Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'System Equivalent Model Mixing'

Batteries have imparted momentum to the process of transition towards a green future. However, mass application of batteries is obstructed due to their explosive nature, a trait specific to Li-Ion batteries. To cater to an efficient battery utilization, an introduction of a battery management system would provide an ultimate solution. This thesis deals with different aspects crucial in designing a battery management system for high energy as well as high power applications. To build a battery management system capable of predicting battery behavior, it is necessary to analyze the dynamic processes happening inside the battery. Hence, a battery equivalent circuit model is proposed in this thesis as well as proper analysis is done in MATLAB to project a generic structure applicable to all Li-Ion chemistries. The model accounts for all dynamic characteristics of a battery including non-linear open circuit voltage, discharge current and capacity. Effect of temperature is also modeled using a cooling system. The model is validated with test current profiles. Less than 0.1% error between measured and simulated voltage profiles indicates the effectiveness of the proposed model to predict the runtime behavior of the battery. Furthermore, the model is implemented with the energy as well as the power battery pack. State of charge calculations are performed using the proposed model and the coulomb counting method and the results indicate only a 4% variance. Therefore, the proposed model can be applied to develop a real-time battery management system for accurate battery states estimation.

This thesis outlines the development and application of a battery management system for a small electric vehicle, and the hardware required to test and validate these systems. The project applies state-of-the-art methods for estimating the remaining charge of a battery pack in a real-world environment. In doing so, the limitations of existing estimation methods are identified and addressed.

Surface gravity waves alter the turbulence of the bottom atmosphere and the upper ocean. Accordingly, they can affect momentum flux, heat fluxes, gas exchange and atmospheric mixing. However, in most state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs), surface wave influences are not fully considered or even included. Here, applying surface wave influences into ESMs is investigated from different aspects. Tuning parameterisations for including instantaneous wave influences has difficulties to capture wave influences. Increasing the horizontal resolution of models intensifies storm simulations for both atmosphere-wave coupled (considering the influence of instantaneous wave-induced stress) and stand-alone atmospheric models. However, coupled models are more sensitive to the horizontal resolution than stand-alone atmospheric models. Under high winds, wave states have a big impact on the sea spray generation. Introducing a wave-state-dependent sea spray generation function and Charnock coefficient into a wind stress parameterisation improves the model performance concerning wind speed (intensifies storms). Adding sea spray impact on heat fluxes improves the simulation results of air temperature. Adding sea spray impact both on the wind stress and heat fluxes results in better model performance on wind speed and air temperature while compared to adding only one wave influence. Swell impact on atmospheric turbulence closure schemes should be taken into account through three terms: the atmospheric mixing length scale, the swell-induced momentum flux at the surface, and the profile of swell-induced momentum flux. Introducing the swell impact on the three terms into turbulence closure schemes shows a better performance than introducing only one of the influences. Considering all surface wave impacts on the upper-ocean turbulence (wave breaking, Stokes drift interaction with the Coriolis force, Langmuir circulation, and stirring by non-breaking waves), rather than just one effect, significantly improves model performance. The non-breaking-wave-induced mixing and Langmuir circulation are the most important terms when considering the impact of waves on upper-ocean mixing. Accurate climate simulations from ESMs are very important references for social and biological systems to adapt the climate change. Comparing simulation results with measurements shows that adding surface wave influences improves model performance. Thus, an accurate description of all important wave impact processes should be correctly represented in ESMs, which are important tools to describe climate and weather. Reducing the uncertainties of simulation results from ESMs through introducing surface gravity wave influences is necessary.

Fuel consumption reduction is one of the main challenges in the automotiveindustry due to its economical and environmental impacts as well as legalregulations. While fuel consumption reduction is important for all vehicles,it has larger benefits for commercial ones due to their long operational timesand much higher fuel consumption. Optimal control of multiple energy buffers within the vehicle proves aneffective approach for reducing energy consumption. Energy is temporarilystored in a buffer when its cost is small and released when it is relativelyexpensive. An example of an energy buffer is the vehicle body. Before goingup a hill, the vehicle can accelerate to increase its kinetic energy, which canthen be consumed on the uphill stretch to reduce the engine load. The simplestrategy proves effective for reducing fuel consumption. The thesis generalizes the energy buffer concept to various vehicular componentswith distinct physical disciplines so that they share the same modelstructure reflecting energy flow. The thesis furthermore improves widely appliedcontrol methods and apply them to new applications. The contribution of the thesis can be summarized as follows: • Developing a new function to make the equivalent consumption minimizationstrategy (ECMS) controller (which is one of the well-knownoptimal energy management methods in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs))more robust. • Developing an integrated controller to optimize torque split and gearnumber simultaneously for both reducing fuel consumption and improvingdrivability of HEVs. • Developing a one-step prediction control method for improving the gearchanging decision. • Studying the potential fuel efficiency improvement of using electromechanicalbrake (EMB) on a hybrid electric city bus. • Evaluating the potential improvement of fuel economy of the electricallyactuated engine cooling system through the off-line global optimizationmethod. • Developing a linear time variant model predictive controller (LTV-MPC)for the real-time control of the electric engine cooling system of heavytrucks and implementing it on a real truck.

QC 20160128

The suspension of the motor vehicle is one of the most important elements of the flexible mounted and inflexible mounted masses of the vehicle bodywork, and most attention is paid to its exploration and improvement. Analysis of models of equivalent oscillation systems of motor vehicles testifies that the evaluation of motor vehicle oscillations and modelling of its motion modes is still very topical and requires further research. Suspension models of motor vehicles offered in publications regard only the influence of road irregularities, and the modernisation of these models is directed towards the improvement of passengers’ comfort. However not much research has been done on the influence of oscillations of flexible mounted and inflexible mounted masses of the bodyworks of vehicles in the process of braking; also there is not much investigation of the post-accident identification of the vehicle’s movement mode corresponding to the deformations of the suspension and the longitudinal pitch of the bodywork. Research of oscillations in the conditions of emergency braking is primarily important for the work in two practical directions: 1) improvement of calculation methods of motor vehicle’s response to external impact in the conditions of real operation; 2) further improvement of research methods on the road, and analysis of fait accompli road accidents related to oscillations in the emergency braking. Methodology defining the oscillations occurring in the braking may be applied... [to full text]

碩士
逢甲大學
電機工程學系
103
Nowadays, the research of the battery with higher energy density is increasing. Due to the higher energy density of battery, more and more machines are powered by batteries, such as electric vehicle, electric stacker trucks, and electric boat. These battery applications must to control and manage the batteries by Battery Management System (BMS). The state of charge (SOC) of battery and the battery balancing are two very important topics of battery management system. This paper proposed an improved coulomb counting method with equivalent circuit model, by using equivalent circuit model to provide the initial SOC, and then coulomb counting method to estimate capacity. Balanced single battery capacity was made by the bi-directional DC-to-DC buck-boost converter. The battery module can have accurate estimate SOC estimation and balance ability.

Corpus Christi Bay in Texas is a wind driven system, and under most conditions winds over the bay mix the water column vertically. However, seasonal, episodic, bottom-water hypoxia has been observed in the bay in conjunction with vertical salinity stratification. This stratification may be caused by dense gravity currents entering the bay. Understanding and modeling the mechanisms that result in stratification in Corpus Christi Bay may help predict hypoxia, and for this reason that is the focus of this dissertation. An evaluation of existing gravity current modeling techniques shows that most currently available models are designed to capture either phenomena local to a gravity current, such as gravity current entrainment and spreading, or larger scale phenomena such as wind mixing and large-scale circulation, but not both. Because gravity current mixing in Corpus Christi Bay is enhanced by wind-induced turbulence, both local gravity current physics and wind mixing effects are critical elements governing gravity current propagation in Corpus Christi Bay. As existing models do not represent gravity current entrainment and wind mixing together, this dissertation develops a coupled model system that accounts explicitly for turbulent wind mixing of a bottom-boundary layer, in addition to representing other local features of dense gravity current propagation such as entrainment and spreading. The coupled model system consists of a 2D depth-averaged hydrodynamic model that calculates gravity current mixing and spreading, coupled with a 3D hydrodynamic model whose domain includes a lighter ambient fluid surrounding the gravity current. The coupled models have flexible boundary conditions that allow fluid exchange to represent mixing from both gravity current entrainment and wind mixing. The coupled model system’s development, verification and application in Corpus Christi Bay advances understanding of gravity current mechanisms, and contributes to our scientific understanding of hypoxia in Corpus Christi Bay. This modeling technique has the flexibility to be applied to other density-stratified systems that are shallow and potentially wind-driven, such as shallow desalination brine disposal sites.
text

碩士
國立高雄大學
電機工程學系碩士班
98
Recently, face the high replacement of products and the pressure of taking new products into market in time, the designers need to shorten the used time. The engineer need to design high performance electronic products within limited time. We need to accomplish many circuit interconnects in a small Printed Circuit Board. This reason make much more complicated and difficult situations. The designers not only consider circuit interconnect but also consider circuit performance. In this thesis, the first part is three dimensions interconnect investigation of system in package. We analyse the discontinue effect of transfer layer and compare traditional via model with via model established in this thesis. We also study via structure to improve SSN.The second part is the equivalent long transmission line by Modify-T Model. The chip of Modify-T Model equivalent long microstrip line are 3cm,3cm+3cm,and 6cm.We compare the area and the difference of the performance.

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
Flexibility effects on robot manipulator design and control are typically ignored which is justified when large, bulky robotic mechanisms are moved at slow speeds However, when increased speed and improved accuracy is desired in robot system performance it is necessary to consider flexible manipulators. This project simulates the motion of a single-link, flexible manipulator using the Equivalent Rigid Link System dynamic model and experimentally validates the computer simulation results Validation of the flexible manipulator dynamic model is necessary to ensure confidence of the model for use in future design and control applications of flexible manipulators.

博士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
100
The research objectives of this dissertation are stated as follows. First, via some existing techniques, the linear singular system can be decomposed into an equivalent regular system with a feedthrough term, from input to output. Second, the high-gain optimal linear quadratic analog tracker and observer for this equivalent model are developed. Third, based on this linear quadratic analog tracker (LQAT) and observer, the prediction-based digital redesign and alternative digital redesign methodologies are carried out, respectively, to derive the digital tracker for the state of the digitally controlled model closely matches the state of theoretically well-design continuous-time model with the same input and initial condition; and the digital observer while, as the states of both digitally controlled model and continuous-time model are unmeasured in turn. Finally, an iterative learning control (ILC) strategy, by combined with the LQAT, for the continuous-time linear time-variant (LTI) regular model with a singular feedthrough term is presented. The tracking performance improvement is achieved through the initial control input obtained by the LQAT, and the initial condition constraint, in typical ILC design, is removed by together with initial state learning law. Some illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies.

The Q-weak experiment at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (USA) will make a precision determination of the proton weak charge with approximately 4% combined statistical and systematic uncertainties via a measurement of the parity violating asymmetry in elastic electron-proton scattering at very low momentum transfer and forward angle. This will allow an extraction of the weak mixing angle at Q^2=0.026 (GeV/c)^2 to approximately 0.3%. The weak mixing angle is a fundamental parameter in the Standard Model of electroweak interactions. At the proposed accuracy, a measured deviation of this parameter from the predicted value would indicate new physics beyond what is currently described in the Standard Model. Without deviation from the predicted value, this measurement would place stringent limits on possible extensions to the Standard Model and constitute the most precise measurement of the proton's weak charge to date. The key experimental apparatus include a liquid hydrogen target, a toroidal magnetic spectrometer and a set of eight Cerenkov detectors. The Cerenkov detectors form the main detector system for the Q-weak experiment and are used to measure the parity violating asymmetry during the primary Q-weak production runs. The Cerenkov detectors form the main subject of this thesis. Following a brief introduction to the experiment, the design, development, construction, installation, and testing of this detector system will be discussed in detail. This is followed by a detailed discussion of detector diagnostic data analysis and the corresponding detector performance. The experiment has been successfully constructed and commissioned, and is currently taking data. The thesis will conclude with a discussion of the preliminary analysis of a small portion of the liquid hydrogen data.

Due to increasing regulation on emissions and shifting consumer preferences, the wide adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEV) hinges on research and development of technologies that can extend system range. This can be accomplished either by increasing the battery size or via more efficient operation of the electrical and thermal systems. This thesis endeavours to accomplish the latter through comparative investigation of BEV integrated thermal management system (ITMS) performance across a range of ambient conditions (-20 °C to 40 °C), cabin setpoints (18 °C to 24 °C), and six different ITMS architectures. A dynamic ITMS modelling framework for a long-range electric vehicle is established with comprehensive sub models for the operation of the drive train, power electronics, battery, vapor compression cycle components, and cabin conditioning. This modelling framework is used to construct a baseline thermal management system, as well as for adaptation to four common systems. Additionally, a novel low-temperature waste heat recovery (LT WHR) system is proposed and shown to have potential benefits at low ambient temperatures through the reduction of the necessary cabin ventilation loading. While this system shows performance improvements, the regular WHR system offers the greatest benefit for long-range BEV drive cycles in terms of system range and transient response. With an optimal thermal management system found for long range BEV’s this system is then used as a boundary condition for a study on cooling of the battery. Battery conditioning, health, and as a result their along cell and system lifetime remains an additional concern of consumers as well as thermal systems engineers seeking to ensure safety and ensure longevity of EV battery cells. Three typical coolant flow orientations are studied to compare them under different flow conditions and thermal interface material performance. The battery cooling model is then coupled to the previously established dynamic modelling environment to demonstrate the added modelling capability (and necessity) for incorporating module-level cooling performance in both battery cooling studies and transient ITMS environments.

La tesi di dottorato ha come oggetto il patrimonio architettonico rappresentato dalle cosiddette case baraccate, la cui tecnica costruttiva, definita alla fine del XVIII secolo dal governo borbonico, ha rappresentato il modello per la ricostruzione post-terremoto di diverse città italiane nell’arco di tempo compreso tra il 1783 ed il 1908. In tali costruzioni la concezione della struttura portante, rappresentata da una gabbia ligne immersa nelle pareti murarie perimetrali ed interne, è il risultato di una “memoria sismica” basata su una tradizione costruttiva pregressa e su intuizioni e conoscenze scientifiche la cui fondatezza è stata per lo più verificata solo da un punto di vista empirico. In questo senso la ricerca ha avuto come obiettivo principale quello di valutare l’efficienza sismica del sistema costruttivo in esame attraverso la definizione di uno specifico modello meccanico di analisi. In aggiunta, la ricerca si è interessata all’analisi e descrizione degli aspetti costruttivi, tipologici e morfologici, che caratterizzano la tecnica baraccata, riscontrati in alcuni esempi ancora esistenti sul territorio calabrese. Uno degli edifici più emblematici di questa tecnica costruttiva, il palazzo vescovile di Mileto (VV), è stato analizzato in dettaglio ed ha rappresentato l’oggetto di analisi del modello meccanico sviluppato. In relazione agli ambiti di ricerca sopra descritti, la tesi è struttura in tre parti, in ciascuna della quale la tecnica antisismica baraccata è stata indagata da un diverso punto di vista: Analisi storico-costruttiva La prima parte della tesi, di carattere introduttivo, indaga la genesi e la diffusione della tecnica costruttiva in relazione ad esempi analoghi, presenti nei territori ad alto rischio sismico dell’Italia e più in generale del mondo. Le peculiarità del sistema costruttivo sono indagate da un punto di vista qualitativo, individuando i principi antisismici che lo contraddistinguono. Accanto a questa attività di “ricostruzione storica” della tecnica costruttiva, la prima parte della tesi contiene anche un’indagine sul patrimonio esistente volta a documentare l’esistenza e lo stato di conservazione di costruzioni baraccati ancora esistenti, alcune delle quali scoperte “ex-novo” a seguito di una campagna di indagini in-situ in diversi centri calabresi. Analisi meccanica Nella parte centrale della tesi, invece, viene descritto il modello meccanico definito per l’analisi di sistemi baraccati. L’obiettivo è stato quello di tradurre in un linguaggio scientifico moderno le intuizioni empiriche che caratterizzano la configurazione strutturale delle case baraccate. Attraverso un’analisi meccanica multiscala, è stata definita una metodologia di modellazione semplificata per descrivere i complessi fenomeni meccanici che caratterizzano il comportamento sismico delle strutture miste in legno e muratura. In particolare, in una prima fase è stata condotta un’analisi micro-meccanica su una parete baraccata, già oggetto di test sperimentali al Laboratorio CNR-Ivalsa di Trento nel 2013, che ha permesso la calibratura dei parametri meccanici che caratterizzano gli elementi della parete (telaio ligneo, connessioni, muratura). Successivamente, l’approccio di analisi semplificata chiamato a Telaio equivalente (EFM – Equivalente Frame Method), largamente diffusa in letteratura per lo studio di strutture murarie, è stato implementato per l’analisi sismica di un intero edificio baraccato. Caso studio L’ultima parte della tesi, infine, si è interessata dello studio di un caso emblematico di casa baraccata sette-ottocentesca. In particolare, il palazzo vescovile di Mileto (VV), dato il suo enorme valore storico, costruttivo e culturale, è stato scelto come oggetto di uno studio specifico, finalizzato all’applicazione e validazione del modello meccanico definito. Parallelamente all’analisi sismica, è stata condotta una dettagliata analisi costruttiva del palazzo, il cui pessimo stato conservativo ha consentito di rilevare dettagliatamente le soluzioni costruttive originarie. In aggiunta, al fine di evitare la completa perdita del palazzo vescovile, interessato negli ultimi anni ad estesi crolli e numerosi atti vandalici, la tesi si è interessata alla ricostruzione delle vicende amministrative degli ultimi decenni relative al bene. Tali ricerche fanno parte un’attività di recupero, materiale e culturale, promossa dal Dipartimento di Architettura di Roma TRE, che ha recentemente consentito l’avvio di una procedura di apposizione del vincolo architettonico sul palazzo, che dovrebbe dare l’avvio alla sua definitiva salvaguardia e valorizzazione.
The doctoral dissertation concerns about architectural heritage represented by the so-called “Baraccato” houses. The most ancient Baraccato structural system was defined by the Bourbon Government in the late 18th century and it represented the anti-seismic model for the reconstruction of several italian cities between 1783 and 1908. In such constructions the load-bearing system, composed by a timber-framed masonry infill, is the result of a "seismic memory" based on a experience and pratical knowledge whose scientific validity has been mostly verified only from an empirical point of view. For this reason, the main scope of the thesis was to assess the seismic efficiency of the constructive system by defining a specific mechanical model. In addition, the research deals with the analysis and description of the typological and morphological aspects that characterize the Baraccato houses found in some examples still existing in Calabria, a region in the South of Italy. One of the most emblematic buildings of this construction technique, the Episcopal Palace of Mileto, was analyzed in detail and has been the object of analysis of the mechanical model proposed. With reference to the research areas of interest described above, the thesis consists of three main parts: Historical and constructive analysis The first part explores the genesis and spread of the Baraccato technique with regard to similar examples, widespread in the territories of high seismic risk of Italy and more generally in the world. The research shows the constructive characteristic of the Baraccato building, identifying the anti-seismic quality. In addition to the "historical reconstruction" of the Baraccato technique, the first part of the thesis contains the results of a survey on existing heritage aimed at evaluating the extent of Baraccato heritage in different centres of Calabria and its conservation status. Mechanical analysis In the central part of the thesis, the mechanical model proposed for the analysis of the most ancient Baraccato system is shown. The aim was to translate the empirical intuitions that characterize the structural configuration of the Baraccato buildings with a modern scientific language. Through a multiscale mechanical analysis, a simplified modeling methodology has been defined to describe the complex mechanical phenomena that characterize the seismic behaviour of mixed wood and masonry structures. As a matter of fact, in a first phase a micro-mechanical analysis was carried out on a single Baraccato wall, already undergoing experimental tests at the CNR-Ivalsa Laboratory of Trento in 2013, which allowed the calibration of the mechanical parameters that characterize the wall elements, like wooden frame, connections and masonry. Subsequently, the simplified analysis approach, called EFM (Equivalent Frame Method), widely used in the literature for the study of masonry structures, has been implemented for the seismic analysis of an entire Baraccato building. Case study The last part of the thesis concerns about the study of an emblematic case of eighteenth-century Baraccato house. In particular, the Bishop palace of Mileto (South Italy), because of its enormous historical, cultural and constructive value, was chosen as the subject of a specific study, aimed at application and validation of mechanical model defined. In addition, the poor state of conservation of the building has allowed to detect the original construction solutions, providing a rare testimony of the original Baraccato technique. As a matter of fact, in order to avoid the complete loss of the Bishop's Palace, affected by several collapses and acts of vandalism in the last few years, the thesis contains the results of a recovery activity, material and cultural life, promoted by the Architecture Department of Rome Tre University, which has recently led to the beginning of a procedure for affixing the architectural constraint on the Palace, which should guarantee its definitive preservation and enhancement.

This study centered on a novel thermoelectric generator (TEG) integrated into the built environment. Designed by Watts Thermoelectric LLC, the TEG is essentially a novel assembly of thermoelectric modules whose required temperature differential is supplied by hot and cold streams of water flowing through the TEG. Per its recommended operating conditions, the TEG nominally generates 83 Watts of electrical power. In its default configuration in the built environment, solar-thermal energy serves as the TEG’s hot stream source and geothermal energy serves as its cold stream source. Two systems-level, thermodynamic analyses were performed, which were based on the TEG’s upcoming characterization testing, scheduled to occur later in 2011 in Detroit, Michigan. The first analysis considered the TEG coupled with a solar collector system. A numerical model of the coupled system was constructed in order to estimate the system’s annual energetic performance. It was determined numerically that over the course of a sample year, the solar collector system could deliver 39.73 megawatt-hours (MWh) of thermal energy to the TEG. The TEG converted that thermal energy into a net of 266.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity in that year. The second analysis focused on the TEG itself during operation with the purpose of providing a preliminary thermodynamic characterization of the TEG. Using experimental data, this analysis found the TEG’s operating efficiency to be 1.72%. Next, the annual emissions that would be avoided by implementing the zero-emission TEG were considered. The emission factor of Michigan’s electric grid, RFCM, was calculated to be 0.830 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) per MWh, and with the TEG’s annual energy output, it was concluded that 0.221 tons CO2e would be avoided each year with the TEG. It is important to note that the TEG can be linearly scaled up by including additional modules. Thus, these benefits can be multiplied through the incorporation of more TEG units. Finally, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the TEG integrated into the built environment with the solar-thermal hot source and passive ground-based cold source was considered. The LCOE of the system was estimated to be approximately $8,404/MWh, which is substantially greater than current generation technologies. Note that this calculation was based on one particular configuration with a particular and narrow set of assumptions, and is not intended to be a general conclusion about TEG systems overall. It was concluded that while solar-thermal energy systems can sustain the TEG, they are capital-intensive and therefore not economically suitable for the TEG given the assumptions of this analysis. In the end, because of the large costs associated with the solar-thermal system, waste heat recovery is proposed as a potentially more cost-effective provider of the TEG’s hot stream source.
text

Packaging is an important element responsible for brand growth and one of the main rea-sons for producers to gain competitive advantages through technological innovation. In this re-gard, the aim of this work is to design a fully autonomous electronic system for a smart bottle packaging, being integrated in a European project named ROLL-OUT. The desired application for the smart bottle is to act as a fill-level sensor system in order to determine the liquid content level that exists inside an opaque bottle, so the consumer can exactly know the remaining quantity of the product inside. An in-house amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin-film transistor (a-IGZO TFT) model, previously developed, was used for circuit designing purposes. This model was based in an artificial neural network (ANN) equivalent circuit approach. Taking into account that only n-type oxide TFTs were used, plenty of electronic building-blocks have been designed: clock generator, non-overlapping phase generator, a capacitance-to-voltage converter and a comparator. As it was demonstrated by electrical simulations, it has been achieved good functionality for each block, having a final system with a power dissipation of 2.3 mW (VDD=10 V) not considering the clock generator. Four printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been also designed in order to help in the testing phase. Mask layouts were already designed and are currently in fabrication, foreseeing a suc-cessful circuit fabrication, and a major step towards the design and integration of complex trans-ducer systems using oxide TFTs technology.