour objectif d'esquisser quelques reponses a ces questions. Dans un premier temps, l'elaboration theorique d'un systeme de veille strategique est proposee afin d'apporter un eclairage sur chacun des concepts etudies. Ensuite, une re-visite du systeme par l'experimentation est abordee. Elle consiste, d'une part, a proposer une methodologie specifique de diagnostic des pratiques de veille strategique des pme-pmi, d'autre part, a mettre en place le developpement du systeme identifie a l'aide d'une methodologie de projet. Enfin, suite a l'experimentation, le systeme elabore est enrichi par la mise en lumiere du role des outils de management et des acteurs, ce qui permet de renforcer l'aspect dynamique du systeme propose
Specialized journals as well as economic magazines are more and more about technological monitoring, competitive monitoring and strategic monitoring. However very few smes do master the notions related to these concepts : one always mixes up the information system with the monitoring, or the technological monitoring with the strategic monitoring, or else the strategic monitoring with the strategic analysis. Furthermore when companies are asked about their strategic monitoring system, statement can be made that they set up actions without identifying them : they seem to use strategic monitoring practices, and so believes the management, but they experience great difficulty making an inventory of such pratices. Consequently these actions may be redundant or ineffective or may lack of synergy, which treatens the company's preparing for present and future stakes. The present thesis aims at outlining a few answers to these questions. First of all, the theoretical elaboration of a strategic monitoring system is put forward in order to clarify the concepts studied. Secondly the system is "re-visited" thanks to experimentation. It consists on the one hand in proposing a specific diagnosis methodology of smes' strategic monitoring practices, and on the other hand in developing the identified system through a planning methodology. Lastly, after experimentation, the elaborated system is enriched by outlining the role of management tools and actors, which allows to strengthen the dynamic aspect of the proposed system

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Wester, Lea. "Transports collectifs et initiative individuelle : approche des transports collectifs artisanaux par l'auto-organisation et les systèmes multi-agents." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0096.

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Dans de nombreuses métropoles, il n'existe pas de transports collectifs centralisés, publics ou privés. Des solutions alternatives se sont développées grâce à des systèmes de transports artisanaux qui reposent sur l'éclatement de la propriété et l'autonomie des équipages de véhicules. Leur mode d'organisation permet aux transports artisanaux de s'adapter à la demande de manière dynamique. Nous proposons d'analyser les caractéristiques de ces systèmes grâce à la modélisation multi-agents et les théories de l'auto-organisation. A travers plusieurs modèles, nous verrons comment les structures et les dynamiques de ces systèmes dépendent des stratégies individuelles et de la structure urbaine. A travers la question de l'adaptabilité du transport en commun, les transports artisanaux nous amènent à nous interroger sur les dimensions urbaines de la mobilité collective mais également sur la flexibilisation des services de transport
Several metropolises have not any centralized collective transport system, neither private nor public. Alternative solutions appeared, their caracteristics are principally that the ownership is spread out and the vehicle crew is self-directed. The mode of organization of these transports allows them to adapt dynamically to the demand.We propose to analyse the caracteristics of these systems by means of multi-agents modeling and self-organization theory. Using several models, we show how structures and dynamics of these systems are linked to individual strategies and urban structure.Through the question of adaptability of collective transport, small-scale transports led to concern about urban dimensions of collective mobility and flexibilisation of transport services

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DiStefano, Rachel Anne. "Makers and mongers: Exploring social networks of Vermont artisan cheese." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/497.

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Vermont is widely-regarded as a hub for artisan cheese production, with more cheesemakers per capita than any other US state. Despite significant local and statewide support, out-of-state markets are essential to the long-term success of these small-scale producers. In spatially extended supply chains, retailers occupy a pivotal position. This thesis aims to examine the intermediary role of retailers in building social networks between producers and consumers. Consumers appreciate Vermont artisan cheese, in part, because it is embedded in a complex network of social values and relations related to where and how it is produced. Guided by social theories of consumption, sensory experience, and exchange, a transdisciplinary, mixed-methods study was conducted in order to better understand cheese retailers' role in this network. First, participant observation and ethnographic interviews at a specialty cheese shop demonstrated how highly specialized cheese retail professionals (known as a cheesemongers) communicate social information about Vermont artisan cheese to consumers in practice. Specialized narratives are transmitted to consumers through in-store signage and social interactions. These stories also involve the cheesemonger as traveler, developing specialized knowledge of Vermont artisan cheese by traveling to the place of production. A second site of participant observation at a national conference for artisan cheese professionals added breadth to the study. While cheesemongers appear to agree that a certain level of intrinsic quality is necessary for consumer acceptance and preference, many also see the importance of, and derive pleasure from, knowing and conveying the social story, and perceive this to be an important part of their professional role and identity. Second, social network analysis provided a broader examination of relationships between Vermont artisan cheesemakers and retailers in the region. In order to collect data on these relationships, an online survey was distributed to Vermont artisan cheesemakers and follow-up phone calls were conducted. A combination of statistical and network analyses was used to visualize the social structure of the network, identify key actors, and examine qualities of the relationships. The findings suggest that the social network for Vermont artisan cheese is a multiplex system, in which a cheesemaker's relative position in the network is the result of a complex balance--and sometimes compromise--between a cheesemaker's needs, goals, and desires and their various retailers' needs, goals, and desires. Moreover, geographic proximity, time, experience, convenience, cost, history, loyalty, and regard all appear to be important factors in the type of relationship cheesemakers have with retailers, and whether a relationship is established at all.

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Limoges, Marie. "An Environmental Approach To Food Safety Assessment Using Artisan Cheese And Fresh Produce As Model Systems." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1013.

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This dissertation examined recently issued regulatory standards using cheese and produce as model systems. FDA's 2015 Domestic and Imported Cheese and Cheese Products Compliance Program Guidelines (CPG) E. coli standards on cheese safety, and the extent to which these standards affect domestic and imported cheese commerce, was assessed. Results from FDA's Domestic and Imported Cheese Compliance Program for samples collected between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2006 were analyzed. Of 3,007 cheese samples tested for non-toxigenic E. coli, 76% (2,300) of samples exceeded 10/g, FDA's target for regulatory activity. In cheese samples containing E. coli levels of 10/g and 100/g, there was no statistically significant association with presence of Listeria monocytogenes. However, associations between Staphylococcus aureus levels of 10,000 CFU/g and presence of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were statistically significant, indicating that EU regulations targeting S. aureus as the pathogen of concern may be more appropriate than E. coli for cheese safety assessment. Compost amended soils in the Northeastern U.S. were assessed for the presence and survival of E. coli and Listeria spp. against FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) requirements. Manure and poultry litter-based biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) must achieve pathogen reduction to reduce risk of pathogen contamination on the harvested produce. Two trials of replicated field plots of loamy (L) or sandy (S) soils were tilled and un-amended (NC) or amended with dairy compost (DC), poultry litter compost (PL), or poultry pellets (PP). Colony count and most probable number (MPN) methods were used to determine persistence of E. coli in these plots over 104 days post-inoculation. Detection of indigenous Listeria spp. were also examined in all plots. Higher E. coli populations were observed in PL and PP amended soils when compared to DC and NC plots. E. coli was detected at low levels on radish crops, where PL treatments encouraged greater levels of survival and growth than DC or NC. Study results verify that a 120 day interval following BSAAO application should be sufficient to ensure food safety of edible crops subsequently planted on these soils. The sensitivity of environmental monitoring methods and collection formats were evaluated to identify optimal procedures for detection of Listeria spp. on product contact surfaces within artisan cheese production environments. Four environmental surfaces (dairy brick, stainless steel, plastic, and wood; n=405/surface type) were inoculated with L. innocua, L.m. ATTC® 19115 and L.m. 1042, at high (106-107/cm2) and low (0.1-1/cm2) target concentrations. Inoculated surfaces were swabbed with World Bioproducts© EZ ReachTM and 3MTM environmental swabs (3MTM). Five enrichment and enumeration methods were used to compare sensitivity of recovery between environmental swabs. All swab formats performed equally on all environmental surfaces at high target concentrations. At low concentrations, PetrifilmTM and WBEZ swabs recovered Listeria spp. from 87.5% of plastic, stainless steel, and dairy brick surfaces, but only 62.7% of wooden surfaces; recovering 14.8%, 77%, and 96.3% of cells from initial inoculations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1/cm2, respectively . Our data demonstrate that results may be discrepant due to variation in the porosity of environmental surfaces and should be taken into consideration when implementing environmental sampling plans. Results from this thesis can be used to inform regulatory policy and help to achieve improved food safety.

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Sureephong, Pradorn. "Caractérisation des échanges des informations et des connaissances dans les groupements d’entreprises : mise en œuvre d’un système de gestion des connaissances pour le cas du cluster de l’industrie artisanale Thaïlandaise." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20065/document.

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Certains facteurs (terrain, travail et capital) étaient considérés comme accessibles, suffisants et à la base même de la compétitivité économique. La connaissance cependant n'avait pas retenu beaucoup d'attention. Actuellement, c'est l’ère de l'économie basée sur la connaissance qui est impactée par l'usage croissant des technologies de l’information. Les facteurs de la production cités auparavant s’avèrent ainsi insuffisants pour maintenir l'avantage compétitif de l’entreprise et la connaissance est sensée jouer un rôle clé dans ce contexte. L'étude de Yoong et Molina montre que le seul moyen de survivre dans un environnement de plus en plus concurrentiel est que les PMEs forment des alliances stratégiques ou des fusions avec d’autres entreprises semblables ou complémentaires. Les résultats de leur étude prônent le concept du «cluster industriel», proposé initialement par Michael Porter en 1990. Ainsi, les gouvernements essayent de soutenir ces PMEs via des moyens financiers, des stratégies politiques ou encore des promotions à l’import/export.Cependant, un grand nombre de PMEs n’arrive pas à survivre dans le contexte de concurrence du marché mondial. Les nouveaux facteurs clés du succès, mis en évidence par ces recherches, sont principalement le partage des connaissances et la collaboration au sein du cluster. Ainsi, l’application d’une approche de gestion des connaissances pour le développement du cluster devrait permettre à ces entreprises d’acquérir plus d’efficacité dans la réalisation de leurs objectifs. Pour répondre à la problématique générale de ce travail de thèse, nous avons organisé notre travail en quatre niveaux. Tout d’abord le niveau contextuel qui se concentre sur le modèle du cluster, son modèle organisationnel et le modèle des tâches induites. Le second niveau, dit conceptuel, est axé sur le modèle de connaissance et de collaboration. Ensuite, le niveau de conception se concentre sur la conversion des exigences en architecture, scenarios et spécifications. Enfin, le niveau relatif à la mise en œuvre a pour but de développer le système KMS en tenant compte des spécificités données dans le niveau précédant.L’architecture KMS proposée est divisée en trois niveaux de service i.e. le service de connaissance, le service de collaboration et le service de présentation. Le service de connaissance est le cœur du système puisqu’il permet aux membres du cluster de représenter, partager, et réutiliser la connaissance à travers le KMS. L’infrastructure de ce service est basée sur la technologie FLEX, qui permet de créer un GUI (Graphique User Interface) avec les utilisateurs et donne l’accès à un service web sur un serveur. Le concept de carte de connaissance a été pris en compte en tant que moyen permettant d’échanger la connaissance dans ce niveau. Nous avons développé un service de collaboration dans l’intention de renforcer les activités collaboratives du cluster industriel. Ces cartes ont aussi pour mission de faire circuler la connaissance de l’expert aux utilisateurs, et ceci, au bon moment et au bon endroit. De ce fait, nous avons développé ce niveau avec les technologies PHP et Ajax.Finalement, le service de présentation s’attache à visualiser et personnaliser tous les services fournis par le KMS pour les utilisateurs de manière optimale. L’objectif principal de ce service est d’intégrer harmonieusement le KMS dans les activités du cluster. Nous avons donc développé un outil d’informatique de connaissance (Knowledge Widget) qui est en fait une application légère destinée au client pour personnaliser le KMS dans le rôle qu’il doit jouer pour chaque groupe.En conclusion, les résultats explicites de cette étude peuvent être divisés en deux parties. La première concerne la méthodologie d’évaluation du KMS pour le cluster. Cette méthodologie peut aussi être généralisée à d’autres clusters dans différents domaines
The knowledge-based economy forces SMEs to form strategic alliances or merge with other similar or business companies in order to compete in the world markets. In the meantime, the concept of the industry cluster was widely implemented in many developing and developed countries for improving the competitiveness of their industries. Although many clusters have successful to develop their competitiveness, large numbers of them have failed. The study of Ecotec [DTI 05] which focuses on the key success factors of the cluster development stated that the two factors of the cluster development are collaboration and knowledge sharing among the cluster members. Thus, the principle of this study is to enhance the cluster by adopting the notion of the knowledge management which focuses on creation, representation, sharing, and reusing the knowledge. Therefore, Knowledge Management System (KMS) architecture for the cluster is proposed in this study in order to support these processes. We propose a “Model Suite” for analyzing and designing the KMS which comprises four levels:Firstly, the context level focuses on the cluster organizational analysis, which will present a global view of the actors, knowledge assets, and knowledge-intensive tasks of the specific cluster. Secondly, the concept level focuses on the knowledge itself by modeling the experts’ knowledge into the explicit form. Moreover, it also examines the collaboration model of the cluster. Thirdly, the design level aims at extracting cluster’s requirements into the system specification in order to be transferred to the implementation level. In this level, the information system is generated from different technologies for supporting the needs of the cluster organization. The KMS which is an outcome of the Model Suite is applied to a handicraft cluster in Thailand as our case study. It allows cluster members to create, share, and reuse the knowledge via a collaborative knowledge card module which is proposed in our study. The scenarios are presented in order to demonstrate how the KMS improves the collaboration and knowledge sharing among the members. Moreover, we also present the integration of the knowledge and collaboration services of the system in order to facilitate the knowledge users to retrieve the knowledge from the system via mobile device anywhere and anytime

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de, la Torre-Castro Maricela. "Humans and Seagrasses in East Africa : A social-ecological systems approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Systems Ecology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1061.

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The present study is one of the first attempts to analyze the societal importance of seagrasses (marine flowering plants) from a Natural Resource Management perspective, using a social-ecological systems (SES) approach. The interdisciplinary study takes place in East Africa (Western Indian Ocean, WIO) and includes in-depth studies in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Natural and social sciences methods were used. The results are presented in six articles, showing that seagrass ecosystems are rich in seagrass species (13) and form an important part of the SES within the tropical seascape of the WIO. Seagrasses provide livelihoods opportunities and basic animal protein, in from of seagrass associated fish e.g. Siganidae and Scaridae. Research, management and education initiatives are, however, nearly non-existent. In Chwaka Bay, the goods and ecosystem services associated with the meadows and also appreciated by locals were fishing and collection grounds as well as substrate for seaweed cultivation. Seagrasses are used as medicines and fertilizers and associated with different beliefs and values. Dema (basket trap) fishery showed clear links to seagrass beds and provided the highest gross income per capita of all economic activities. All showing that the meadows provide social-ecological resilience. Drag-net fishery seems to damage the meadows. Two ecological studies show that artisanal seaweed farming of red algae, mainly done by women and pictured as sustainable in the WIO, has a thinning effect on seagrass beds, reduces associated macrofauna, affects sediments, changes fish catch composition and reduces diversity. Furthermore, it has a negative effect on i.a. women’s health. The two last papers are institutional analyses of the human-seagrass relationship. A broad approach was used to analyze regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions. Cooperation and conflict take place between different institutions, interacting with their slow or fast moving characteristics, and are thus fundamental in directing the system into sustainable/unsustainable paths. Ecological knowledge was heterogeneous and situated. Due to the abundance of resources and high internal control, the SES seems to be entangled in a rigidity trap with the risk of falling into a poverty trap. Regulations were found insufficient to understand SES dynamics. “Well” designed organizational structures for management were found insufficient for “good” institutional performance. The dynamics between individuals embedded in different social and cultural structures showed to be crucial. Bwana Dikos, monitoring officials, placed in villages or landing sites in Zanzibar experienced four dilemmas – kinship, loyalty, poverty and control – which decrease efficiency and affect resilience. Mismatches between institutions themselves, and between institutions and cognitive capacities were identified. Some important practical implications are the need to include seagrass meadows in management and educational plans, addressing a seascape perspective, livelihood diversification, subsistence value, impacts, social-ecological resilience, and a broad institutional approach.

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Ruiz, Jarrin Diego J. [Verfasser], Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolff, and Hauke [Akademischer Betreuer] Reuter. "Energy flow and trophic structure of Galápagos shallow rocky reef systems along a gradient of productivity and artisanal fisheries / Diego J Ruiz Jarrin. Gutachter: Matthias Wolff ; Hauke Reuter. Betreuer: Matthias Wolff." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077061730/34.

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Thommes, Bernd. "Exploring the relationship between system-based performance management systems and employees' motivation : the case of mid-size enterprises." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2017. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5367/.

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Aim: This research attempts to understand the interrelation between strategy, performance measurement and management systems (PMMS) and human behaviour. Literature and the researcher’s experience suggest that PMMS most of the time do not deliver the expected results. In the specific case the focus is on a medium-sized company in Sweden which has experienced operational troubles with respect to delivery, which in turn has impacted financial performance. The research proposes a toolbox approach to introduce and align strategy, performance management and behavioural aspects. Methodology: The research enquires about how existing performance measurement and management is influencing the behaviour of employees and managers of this organization. The actions taken during the management of the crisis and the results which were achieved are described. The method and methodology are based on constructivism in order to obtain information about the impact of the strategy, performance measurement and management systems and behaviour. Literature research provided significant conceptual frameworks for both the implementation of strategy and consequent measurement and management systems as well as human behaviour in an organizational environment, summarized in a revised conceptual framework deduced from previous research. This research brings these two fields together to examine the interrelation of both within the researched organization. The researcher is part of the system and also influences the participants and this cannot be separated from each other. The research is less concerned with a wider validity due to the uniqueness of the case. The work might be used as reference for researchers and practitioners to compare their specific situation and derive ideas how to approach them. Based on the findings, previous research is validated, and a process introduced which enables the organization to align strategy, performance measurement and management systems and behaviour. To obtain the primary data the research uses a semi structured interviewing method of both individual and focus groups interviews. The primary data is the thematically coded with NVIVO. Results: Literature suggests that the introduction of PMMS and addressing behavioural aspects are widely separate issues. In introducing new PMMS, literature often refers to “creating buy-in” or “engaging” employees but does not advise on how to address behavioural aspects. Behavioural research deals with the motivation of employees but mostly cannot establish a link between performance management and measurement systems and behaviour. In this specific research, it was found that there is validity of motivational theory with regard to human behaviour, which strongly influences the performance measurement and management of the company. The impact of motivators may have opposite effects than expected because in this specific case the PMMS of the corporate office for the local unit did not change but nevertheless financial performance improved significantly. Contribution to knowledge: A conception framework was derived from literature attempting to interrelate Strategy, PMMS and behaviour. The primary research confirmed this framework and partially validated previous research and theories. Based on the findings from literature a revised conceptual framework is proposed to link behaviour to PMMS.

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Rolland, Joëlle. "L'artisanat du verre dans le monde celtique au second âge du Fer : approches archéométriques, technologiques et sociales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H124.

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Ce travail de thèse s'attache à l'étude de l'artisanat du verre du second âge du Fer sous ses aspects économiques et sociaux. La méthode d'étude pluridisciplinaire développée a permis d'approcher les différentes étapes de production, de distribution et de consommation d'une production spécialisée, exclusivement dédiée aux ornements du corps. Les analyses élémentaires en LA-ICP-MS réalisées sur un corpus de plus de 700 objets montrent des évolutions dans les types de verres bruts utilisés par les verriers celtes et produits en Orient ainsi que dans les origines des matières premières. L'étude technologique utilisant l'ethnoarchéologie, l'expérimentation exploratoire des techniques et les études de collections, a conduit à une définition des savoir-faire moteurs et idéatoires impliqués dans la fabrication des parures en verre. La production nécessite l'importation de matières premières et la mobilisation d'artisans spécialisés. La définition et la description de ces savoir-faire montre une phase de simplification technique de la production qui pourrait être lié à une volonté de privilégier l'efficacité et le rendement pour répondre aux besoins d'une nouvelle clientèle. La reconstitution des étapes et des besoins de la production et de leurs évolutions a permis d'approcher les valeurs et les fonctions de signes des parures, redéfinissant ces objets comme des parures de luxe dont la production et consommation évoluent parallèlement à la hiérarchisation de la société laténienne. L'étude révèle une organisation de réseaux de biens, d'artisans et de structures de production, dédiés à la production d'objets de distinction et à des pratiques de consommation ostentatoire
This thesis aims to approach the Iron Age glass-making through a socio-economic perspective. To do so, a muldisciplinary method has been developed, combining archaeological data with archaeometrical and technological approaches. lt allowed us to reconstruct, step by step, the commodity chains analysis of this craft, only dedicated to jewelry productions, from the raw material production, its transformation into items of adornments but also its distribution and its consumption processes by La Tène societies. The analysis on La Tène Glass characterization (done by LA-ICP-MS), including more than seven hundred glass abjects, permitted to distinguish sands from different origins used to make the imported natron base glass. It also highlighted different recipes according to the chemical features of the glasses. The technological approach, combining ethnoarchaeological and experimental referentials, shown the high-Ievels of expertise required to produce these objects. Moreover, glass abjects production required Near-Eastern raw material, implying transport over long distances and specialized and trained craftsmen. At the end of La Tène period, the observed increase and simplification of production couId be linked with a choice of efficiency in response to new population categories' needs. Glass beads and bracelets are luxury productions and their consumption evolves alongside the hierarchisation of La Tène societies. This study reveals conspicuous consumption practices depending on the networks organization of goods, specialized craftsmen and production structures only dedicated to the production of objects used for distinction

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Linlaud, Mathieu. "Les systèmes d'ouverture et de fermeture de l'ameublement et de l'architecture : archéologie, iconographie et restitution (France et ses abords, IXe - XIIIe siècles)." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT5017.

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La société médiévale a usé de divers systèmes d'ouverture et de fermeture dans son ameublement et son architecture : serrures, charnières, cadenas, pentures,. . . L'historiographie nous montre un sujet longtemps délaissé aux collectionneurs et amateurs de serrurerie et ferronnerie. Cette étude s'est employée à définir de nouveaux outils de recherche, entre autres avec la rédaction d'un glossaire faisant le point sur un vocabulaire d'une richesse sous-estimée. Les sources archéologiques et iconographiques ont été privilégiées afin d'essayer de retracer l'évolution technique de ces objets. Cette réappropriation du sujet passe, notamment, par des restitutions graphiques du fonctionnement des mécanismes et par un nouveau classement typologique qui délaisse l'histoire des formes pour se focaliser sur les aspects techniques. Ces objets ne sont qu'un prétexte pour aborder et comprendre la société médiévale qui les a pensés, fabriqués, utilisés, améliorés, remplacés, jetés et représentés. Il est également apparu que certains de ces objets ont eu un rôle symbolique particulièrement fort
Various opening and closing systems existed in medieval architecture and furniture : Locks, hinges, padlocks, strap hinges,. . . Historiography has neglected this subject for a long time, leaving it to metalwork collectors and locksmithing enthusiasts. This study has defined some new research tools, including the writing of a glossary revealing a french vocabulary of under-estimated richness. In order to trace the technical development of these objects, emphasis was placed on archaeological and iconographic sources. This redefining of the subject is done with the aid of graphic reconstruction showing how these mechanisms worked, as well as a new typological classification which puts the history of forms aside in order to focus on the technical aspects. These objects are a pretext to the understanding and examination of the medieval society that designed, manufactured, used, improved, replaced, discarded and depicted them. It also appears that some of these utilitarian objects had a strong symbolic function

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del, Campo Barquín Luis Matias. "A bio-socio-economic simulation model for management of the red sea urchin fishery in Chile." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/69.

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This study focused on the management of the red sea urchin Loxechinus albus fishery in Chile. The main objective was to design, construct, implement and assess a computer-based simulation model to analyse the biological effects, socio-economic consequences and spatial dynamics resulting from coastal management plans applied to this resource under the system of AMEBR. This was accomplished by using systems dynamics (SD) and geographical information systems (GIS) modelling, in a process of model development, run, optimisation, sensitivity analysis and risk management, and a series of field-based activities carried out at the cove of Quintay. The GIS model developed for allocating sea urchins restocking sites offered a flexible, cost-effective, user-friendly and descriptive technique for support decision-making on management of this species and other benthic resources. Final site selection for restocking was based on the identification, quantification and selection of higher suitability¦availability combinations (site categories). This map showed 16 different suitability¦availability combinations or site categories, ranging from 4¦100 to 8¦100 (suitability points¦availability %). These had an average of 6.44¦69.37 (covering an area of 82.5 Ha overall equivalent to 81.21% of the study area. This site classification demonstrated high heterogeneity between options, and revealed the full variety of alternatives for decision-making. More importantly, the generally high suitability indexes as well as available area emphasised the prospects for restocking sea urchins in this study area. Over and above of the quantitative outcomes obtained from running the GISRM (suitable and available restocking sites) and the BSESM (alternative strategic management plans), the case study-based analysis made it possible to disclose the wider issues related to the red sea urchin coastal management. These results demonstrated the biological inefficiency of traditional size/seasonal restriction-based approach (macro-scenario 1) for sustainable management of the target species. More importantly, final outcomes strongly suggested that a combination of adaptive restocking-based enhancement activities and flexible exploitation constituted a highly attractive approach (macro-scenario 3) for stock management of this fishery in terms of harvestable stock and related incomes. However from the economic analysis, stocking was also found to be economically unfeasible, being a rather cost intensive exercise negatively affected by high natural mortality rates. A single-variable optimisation analysis demonstrated that a higher survival rate is needed to generate sufficient profits to cover major restocking costs and a positive payment, or a cost reduction is essential to make up for the loss. On top to these practical constraints, based on the distinctive modest economic situation prevailing for most Chilean coves and hence their limited capacity to pay for stocking material, unless adequate and constant funding is available to support artisanal associations, they are very unlikely to develop mass release programmes. Given the economic (i.e.: high operating costs) and technical (i.e.: low survival rates) limitations conditioning stocking-based management cost-effectiveness and applicability, wide implementation of mass releases as a major approach for management of the red sea urchin fishery is very unlikely to take place in Chile. This study presents a methodology and offers a tool to design, evaluate and optimise coastal management plans for the red sea urchin in a dynamic, interactive, systematic, integrated and flexible way. The optional strategic management plans proposed on this study may not be applied equally to any AMEBR, as they are the outputs arising from a single cove-specific analysis. Still, the complete methodological framework and analysis procedures developed may be applied to run the BSESM and optimise management of a red sea urchin fishery at any other AMEBR case of study.

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Severo, Christiane Marques. "Pesca artesanal em Santa Catarina : evolução e diferenciação dos pescadores da Praia da Pinheira." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15012.

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A pesca artesanal tem significativa importância para o Estado de Santa Catarina, onde existem cerca de 25 mil pescadores artesanais em atividade, os quais são responsáveis por 30% da produção catarinense de pescado. Entretanto, verifica-se a existência de problemas em relação à atividade, como a dificuldade de manutenção das colônias de pescadores, a concorrência da pesca industrial, a poluição, dentre outros. Para estudar esse processo, a área delimitada é a Praia da Pinheira, no município de Palhoça, região de colonização açoriana, que até os anos 1970 ainda era caracterizada como uma comunidade de pescadores. Conforme foram se implantando melhorias na infra-estrutura da região, ocorreram significativas mudanças sócioeconômicas, principalmente a crescente presença do turismo. Soma-se ao contexto a criação de uma unidade de conservação, o Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, em 1975, o que pode ser mais um obstáculo para a sociedade local, na medida em que restringe o uso dos recursos naturais. Assim, o contexto sócio-econômico também contribui para um processo de vulnerabilidade dos pescadores. Há diversos entendimentos a respeito da permanência de populações tradicionais e suas formas de relações sócio-econômicas, sendo importante uma reflexão sobre este grupo social que preserva características consideradas tradicionais na sociedade contemporânea. Além disso, é relevante compreender as relações do setor pesqueiro com outras atividades econômicas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho aborda a complexidade da atividade pesqueira, através de um enfoque sistêmico que permite conhecer a evolução e diferenciação dos sistemas pesqueiros da Praia da Pinheira. A pesquisa revelou quatro fases distintas: o sistema pesqueiro indígena; o sistema pesqueiro de subsistência dos açorianos; o sistema pesqueiro de salga; e o sistema pesqueiro comercial e de prestação de serviços. Igualmente, com base em dados qualitativos e quantitativos foram caracterizados os atuais sistemas técnicos de captura utilizados na Praia da Pinheira, bem como os atuais tipos de pescadores do local.
The artisan fishing is of great importance for the state of Santa Catarina, where roughly 25 thousand artisan fishermen are currently working, which represents 30% of the local fishing production. However, some problems related to this activity can be detected, as the difficulty to maintain the fishermen community, the industrial fishing competition, pollution, among others. In order to study this process, the delimited area is the Praia da Pinheira, in the municipality of Palhoça, region of Azorean colonization, which up until 1970s was predominantly a fishermen community. Whereas some infrastructure improvements were implemented in this region, important socioeconomic changes came into place, primarily the increasing tourism activity. In addition, the creation of a conservation unity, the Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, in 1975, what may represent a further obstacle to the local society, in the extent that it restrains the use of natural resources. Thus, the socioeconomic juncture increases the fishermen vulnerability. There is a variety of interpretations about the resistance by traditional populations and its forms of socioeconomic relations, being important to analyze these social groups that preserve the so called traditional features in the contemporary society. Besides, it is important to understand the relationship between the fishing sector and the other economic activities. In this sense, this work comes up to the complexity of the fishing activity, through a systemic approach that allows us to understand the evolution and differentiation of the fishing systems in the Praia da Pinheira. The research revealed four different stages: the Indian fishing system; the Azorean subsistence fishing system; the salga fishing system; and the commercial fishing system and of services. By the same token, based on the qualitative and quantitative data, the contemporary technical systems of capturing used in the Praia da Pinheira were characterized, as well as the local fishermen types.

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Diaz, Pedregal Virginie. "Le commerce équitable ou la juste répartition : critique du système de production et de distribution équitable à travers l'exemple des organisations des producteurs de café en Equateur, Pérou et Bolivie." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05H006.

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Ce travail porte sur les modalités de la répartition des biens et des richesses dans le commerce équitable. Il s'agit de montrer comment la pratique d'une idée à priori juste et généreuse, le commerce équitable, peut provoquer de l'injuste et questionner sur la question de justice. La première partie de notre recherche traite de la construction idéologique des principes de justice du commerce équitable au Nord. Nous analysond dans une deuxième partie les pratiques d'échange et les effets de la "juste répartition" au sein d'organisation de café du commerce équitable dans les milieux andins. La troisième partie offre un aperçu des théories philosophiques de la justice domestique et internationale , et pose notre thèse sur les raisons des dissensions observées entre les groupes revendiquant une pratique de commerce équitable. Notre idée et que les acteurs se réfèrent à des principes de justice divergents, qui relèvent d'idéaux sociaux dissemblables et difficilement compatibles
This work deals with the different ways by which goods and wealth are distributed in fair trade. We intend to show how fair trade, and a priori equitable and generous idea, can provoke injustice and question the very notion of justice. The first part of our work deals with the Northern countries' ideological construction of the principles of justice in fair trade. We present the history of the movement and show the various tendencies of fair trade in France. In the second part we analyze practices of exchange and the effects of "fair division" in coffee organizations using fair trade in the Andean context. We study the way beneficiaries perceive fair trade, and its importance within the communities. Finally, the third part presents some philosophical theories regarding domestic and international justice. It exposes our thesis about the reasons underlying dissensions between groups practicing fair trade. Our standpoint is that its actors refer to divergent justice principles arising from dissimilar and hardly compatible social ideals

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Bellali, Abderrahmane. "Les spécificités limitatives de la culture dans la dynamique des territoires artisanaux marocains : une analyse par la notion des systèmes de production localisés (SPL). Cas de la dinanderie de Fès, de la poterie de Safi et de la marqueterie d'Essaouira." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675765.

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Cette thèse que je présente est le fruit d'une recherche sur le rapport de l'artisanat marocain avec la modernité qui est à l'évidence au cœur de la transition que vit le Maroc. Elle porte sur la dynamique d'évolution de l'entreprise artisanale dans les territoires de la Médina de Fès, de Safi et d'Essaouira, où les systèmes de production artisanaux, locaux, ont des racines profondes et structurent l'organisation spatio-économique. Après avoir défini le territoire comme un espace-lieu doté d'une histoire socio-économique et culturelle, d'institutions propres dans lequel il se construit des ressources, un espace dynamisé et développé par les acteurs économiques, sociaux et institutionnels, où les acteurs façonnent et construisent des ressources spécifiques et développent entre eux une synergie, elle entend développer une réflexion engagée sur le lien entre Culture et Ressources en terme de développement local, tout en sachant que la Culture est une réalité supérieure qui s'impose aux groupes et les conditionne. Sans négliger le fait que la culture naît et se développe sur un territoire, le questionnement porte particulièrement sur l'analyse de l'existence de ses effets d'inertie dans les logiques territoriales. L'analyse tente de vérifier et de justifier les hypothèses que nous émettons quand nous affirmons que la culture, en tant que telle, entrave la trajectoire des structures artisanales, du fait qu'elle prolonge ses racines dans l'histoire et se perpétue d'une génération à une autre, en sauvegardant les mêmes techniques, les mêmes procédés de fabrication, résultat d'un progrès lent et cumulatif. Le but du présent travail est justement de démontrer que la culture n'est pas toujours un élément essentiel des processus d'innovation et de création sur les territoires comme on l'affirme, mais qu'elle peut aussi être un facteur de blocage.

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Rolland, Joëlle. "L'artisanat du verre dans le monde celtique au second âge du Fer : approches archéométriques, technologiques et sociales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H124.

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Ce travail de thèse s'attache à l'étude de l'artisanat du verre du second âge du Fer sous ses aspects économiques et sociaux. La méthode d'étude pluridisciplinaire développée a permis d'approcher les différentes étapes de production, de distribution et de consommation d'une production spécialisée, exclusivement dédiée aux ornements du corps. Les analyses élémentaires en LA-ICP-MS réalisées sur un corpus de plus de 700 objets montrent des évolutions dans les types de verres bruts utilisés par les verriers celtes et produits en Orient ainsi que dans les origines des matières premières. L'étude technologique utilisant l'ethnoarchéologie, l'expérimentation exploratoire des techniques et les études de collections, a conduit à une définition des savoir-faire moteurs et idéatoires impliqués dans la fabrication des parures en verre. La production nécessite l'importation de matières premières et la mobilisation d'artisans spécialisés. La définition et la description de ces savoir-faire montre une phase de simplification technique de la production qui pourrait être lié à une volonté de privilégier l'efficacité et le rendement pour répondre aux besoins d'une nouvelle clientèle. La reconstitution des étapes et des besoins de la production et de leurs évolutions a permis d'approcher les valeurs et les fonctions de signes des parures, redéfinissant ces objets comme des parures de luxe dont la production et consommation évoluent parallèlement à la hiérarchisation de la société laténienne. L'étude révèle une organisation de réseaux de biens, d'artisans et de structures de production, dédiés à la production d'objets de distinction et à des pratiques de consommation ostentatoire
This thesis aims to approach the Iron Age glass-making through a socio-economic perspective. To do so, a muldisciplinary method has been developed, combining archaeological data with archaeometrical and technological approaches. lt allowed us to reconstruct, step by step, the commodity chains analysis of this craft, only dedicated to jewelry productions, from the raw material production, its transformation into items of adornments but also its distribution and its consumption processes by La Tène societies. The analysis on La Tène Glass characterization (done by LA-ICP-MS), including more than seven hundred glass abjects, permitted to distinguish sands from different origins used to make the imported natron base glass. It also highlighted different recipes according to the chemical features of the glasses. The technological approach, combining ethnoarchaeological and experimental referentials, shown the high-Ievels of expertise required to produce these objects. Moreover, glass abjects production required Near-Eastern raw material, implying transport over long distances and specialized and trained craftsmen. At the end of La Tène period, the observed increase and simplification of production couId be linked with a choice of efficiency in response to new population categories' needs. Glass beads and bracelets are luxury productions and their consumption evolves alongside the hierarchisation of La Tène societies. This study reveals conspicuous consumption practices depending on the networks organization of goods, specialized craftsmen and production structures only dedicated to the production of objects used for distinction

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Azevedo, Venancio Guedes de. "Sustentabilidade da pesca direcionada ao Camarão-sete-barbas, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862), no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-03022014-114337/.

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O presente estudo analisou a pescaria direcionada ao camarão-sete-barbas no Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo como um Sistema Sócio Ecológico, tendo sido descritas suas variáveis, interações e resultados. Foram realizados estudos específicos sobre a frota pesqueira, a economia envolvida e o perfil socioeconômico do pescador. Os resultados do estudo pesqueiro indicaram a existência de três grupos distintos de embarcações, que pescam da mesma maneira e nos mesmos pesqueiros, são fiéis às localidades de desembarque e apresentam rendimento diferenciado. O estudo econômico indicou que o óleo diesel foi a maior fonte geradora de despesas quanto ao custo de operação, para todos os grupos e, que a pequena diferença encontrada entre o lucro obtido por pescadores que atuam através de uma cooperativa em relação aos não cooperados, não apresenta vantagens diretas que estimulem adesões ao cooperativismo. O estudo socioeconômico salientou a alta dependência do pescador em relação ao recurso alvo, pois é sua principal fonte de renda. A aplicação do método de Sistema Sócio Ecológico evidenciou as medidas de desempenho social e a resiliência como indicadores de sustentabilidade deste sistema e também os pontos positivos e negativos que tendem a manter, aumentar ou reduzir a sustentabilidade do mesmo
The present study evaluated the sea bob shrimp [Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862)]-directed fishery off São Paulo State, Brazil as a socio-ecologic system. Research efforts included surveys on the inherent variables, interactions and results, including the related economic aspects and the socio-economic profiling of the fishers engaged in this fishery. Results indicated that there are three distinct fleets. Those fleets operated in similar ways, shared the same fishing grounds and landed the production at the same landing sites, but had differences regarding income. It was found that the fuel had the highest impact on the economic cost of the fishing operations for all fleets, and the small profit difference per fisher found between vessels associated to fishing cooperatives in relation to those independently funded do not encourage coop adherence. The socio-economic survey indicated that fishing profits represent the main source of income for the fishers households. The outputs of the socio-ecologic system method applied to the data suggest that social performance actions plus the regional ecosystem resilience are the leading indicators of the sustainability of this system. In addition, the positive and negative points that maintain, increase or decrease the sustainability were also identified

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Liron, Romain. "Approche écologique dans la conception d’outils cognitifs dans le domaine administratif : application à l’artisanat du bâtiment." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIL391/document.

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Ce travail adopte le cadre de l’ingénierie cognitive en vue de la conception et de l’évaluation d’outils cognitifs dans le domaine de l’administration d’entreprises artisanales. Ce cadre relève d’une approche dite écologique des systèmes de travail. L’objectif général de ce travail est double. D’une part, il s’agit de montrer la pertinence de cette approche écologique eu égard au domaine étudié et d’autre part, de proposer une interface utilisateur pour un système d’aide à la gestion administrative sur support numérique mobile. Plus précisément, nous proposons une modélisation du domaine de travail en considérant certaines de ses caractéristiques les plus complexes à modéliser : la récursivité et la dimension éthique. Ensuite, nous testons une méthode récente pour valider et vérifier cette modélisation (Task Machine Turing Analysis, TMTA). Nous proposons également une nouvelle méthode de validation et vérification d’un domaine de travail, dite méthode des « points de vue ». À partir d’un modèle du domaine de travail de la gestion administrative dans les entreprises artisanales, nous expérimentons plusieurs maquettes d’interfaces pour un système d’aide. Cette expérimentation nous permet de mesurer le degré d’application des principes dirigeant la conception d’interface écologique. Enfin, nous proposons et testons une maquette finale de systèmes à destination des artisans
This work adopts the cognitive engineering framework for the design and evaluation of cognitive tools interfaces in the administrative handicraft field. This framework relies on an ecological approach of work systems. The objectives of this work were twofold. First, it consisted in showing the heuristic value of the ecological approach. Second, we aimed at proposing a user interface for a mobile digital cognitive tool assisting administrative tasks. More precisely, we proposed to consolidate the work domain analysis framework by considering some of the more complex characteristics to model, that is to say recursion and the ethical dimension. Afterwards, we tested a recent method named “Turing Machine Task Analysis” to validate and verify the work domain model. We also proposed a new verification and validation method for work domain model, named “viewpoints method”. Based on a modeling of the administrative handicraft domain, we tested several user interface mockups for a cognitive tool. This experiment permitted us to measure the degree of application of the Ecological Interface Design principles. Finally, we proposed and tested a final mockup for craftsmen

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Grießl, Elisabeth. "Entwicklung einer Methodik zur Bewertung von Handlungsalternativen im internationalen Kleinbergbau." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-161277.

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Der Kleinbergbau ist ein bedeutender Wirtschaftszweig. Ein großer Anteil der Kleinbergbauaktivitäten wird informell oder illegal durchgeführt. Wichtige Merkmale dieser Formen des Kleinbergbaus sind ein hoher Beschäftigungsgrad, eine geringe Technisierung und Mechanisierung aller Arbeiten, sowie ein niedriger Kapitaleinsatz. Diese Bergbauaktivitäten sind vor allem in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern auf den Kontinenten Mittel- und Südamerika, Afrika und Asien verbreitet. Der informelle und illegale Kleinbergbau ist Lebensgrundlage für weltweit ca. 15 Mio. Menschen, die in diesem Sektor direkt beschäftigt und etwa 100 Mio. die indirekt davon abhängig sind. Neben der positiven Tatsache, dass der Kleinbergbau ein wichtiger Wirtschaftsfaktor ist sowie Beschäftigung und Wertschöpfung schafft, sind mit ihm erhebliche negative soziale und ökologische Auswirkungen verbunden. Um gezielte Handlungsempfehlungen in Form von Projekten zur Weiterentwicklung des Kleinbergbausektors aufzuzeigen, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein computergestütztes Expertensystem (XPS) entwickelt
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is an important economic sector. A large amount of ASM activities are carried out in an informal or illegal way. These specific types of ASM are characteristic for being labor-intensive and capital-, mechanization- and technology-poor. In general ASM takes place within developing and emerging countries of Middle and South America, Africa and Asia. Informal and illegal ASM forms a livelihood for a population of approx. 15 Mio people worldwide, who are directly employed within the sector and about 100 Mio, who are indirectly dependent on it. On the one hand ASM is an important economic factor but on the other hand it has significant negative social and environmental impacts. In order to develop targeted recommendations for the further development of ASM, a computer-based expert system (XPS) was programmed within this dissertation

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Vales, Maria Eulalia. "A database based information system for artisanal fisheries management : a case study of Moma-Angoche in Mozambique /." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/441.

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Lekarapa, Martin. "Investigating informal social networks in construction artisans in the Western Cape." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15493.

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A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters degree of Master of Science in Building in the School of Construction Economics and Management, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Witwatersrand.
Informal social networks among the construction craftworkers from various ethnic groups create barriers of entry to crafts men entering the Constuction Industry in the Western Cape, South Africa. This study aimed to investigage how informal social networks found in three construction sites in an ethnically diverse area, can bring economic exclusions and promote inequality in terms of accessibility to social economic resources. Data was collected using Social Network Analysis (SNA) method, through the egocentric approach. Data analysis was done with the use of the social network analysis program UCINET. Findings from the three case studies showed that the accessibility of job information is through the informal social networks formed among the construction artisans, foremen including construction managers. Moreover, artisans from these sites were mostly friends and neighbours of the same race which suggests that their social relations facilitated the transfer of information concerning job opportunities. These kinds of relations transmit limited information. As much as the informal social networks can be advantageous, they create barriers of entry to those who are not part of these networks or barriers to skills acquisition to those who do not possess craft skills. These exclude those who do not belong to these advantageous networks. Further findings showed that a particular trade was dominated by a particular race. Also, minimal interaction was observed among different races suggesting a hindrance of transfer of information about job opportunites across ethnic groups. It is recommended that the artisans need to interact with others from different races as to broaden their networks and also to have multiplex networks. The government also needs to implement new policies which can enable people to have equality in the accessbility of social resources and economic opportunities.

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Vales, Maria Eulália. "A database based information system for artisanal fisheries management : a case study of Moma-Angoche in Mozambique." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/345.

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Sound management of information and data is an essential cornerstone for efficient and effective decision making. Structured, up to date and easily retrievable data from several heterogeneous sources is often required to effectively manage, monitor and predict resource quantities particularly for depleting resources such as fish. The documentation and management of fisheries data in most developing countries however poses great challenges. The main aim of this study therefore is to design an information system (IS) for Artisanal Fisheries management. The developed IS is supported by a database. Secondary data, from the provincial offices of Moma and Angoche in Mozambique, is used to test and populate the prototype database. The manner in which the database is developed demonstrates how in practice a database can be created as part of an information system. However, due to time restrictions, a complete database for the AF system could not be developed. To accomplish the objectives of the study, a model of the Artisanal Fisheries (AF) system was developed first. Based on standard system development approaches, the key components of the AF system that include; processes, data flows and data stores, were identified. The developed conceptual system was then used to identify critical data stores for the AF system and data models were subsequently developed. A prototype database to support the AF system was then implemented in MS Access. The motivation for this study is as a result of two observations made on information management which are a challenge in artisanal fisheries management in Moma-Angoche. These observations are; (i) the current information system lacks a structured approach and a database to document and archive data/information on the artisanal fisheries subsector; and, (ii) the high proportion of the data/information collected from different sources is not well processed, analyzed and is not user-friendly as yet. The Moma-Angoche Provincial Fisheries office was chosen because it is strategically suitable for research. This has been demonstrated by the amount of socio-economic artisanal fishing census data already collected and by the research on stock marine resources already carried out. As a result, the study area has become a pilot zone of integrated fisheries development projects. During the life cycle of the various projects, and even after their termination, the area remained an important zone where subsequent studies (for example baseline studies) were carried out. Furthermore, the existence of subsequent data available from those studies allows a good opportunity for data comparisons to be made.
Thesis (M.Env.Dev.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

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Marques, Ana Catarina Fernandes Serrano. "Integrating control with franchisees’ autonomy: a framework built for artisani’s franchising." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/69217.

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Although standardization is the norm in franchising, autonomy is desired by franchisees, which may lead to potential control issues. This qualitative research follows a problem-solving format and is focused on the control challenge faced by Artisani’s franchising, a Portuguese artisanal ice cream company, characterized by low standardization. The aim was developing the overall control system for the chain. Primary data was collected through interviews with the management team and one franchisee, and then crossed with secondary sources. The results implicate that control should be adapted to franchisees’ level of experience and characteristics to ensure compliance, while maintaining their autonomy.

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Grießl, Elisabeth. "Entwicklung einer Methodik zur Bewertung von Handlungsalternativen im internationalen Kleinbergbau." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22969.

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Der Kleinbergbau ist ein bedeutender Wirtschaftszweig. Ein großer Anteil der Kleinbergbauaktivitäten wird informell oder illegal durchgeführt. Wichtige Merkmale dieser Formen des Kleinbergbaus sind ein hoher Beschäftigungsgrad, eine geringe Technisierung und Mechanisierung aller Arbeiten, sowie ein niedriger Kapitaleinsatz. Diese Bergbauaktivitäten sind vor allem in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern auf den Kontinenten Mittel- und Südamerika, Afrika und Asien verbreitet. Der informelle und illegale Kleinbergbau ist Lebensgrundlage für weltweit ca. 15 Mio. Menschen, die in diesem Sektor direkt beschäftigt und etwa 100 Mio. die indirekt davon abhängig sind. Neben der positiven Tatsache, dass der Kleinbergbau ein wichtiger Wirtschaftsfaktor ist sowie Beschäftigung und Wertschöpfung schafft, sind mit ihm erhebliche negative soziale und ökologische Auswirkungen verbunden. Um gezielte Handlungsempfehlungen in Form von Projekten zur Weiterentwicklung des Kleinbergbausektors aufzuzeigen, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein computergestütztes Expertensystem (XPS) entwickelt.
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is an important economic sector. A large amount of ASM activities are carried out in an informal or illegal way. These specific types of ASM are characteristic for being labor-intensive and capital-, mechanization- and technology-poor. In general ASM takes place within developing and emerging countries of Middle and South America, Africa and Asia. Informal and illegal ASM forms a livelihood for a population of approx. 15 Mio people worldwide, who are directly employed within the sector and about 100 Mio, who are indirectly dependent on it. On the one hand ASM is an important economic factor but on the other hand it has significant negative social and environmental impacts. In order to develop targeted recommendations for the further development of ASM, a computer-based expert system (XPS) was programmed within this dissertation.

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Divakarannair, Nandakumar. "Livelihood assets and survival strategies in coastal communities in Kerala, India." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/260.

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Marine fish stocks are under serious threat of depletion due to increasing numbers of resource users with competing interests, resulting in degradation and the decline of fish catch. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, household surveys and remote sensing and GIS, this study addresses: (1) the complex and inter-related nature of resource dependency, (2) the role of assets in determining survival strategies of households in artisanal fishing communities in Ponnani, India, (3) how asset degradation impacts resource-dependent households, (4) how households develop survival strategies, and (5) considers access to social, political, physical, human and financial assets. Information is organized using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) with modifications to suite the local complexities. Results show that households - engaged in diverse activities, including fishing, fish processing/marketing/culture and daily labour - evolved property rights of natural resources over generations. The Pathemari cargo business’s limited knowledge of fisheries compared to artisanal fishers, and the government led modernization resulted in resource degradation. Therefore, artisanal fishers living in coastal wards threatened by intense erosion, abandoned traditional occupations in pursuit of livelihood security. Results from image analysis and derived thematic maps indicate increased erosion of 0.35 sq km shoreline coinciding with government development initiatives. To improve livelihood options, the results indicate that 50% surveyed accessed political assets such as fishers’ cooperatives and only 20% accessed financial assets such as government sponsored schemes and loans. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions revealed many limiting factors of access, specifically marginalization and lack of financial assets: only 6% surveyed could raise enough money to migrate. With changes in technology, from harvesting to processing, gender roles are being radically altered. Women are losing jobs and income. Politically, the study revealed that local participation helped governing bodies prioritize on housing, roads, water and sanitation. Analysis of the information through the modified SLF suggests three strategies to enhance the asset base of coastal poor: strengthening grassroots organizations; transforming state relations; and developing new alternatives to conventional coastal development practice. Finally, the study suggests resource management policies to improve the households’ livelihood options and well-being.

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Von, Landsberg John Lodewyk. "'n Ontwikkelingsperspektief van vakleerlingskappe in Suid-Afrika : implikasies vir die onderwysstelsel." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18698.

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Text in Afrikaans
Hierdie navorsing getiteld 'n Ontwikkelingsperspektief van vakleerlingskappe in Suid-Afrika: implikasies vir die onderwysstelsel ondersoek die wortels van die vakleerlingskap stelsel sedert antieke tye, deur die koloniale tydperk in Suid-Afrika, die "armblankevraagstuk"1922-1960, voor-demokrasie 1950-1980, 1980-1993 en post-demokrasie 1994-2014. Die studie konsentreer op die kronologiese verloop van gebeure wat gelei het tot die formalisering van die vakleerlingskapstelsel in Suid-Afrika in 1922 asook die evolusie tot in sy huidige vorm. Spesifieke aandag is geskenk aan wetgewing, beide provinsiaal en nasionaal, wat bygedra het tot die vorming van die stelsels. Die vakleerlingskapstelsel van Amerika is ook ondersoek vanaf sy wortels tot die huidige era met al sy vorme van tegniese beroepsonderwys asook vakleerlingopleiding. Daar is gekyk na al die verskillende Amerikaanse kolleges en tegniese skoolstelsel. ‘n Vergelykende studie tussen Amerika en Suid-Afrika se vakleerlingskapstelsel is gemaak met spesifieke aanbevelings vir die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel.
This research, entitled A developmental perspective of apprenticeships in South Africa: Implications for the education system, examined the origins of the apprenticeship system from its roots in pre-history, through colonial time in South Africa, the "armblanke-vraagstuk" 1922-1960, pre-democracy 1950-1980, 1980-1993 and postdemocracy 1994-2014. This study concentrated on chronicling the events leading to the establishment of formalized apprenticeship training in South Africa in 1922 and its evolution to its present form. Particular attention was paid to the legislation, both provincial and national, that provided for the establishment of the present system. The apprenticeship system of the USA was also examined from its roots up to the present time in all its forms of technical, vocational and artisan training. Looking at the different college systems and technical training schools of the USA. Comparisons between USA and South Africa‘s apprenticeship systems was made with specific recommendations for South Africa‘s system.
Educational Foundations
M. Ed. (Vergelykende Opvoedkunde)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Système artisanal'

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