Journal articles: 'Synthetic'

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Singavarapu, Adilakshmi, Gowri Sankar Reddipalli, Venkat Reddy Ghojala, Narsimulu Akkapally, and Chandrashekar Reddy Guddeti. "Effective Synthetic Route for Large Scale Synthesis of Fluphenazine Hydrochloride and process related unknown impurity." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 27, no. 4 (March 15, 2023): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2704rjce058064.

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A new synthetic route has been developed on a large scale for the synthesis of fluphenazine hydrochloride. We started the synthesis with the cheap and readily available tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate and 1- bromo-3-chloropropane.This approach is scalable nucleophilic substitution reaction between tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate and 1-bromo-3- chloropropane to afford tert-butyl 4-(3-chloropropyl) piperazine-1-carboxylate, the resulting amino chloro compound was used for N-alkylation with 2- (trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazine and the obtained N- alkylated product was deprotected and then Nalkylated with chloro ethanol to afford fluphenazine hydrochloride. During the synthectic approach, we identified unknown impurity which was properly isolated and analysed by spectral data. Our synthetic strategy is very effective for large scale synthesis of fluphenazine hydrochloride.

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Hughes, Randall A., and Andrew D. Ellington. "Synthetic DNA Synthesis and Assembly: Putting the Synthetic in Synthetic Biology." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 9, no. 1 (January 2017): a023812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a023812.

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Sokolov, N. A., E. P. Vasiliev, and A. A. Getmanskaya. "Generation and study of the synthetic brain electron microscopy dataset for segmentation purpose." Computer Optics 47, no. 5 (October 2023): 778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/-6179-co-1273.

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Advanced microscopy technologies such as electron microscopy have opened up a new field of vision for biomedical researchers. The use of artificial intelligence methods for processing EM data is largely difficult due to the small amount of annotated data at the training stage. Therefore, we add synthetic images to an annotated real EM dataset or use a fully synthetic training dataset. In this work, we present an algorithm for the synthesis of 6 types of organelles. Based on the EPFL dataset, a training set of 1161 real fragments 256×256 (ORG) and 2000 synthetic ones (SYN), as well as their combination (MIX), were generated. The experiment of training models for 6, 5-classes and binary segmentation showed that, despite the imperfections of synthetics, training on a mixed (MIX) dataset gave a significant increase (about 0.1) in the Dice metric for 6 and 5 and same results at binary. The synthetic data strategy gives annotations for free, but shifts the effort to producing sufficiently realistic images.

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Brücher, W., M. J. Kerschgens, and F. Steffany. "Synthetic wind climatologies." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 3, no. 3 (July 11, 1994): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/3/1994/183.

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Falk, K. C., G. F. W. Rakow, and R. K. Downey. "The utilization of heterosis for seed yield in hybrid and synthetic cultivars of summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-076.

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Hybrids of summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. syn. B. campestris L.) have been shown to exhibit high levels of heterosis. This study was undertaken to determine whether the heterosis for seed yield observed in hybrids could be captured by synthetic cultivars of turnip rape. The agronomic performance of reciprocal inter-cultivar hybrids and their corresponding two-component synthetics was studied using four turnip rape cultivars. Hybrid seed was produced by hand pollination in the greenhouse and Syn1 seed was produced by mixing equal proportions of each parent to form the base seed (Syn0) of each synthetic, and planting these in isolation in the field. The seed yield of hybrids, synthetics and parents were similar in 1985 while in 1986, hybrids yielded 25% and synthetics 23% more than parents. Actual versus predicted synthetic yields were similar except for one synthetic, Echo-Torch in 1986, where the actual yield exceeded the predicted value. Hybrid yields may have been underestimated by the chosen prediction method and therefore the yield potential of hybrids would be greater than for synthetics in turnip rape. However, until a suitable pollination control system is developed in this species, synthetic cultivars are a viable alternative to hybrids. Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, hybrids, Brassica rapa, B. campestris

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Bachheimer, Jean-Pierre. "Comparative NIR and IR examination of natural, synthetic, and irradiated synthetic quartz." European Journal of Mineralogy 12, no. 5 (October 4, 2000): 975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0975.

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Green, Alexander A. "Synthetic bionanotechnology: synthetic biology finds a toehold in nanotechnology." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 3, no. 5 (October 23, 2019): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190100.

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Enabled by its central role in the molecular networks that govern cell function, RNA has been widely used for constructing components used in biological circuits for synthetic biology. Nucleic acid nanotechnology, which exploits predictable nucleic acid interactions to implement programmable molecular systems, has seen remarkable advances in in vitro nanoscale self-assembly and molecular computation, enabling the production of complex nanostructures and DNA-based neural networks. Living cells genetically engineered to execute nucleic acid nanotechnology programs thus have outstanding potential to significantly extend the current limits of synthetic biology. This perspective discusses the recent developments and future challenges in the field of synthetic bionanotechnology. Thus far, researchers in this emerging area have implemented dozens of programmable RNA nanodevices that provide precise control over gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels and through CRISPR/Cas effectors. Moreover, they have employed synthetic self-assembling RNA networks in engineered bacteria to carry out computations featuring up to a dozen inputs and to substantially enhance the rate of chemical synthesis. Continued advancement of the field will benefit from improved in vivo strategies for streamlining nucleic acid network synthesis and new approaches for enhancing network function. As the field matures and the complexity gap between in vitro and in vivo systems narrows, synthetic bionanotechnology promises to have diverse potential applications ranging from intracellular circuits that detect and treat disease to synthetic enzymatic pathways that efficiently produce novel drug molecules.

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Huang, Yucan. "Exploring Strychnine from Synthesis and Reaction Mechanisms." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 83 (February 27, 2024): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/3mbz8g41.

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Strychnine is a prominent organic compound with significant impacts in both organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals. This article provides a detailed account of various synthetic methods employed to produce strychnine over different decades, categorizing them into the 1950s-1960s, 1990s-2000s, and the modern era. It critically assesses the advantages and disadvantages of each synthetic approach within these time frames, with a particular focus on four advanced methods of recent times: transition-metal catalyzed synthesis, asymmetric synthesis, and biocatalysis synthesis. Furthermore, this review delves into the synthetic principles underlying these methods and examines their potential for achieving controlled synthesis reactions. The positive ramifications of controlled synthesis methods are explored in depth, encompassing areas such as education, synthetic reactions, criminal investigations, and pharmaceutical development. However, the research finds that each modern synthetic method still faces its own set of challenges, including issues related to reaction instability, scale limitations, and stringent reaction conditions. Consequently, researchers must dedicate extensive efforts to address these problems in order to realize the potential of controlled synthesis methods.

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Chatterjee, Bhaskar, Dhananjoy Mondal, and Smritilekha Bera. "Synthetic applications of the Cannizzaro reaction." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 20 (June 19, 2024): 1376–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.20.120.

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The Cannizzaro reaction has emerged as a versatile synthetic tool for the construction of functionalized molecules. Dating back to the 19th century, this reaction, though initially used for the synthesis of an alcohol and acid functionality from aldehydes, has henceforth proven useful to generate diverse molecular entities using both intermolecular and intramolecular synthetic strategies. Immense applications in the synthesis of hydroxy acids and esters, heterocycles, fused carbocycles, natural products, and others with broad substrate scope have raised profound interest from methodological and synthetic standpoints. The ongoing development of reagents, solvents, and technologies for the Cannizzaro reaction reflects the broader trend in organic synthesis towards more sustainable and efficient practices. The focus of this review is to highlight some recent advances in synthetic strategies and applications of the Cannizzaro reaction towards the synthesis of potentially useful molecules.

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Fairbanks, Antony J. "Synthetic and semi-synthetic approaches to unprotected N-glycan oxazolines." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (February 15, 2018): 416–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.30.

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N-Glycan oxazolines have found widespread use as activated donor substrates for endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) enzymes, an important application that has correspondingly stimulated interest in their production, both by total synthesis and by semi-synthesis using oligosaccharides isolated from natural sources. Amongst the many synthetic approaches reported, the majority rely on the fabrication (either by total synthesis, or semi-synthesis from locust bean gum) of a key Manβ(1–4)GlcNAc disaccharide, which can then be elaborated at the 3- and 6-positions of the mannose unit using standard glycosylation chemistry. Early approaches subsequently relied on the Lewis acid catalysed conversion of peracetylated N-glycan oligosaccharides produced in this manner into their corresponding oxazolines, followed by global deprotection. However, a key breakthrough in the field has been the development by Shoda of 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC), and related reagents, which can direct convert an oligosaccharide with a 2-acetamido sugar at the reducing terminus directly into the corresponding oxazoline in water. Therefore, oxazoline formation can now be achieved in water as the final step of any synthetic sequence, obviating the need for any further protecting group manipulations, and simplifying synthetic strategies. As an alternative to total synthesis, significant quantities of several structurally complicated N-glycans can be isolated from natural sources, such as egg yolks and soy bean flour. Enzymatic transformations of these materials, in concert with DMC-mediated oxazoline formation as a final step, allow access to a selection of N-glycan oxazoline structures both in larger quantities and in a more expedient fashion than is achievable by total synthesis.

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11

McArthur, George H., and Stephen S. Fong. "Toward Engineering Synthetic Microbial Metabolism." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/459760.

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The generation of well-characterized parts and the formulation of biological design principles in synthetic biology are laying the foundation for more complex and advanced microbial metabolic engineering. Improvements inde novoDNA synthesis and codon-optimization alone are already contributing to the manufacturing of pathway enzymes with improved or novel function. Further development of analytical and computer-aided design tools should accelerate the forward engineering of precisely regulated synthetic pathways by providing a standard framework for the predictable design of biological systems from well-characterized parts. In this review we discuss the current state of synthetic biology within a four-stage framework (design, modeling, synthesis, analysis) and highlight areas requiring further advancement to facilitate true engineering of synthetic microbial metabolism.

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12

Henton, Caroline. "Where is Female Synthetic Speech?" Journal of the International Phonetic Association 29, no. 1 (June 1999): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300006411.

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There is widespread, immediate and enduring demand for high quality, natural, intelligible synthetic female voices in the expanding speech technology industry. Yet synthetic female voices are scarce, both in parametric text-to-speech (TTS) systems and in concatenative ones. Current female synthetic speech largely lacks naturalness, pleasantness and tolerability. Some acoustic specifications of female voices that are relevant to synthesis are discussed in detail. Recent research pertaining to female voice quality is reported and a ranking of these various considerations is proposed. This paper reviews the present situation and considers why there is a paucity of female voice synthesis.

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Wang, Chao, Shiju Zhang, Yan Wang, Sha-Hua Huang, and Ran Hong. "Total synthesis of strictamine: a tutorial for novel and efficient synthesis." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 3 (2018): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qo00837f.

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The novelty and efficiency of the overall synthetic route are the key values being imparted to the younger generation of synthetic chemists. In this Highlights, synthesis of strictamine was tutored to students on the creativity of synthetic design.

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14

Beránek, Tomáš. "Cartographic Synthesis and Synthetic Map." Geografie 96, no. 3 (1991): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1991096030177.

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Using of the synthetic maps is necessary for thematic cartography. However, their creation is very complicated. This results from the characters of the cartographic synthesis. There is a considerable dissent concerning the understanding of the synthetic map as well.

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Baashen, Mohammed A. "Synthesis of N,N'-Diacylhydrazines and their Use in Various Synthetic Transformations." Current Organic Chemistry 25, no. 12 (July 14, 2021): 1394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272825666210505105032.

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Background: N,N'-Diacylhydrazines are involved in many synthetic transformations. The current work reviews the synthesis of N,N'-diacylhydrazines and their use in various synthetic transformations. Results: Three synthetic routes are commonly used to produce N,N'-diacylhydrazines. They are produced through the coupling of acyl chlorides and carbohydrazides, the reaction of hydrazine hydrate and carboxylic acids or isocyanates, and the dimerization of carbohydrazides. They can be oxidized to produce the corresponding esters and act as precursors in the synthesis of various heterocycles such as 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, pyrazoles, tetrazines, and crown ethers. Conclusions: Various synthetic procedures have been reported for the production of N,N'- diacylhydrazines. N,N'-Diacylhydrazines are involved in the synthesis of various heterocycles.

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Garner, Kathryn L. "Principles of synthetic biology." Essays in Biochemistry 65, no. 5 (November 2021): 791–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20200059.

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Abstract In synthetic biology, biological cells and processes are dismantled and reassembled to make novel systems that do useful things. Designs are encoded by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); DNA makes biological (bio-)parts; bioparts are combined to make devices; devices are built into biological systems. Computers are used at all stages of the Design–Build–Test–Learn cycle, from mathematical modelling through to the use of robots for the automation of assembly and experimentation. Synthetic biology applies engineering principles of standardisation, modularity, and abstraction, enabling fast prototyping and the ready exchange of designs between synthetic biologists working around the world. Like toy building blocks, compatible modular designs enable bioparts to be combined and optimised easily; biopart specifications are shared in open registries. Synthetic biology is made possible due to major advances in DNA sequencing and synthesis technologies, and through knowledge gleaned in the field of systems biology. Systems biology aims to understand biology across scales, from the molecular and cellular, up to tissues and organisms, and describes cells as complex information-processing systems. By contrast, synthetic biology seeks to design and build its own systems. Applications of synthetic biology are wide-ranging but include impacting healthcare to improve diagnosis and make better treatments for disease; it seeks to improve the environment by finding novel ways to clean up pollution, make industrial processes for chemical synthesis sustainable, and remove the need for damaging farming practices by making better fertilisers. Synthetic biology has the potential to change the way we live and help us to protect the future of our planet.

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Zhu, Qing, and Chao Liu. "The future directions of synthetic chemistry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 93, no. 12 (September 30, 2021): 1463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2021-0706.

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Abstract After being developed over hundred years, synthetic chemistry has created numerous new molecules and new materials to support a better life welfare. Even so, many challenges still remain in synthetic chemistry, higher selectivity, higher efficiency, environmental benign and sustainable energy are never been so wistful before. Herein, several topics surrounded the ability improvement of synthesis and the application enhancement of synthesis will be briefly discussed.

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Triandafillidi, Ierasia, Christoforos G. Kokotos, Nikoleta Spiliopoulou, and Constantinos T. Constantinou. "Synthetic Approaches to Acyl Hydrazides and Their Use as Synthons in Organic Synthesis." Synthesis 52, no. 21 (May 13, 2020): 3219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707394.

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Acyl hydrazides constitute very important moieties in organic chemistry and have been employed as starting materials for different transformations to many classes of organic compounds. In this review, at first the approaches towards the synthesis of acyl hydrazides are presented. Furthermore, in the second part, the uses of this skeleton as an important intermediate for the synthesis of useful organic compounds are analyzed.1 Introduction2 Approaches towards the Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides2.1 Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides from Aldehydes2.2 Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives3 Acyl Hydrazides as Useful Synthons in Synthetic Organic Transfor mations3.1 Acyl Hydrazides as Synthetic Precursors for the Synthesis of Car bonyl Compounds3.2 Acyl Hydrazides as Synthetic Precursors for the Synthesis of Het erocyclic Rings4 Conclusion

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Moysa, A. A., and E. F. Kolesanova. "Synthetic peptide vaccines." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 57, no. 1 (January 2011): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20115701104.

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This review considers the stages of the development of synthetic peptide vaccines against infectious agents, novel approaches and technologies employed in this process, including bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, large-scale peptide synthesis, high-throughput screening methods, the use of transgenic animals for modelling human infections. An important role for the development and selection of efficient adjuvants for peptide immunogens is noted. Examples of synthetic peptide vaccine developments against three infectious diseases (malaria, hepatitis C, and foot-and-mouth disease) are given.

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Qiu, Fayang. "Strategic efficiency — The new thrust for synthetic organic chemists." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-120.

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A standard for gauging the efficiency of synthetic strategies has been proposed. Synthetic efficiency is correlated to the molecular-complexity index, which is the cumulative total number of chiral centers, independent functional groups, and rings contained in a molecule. The number of reaction steps for an efficient synthetic design must be smaller than that of molecular-complexity index. This standard will motivate organic chemists to work harder on the synthetic design prior to execution.Key words: strategic efficiency, total synthesis, synthetic design, complexity index.

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Booth, Michael J., and Hagan Bayley. "3D-printed synthetic tissues." Biochemist 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03804016.

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‘Bottom-up’ approaches in synthetic biology have been used to construct synthetic cells from simple biological components. By contrast, relatively little work has been done on synthetic tissues in which collections of cells cooperate to achieve functionality that cannot be generated by individual compartments. We have developed a 3D printer, which can create structures containing hundreds or thousands of communicating aqueous droplets arranged in programmed patterns. These tissue-like materials can adopt properties such as the ability to fold or conduct electrical signals. Furthermore, the properties of the materials can be extended, so that they become true synthetic tissues through the performance of sophisticated functions such as protein synthesis. In addition, we have shown that 3D-printed synthetic tissues can be controlled and energized externally, for example by light. Printed synthetic tissues might find a variety of uses in medicine and could even be interfaced directly with living tissues. As they contain no genome and cannot replicate, synthetic tissues are comparatively safe for medical applications.

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Ackermann, Stefanie, Hans-Georg Lerchen, Dieter Häbich, Angelika Ullrich, and Uli Kazmaier. "Synthetic studies towards bottromycin." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 8 (October 1, 2012): 1652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.8.189.

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Thio-Ugi reactions are described as an excellent synthetic tool for the synthesis of sterically highly hindered endothiopeptides. S-Methylation and subsequent amidine formation can be carried out in an inter- as well as in an intramolecular fashion. The intramolecular approach allows the synthesis of the bottromycin ring system in a straightforward manner.

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Patel, Krina, Heli Patel, Drashti Shah, Dharti Patel, Neel Savaliya, Tushar Bambharoliya, Ashish Shah, Anjali Mahavar, and Ashish Patel. "Unlocking the Potential: A Comprehensive Review for the Synthesis of Benzofuran Derivatives." Current Green Chemistry 11, no. 1 (March 2024): 12–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0122133461272081231102061911.

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Abstract: Benzofuran, a versatile heterocyclic compound, has gained considerable attention in recent years due to its diverse biological activities, distinctive structural characteristics, broad synthetic approaches, and extensive applications. The growing potential inherent in benzofuran encourages many researchers to address the challenges of the synthesis of its framework. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of the recent advancements in the synthesis of diverse benzofuran derivatives, highlighting innovative strategies, synthetic methodologies, and significant breakthroughs in the field. The synthetic methodologies are classified as metalcatalyzed routes, green-solvent-based routes, microwave-assisted methods, catalyst-free and solvent- free methods, and a miscellaneous group of routes. This categorization in review provides an easy means for the reader to rationally select the best possible synthetic method for benzofuran derivatives. In addition, it explores the use of different solvents and catalysts in benzofuran synthesis, which serves as a valuable resource for chemists, researchers, and scientists involved in pharmaceutical and allied sciences. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of benzofuran scaffolds and complies with all the significant developments in the synthetic routes of benzofuran, which will be useful for researchers interested in the development of new benzofuran-based molecules.

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Turpal, Khasanov. "Synthetic biology as a breakthrough direction in the creation of biological systems." BIO Web of Conferences 76 (2023): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237607002.

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Synthetic biology as a scientific direction appeared at the beginning of the 21st century on the basis of the accumulated scientific and technological base and discoveries in the fields of systems biology, biotechnology, molecular biology, bioengineering and genetic engineering. The formation of synthetic biology as a separate area fell on the period of 2000–2010, when the first discoveries were made related to the standardization of DNA parts, combinatorial synthesis of the genetic network, synthetic schemes that promote the penetration of bacteria into tumor cells, etc., and the first scientific - research centers and teams (Craig Venter Institute and the Center for Synthetic Biology and Innovation at Imperial College London), the first international conference on synthetic biology Synthetic Biology 1.0 was held. Since 2010, there has been an intensive development of this direction, as well as an increase in the number of developments with applied applications (creation of the first synthetic cell, artemisinin synthesis, the first computer-generated genome, etc.). One of the main factors in the development of synthetic biology has been the expansion of data analysis and modeling capabilities, the active digitalization of research and the development of interdisciplinary areas, such as bioinformatics. Today, the areas of application of synthetic biology are actively expanding (medicine, pharmaceuticals, food industry, agriculture, cosmetics, textile industry, energy, etc.), which leads to an increase in its role in ensuring economic growth.

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Gates, Zachary P., Alexander A. Vinogradov, Anthony J. Quartararo, Anupam Bandyopadhyay, Zi-Ning Choo, Ethan D. Evans, Kathryn H. Halloran, et al. "Xenoprotein engineering via synthetic libraries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 23 (May 21, 2018): E5298—E5306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722633115.

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Chemical methods have enabled the total synthesis of protein molecules of ever-increasing size and complexity. However, methods to engineer synthetic proteins comprising noncanonical amino acids have not kept pace, even though this capability would be a distinct advantage of the total synthesis approach to protein science. In this work, we report a platform for protein engineering based on the screening of synthetic one-bead one-compound protein libraries. Screening throughput approaching that of cell surface display was achieved by a combination of magnetic bead enrichment, flow cytometry analysis of on-bead screens, and high-throughput MS/MS-based sequencing of identified active compounds. Direct screening of a synthetic protein library by these methods resulted in the de novo discovery of mirror-image miniprotein-based binders to a ∼150-kDa protein target, a task that would be difficult or impossible by other means.

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Heretsch, Philipp, and Robert Heinze. "Synthesis of Secosterols as an Arena for C–H Functionalization and C–C Manipulation Tactics." Synlett 28, no. 10 (March 8, 2017): 1127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588745.

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The chemical synthesis of secosterols is an arena for the application of C–H functionalization methods as well as C–C manipulations. Studies on the innate reactivity of synthetic intermediates to undergo C–C scissions and rearrangements can shed light on biosynthetic pathways, or, provide proof for biosynthetic proposals. Examples of the authors work (synthesis of the 14,15-secosterol strophasterol A), as well as examples from current literature (Tian’s synthetic work on 13,14:14,15-disecosterols glaucogenins C and D, and Baran’s synthesis of 9,10-secosterol cortistatin A) are discussed.1 Introduction2 The Synthesis of Strophasterol A Employing the Concept of Innate Reactivity3 Synthetic Work in the Glaucogenin Family of Natural Products4 The Synthesis of Cortistatin A Using a Radical Ring Expansion5 Conclusion

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Dutta, Buddhadeb, and Supratim Suin. "Recent Advancements in the Applications of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Cancer Therapeutics: A Review." Asian Journal of Chemistry 36, no. 4 (March 30, 2024): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2024.31061.

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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained significant attention in recent years as efficient cancer therapeutics owing to their uniform porosity, biocompatibility, diversified structures and stability in the biological medium. This review aimed to explore different synthetic strategies to obtain COFs for biomedical applications. Several synthetic procedures viz. solvothermal synthesis, ionothermal synthesis, microwave synthesis, mechanochemical synthesis, sonochemical synthesis have discussed been in terms of their applications in cancer therapy. The cancer therapeutics involves cancer drug delivery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photo thermal therapy (PTT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). In some instances, single therapeutics treatments appear as inadequate effect and thus necessitate combination therapies for effective cancer termination with minimal side effects. The current study covers all the main synthetic techniques and uses of COFs in various cancer therapeutic treatments.

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Jorgensen, Jeff R., Reika Tei, Jeremy M. Baskin, Agnès H. Michel, Benoît Kornmann, and Scott D. Emr. "ESCRT-III and ER–PM contacts maintain lipid homeostasis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, no. 12 (June 1, 2020): 1302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0061.

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Saturating transposon mutagenesis screen identified the ESCRTs as synthetic genetic interactors in ER–PM contact mutant. The synthetic phenotype is caused by defects in lipid synthesis. Other ESCRT complexes, and VPS4 do not have a synthetic growth phenotype, indicating that only ESCRT-III proteins function in this lipid regulation pathway.

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Fu, Jiayue, Bingbing Li, Zefang Zhou, Maosheng Cheng, Lu Yang, and Yongxiang Liu. "Formal total synthesis of macarpine via a Au(I)-catalyzed 6-endo-dig cycloisomerization strategy." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (November 23, 2022): 1589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.169.

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The formal total synthesis of macarpine was accomplished by the construction of a naphthol intermediate in Ishikawa’s synthetic route with two different synthetic routes. The convergent synthetic strategies feature the utilization of Au(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerizations of a 1,5-enyne and alkynyl ketone substrates, which were prepared by Sonogashira coupling reactions.

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Kiga, Daisuke. "Synthetic Biology and Dual Use." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0698.

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Synthetic biology is science or technology concerning layers of life such as individuals, organs, cells. In this field, components of a layer are combined to construct a system in the upper layer. This paper focuses on studies, at a layer related to gene recombinant experiments, modifying genes and combining multiple genes. By introducing research accomplishments in synthetic biology such as gene networks and synthesis of the whole genome, this paper explains how synthetic biology is an extension of conventional gene engineering and the field of interdisciplinary open innovation. The risks of synthetic biology and risk reduction methods are also introduced.

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Vuong, Bui Xuan. "Synthesis of Composite of Hydroxyapatite using Chitosan Template." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 06, no. 02 (2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2022.6201.

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This work presents the synthesis of composite HA in chitosan polymer. The synthetic composite was investigated by using XRD, FTIR, SEM methods. The experiment for bio-compatibility was effectuated by the contacting of the extract solutions from synthetic composite and the cellular culture media. The obtained results confirmed the introduction of both HA and Chitosan in the structure of synthetic composite. The high values of cellular viability confirmed the good bio-compatibility of synthetic composite.

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Tomilenko, Anatoly A., Anatoly I. Chepurov, Yury N. Pal' Yanov, Anatοly P. Shebanin, and Nikolai V. Sobolev. "Hydrocarbon inclusions in synthetic diamonds." European Journal of Mineralogy 10, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 1135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/10/6/1135.

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Stalder, Roland, and Thomas Ludwig. "OH incorporation in synthetic diopside." European Journal of Mineralogy 19, no. 3 (July 2, 2007): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2007/0019-1721.

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Drabowicz, Józef, Aneta Rzewnicka, and Remigiusz Żurawiński. "Selenonium Ylides: Syntheses, Structural Aspects, and Synthetic Applications." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102420.

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The goals of this mini review constitute (a) a presentation of the synthetic protocols applied to the preparation of achiral and non-racemic selenonium ylides; (b) discussion of their basic structural features, including their optical activity; and (c) a description of their synthetic applications in general synthetic methodology and in asymmetric synthesis.

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Molnar, Maja, Melita Lončarić, and Marija Kovač. "Green Chemistry Approaches to the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 4–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824666200120144305.

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This review is a compilation of the green synthetic methods used in the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. Coumarins are a class of compounds with a pronounced wide range of biological activities, which have found their application in medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics and food industry. Their biological activity and potential application are highly dependent on their structure. Therefore, many researchers have been performing the synthesis of coumarin derivatives on a daily basis. High demands for their synthesis often result in an increased generation of different waste chemicals. In order to minimize the utilization and generation of toxic organic substances, green synthetic methods are applied in this manner. These methods are getting more attention in the last few decades. Green chemistry methods cover a wide range of methods, including the application of ultrasound and microwaves, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, solvent-free synthesis, mechanosynthesis and multicomponent reactions. All typical condensation reactions for coumarin synthesis like Knoevenagel, Perkin, Kostanecki-Robinson, Pechmann and Reformansky reactions, have been successfully performed using these green synthetic methods. According to the authors mentioned in this review, not only these methods reduce the utilization and generation of toxic chemicals, but they can also enhance the reaction performance in terms of product yields, purity, energy consumption and post-synthetic procedures when compared to the conventional methods. Due to the significance of coumarins as biologically active systems and the recent demands of reducing toxic solvents, catalysts and energy consumption, this review provides a first full literature overview on the application of green synthetic methods in the coumarin synthesis. It covers a literature search over the period from 1995-2019. The importance of this work is its comprehensive literature survey on a specific class of heterocyclic compounds, and those researchers working on the coumarin synthesis can find very useful information on the green synthetic approaches to their synthesis. There are some reviews on the coumarin synthesis, but most of them cover only specific reactions on coumarin synthesis and none of them the whole range of green chemistry methods.

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Qiao, Senze, Zhongyu Cheng, and Fuzhuo Li. "Chemoenzymatic synthesis of macrocyclic peptides and polyketides via thioesterase-catalyzed macrocyclization." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 20 (April 4, 2024): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.20.66.

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Chemoenzymatic strategies that combine synthetic and enzymatic transformations offer efficient approaches to yield target molecules, which have been increasingly employed in the synthesis of bioactive natural products. In the biosynthesis of macrocyclic nonribosomal peptides, polyketides, and their hybrids, thioesterase (TE) domains play a significant role in late-stage macrocyclization. These domains can accept mimics of native substrates in vitro and exhibit potential for use in total synthesis. This review summarizes the recent advances of TE domains in the chemoenzymatic synthesis for these natural products that aim to address the common issues in classical synthetic approaches and increase synthetic efficiencies, which have the potential to facilitate further pharmaceutical research.

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Riaz, Sharon, Khalid Mohammed Khan, Ghayoor Abbas Chotana, Amir Faisal, and Rahman Shah Zaib Saleem. "The Antimitotic Podophyllotoxin and its Derivatives Recent Synthetic Advances." Current Nutraceuticals 3, no. 1 (February 2022): 4–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2665978602666211102103152.

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: The substantial antimitotic potential of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives has attracted both synthetic and medicinal chemists to expand the chemical space for the subsequent biological evaluation of these compounds. The interest ranges from total synthesis, hemi-synthesis, one-pot synthetic approaches and structure-activity relationship studies. In the first segment of the review, we present recent development in the synthesis of podophyllotoxin and also describe its mode of action. the second section covers the synthesis and the structure-activity relationships of podophyllotoxin derivatives, along with the discussion of important structural features required by the molecule for displaying antimitotic activity. The last part describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of potent 4-aza podophyllotoxin derivatives. this review is of interest to chemists who study natural and synthetic compounds for drug discovery.

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André, Vânia, Sílvia Quaresma, João Luís Ferreira da Silva, and M. Teresa Duarte. "Exploring mechanochemistry to turn organic bio-relevant molecules into metal-organic frameworks: a short review." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (November 14, 2017): 2416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.239.

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Mechanochemistry is a powerful and environmentally friendly synthetic technique successfully employed in different fields of synthetic chemistry. Application spans from organic to inorganic chemistry including the synthesis of coordination compounds. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of compounds with numerous applications, from which we highlight herein their application in the pharmaceutical field (BioMOFs), whose importance has been growing and is now assuming a relevant and promising domain. The need to find cleaner, greener and more energy and material-efficient synthetic procedures led to the use of mechanochemistry into the synthesis of BioMOFs.

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Simmel, Friedrich C. "Synthetic organelles." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 3, no. 5 (August 28, 2019): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190056.

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One approach towards the creation of bottom-up synthetic biological systems of higher complexity relies on the subcompartmentalization of synthetic cell structures using artificially generated organelles — roughly mimicking the architecture of eukaryotic cells. Organelles create dedicated chemical environments for specific synthesis tasks — they separate incompatible processes from each other and help to create or maintain chemical gradients that drive other chemical processes. Artificial organelles have been used to compartmentalize enzyme reactions, to generate chemical fuels via photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation, and they have been utilized to spatially organize cell-free gene expression reactions. In this short review article, we provide an overview of recent developments in this field, which involve a wide variety of compartmentalization strategies ranging from lipid and polymer membrane systems to membraneless compartmentalization via coacervation.

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Fadhlullah, Muhammad, and Catur Atmaji. "Pemodelan Harmonik untuk Pelafalan Makhraj Huruf Hijaiah." IJEIS (Indonesian Journal of Electronics and Instrumentation Systems) 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijeis.71664.

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Learning to pronounce hijaiah letters needs to be assessed objectively, so it is necessary to form digital audio resulting from the synthesis of Harmonic Plus Residual (HPR) modeling, which conducted with two pronunciation methods, taskin and tasydid. The experiment consists data acquisition, signal cutting, framing and windowing, detection of fundamental and harmonic frequencies, synthesis of HPR, to produce synthetic signals. The results of the synthetic signals then analyzed qualitatively by signal spectrogram analysis and scoring.From the experimental results, it can be concluded that this study was ultimately unable to determine the best HPR parameters, but concluded that the tasydid method was the best method for learning pronunciation and for the HPR model synthesis. This is because the tasydid method with different parameters but all of them can produce good synthetic signal, both in terms of comparative analysis of similar signal spectrograms and from the results of scoring with an average value of 10. On the other hand, the taskin method harf shows unsatisfactory results, where the synthetic sound is mostly just noise, so the scoring results is under 9, and is reinforced by the results of the spectrogram comparison between the original and synthetic signals which visually different.

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Alexeev, D., S. M. Bury, M. A. Turner, O. M. Ogunjobi, T. W. Muir, R. Ramage, and L. Sawyer. "Synthetic, structural and biological studies of the ubiquitin system: chemically synthesized and native ubiquitin fold into identical three-dimensional structures." Biochemical Journal 299, no. 1 (April 1, 1994): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2990159.

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The solid-phase chemical synthesis of ubiquitin produced a molecule with physicochemical properties similar to those of the natural protein. We have grown crystals of this synthetic ubiquitin and performed an X-ray analysis at 1.8 A resolution in order to compare the synthetic protein with the known natural structure. The crystals were isomorphous with those of the natural protein, the R-factor between them being 7.1%. Difference Fourier analysis shows that the synthetic and natural structures are indistinguishable. The co-ordinates of the natural ubiquitin (1UBQ) were used as the starting point for restrained least-squares refinement (TNT program) against the synthetic X-ray data. The refinement converged to R = 16.5% and the resulting model did not change when refined against natural ubiquitin X-ray data (R = 18.7%). From both the refinement and featureless difference Fourier synthesis, we conclude that the synthetic and natural protein structures are identical. A short discussion about the uses of proteins with ‘non-standard’ amino acid residues is included.

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Oberti, Roberta, Frank C. Hawthorne, and Mati Raudsepp. "The behaviour of Mn in amphiboles: Mn in synthetic fluor-edenite and synthetic fluor-pargasite." European Journal of Mineralogy 9, no. 1 (December 30, 1996): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/9/1/0115.

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Purkayastha, Anwesha, Kathirvel Iyappan, and Taek Jin Kang. "Multiple Gene Expression in Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Systems for Reconstructing Bacteriophages and Metabolic Pathways." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122477.

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As a fast and reliable technology with applications in diverse biological studies, cell-free protein synthesis has become popular in recent decades. The cell-free protein synthesis system can be considered a complex chemical reaction system that is also open to exogenous manipulation, including that which could otherwise potentially harm the cell’s viability. On the other hand, since the technology depends on the cell lysates by which genetic information is transformed into active proteins, the whole system resembles the cell to some extent. These features make cell-free protein synthesis a valuable addition to synthetic biology technologies, expediting the design–build–test–learn cycle of synthetic biology routines. While the system has traditionally been used to synthesize one protein product from one gene addition, recent studies have employed multiple gene products in order to, for example, develop novel bacteriophages, viral particles, or synthetic metabolisms. Thus, we would like to review recent advancements in applying cell-free protein synthesis technology to synthetic biology, with an emphasis on multiple gene expressions.

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Zhang, Binglong, He Liu, and Jinzhong Dong. "Research on Nozzle Jet Vector Control with Synthetic Jet Technology." International Journal of Turbo & Jet-Engines 37, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2019-9017.

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AbstractThe synthetic jet actuator was applied to the nozzle jet vector control by experimental and numerical simulation methods to study fluid thrust vector control in this paper. The nozzle jet produced a steady and continuous deflection under the action of synthetic jet actuators. Through the analysis of the flow structure and control mechanism of the interaction between the synthetic jet and the nozzle jet, it was found that the force formed by the pressure gradient in the nozzle duct, the entrainment and ejection of the synthetic jet to the mainstream, and the momentum synthesis of the vertical synthetic jet were able to cause the deflection of the nozzle jet. The actuator excitation voltage can adjust synthetic jet velocity, which in turn affects the nozzle jet deflection angle.

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Hong, Ro Bin, and Hong Mei Wang. "Development of Experimental System in Organic Synthesis." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3207.

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Organic synthesis chemistry is a very fast-growing discipline and it plays a very important role in chemistry. With the development of organic synthetic chemistry, organic synthesis device has also made greater development. At the same time, advances of organic synthesis device further promote the development of organic synthetic chemistry. This paper describes the working principle and system architecture of organic synthesis device and takes a case of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). At last, I foresee great prospect for organic synthesis

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Ming, Wenbo, Harjeet S. Soor, Xiaocui Liu, Alina Trofimova, Andrei K. Yudin, and Todd B. Marder. "α-Aminoboronates: recent advances in their preparation and synthetic applications." Chemical Society Reviews 50, no. 21 (2021): 12151–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cs00423a.

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This review summarizes new methodology for the synthesis of α-aminoboronates, including asymmetric synthetic methods and mechanistic explanations of reactivity. Applications of α-aminoboronates as versatile synthetic building blocks are also discussed.

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Hong. "“Cell-Free Synthetic Biology”: Synthetic Biology Meets Cell-Free Protein Synthesis." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 4 (October 8, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2040080.

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Since Nirenberg and Matthaei used cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) to elucidate the genetic code in the early 1960s [1], the technology has been developed over the course of decades and applied to studying both fundamental and applied biology [2]. Cell-free synthetic biology integrating CFPS with synthetic biology has received attention as a powerful and rapid approach to characterize and engineer natural biological systems. The open nature of cell-free (or in vitro) biological platforms compared to in vivo systems brings an unprecedented level of control and freedom in design [3]. This versatile engineering toolkit has been used for debugging biological networks, constructing artificial cells, screening protein libraries, prototyping genetic circuits, developing biosensors, producing metabolites, and synthesizing complex proteins including antibodies, toxic proteins, membrane proteins, and novel proteins containing nonstandard (unnatural) amino acids. The Methods and Protocols “Cell-Free Synthetic Biology” Special Issue consists of a series of reviews, protocols, benchmarks, and research articles describing the current development and applications of cell-free synthetic biology in diverse areas. [...]

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Ma, Xiao-Yan, Fu-Qiang Shao, Xinjun Hu, and Xingyong Liu. "Progress in the Synthesis of N-Acyl-N,O-acetals." Synthesis 54, no. 05 (November 2, 2021): 1203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1684-0772.

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Abstract N-Acyl-N,O-acetals are key components in a variety of bioactive natural products. Furthermore, they are synthetic equivalents of unstable N-acylimines and building blocks in organic synthesis. Tremendous efforts have been made in the synthesis of such acetals, these methods can be broadly classified into two categories: electrochemical oxidation and chemical methods. Herein, we will summarize progress in the preparation of these subunits, which may aid the development of new synthetic methods for N-acyl-N,O-acetals.1 Introduction2 Synthetic Methods for Preparing N-Acyl-N,O-acetals2.1 Electrochemical Oxidation2.2 Chemical Methods2.3 Other Methods3 Summary and Outlook

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Niu, Yan-Ning, Lin-Shuang Tian, Huai-Zhong Lv, and Ping-Gui Li. "Recent Advances for the Synthesis of Dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-ones via Catalytic Annulation of α,β-Unsaturated N-Arylamides." Catalysts 13, no. 7 (July 15, 2023): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13071105.

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Dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-ones (DHQOs) represent a class of valuable bioactive compounds with six-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic structures. The development of simple, mild, and efficient synthetic methods has been widely considered by synthetic chemists. In this review, we have summarized a series of different synthetic strategies for the synthesis of DHQOs via the catalytic annulation of α,β-unsaturated N-arylamides in the past decade, including covering electrophilic cyclization, radical initiated cyclization, and photochemical cyclization reactions. Additionally, the substrate scope and mechanistic details are also discussed. This paper provides a useful reference for the development of diverse synthesis methodologies of DHQO.

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Appy, Lucie, Crystalle Chardet, Suzanne Peyrottes, and Béatrice Roy. "Synthetic Strategies for Dinucleotides Synthesis." Molecules 24, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 4334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234334.

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Dinucleoside 5′,5′-polyphosphates (DNPs) are endogenous substances that play important intra- and extracellular roles in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, regulation of enzymes, neurotransmission, platelet disaggregation and modulation of vascular tone. Various methodologies have been developed over the past fifty years to access these compounds, involving enzymatic processes or chemical procedures based either on P(III) or P(V) chemistry. Both solution-phase and solid-support strategies have been developed and are reported here. Recently, green chemistry approaches have emerged, offering attracting alternatives. This review outlines the main synthetic pathways for the preparation of dinucleoside 5′,5′-polyphosphates, focusing on pharmacologically relevant compounds, and highlighting recent advances.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Synthetic'

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