Journal articles: 'System immunology'

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Wickelgren, I. "IMMUNOLOGY: Policing the Immune System." Science 306, no. 5696 (October 22, 2004): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.306.5696.596.

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Keane, Robert W., and William F. Hickey. "Immunology of the Nervous System." Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 57, no. 1 (January 1998): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005072-199801000-00011.

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Villani, Alexandra-Chloé, Siranush Sarkizova, and Nir Hacohen. "Systems Immunology: Learning the Rules of the Immune System." Annual Review of Immunology 36, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 813–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053035.

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Poon, Maya M. L., and Donna L. Farber. "The Whole Body as the System in Systems Immunology." iScience 23, no. 9 (September 2020): 101509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101509.

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Carty, Shannon A. "Immunology 101: fundamental immunology for the practicing hematologist." Hematology 2021, no. 1 (December 10, 2021): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2021000260.

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Abstract From an evolutionary perspective, the immune system developed primarily to protect the host from pathogens. In the continuous balance between killing pathogens and protecting host tissues, selective pressures have shaped the discriminatory functions of the immune system. In addition to protection against microbial pathogens, the immune system also plays a critical role in antitumor immunity. Immune dysfunction, either under- or overactivity, is found in a wide range of hematologic disorders. Here we review the fundamental features of the immune system and the key concepts critical to understanding the impact of immune dysfunction on hematologic disorders.

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MALIM, MUHAMMAD ROZI, and FARIDAH ABDUL HALIM. "IMMUNOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEMS." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 21, no. 06 (December 2012): 1250031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213012500315.

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Artificial immune system is inspired by the natural immune system for solving computational problems. The immunological principles that are primarily used in artificial immune systems are the clonal selection principle, the immune network theory, and the negative selection mechanism. These principles have been applied in anomaly detection, pattern recognition, computer and network security, dynamic environments and learning, robotics, data analysis, optimization, scheduling, and timetabling. This paper describes how these three immunological principles were adapted by previous researchers in their artificial immune system models and algorithms. Finally, the applications of various artificial immune systems to various domains are summarized as a time-line.

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KOBAYASHI, JUNZO. "Immunology on the digestive system.3.Inflammatory enteric diseases and immunology." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 82, no. 9 (1993): 1394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.82.1394.

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Pineda, Silvia, Daniel G. Bunis, Idit Kosti, and Marina Sirota. "Data Integration for Immunology." Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science 3, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-012420-122454.

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Over the last several years, next-generation sequencing and its recent push toward single-cell resolution have transformed the landscape of immunology research by revealing novel complexities about all components of the immune system. With the vast amounts of diverse data currently being generated, and with the methods of analyzing and combining diverse data improving as well, integrative systems approaches are becoming more powerful. Previous integrative approaches have combined multiple data types and revealed ways that the immune system, both as a whole and as individual parts, is affected by genetics, the microbiome, and other factors. In this review, we explore the data types that are available for studying immunology with an integrative systems approach, as well as the current strategies and challenges for conducting such analyses.

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THOMAS, A. J. "Immunology of The Male Reproductive System." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 55, no. 6 (November 1, 1988): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.55.6.567.

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Tambur, A. R., and B. Roitberg. "Immunology of the central nervous system." Neurological Research 27, no. 7 (October 2005): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/016164105x49544.

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Barcia, Carlos, James Curtin, Jeffrey Zirger, and Daniel Larocque. "Immunology and the Central Nervous System." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/512684.

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Schwartzberg, P. L. "IMMUNOLOGY: Tampering with the Immune System." Science 293, no. 5528 (July 13, 2001): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1063291.

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Lanzer, G., B. Felser, and W. R. Mayr. "The HLA system in transplantation immunology." European Surgery 26, no. 1 (January 1994): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02619724.

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de Micco, C. "Immunology of central nervous system tumors." Journal of Neuroimmunology 25, no. 2-3 (December 1989): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(89)90127-6.

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Tamari, Masato, Aaron M. Ver Heul, and Brian S. Kim. "Immunosensation: Neuroimmune Cross Talk in the Skin." Annual Review of Immunology 39, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 369–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-101719-113805.

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Classically, skin was considered a mere structural barrier protecting organisms from a diversity of environmental insults. In recent decades, the cutaneous immune system has become recognized as a complex immunologic barrier involved in both antimicrobial immunity and homeostatic processes like wound healing. To sense a variety of chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli, the skin harbors one of the most sophisticated sensory networks in the body. However, recent studies suggest that the cutaneous nervous system is highly integrated with the immune system to encode specific sensations into evolutionarily conserved protective behaviors. In addition to directly sensing pathogens, neurons employ novel neuroimmune mechanisms to provide host immunity. Therefore, given that sensation underlies various physiologies through increasingly complex reflex arcs, a much more dynamic picture is emerging of the skin as a truly systemic organ with highly coordinated physical, immunologic, and neural functions in barrier immunology.

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Douglas, Bonnie, Oyebola Oyesola, Martha M. Cooper, Avery Posey, Elia Tait Wojno, Paul R. Giacomin, and De'Broski R. Herbert. "Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths." Annual Review of Immunology 39, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 639–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-122827.

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Coevolutionary adaptation between humans and helminths has developed a finely tuned balance between host immunity and chronic parasitism due to immunoregulation. Given that these reciprocal forces drive selection, experimental models of helminth infection are ideally suited for discovering how host protective immune responses adapt to the unique tissue niches inhabited by these large metazoan parasites. This review highlights the key discoveries in the immunology of helminth infection made over the last decade, from innate lymphoid cells to the emerging importance of neuroimmune connections. A particular emphasis is placed on the emerging areas within helminth immunology where the most growth is possible, including the advent of genetic manipulation of parasites to study immunology and the use of engineered T cells for therapeutic options. Lastly,we cover the status of human challenge trials with helminths as treatment for autoimmune disease, which taken together, stand to keep the study of parasitic worms at the forefront of immunology for years to come.

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Nihal Arzu, MIRICI. "Pulmonology And Immunology; A Brief Overview." Archives of Immunology Research and Therapy 1, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-5003/002.

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Pulmonary diseases are very common worldwide and have high mortality and morbidity rates. When we look at the pathogenetic processes of these diseases, it is seen that the natural and adaptive immune response plays an important role. As in many diseases, immune modulatory therapy is the current treatment approach in pulmonary diseases. In our article, we aimed to take a quick look at the immune system in common pulmonary diseases.

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van der Merwe, P. A. "IMMUNOLOGY: The Immunological Synapse--a Multitasking System." Science 295, no. 5559 (February 22, 2002): 1479–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1069896.

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Tambur, Anat R. "Transplantation immunology and the central nervous system." Neurological Research 26, no. 3 (April 2004): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/016164104225013932.

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Geering, Barbara, and Martin Fussenegger. "Synthetic immunology: modulating the human immune system." Trends in Biotechnology 33, no. 2 (February 2015): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.10.006.

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Stillwell, Craig R. "Thymectomy as an experimental system in immunology." Journal of the History of Biology 27, no. 3 (1994): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01058991.

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Couzin, J. "IMMUNOLOGY: Gently Soothing a Savage Immune System." Science 296, no. 5567 (April 19, 2002): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5567.456.

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Tambuyzer, Bart R., Peter Ponsaerts, and Etienne J. Nouwen. "Microglia: gatekeepers of central nervous system immunology." Journal of Leukocyte Biology 85, no. 3 (November 21, 2008): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0608385.

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Goudswaard, J. "Role of the reticuloendothelial system in immunology." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 11, no. 3 (March 1986): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(86)90009-7.

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Schulenburg, Hinrich, Joachim Kurtz, Yannick Moret, and Michael T. Siva-Jothy. "Introduction. Ecological immunology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1513 (October 16, 2008): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0249.

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An organism's fitness is critically reliant on its immune system to provide protection against parasites and pathogens. The structure of even simple immune systems is surprisingly complex and clearly will have been moulded by the organism's ecology. The aim of this review and the theme issue is to examine the role of different ecological factors on the evolution of immunity. Here, we will provide a general framework of the field by contextualizing the main ecological factors, including interactions with parasites, other types of biotic as well as abiotic interactions, intraspecific selective constraints (life-history trade-offs, sexual selection) and population genetic processes. We then elaborate the resulting immunological consequences such as the diversity of defence mechanisms (e.g. avoidance behaviour, resistance, tolerance), redundancy and protection against immunopathology, life-history integration of the immune response and shared immunity within a community (e.g. social immunity and microbiota-mediated protection). Our review summarizes the concepts of current importance and directs the reader to promising future research avenues that will deepen our understanding of the defence against parasites and pathogens.

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Crompton, Jason A. "Transplant Immunology." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 16, no. 6 (December 2003): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190003259349.

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Since the early days of transplantation, it has been known that the immune system is the major barrier to long-term graft survival. Due to the unique “fingerprint” of different individuals’ cells, donor organs are detected as foreign, invasivematerial by the recipient’s immunesystem and, subsequently, attacked and rejected. The difficulty that has continuously faced the transplant community is the multifaceted nature of the immune response and halting the numerous pathways of immune stimulation. The ultimate goal of all transplant research is graft acceptance, also known as tolerance, without the use of long-term immunosuppressant medication. Various reviews of the different facets of transplant rejection exist. The following summary will attempt to outline the major known pathways involved in organ recognition and acute rejection.

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Weng, Liguo, Min Xia, Qingshan Liu, and Wei Wang. "An Immunology-Inspired Fault Detection and Identification System." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 9, no. 3 (January 2012): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51010.

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Vojvodic, Svetlana. "The human leukocyte antigen system and transplantation immunology." Medical review 70, suppl. 1 (2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns17s1035v.

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Introduction. The antigens primarily responsible for the rejection of genetically different tissues are known as histocompatibility (i.e. tissue compatibility) antigens and the genes coding for these antigens are referred to as histocompatibility genes. History. The groundwork for the new science of transplantation immunology was laid by Medawar in the 1940s who described the rejection of tissue transferred from one person or animal to another, except for grafts between identical twins. In the 1950s, it was shown that this tissue rejection was mediated by major histocompatibility complex group of antigens which cause a strong immune response and are in humans known as human leucocyte antigens. Polymorphism and inheritance of human leucocyte antigens. According to the most recent human leucocyte antigens nomenclature, there are currently 17,344 human leucocyte antigens and related alleles, of which 12,544 are I human leucocyte antigens class alleles, 4,622 are II human leucocyte antigens class alleles and 178 other non-human leucocyte antigens alleles. Due to close location at the short arm of the sixth chromosome, the genes of the human leucocyte antigens system are inherited as haplotypes or alleles pairs. Biological role. The primary role of the human leucocyte antigens molecule is to present a peptide to the T-cells which recognize both the human leucocyte antigens molecule and the presented peptide, distinguishing the own peptides from the foreign. The ability to allow an immune response which is directed against the ?foreign?, makes human leucocyte antigens antigens the main immunological barrier in the transplantation. Conclusion. The immunobiology of transplantation is important for many reasons: in terms of both its impact on our understanding of immunological processes and its application in the development of clinical transplantation. Advances in immunogenetics and histocompatibility have facilitated the clinical transplantation of solid organs and tissues.

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Groettrup, Marcus, and Huib Ovaa. "Editorial Overview: Molecular immunology: Targeting the immune system." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 23 (December 2014): v—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.012.

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Grossman, Z. "System theory in immunology (lecture notes in biomathematics)." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 14, no. 9-12 (1987): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0898-1221(87)90241-0.

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Lysіаniy, Mykola, Lyudmyla Belska, Nastya Palamaryova, and Antonina Potapova. "FEATURES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS IN EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN TRAUMA IN RATS." Immunology and Allergy: Science and Practice, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37321/immunology.2020.01-08.

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Introduction. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the common diseases of the person, which is accompanied by high mortality and disability of the victims. In the pathogenesis of TBI there are at least 2 periods that are associated with both primary nerve cell injury by the traumatic factor and secondary inflammatory-destructive changes that develop over a long period after the injury. An important role in the development of the second period of TBI is played by the body’s immune system, which can complicate the course of TBI and act differently depending on the severity of the injury. The goal of the work. The work investigated the state of proliferative and cytotoxic ability of splenocytes in light TBI in rats, which was caused by a drop in weight of 50 g from a height of 120 cm per animal. Materials and results. Studies have shown that within 24 hours after injury, there is an increase in the proliferative activity of splenocytes in the test for proliferation with mitogens, especially with KonA mitogen. While the cytotoxic activity of splenocytes is significantly inhibited at this time and the number of hyperdiploid cells in the spleen is reduced. At a later date after the injury, for 5 days, there is a significant recovery of immunological parameters, indicating that from the first hours after a mild TBI, the immune system changes in different directions, mainly towards the activation of proliferation, which may complicate the course the traumatic period. Conclusions. In experimental mild TBI, rats have differentiated changes in the activity of immune cells, which indicate the activation of the immune system in the early stages after injury.

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Kaur, Brinderjeet. "COVID 19 in Pregnancy: Immunology Savior or Culprit." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 5, no. 8 (October 30, 2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/074.

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Corona pandemic has been a nightmare for health care, from the point of view of transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, everything in doldrums. Pregnancy in itself encompasses altered physiology, immunity and often is characterized by unpredicted bodily responses. The short review is an attempt to summarize the knowledge gained so far in context with COVID 19 infection in pregnancy. The paper highlights gaps in our present understanding and emphasize on more research for understanding the double edged sword - immune system and its response to COVID 19 infection in pregnant woman.

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LOLLINI, P. L., S. MOTTA, and F. PAPPALARDO. "MODELING TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 16, supp01 (July 2006): 1091–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202506001479.

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The aim of this paper is to discuss biological and computational models of tumor-immune system interactions. To this end we provid first a short introduction to the field of general immunology, then a more in-depth exposition of cancer immunology. Finally we discuss a first approach to vaccine that prevent tumor onset from a biological point of view and we describe how to reproduce this phenomenon from a computational model.

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Azegami, Tatsuhiko, and Hiroshi Itoh. "Vaccine Development against the Renin-Angiotensin System for the Treatment of Hypertension." International Journal of Hypertension 2019 (August 14, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9218531.

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Hypertension is a global public health issue and the most important preventable cause of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the clinical availability of many antihypertensive drugs, many hypertensive patients have poor medication adherence and blood pressure control due, at least partially, to the asymptomatic and chronic characteristics of hypertension. Immunotherapeutic approaches have the potential to improve medication adherence in hypertension because they induce prolonged therapeutic effects and need a low frequency of administration. The first attempts to reduce blood pressure by using vaccines targeting the renin-angiotensin system were made more than half a century ago; however, at the time, a poor understanding of immunology and the mechanisms of hypertension and a lack of optimal vaccine technologies such as suitable antigen design, proper adjuvants, and effective antigen delivery systems meant that attempts to develop antihypertensive vaccines failed. Recent advances in immunology and vaccinology have provided potential therapeutic immunologic approaches to treat not only infectious diseases but also cancers and other noncommunicable diseases. One important biotechnology that has had a major impact on modern vaccinology is virus-like particle technology, which can efficiently deliver vaccine antigens without the need for artificial adjuvants. A human clinical trial that indicated the effectiveness and safety of a virus-like particle-based antiangiotensin II vaccine marked a turning point in the field of therapeutic antihypertensive vaccines. Here, we review the history of the development of immunotherapies for the treatment of hypertension and discuss the current perspectives in the field.

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Kasper, L. H., and J. Shoemaker. "Multiple sclerosis immunology: The healthy immune system vs the MS immune system." Neurology 74, Issue 1, Supplement 1 (December 28, 2009): S2—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181c97c8f.

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Treviño, Richard J. "Immunology of foods." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 95, no. 2 (September 1986): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988609500207.

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Investigation of food sensitivity is difficult and often confusing. However, there are multiple articles in the literature which illustrate that food is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in an antigenic fashion and that the entire immune system is stimulated by these antigenic food particles. All four Gell and Coombs varieties of immunologic reactions have been demonstrated as causes of symptoms in patients. Test techniques are available for each of these immunologic reactions, as is treatment for their noxious effects.

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Brodin, Petter, and Lluis Quintana-Murci. "Editorial overview: Evolutionary and systems immunology – methods to understand human immune system variation." Current Opinion in Immunology 65 (August 2020): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2020.11.001.

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Hurkat, Pooja, Sourabh Jain, Richa Jain, and Aakanchha Jain. "Immunology Behind Tumors: A Mini Review." Current Cancer Therapy Reviews 15, no. 3 (November 16, 2019): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573394714666180907143433.

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Background:: The immune system is designed with great care to distinguish self from non-self, as exhibited by immune responses to different pathogens. Furthermore, the immune system has the capacity to distinguish between self from altered self in case of autoimmune diseases like cancer. Developing tumors bypass the immune system mechanism which restrains selfreactive responses. Immunotherapy is a coherent means since the immune system can eliminate a number of antigens derived from the genetic constitution of B and T lymphocytes. Our understanding of the immune system has developed a great deal. Conclusion:: This review is focused not only on the mechanism by which the immune system protects us but also on the ways in which it can inflict the body and how to modulate it with therapy. Thus, understanding the interaction of a tumor with the immune system provides insights into mechanisms that can be utilized to elicit anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we have recapitulated the function of the tumor microenvironment and immune checkpoints.

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Szabados, T., L. Varga, T. Bakács, and Gábor Tusnády. "Axioms of mathe- matical immunology." Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica 38, no. 1-4 (May 1, 2001): 13–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/sscmath.38.2001.1-4.2.

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Current wisdom describes the immune system as a defense against microbial pathogens. It is claimed that the virgin immune system has a capacity to produce antibodies against the entire antigenic universe. We assume, by contrast, that the responding capacity of the immune system is limited. Thus it cannot stand in readiness to deal with a practi- cally endless diversity and abundance of microbes. Axioms and theorems are suggested for a mathematician audience delineating how the immune system could use its limited resources economically. It is suggested that the task of the immune system is twofold: (i) It sustains homeostasis to preserve the genome by constant surveillance of the intracellular antigenic milieu. This is achieved by standardization of the T cell repertoire through a positive selection. The driving force of positive selection is immune cell survival. T cells must constantly seek contact with complementary MHC structures to survive. Such contact is based on molecular complementarity between immune cell receptors and MHC/self-peptide complexes. At the highest level of complementarity a local free energy minimum is achieved, thus a homeostatic system is created. Homeostatic interactions happen at intermediate afinity and are reversible. Alteration in the presented peptides typically decreases complementarity. That pushes the system away from the free energy minimum, which activates T cells. Complementarity is restored when cytotoxic T cells destroy altered (mutated/infected) host cells. (ii) B cells carry out an immune response to foreign proteins what requires a change in the genome. B cells raised under the antigenic in uence of the normal intestinal micro o- ra, self-proteins and alimentary antigens must go through a hypermutation process to be able to produce specific antibodies. It has a certain probability that hypermutation will successfully change the genome in some clones to switch from low afinity IgM antibody production to high afinity IgG production. Interactions (typically antibody antigen reac- tions) in an immune response happen at high afinity and are irreversible. High afinity clones will be selected, stimulated and enriched by the invading microbes. A complete account of the course of an infectious disease must also include a descrip- tion of the ecology of the immune response. It is therefore suggested that during prolonged interaction between host and infectious organism, carried on across many generations, the adaptive antibody population may facilitate the evolution of the natural antibody reper- toire, in accordance with the Baldwin effect in the evolution of instinct (see Appendix 6).

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King, Suzanne N. "Emerging Scientist: Vocal Fold Immunology." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 1, no. 3 (March 31, 2016): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp1.sig3.26.

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In adults the immune system is intimately involved in restoring function lost after injury. If it is poorly regulated, the initial protective reactions that encompass wound healing can lead to pathologic changes in the vocal fold that are particularly problematic to voice quality. Inflammatory injuries can contribute to pathophysiology of benign vocal fold lesions or scarring. Cells and molecules of the innate immune system are responsible for fighting off challenges and returning the tissue to its pre-injured state. This review briefly discusses aspects of the immune system with a focus on acute inflammation and confers immunological barriers to biomaterial and cell-based approaches for restoration of the voice. Increasing the awareness of laryngeal immunology will facilitate better understanding of the obstacles being faced in bench research and highlight the need for further work.

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Alaparthy, Vishwa, and Salvatore D. Morgera. "Modeling an Intrusion Detection System Based on Adaptive Immunology." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2019040104.

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Network security has always has been an area of priority and extensive research. Recent years have seen a considerable growth in experimenting with biologically inspired techniques. This is a consequence of the authors increased understanding of living systems and the application of that understanding to machines and software. The mounting complexity of telecommunications networks and the need for increasing levels of security have been the driving factors. The human body can act as a great role model for its unique abilities in protecting itself from external entities owing to its diverse complexities. Many abnormalities in the human body are similar to that of the attacks in wireless sensor networks (WSN). This article presents the basic ideas that can help modelling a system to counter the attacks on a WSN by monitoring parameters such as energy, frequency of data transfer, data sent and received. This is implemented by exploiting an immune concept called danger theory, which aggregates the anomalies based on the weights of the anomalous parameters. The objective is to design a cooperative intrusion detection system (IDS) based on danger theory.

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Tomic, Adriana, Andrew J. Pollard, and Mark M. Davis. "Systems Immunology: Revealing Influenza Immunological Imprint." Viruses 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050948.

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Understanding protective influenza immunity and identifying immune correlates of protection poses a major challenge and requires an appreciation of the immune system in all of its complexity. While adaptive immune responses such as neutralizing antibodies and influenza-specific T lymphocytes are contributing to the control of influenza virus, key factors of long-term protection are not well defined. Using systems immunology, an approach that combines experimental and computational methods, we can capture the systems-level state of protective immunity and reveal the essential pathways that are involved. New approaches and technological developments in systems immunology offer an opportunity to examine roles and interrelationships of clinical, biological, and genetic factors in the control of influenza infection and have the potential to lead to novel discoveries about influenza immunity that are essential for the development of more effective vaccines to prevent future pandemics. Here, we review recent developments in systems immunology that help to reveal key factors mediating protective immunity.

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Johnson, Peter M., and Gordon H. Ramsden. "Pregnancy immunology." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539500000577.

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Immunology is a fast developing and intriguing biomedical science, which can give rise to specific considerations about the physiological process of both successful and unsuccessful vivparous pregnancy. It is normal in clinical organ transplantation for unmatched foreign tissues (allografts) to provoke immunological rejection by the host, unless there has been prior tissue matching (histocompatibility antigen tissue typing) or immunosuppressive therapy. Thus, it is still not fully clear how, after ‘random’ mating, haplo-nonidentical fetal tissue is able to survive in the potentially hostile immunocompetent maternal environment. The majority of pregnancies survive uninterrupted and there has now been much speculation and research regarding the immunological success of pregnancy (i.e. nature’s transplant). Medawar orginally offered four nonexclusive hypotheses to explain the enigmatic immunological survival of normal pregnancy:1) the conceptus is not immunogenic and therefore does not evoke an immunological response;2) pregnancy alters the maternal immune response;3) the uterus is an immunologically privileged site;4) the placenta is an immunological barrier between the mother and the as yet immunologically incompetent fetus.Before discussing these, as well as some of the clinical immunological problems that may arise during pregnancy, it is necessary to outline some of the basic components of the normal immune system. This will lead to a description of current understanding of immunological events at the fetomaternal interface as well as the maternal immune response in human pregnancy.

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Alizadeh, Leila, Maryam Akbari Dana, Parastoo Barati Dowom, and Amir Ghaemi. "Immunology of Rabies Virus in the Central Nervous System." Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.shefa.3.3.113.

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Dorak, M. T. "Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System." American Journal of Epidemiology 155, no. 2 (January 15, 2002): 185—a—186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.2.185-a.

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Leslie, M. "IMMUNOLOGY: Fetal Immune System Hushes Attacks on Maternal Cells." Science 322, no. 5907 (December 5, 2008): 1450b—1451b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.322.5907.1450b.

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Williams, N. "Immunology: Tumor Cells Fight Back to Beat Immune System." Science 274, no. 5291 (November 22, 1996): 1302–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5291.1302.

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Straub, Rainer H., and Manfred Schedlowski. "Immunology and multimodal system interactions in health and disease." Trends in Immunology 23, no. 3 (March 2002): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02160-3.

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Kerr, Michael. "The Reticuloendothelial System: A Comprehensive Treatise Volume 6 Immunology." Biochemical Education 13, no. 4 (October 1985): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(85)90093-7.

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Sharma, Gulshan, and James Goodwin. "Effect of aging on respiratory system physiology and immunology." Clinical Interventions in Aging 1, no. 3 (August 2006): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ciia.2006.1.3.253.

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Journal articles on the topic 'System immunology'

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