Academic literature on the topic 'System-level bureaucracy'
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Journal articles on the topic "System-level bureaucracy"
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O’Connor, Karl. "What are the ideas and motivations of bureaucrats within a religiously contested society?" International Review of Administrative Sciences 83, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852315574996.
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This article reports research on bureaucrat behaviour. Where discretion exists, do primary associations such as religious, gender or racial identity guide behaviour or are these associations superseded by secondary learned professional or technocratic attachments? Using the theoretical lens of representative bureaucracy and Q methodology to investigate bureaucrat role perceptions, two distinct bureaucrat typologies are identified in Belfast. The evidence demonstrates that an elite-level bureaucrat may actively represent his or her own professional interests or, alternatively, may seek out and actively represent the interests of the political elite as a collective. The findings have implications for representative bureaucracy research as it is demonstrated that an elite-level bureaucrat may actively represent something other than a primary identity. This contribution also provides a useful insight into everyday life within a bureau of a successful power-sharing system of governance. Points for practitioners Politicians and bureaucrats from Northern Ireland are perpetually being invited to ‘teach the lessons’ of their power-sharing experience. This article highlights the importance of the elite-level bureaucrat in sustaining power-sharing regimes and provides an empirical basis for those seeking to draw on the Northern Ireland experience of conflict management and post-conflict governance.
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O’Connor, Karl, Craig Larkin, Mansour Nasasra, and Kelsey Shanks. "School Choice and Conflict Narratives: Representative Bureaucracy at the Street Level in East Jerusalem." Administration & Society 52, no. 4 (May 26, 2019): 528–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399719850102.
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In representative bureaucracy research, the dominant view holds that passive representation leads to active representation. Much of the research to date has focused on the conditions that influence this process. In this research, we argue that more attention needs to be paid to the manifestation of active representation, rather than simply its presence. We find that although passive representation may indeed lead to active representation, the nature of this active representation is interpreted differently by those sharing a primary identity. We use the lens of representative bureaucracy theory, and Q Methodology, to understand how street-level bureaucrats in East Jerusalem use their discretion within the education system of a contested society.
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Siverson, Rolf I. "From Chimera's Womb: The Manchukuo Bureaucracy and Its Legacy in East Asia." International Journal of Asian Studies 17, no. 1 (January 2020): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591420000133.
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AbstractWithin the Japanese Empire, the Manchukuo bureaucracy was unique for its high level of centralization and standardization. This study argues that Manchukuo's bureaucratic recruitment and training processes molded civil officials into a paramilitary force, dedicated to developmentalism and a radical belief in the transformative power of the state. It approaches the institutional and cultural development of the Manchukuo bureaucracy as an evolutionary process. As pan-Asian radicals, military officials, and reform bureaucrats competed for control of Japan's imperial project, their ideas and agendas merged into a hybrid system of bureaucratic management that served as a model for the wartime empire. Looking past the temporal juncture of August 1945, this study also foregrounds the legacy of the Manchukuo bureaucracy on postwar East Asia. Manchukuo's government institutions recruited and indoctrinated not just Japanese but Korean, Taiwanese, and other imperial subjects in the name of ethnic harmony. Back in their homelands, these men adapted to their experience and training into the foundations of developmental nationalism and authoritarian state structures during the Cold War.
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Diana, Bambang Agus. "Pengaruh Politik Dalam Birokrasi Pemerintahan." Ministrate: Jurnal Birokrasi dan Pemerintahan Daerah 2, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jbpd.v2i1.7585.
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Public Management is a management organization that is formed to achieve goals by coordinating the various interests of many people in a system and administrative pattern. So bureaucratic organizations are activities that require close coordination of activities involving a large number of people and are very structured in the process of implementing government. Increased bureaucracy must be supported by the people above who run the government and not only on the system, as well as any system or rules that are made, if only the people who run the system do not have the ability, and are consistent with their work or devices will be as expected. The public view, bureaucracy is closely related to the problem of service, orderly, systematic, both from the central government to the village level government. The real purpose of bureaucracy is that every public service need can be resolved quickly. Increasing government bureaucracy must be created through healthy apparatus both physically and spiritually (morality). The hope of the community for the bureaucracy is served well and quickly, without convolution with good service, it will accelerate the realization of the goals and aspirations of the people. Politics is an instrument for realizing community goals, namely through government bureaucracy, which results from the political process. The purpose of this paper is to provide a view of the political influence of reforming government bureaucracy. The conclusion is that if public services can be done well through government bureaucracy, then that must be the condition of the implementing government apparatus in addition to having human resources that are in accordance with a morally healthy body.
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Ionescu, Luminita. "The Role of Accounting and Internal Control in Reducing Bureaucracy in the Public Sector." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v5i4.511.
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The aim of this paper is to present the relation between efficient internal control and accounting procedures and how the internal control system could play an important role in reducing bureaucracy. Nowadays, the government accounting and control of public finances are a national and international priority, in the context refugee crisis and terrorist attacks. Modernization of the public sector accounting could accelerate the process of reducing bureaucracy by implementing accounting information system and electronic signature. The reform of the public administration in all European countries developed new control techniques and procedures in order to control public sector budget and financial activity. Efficient intern control procedure and managerial responsibility could contribute to good governance, transparency and low level of bureaucracy.
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Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik. "Institutional Reform and the Bianzhi System in China." China Quarterly 170 (June 2002): 361–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443902000232.
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The article addresses the important issue of the bianzhi system and the role this system plays in governing China at the central and the local level. In making a critical distinction between nomenklatura and bianzhi, loosely translated as “establishment of posts,” the article provides a new perspective on key issues and concepts in the Chinese administrative reform process. The ultimate aim of the process is to create a leaner and more efficient public sector by shedding non-essential functions and by downsizing the bureaucracy. Two cases are used as illustrations of the issues and problems involved. The first is a discussion of central-level reform with a special emphasis on the reorganization of the Ministry of Personnel in 1998. The second is an analysis of local reform with a focus on the experiment of “small government, big society” in Hainan province. Both cases illustrate the difficulties in sustaining administrative reform. Discarded public administrative functions tend to re-emerge, displaced bureaucrats will seek to return to their former position and the Party is reluctant to allow the creation of better public administration at the expense of Party control.
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Świderski, Krzysztof. "Biurokratyczne załatwianie spraw." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 1(33) (March 15, 2021): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2021.1.33.2.
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The article presents the issue of a bureaucratic disposal of matters by public administration authorities. The letter of dissatisfaction was introduced into Polish law as early as 1950. It was an expression of a negative attitude towards red tape. The prohibition of a bureaucratic disposal of matters is a guideline for the entire public sector. Bureaucracy is the negative behavior of officials: learned helplessness, routine, prejudices against applicants, assurance, conformism, and excessive formalism. The legislator’s pejorative assessment does not refer to bureaucracy itself, but to red tape as a dysfunction of bureaucracy. Red tape is the result of organizational culture. The article presents the model of Weberian bureaucracy and a critique of it. The provisions obliging officials to act in an fair, impartial, reasonable and proper manner are discussed, and the example is given of proper, open, efficient and independent European Union administration. The tool that determines bureaucracy is the document. The creation of excessive amounts of documents, as a manifestation of bureaucracy (red tape), is closely related to the development of office techniques. However, the development of information technology and the dissemination of electronic communication channels have changed the face of bureaucracy. The direct contact between an official with an applicant is changing into screen-level bureaucracy, with the claimant’s application being handled by the IT system. The official’s discretionary power has Hus been significantly reduced. The development of e-administration eliminates inappropriate actions of officials. However, a new type of bureaucracy is emerging by IT experts. Art. 227 of the Code of Administrative Proceedings can become a protective measure against theformalism of e-government.
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Naim, Sayada Jannatun, and Abu Hena Reza Hasan. "Concentration of Authority and Rent Seeking Behaviour in Bureaucracy: An Evidence of Ineffective Governance in Bangladesh." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 9, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v9i1.2165.
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Political leadership and public administration run the government of Bangladesh. Political wing is short tenured under a democratic system, but the public administration is permanent. An administrative process in Bangladesh made bureaucracy most powerful in the country. It has accountability to none but has controlling authority on all components of state including political leadership. This absolute power gives unlimited opportunity to administrative bureaucracy and other parts of the public administration of the country for exercising rent seeking behaviour. This paper evaluates the experience of common people of the country who used to interact with public administration for receiving public services using primary data collected through a field survey. The level of rent seeking is very high in public administration. The four major types of rent seeking behaviour among public officials are bribe, nepotism, and favouritism, use of official power to mischief common people and negligence to official duties and responsibilities. People used to suffer from rent seeking behaviour uniformly irrespective of their level of income and educational status. The root of rent seeking is the administrative bureaucracy. People face financial loss, delays in getting services from officials. It is necessary to reduce absolute power of public bureaucracy to control rent seeking of public administration.
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Mousavi, Mohammad. "The Autonomous State in Iran: Mobility and Prosperity in the Reign of Shah 'Abbas the Great (1587-1629)." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 1 (2008): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x326172.
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AbstractAmong the Safavid Shahs, 'Abbas I (1587-1629), was the chief architect of the modern Iranian state. He consolidated the state by securing the borders, establishing a central administration and bureaucracy, fortifying the economy and creating a standing army responsible not to the tribal heads but to the king as the head of the state. He turned the kingdom into a cohesive and stable monarchy. The state, with the Shah on top, using the new bureaucracy and the coercive force, reached a level of autonomy in which it was fortified by a direct access to financial resources. While bureaucracy was an instrument for regime enhancement and control, the army played the crucial role of system maintenance and was the guarantor of the Safavid rule. To achieve this objective, the state used: 1) social mobility of displacing the Qizilbash element, in favour of Caucasians, Persians and ordinaries; 2) land ownership mobility through transferring toyūls to crown estate; and 3) financial mobility.
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Huskey, Eugene. "Vyshinskii, Krylenko, and the Shaping of the Soviet Legal Order." Slavic Review 46, no. 3-4 (1987): 414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498095.
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Students of the Soviet Union have been reassessing the rise of Stalinism in the 1930s. By shifting the focus of research from high politics to the constituent parts of the political and social system, recent scholarship has exposed the confusion and conflicts that plagued the nascent Soviet bureaucracy as it struggled to put down roots in the country and to satisfy the enormous demands placed upon it by the center and periphery. This research has brought new recognition of the extent to which the political leadership in the 1930s was bedeviled by local resistance to central directives, by poor communication and inadequate staffing in the bureaucracy, and by the low “cultural level” of those asked to implement policy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "System-level bureaucracy"
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Castro, André Luís de. "O fantasma na máquina: relação entre system-level bureaucracy e screen-level bureaucracy na implementação de políticas públicas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18609.
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The increasing complexity of the State, in particular the use of new information and communication technologies have led to the emergence of new types of bureaucracies such as system-level bureaucracy and screen-level bureaucracy. The first is composed of specialists who develop information systems for public policies, while the screen-level bureaucracy is formed by middle-level and street bureaucrats who act at the end of the provision of public services, depending on the systems to perform the work. The present work has as object of study the analysis of the relations between these bureaucracies in the implementation of public policies, with emphasis on the coordination problem. In this inter bureaucratic relationship, communities of practice, discretion and expertise are important analytical elements, since they allow the creation of strategies of action by the actors and the coordination of the policy. The theoretical references on bureaucracy and implementation of public policies were constructed not only in classical texts such as Weber (2007), Wildavsky and Pressman (1973) and Lipsky (1980) that discuss the relations between bureaucracies in the implementation of But also in the more recent work by Guy Peters (1998) and Bovens and Zouridis (2002) on the coordination and role of ICTs in policies. From a methodological point of view, it is a case study comparing two public policies that differ in the way in which the relations between system level bureaucracy and screen level bureaucracy occur. In the two informal, mutually dependent, close and complementary, informal learning networks allow actors to create and use action strategies that contribute to coordination. The distinction between policies has occurred in the identification of greater coordination problems in education policy. The explanation first relates to the substantive difference of the tax collection policy, which is of greater importance to the government and has a greater maturity in the development of information systems than other secretariats, which provides greater expertise and more collaborative relationships. Empirical evidences related to the organizational characteristics of the secretariats contribute to explain this distinction, such as: the greater turnover of the bureaucrats of the Department of Education (SEED); The separate physical location of the education systems and teams development team, different from what occurs at the Treasury Department (SEFA).
A complexidade crescente do Estado, em particular, o uso de novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, tem gerado novos tipos de burocracias, como a system-level bureaucracy (SYB) e a screen-level bureaucracy (SCB). A primeira é composta por especialistas que desenvolvem sistemas de informação para as políticas públicas, enquanto a SCB é formada por burocratas de nível médio e de rua que atuam na ponta da prestação de serviços públicos, dependendo dos sistemas para realizar seu trabalho. O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a análise das relações entre essas burocracias na implementação de políticas públicas, com destaque para a problemática da coordenação. As referências teóricas sobre burocracia e implementação de políticas públicas foram construídas a partir de Weber (2007), Wildavsky e Pressman (1973) e Lipsky (1980) que discutem as relações entre burocracias na implementação de políticas públicas, e também se baseou em trabalhos mais recentes de Guy Peters (1998) e Bovens e Zouridis (2002), concernentes à coordenação e ao papel das TICs nas políticas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de um de caso comparado entre duas políticas públicas: a de arrecadação fiscal e de educação básica do estado do Paraná enfocando os processos de desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação com a participação da CELEPAR (Companhia de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação do estado do Paraná). Tais políticas se diferenciam pela forma como ocorrem as relações entre a SYB e a SCB. Nas duas políticas, redes informais de aprendizado, mutuamente dependentes, próximas e complementares, permitem aos atores a criação e utilização de estratégias de ação que contribuem com a coordenação. A distinção entre as políticas se deu na identificação de maiores problemas de coordenação na política de educação. A explicação relaciona-se primeiro, à diferença substantiva da política de arrecadação fiscal, que possui maior importância para o governo e maturidade maior no desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação se comparado a outras secretarias, que confere maior expertise e relações mais colaborativas. Características organizacionais das secretarias contribuem para explicar as implicações dessa distinção, como a rotatividade maior dos burocratas da Secretaria de Educação (SEED); a localização física separada da equipe de desenvolvimento de sistemas e equipes da educação, diferente do que ocorre na Secretaria da Fazenda (SEFA).
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Andersson, Malin. "Valfrihetssystem enligt LOV : Ur ett biståndshandläggar- och organisationsperspektiv." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36692.
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Sweden has one of the best elderly cares in Europe and the Swedish care work is also one of the best in terms of quality, compared to other European countries. In recent years, higher demands have been set on the care work and the number of privatizations of public services has increased. In 2009 a new law came into force, the Act on System of Choice (LOV) which increased individual’s right to a greater participation and a free choice in the selection of health and social care providers. This paper aims to highlight the impact of the law, system of choice. By using the method of qualitative surveys and interviews with care managers, and an exploration of relevant studies and reports, I was able to complete this study. With institutional theory and other sociological concepts such as isomorphism and street-level bureaucracy, I made an analysis of both the care managers and also at an organizational level. In the conclusions I argue that the system of choice has had a greater impact at an organizational level rather than on the care managers. The paper also highlights the fact that the knowledge of processes of implementation and political governance has had a significant role. The three main issues are how the law has influenced care managers work, how organizations have changed, how and if the active choices work in practice.
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Ideström, Einar, and Andreas Visén. "Vem sätter betyg - Läraren eller Skolverket? : Elever och lärares syn på implementeringen av kursplanen för Samhällskunskap A i gymnasieskolan." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19529.
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Our study examining how well the guidelines, from Skolverket (School Department), aboutgrades in the course "Samhällskunskap A" are implemented in the Swedish Upper SecondarySchool. The study focus on both teachers and students. To discover which knowledge the bothgroups have, we have used two different methods. The students have answered a survey,which was based on the phrases from the course plan "Samhällskunskap A" about grades. Thesurvey wanted to see how well the students could match the correct phrases with the gradesteps (the Swedish school uses three grade steps). To see the teacher’s knowledge andopinions about the implementation, we used a shorter version of the survey that the studentsgot. We also complemented the survey with interviews to get the chance to ask more openquestions about the positive and negative aspects of the implementation. Our theory is basedon Lundquist (1992) about implementation, Rothstein (red. 2008 & 2010) about legitimacyand Lipsky (2010) about teachers as Street level bureaucrats. The conclusions of the study arethat the implementation, with some exceptions, works well from the top (parliament and government) to the bottom (the students). Some of the teachers also pointed out that thecourse plan "Samhällskunskap A" is formed in a bad way.Uppsatsen har som syfte att undersöka hur välimplementerad skolverkets riktlinjer för kursenSamhällskunskap A samt betygsättning i denna kurs är hos lärare och elever igymnasieskolan. Som teoretisk grund för denna studie utgår vi dels från Lundquist (1992)som på ett för skolverksamheten mycket applicerbart sätt beskriver implementeringen somprocess samt förutsättningar för denna. Dels från Rothstein (red. 2008 & 2010) som beskriverregeringens behov av likvärdig och effektiv implementering för att bibehålla legitimitet. Dettaantagande att toppen av implementeringskedjan det vill säga riksdag och regering har etttydligt intresse av att implementeringen ska vara effektiv och likvärdig har varitgrundläggande för studien då samtliga tecken på brister i implementeringen bör tolkas som ettmisslyckande av dessa. Slutligen består studiens teoretiska beskrivning av Lipsky (2010) sombeskriver närbyråkraternas (lärarna) roll för implementeringen i verksamheten och derasbehov av frihet.Studieobjekt för studien har 40 elever ur den svenska gymnasieskolan bestående av tvåklasser från två olika skolor varit. Även tre lärare från två olika skolor har deltagit i studien.Som metod för att studera eleverna användes enkäter som även i en något nerbantad formbesvarades av lärarna för att utgöra en jämförelse. Lärarna i studien intervjuades i enhalvstrukturerad intervju som spelades in och återfinns som transkriberad bilaga tilluppsatsen.Förutom en öppen fråga ställd till eleverna via enkäten, samt de frågor rörandeimplementering samt förutsättningar för denna som ställdes till lärarna i intervjuerna utgårstudien från de så kallade nyckelord som beskriver efterfrågad kunskap för de olikabetygsstegen i Samhällskunskap A. I studien görs en oförberedd kontroll på hur väl lärare ochelever känner till dessa nyckelord och kan placera in dessa i korrekt betygssteg.Slutsatserna som studien visade på är bland annat att implementeringskedjan löpte hela vägenfrån toppen (riksdag och regering) till botten (eleverna). Denna slutsats var möjlig att dra dåeleverna visade på tydliga kunskaper om betygskriterierna i Samhällskunskap A. Övrigaslutsatser vi kunde dra utifrån det insamlade materialet pekade på olika typer av brister, varoch en i olika delar av implementeringskedjan. Vi vågar även påstå att det tolkade materialetkan tolkas som så att den absolut övervägande delen av implementeringskedjan har gjort deansträngningar som förväntas av dem för att åstadkomma en effektiv implementering. Vimenar att de brister som vi trots detta har lokaliserat beror på den enligt studien stora frihetsom lärare åtnjuter och att implementeringen inte låter sig tas längre med bibehållen frihet förlärarna. I studien har det även framkommit tecken på att brister i implementeringen beror påatt det material som ska implementeras (kursplanen) är dåligt anpassat till den verklighet somär reell i skolan. Felet återfinns i detta fall i toppen av implementeringskedjan då man harförsökt att implementera något som är bristfälligt anpassat till den verklighet som det syftartill att reglera.
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Ydreborg, Berit. "To be in-between : the road to disability pension with reference to the Swedish social insurance system /." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Univ, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/med929s.pdf.
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Chen, Hong-Cheng, and 陳弘章. "The Factors of Street-level Bureaucracy Discretion: The Case of Implementing Urgent Caring System and Scheme in Taichung City." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62aw8q.
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碩士國立中興大學
國家政策與公共事務研究所
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Due to the global financial crisis in 2008, which led people with low to moderate incomes to a situation of worse financial difficulty, the government implemented the Operation Directive for Urgent Caring System and Scheme (UCSS) to alleviate the financial shock to the economic minorities during this period. Through the collaboration among the township administration, social workers, and charity organizations, the government expects to use UCSS as complementary measures of building a better social safety system to assist people in urgent need specifically during this period and benefit the economic minorities in general. However, when the township and districts offices implemented UCSS, there were some controversies in the procedure of qualification screening and allowance rationing. Some of reasons rooted in the fact that the responsibility of inquiry, ratification and appropriation of the scheme belonged to each township and districts office, where the street-level staffs had the discretion to decide whether a case was eligible or not. Consequently, this study aimed to explore how the street-level bureaucrats exercised their discretion in the case of UCSS. What were the key factors that affected the use of discretion? The authors first surveyed the literature on administrative discretion. The authors then surveyed the district officers and the social and construction affairs section officers in Taichung city to explore how they performed the discretion in implementing UCSS and the variables affecting their use of discretion. A linear regression model was built to specify the causal relationships of variables. The independent variables were the political factor, organizational factor, professional capacity, working pressure, and economic condition. The dependent variable was the degree of using discretion independently. The data showed that political factors and professional capacity were the significant variables that affected the use of discretion among the street-level bureaucrats in this case. More detailed findings and policy implications are also offered toward the end of this paper.
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Bayrak, Sule. "Contextualizing discretion : micro-dynamics of Canada’s refugee determination system." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13580.
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À une époque où l'immigration internationale est de plus en plus difficile et sélective, le statut de réfugié constitue un bien public précieux qui permet à certains non-citoyens l'accès et l'appartenance au pays hôte. Reposant sur le jugement discrétionnaire du décideur, le statut de réfugié n’est accordé qu’aux demandeurs qui établissent une crainte bien fondée de persécution en cas de retour dans leur pays d'origine. Au Canada, le plus important tribunal administratif indépendant, la Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié du Canada (CISR), est chargé d’entendre les demandeurs d'asile et de rendre des décisions de statut de réfugié. Cette thèse cherche à comprendre les disparités dans le taux d’octroi du statut de réfugié entre les décideurs de la CISR qui sont politiquement nommés.
Au regard du manque de recherches empiriques sur la manière avec laquelle le Canada alloue les possibilités d’entrée et le statut juridique pour les non-citoyens, il était nécessaire de lever le voile sur le fonctionnement de l’administration sur cette question. En explorant la prise de décision relative aux réfugiés à partir d'une perspective de Street Level Bureaucracy Theory (SLBT) et une méthodologie ethnographique qui combine l'observation directe, les entretiens semi-structurés et l'analyse de documents, l'étude a d'abord cherché à comprendre si la variation dans le taux d’octroi du statut était le résultat de différences dans les pratiques et le raisonnement discrétionnaires du décideur et ensuite à retracer les facteurs organisationnels qui alimentent les différences.
Dans la lignée des travaux de SLBT qui documentent la façon dont la situation de travail structure la discrétion et l’importance des perceptions individuelles dans la prise de décision, cette étude met en exergue les différences de fond parmi les décideurs concernant les routines de travail, la conception des demandeurs d’asile, et la meilleure façon de mener leur travail. L’analyse montre comment les décideurs appliquent différentes approches lors des audiences, allant de l’interrogatoire rigide à l’entrevue plus flexible. En dépit des contraintes organisationnelles qui pèsent sur les décideurs pour accroître la cohérence et l’efficacité, l’importance de l’évaluation de la crédibilité ainsi que l’invisibilité de l’espace de décision laissent suffisamment de marge pour l’exercice d’un pouvoir discrétionnaire.
Même dans les environnements comme les tribunaux administratifs où la surabondance des règles limite fortement la discrétion, la prise de décision est loin d’être synonyme d’adhésion aux principes de neutralité et hiérarchie. La discrétion est plutôt imbriquée dans le contexte de routines d'interaction, de la situation de travail, de l’adhésion aux règles et du droit. Même dans les organisations qui institutionnalisent et uniformisent la formation et communiquent de façon claire leurs demandes aux décideurs, le caractère discrétionnaire de la décision est par la nature difficile, voire impossible, à contrôler et discipliner. Lorsqu'ils sont confrontés à l'ambiguïté des objectifs et aux exigences qui s’opposent à leur pouvoir discrétionnaire, les décideurs réinterprètent la définition de leur travail et banalisent leurs pratiques. Ils formulent une routine de rencontre qui est acceptable sur le plan organisationnel pour évaluer les demandeurs face à eux. Cette thèse montre comment les demandeurs, leurs témoignages et leurs preuves sont traités d’une manière inégale et comment ces traitements se répercutent sur la décision des réfugiés.In an era where international immigration is increasingly difficult and selective, refugee status constitutes a valuable public good that enables some non-citizens access and membership to the host country. Based on the discretionary judgment of the decision-maker, refugee status is only granted to claimants who establish well-founded fear of persecution if returned to their home country. Canada’s largest independent administrative tribunal, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB), is charged to hear refugee claimants and make refugee status determinations. This dissertation investigates why significant disparities exist among IRB’s politically appointed decision-makers’ refugee status grant rates. As little was known about the concrete ways Canada allocates opportunities for entry and legal status for non-citizens, lifting the blanket of administration was necessary. By exploring refugee decision-making from a Street Level Bureaucracy Theory (SLBT) perspective, and an ethnographic methodology that combined direct observation, semi-structured interviews and document analysis, the study sought first to understand whether the variation in grant rates were a result of differences in decision-makers’ discretionary practices and reasoning and second to trace the organizational factors that foster variation. In line with previous scholarship on SLBT that document how the work situation structure discretion and how individual views play in decision-making; this study demonstrates substantive differences among decision-makers in terms of their work routines, conceptions of refugee claimants and the best way to conduct their work. The analysis illustrates how decision-makers apply not a singular but a variety of approaches to the refugee hearing, ranging from rigid interrogation to the more resilient interview style. Despite clear organizational constraints on decision-makers that target to increase consistency and efficiency of refugee determinations, the significance of credibility-assessment and the invisibility of the decision-making space leave ample room for discretionary behavior. Even in rule-saturated environments like administrative tribunals which extensively regulate discretion; decision-making hardly means neutral and hierarchical rule adherence. Instead discretion is nested within the context of interaction routines, work situation, rule adherence and law. It is inherently difficult if not improbable to control and discipline discretionary decision-making even in organizations that institutionalize and standardize training and communicate their demands clearly to decision-makers. When faced with goal ambiguity and with demands that they consider run against their discretionary authority, decision-makers reinterpret their job definition and routinize their practices. They formulate an encounter routine that is organizationally acceptable to assess the people in front of them. This dissertation illustrates how unevenly the claimants, their testimony and evidence are treated and how these treatments are reflected on the refugee decision.
Books on the topic "System-level bureaucracy"
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Bezes, Philippe. Challenges to French Public Administration. Edited by Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.12.
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This chapter aims to characterize the French administrative system and its contemporary transformations, by identifying the dynamics and diversity of the research conducted on this subject in the disciplines of sociology, political science, and in history. Adopting a comparative perspective, it emphasizes the richness of research programs on the French bureaucracy, its institutions, regulation, reforms, and agents. Four pillars of the French administrative system are identified (centralization, territoriality, administrative law, and administrative elites). The chapter emphasizes the renewal of academic studies of French public administration, exploring the various dimensions and effects of neo-managerial reforms (policy elites, street-level bureaucrats, professional groups). The chapter also characterizes the “French touch” in the study of French public administration and claims that French scholars of the bureaucracy, influenced by stimulating sociological perspectives, offer an interesting dialogue with the approaches that are currently dominant at the international level, and might sometimes even reinvigorate them.
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Robert, Cameron, and Brian Levy. Provincial Governance of Education—The Western Cape Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.003.0004.
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The focus of this chapter is the management and governance of education at provincial level—specifically on efforts to introduce performance management into education by the Western Cape Education Department (WCED), and their impact. Post-1994 the WCED inherited a bureaucracy that was well placed to manage the province’s large public education system. Subsequently, irrespective of which political party has been in power, the WCED consistently has sought to implement performance management. This chapter explores to what extent determined, top-down efforts, led by the public sector, can improve dismal educational performance. It concludes that the WCED is a relatively well-run public bureaucracy. However, efforts to strengthen the operation of the WCED’s bureaucracy have not translated into systematic improvements in schools in poorer areas. One possible implication is that efforts to strengthen hierarchy might usefully be complemented with additional effort to support more horizontal, peer-to-peer governance at the school level.
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Smalskys, Vainius, and Jolanta Urbanovič. Civil Service Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160.
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Civil service consists of civil servants and their activity when implementing the assigned functions and decisions made by politicians. In other words, it is a system of civil servants who perform the assigned functions of public administration. The corpus of civil servants consists of people who work in central and local public administration institutions. The concept and scope of civil service in a particular country depends on the legal framework that defines the areas of public and private sectors and their relationship. In many countries, civil service consists of an upper level, a mid-level, and civil servants who work for coordinating, independent, and auxiliary institutions. However, the scope of civil service in different countries varies. When analyzing/comparing civil service systems of different countries, researchers often categorize them as Western European, continental European, Anglo-American, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern European, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, Asian, or African.All European Union member states can be classified into two groups: the career system—dominant in continental Europe, with the prevalence of traditional-hierarchical public administration, rational bureaucracy, and formalized operational rules—and the position system—dominant in Anglo-Saxon countries, with the prevalence of managerial principles, pragmatic administration, and charismatic leadership. Neither of the two models exists in pure form. If features of the career model dominate in the civil service of a country, it is identified as a country with the career CS model; if elements of the position model dominate the country is identified as a country with the position civil service model. An intermediate version of this model, characteristic of a number of countries, is the mixed/hybrid model.Many civil service researchers claim that in the case of two competing systems of civil service—closed (the career model) and open (the position model)—reforms of the open civil service system win. It has been argued that the organizing principles of the open, result-oriented civil service system (the position model), which is under the influence of “new public management,” will permanently “drive out” the closed, vertically integrated and formal procedure-oriented career model. Scholars argue that civil servants of the future will have to be at ease with more complexity and flexibility. They will have to be comfortable with change, often rapid change. At the same time, they will make more autonomous decisions and be more responsible, accountable, performance-oriented, and subject to new competency and skill requirements.
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The purpose of this project is to identify and analysis the ways of increasing the volume of FDI in Pakistan. The whole work consists of two different approaches. The first approach is the identification of the main barrier to invest in Pakistan. In this section, the researcher is looking for the reasons why Pakistan is not making full use of its investment potential. Is it because of the ineffectiveness of Government promotion and facilitation or because of a difficult investment? Can the political and economic situation be considered stable in Pakistan? Does the inefficiency of the legal system establish negative impacts on the investment climate of Pakistan? What is the level of corrupt bureaucracy, and security situation and how does Pakistan take to improve the investment climate in the country? On the basis of such analysis, the researcher makes recommendations to Pakistan on how it can reduce the barriers to increased inward FDI volume. dublin,irish american university of ireland: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "System-level bureaucracy"
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Cox, Adam B., and Cristina M. Rodríguez. "Controlling the Enforcement Bureaucracy." In The President and Immigration Law, 162–88. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694364.003.0007.
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This chapter demonstrates how the President’s control over immigration policy depends intimately on the structure and culture of the enforcement bureaucracy. These features of the bureaucracy in turn shape presidential policymaking. In particular, low-level executive branch officials play a crucial role in effectuating the enforcement power, as they are the ones responsible for the daily exercise of discretion within the system. To see how these dynamics have played out within the Executive Branch, the chapter studies the Obama administration’s efforts to centralize enforcement discretion in order to control line-level agents and contrasts those efforts with the early decisions of the Trump administration. It focuses on the attempts by political officials to tame the discretion of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents. President Obama’s efforts to discipline the decision-making of these line officials culminated in his two signature initiatives designed to insulate upward of five million unauthorized immigrants from removal. The bureaucratic reality of presidential immigration law has been on display equally during President Trump’s administration, including through efforts to centralize control over discretion where doing so has proven necessary to advancing the President’s policy agenda.
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Reiter, Keramet. "The Path to Pelican Bay." In Caging Borders and Carceral States, 303–40. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651231.003.0011.
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The chapter showcases California’s prison bureaucracy where correctional bureaucrats pioneered the development of the “supermax” high-level-security prison, or “prisons within prisons.” Drawing on forty oral history interviews with prison administrators, lawyers, prison architects, and reformers, the chapter demonstrates how correctional bureaucrats initiated solutions to address local problems without political scrutiny. By focusing on local control through correctional bureaucrats, the chapter argues that bureaucrats acted as more than policy implementers but as “policy initiators” who reacted to fears over mounting prison uprisings, gang strife and racial violence, and prisoners’ rights lawsuits by redesigning the prison scheme to arrive at their “solution” of architectural cell isolation. In contrast to the top-down federal narrative of mass incarceration, this chapter reveals that correctional bureaucrats had near total control when advocating for the holistic redesign of the entire prison system within a supermax framework. Correctional bureaucrats thus remapped California’s prison system around a supermax framework with very little political and judicial intent, oversight, or scrutiny.
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Rahayuningtyas, D. P. A., and F. Yulia. "Audit opinion, internal control system, bureaucracy reform, political background and the level of corruption in government institutions." In Competition and Cooperation in Economics and Business, 105–14. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315225227-14.
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Fei, Wu. "The Ideal of Civilization and Formation of Institutions in Ancient China." In The Constitution of Ancient China, 191–97. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171593.003.0008.
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In this chapter, the author comments on Su Li's revisionist account of the constitution of ancient China. According to Su Li, the constitutional question arises in the constitution/formation of a state, in an unwritten text. In the case of China, an ideal of civilization is present in the formation of its actual institutions, which transcends constitutionalism at its most basic level. The ideal of civilization articulated in China's ancient tradition can be found in the institution of the rites. The author criticizes Su Li for downplaying Confucian ideas in his discussion of the ancient constitution of China. Furthermore, he does not completely agree with Su Li's understanding of the transition from feudal clan law. Finally, the author examines Su Li's views on the imperial system, the unified script, and the bureaucracy, as well as his assertion that many institutions of today's China are the legacy of Chinese traditions.
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Chehabi, H. E. "The Rise of the Middle Class in Iran before the Second World War." In The Global Bourgeoisie, 43–63. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691177342.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the formation of a modern middle class that emerged as a result of Reza Shah's rigorous modernization policies in the 1920s and 1930s. The state expanded the educational system and bureaucracy, reaching down from the court to the village level. At the same time, it fostered lifestyles and consumption patterns modeled on those of Europe, which this new and increasingly secular middle class embraced, setting it apart from the rest of society. Given its reliance on state employment, this was not a bourgeoisie stricto sensu. This new middle class existed next to the traditional mercantile elite, which was centered on the bazaar and closely allied to the clergy. In the 1920s, however, many Iranian businessmen adopted a middle-class lifestyle, and, as a consequence, a modern business bourgeoisie gradually emerged that was to some extent a link between the traditional mercantile elite centered on the bazaar and the modern middle class.
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Aston, Joshua N. "Reforms in the Police Forces." In Torture Behind Bars, 160–77. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120986.003.0007.
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The Indian police force or the police system is an organization that is absolute in its institution. Thus it has been a big challenge to bring in a long-lasting and meaningful reforms in the system. This chapter discusses various reforms and recommendations by a number of committees set up in order to reform the Indian police system. There have been many high-level committees established, headed by eminent jurists, reformers, bureaucrats, and so on, to bring reforms in the system.
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Villegas Mateos, Allan Oswaldo, and José Ernesto Amorós. "The Effects of the National System of Social Security Over Senior Entrepreneurs." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 59–72. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2019-2.ch004.
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The aim of this chapter is to analyze the relationship between the national systems of social security and senior entrepreneurial activity. To understand the growing phenomenon of senior entrepreneurship, the authors developed a multilevel model using a dataset from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor that allows them to relate country-level variables, such as social security contributions, level of economic development, government support and policies, and burden taxes and bureaucracy, with individual-level variables, such as the household income, experience fear of failure, and type of business. This chapter contributes to the literature of the contextual determinants of entrepreneurship by examining multilevel data on 42,100 individuals from 31 countries members of the OECD for the period of 2010–2016. The findings indicate that the country-level predictor of social security contributions has a negative effect but statistically non-significant relationship with the decision to engage in senior entrepreneurial activity.
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Kennedy, John James, and Yaojiang Shi. "Conclusion." In Lost and Found, 191–98. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917425.003.0006.
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This study has shown that the street-level bureaucrat theory and mutual noncompliance explains how more than 10 million girls can be “hidden” in China’s population data. This phenomenon is connected to the level of local autonomy that grassroots cadres have as well as the system of incentives for administrative officials at the town and county levels. From the inception of the single child policy in 1979, village cadres dealt with the inherent contradictions between the central government’s goal of reducing births and local interests in having more children. A number of villagers did not comply with the birth control polices, and many local cadres implemented the single child policy inconsistently, that is, permitted policy infraction. This is mutual noncompliance....
Conference papers on the topic "System-level bureaucracy"
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Peters, Rob, Koen Smit, and Johan Versendaal. "Responsible AI and Power: Investigating the System Level Bureaucrat in the Legal Planning Process." In Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-485-9.43.
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Numerous statements and pamphlets indicate that governments should increase the transparency of ICTimplementations and algorithms in eGovernment services and should encourage democratic control. This paper presents research among civil servants, suppliers and experts who play a role in the automation of spatial policymaking and planning (e.g. environment, building, sound and CO2 regulation, mobility). The case is a major digitalisation programme of that spatial planning in the Netherlands. In this digital transition, the research assumption is that public and political values such as transparency, legitimacy and (perceived) fairness are difficult to validate in the practice of the design process; policy makers tend to lose sight of the algorithms and decision trees designed during the ICT -implementation of eGovernment services. This situation would implicate a power shift towards the system level bureaucrat. i.e., the digitized execution of laws and regulations, thereby threatening democratic control. This also sets the stage for anxiety towards ICT projects and digital bureaucracies. We have investigated perceptions about ‘validation dark spots’ in the design process of the national planning platform that create unintended shifts in decision power in the context of the legal planning process. To identify these validation dark spots, 22 stakeholders were interviewed. The results partially confirm the assumption. Based on the collected data, nine validation dark spots are identified that require more attention and research.