Relevant bibliographies by topics / Synthetic Transformation

Academic literature on the topic 'Synthetic Transformation'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Synthetic Transformation"

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Barrese, Eugenio, Elena Belluso, and Francesco Abbona. "On the transformation of synthetic diopside into chrysotile." European Journal of Mineralogy 9, no. 1 (December 30, 1996): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/9/1/0083.

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Patrylak, Lyubov, Serhii Konovalov, Stepan Zubenko, and Anzhela Yakovenko. "Transformation of Hexoses on Natural and Synthetic Zeolites." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.02.287.

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A number of zeolite catalysts based on synthetic powder zeolites and natural Ukrainian clinoptilolite as well as mordenite-clinoptilolite zeolite rocks were synthesized. The activity and selectivity of the prepared samples were compared in glucose and fructose dehydration into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in a dimethyl sulfoxide environment.
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Al-Jawaheri, Yassir, and Marc Colin Kimber. "The Rearrangement of Alkylallenes to 1,3-Dienes." Reactions 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions3010006.

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1,3-Dienes are vital building blocks in organic synthesis. They underpin many fundamental synthetic transformations and are present in numerous natural products and drug candidate molecules. The rearrangement of an alkylallene to a 1,3-diene is an atom efficient, redox neutral, transformation that provides a straightforward synthetic route to functionalized 1,3-dienes. Herein, we provide an account of this transformation using allenes that are not predisposed by the presence of heteroatoms or electron-withdrawing groups directly attached to the allene. Early reports of this skeletal rearrangement are acid-mediated approaches, with limited substrate scope, but they provide valuable mechanistic insights. More recent transition metal-mediated approaches that exhibit improved substrate scope are described, together with isolated examples that have utilized this rearrangement.
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Silva, Vera L. M., and Artur M. S. Silva. "Palladium-Catalysed Synthesis and Transformation of Quinolones." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020228.

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Palladium-catalysed reactions have had a large impact on synthetic organic chemistry and have found many applications in target-oriented synthesis. Their widespread use in organic synthesis is due to the mild conditions associated with the reactions together with their tolerance of a wide range of functional groups. Moreover, these types of reactions allow the rapid construction of complex molecules through multiple bond-forming reactions in a single step, the so-called tandem processes. Pd-catalysed reactions have been applied to the synthesis of a large number of natural products and bioactive compounds, some of them of complex molecular structures. This review article aims to present an overview of the most important Pd-catalysed reactions employed in the synthesis and transformations of quinolin-2(1H)-ones and quinolin-4(1H)-ones. These compounds are widely recognized by their diverse bioactivity, being privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and useful structural moieties for the development of new drug candidates. Furthermore, they hold significant interest due to their host–guest chemistry; applications in chemical, biochemical and environmental analyses and use in the development of new synthetic methods. In some cases, the quinolone formation step cannot be ascribed to a claimed Pd-catalysed reaction but this reaction is crucial to get the appropriate substrate for cyclization into the quinolone. Herein we present and discuss different economical, efficient and selective synthetic strategies to access quinolone-type compounds.
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Thompson, Mitchell G., William M. Moore, Niklas F. C. Hummel, Allison N. Pearson, Collin R. Barnum, Henrik V. Scheller, and Patrick M. Shih. "Agrobacterium tumefaciens: A Bacterium Primed for Synthetic Biology." BioDesign Research 2020 (May 26, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/8189219.

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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an important tool in plant biotechnology due to its natural ability to transfer DNA into the genomes of host plants. Genetic manipulations of A. tumefaciens have yielded considerable advances in increasing transformational efficiency in a number of plant species and cultivars. Moreover, there is overwhelming evidence that modulating the expression of various mediators of A. tumefaciens virulence can lead to more successful plant transformation; thus, the application of synthetic biology to enable targeted engineering of the bacterium may enable new opportunities for advancing plant biotechnology. In this review, we highlight engineering targets in both A. tumefaciens and plant hosts that could be exploited more effectively through precision genetic control to generate high-quality transformation events in a wider range of host plants. We then further discuss the current state of A. tumefaciens and plant engineering with regard to plant transformation and describe how future work may incorporate a rigorous synthetic biology approach to tailor strains of A. tumefaciens used in plant transformation.
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Khan, Umar Saeed, Abdul Manan, Nasrullah Khan, Amir Mahmood, and Abdur Rahim. "Transformation mechanism of magnetite nanoparticles." Materials Science-Poland 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0037.

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AbstractA simple oxidation synthesis route was developed for producing magnetite nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology. Investigation of oxidation process of the produced magnetite nanoparticles (NP) was performed after synthesis under different temperatures. The phase transformation of synthetic magnetite nanoparticles into maghemite and, henceforth, to hematite nanoparticles at different temperatures under dry oxidation has been studied. The natural magnetite particles were directly transformed to hematite particles at comparatively lower temperature, thus, maghemite phase was bypassed. The phase structures, morphologies and particle sizes of the produced magnetic nanoparticles have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and BET surface area analysis.
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Horn, Sabine, Katja Dahms, and Mathias O. Senge. "Synthetic transformations of porphyrins – Advances 2004-2007." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 12, no. 10 (October 2008): 1053–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842460800042x.

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Recent developments in the synthesis and transformation of porphyrins and their derivatives are presented. In connection with the Fifth International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (ICPP-5) a survey of current method developments and reactivity studies is made. The review focuses on synthetic advances in porphyrin chemistry. A brief survey of important developments covers selectively the literature from 2004 to late 2007.
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Nguyen, Thanh V. "Convenient Access to Hydroquinone and Quinone Derivatives from Cyclobutenedione Units." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 8 (2010): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10189.

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An important synthetic method providing access to a variety of heterocyclic and polycyclic quinones and hydroquinones is described. The key transformation involves the thermal ring expansion of cyclobutenedione derivatives to quinone/hydroquinone units. The synthetic utility and recent applications of this method in natural product synthesis are also discussed.
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Moerschell, R. P., S. Tsunasawa, and F. Sherman. "Transformation of yeast with synthetic oligonucleotides." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.2.524.

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Guo, Fenghai, Jayla A. Young, Mina S. Perez, Holden A. Hankerson, and Alex M. Chavez. "Progress on the Cu-Catalyzed 1,4-Conjugate Addition to Thiochromones." Catalysts 13, no. 4 (April 8, 2023): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13040713.

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Carbon–carbon bond formation is one of the most important tools in synthetic organic chemists’ toolbox. It is a fundamental transformation that allows synthetic chemists to synthesize the carbon framework of complex molecules from inexpensive simple starting materials. Among the many synthetic methodologies developed for the construction of carbon–carbon bonds, organocopper reagents are one of the most reliable organometallic reagents for this purpose. The versatility of organocuprate reagents or the reactions catalyzed by organocopper reagents were demonstrated by their applications in a variety of synthetic transformations including the 1,4-conjugate addition reactions. Sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds are a much less studied area compared to oxygen-containing heterocycles but have gained more and more attention in recent years due to their rich biological activities and widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and material science. This paper will provide a brief review on recent progress on the synthesis of an important class of sulfur-heterocycles-2-alkylthiochroman-4-ones and thioflavanones via the conjugate additions of Grignard reagents to thiochromones catalyzed by copper catalysts. Recent progress on the synthesis of 2-substituted thiochroman-4-ones via alkynylation and alkenylation of thiochromones will also be covered in this review.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Synthetic Transformation"

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Maloney, Sarah Elizabeth. "Microbial transformation of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292367.

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Watanabe, Mitsuru. "Synthetic Transformation of Heteroatom Compounds Using Electroauxiliaries." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149432.

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Singer, Jared Wesley. "Formation and Transformation of Amorphous Calcium-Magnesium Carbonates in Synthetic Seawater." Thesis, Alfred University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10184519.

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The aqueous chemistry, precipitation, and crystallization of metal-carbonates comprises a vast field of research that underlies the urgency of CO2 sequestration, ocean-acidification, and biomineralization. The results of recent experimental and computational studies suggest that amorphous calcium and magnesium carbonates are precipitated from supersaturated aqueous conditions by non-classical aggregation of ion pairs, dimers, dynamically-ordered-liquid-likeoxypolymers (DOLLOPS), and prenucleation clusters (PNCs). We present the first high field (20 T) 43Ca and 25Mg NMR studies of amorphous calcium-magnesium carbonates (ACC, ACMC, AMC) materials. Direct integration of computational techniques with experimental NMR provides a novel step forward toward multi-scale integration of computational and experimental techniques. Supporting information is derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), and scanning electron microscopy—energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and provides important comparison to the bulk structures and composition.

High field NMR of amorphous carbonates demonstrates that amorphous carbonates contain various types of local disorder, but does not corroborate the theory of polyamorphism nor nano scale phase separations postulated by other workers. Carbon (13C) NMR of 13Cenriched materials indicates a degree of Ca-Mg solid solution in ACMCs, as ACMC 13C resonances cannot be adequately reconstructed from the pure ACC and AMC 13C resonances. However, with increasing Mg-content (and therefore H2O content) 13C NMR resonances are strongly influenced by water-carbonate hydrogen bonding, shifting to lower resonance frequency and broadening. The 13C-NMR are well-fit with single Gaussian distributions, suggesting that two-phase models of ACMCs are not required to explain our 13C NMR observations. Protoncarbon cross polarization indicates that there is a H population proximal to carbonate groups for all amorphous phases. 43Ca NMR yields line shapes that span the resonance frequency range of all known crystalline calcium carbonate polymorphs and is well fit with a single Gaussian distributions. 43Ca NMR does not support a theory of polyamorphisms, but rather suggests an unstructured, continuous distribution of local environments that is unlike any specific crystalline phase. The mean 43Ca chemical shifts vary 0.77 ppm from compositions x = 0 to 0.5 [x = Mg/(Mg + Ca)], demonstrating that Mg2+ has very little influence on the molecular-scale 43Ca environment in ACMCs. Through integration of quantum mechanical calculations, classical MD, and NMR we ascertain a maximum mean Ca-O bond distance in our ACCs/ACMCs of 2.45 ± 1 Å that is independent of composition. Unlike the indistinguishable local calcium environments, 25Mg NMR of amorphous material gives evidence for several distinct overlapping quadrupolar line shapes. These sites do not generate NMR resonances that are perfect matches for known crystalline polymorphs of magnesian carbonates and extend toward lower resonance frequencies far beyond the range of known equilibrium analogs. By comparison to the range of reference phases, the low frequency singularities of ACMC-AMC resonances are consistent with some population of Mg-O bond distances greater than 2.10 Å and/or some fraction of sites with high coordination numbers (up to 8). The local Mg environment of a protodolomite crystallization [x = Mg/(Mg + Ca) = 0.6] exhibits 25Mg NMR parameters most similar to the asymmetric Mg2+ coordination environment of lansfordite [Mg(CO3)2(H2O)4]2– or huntite. Although H-C cross polarization indicates no H-bonding with carbonate the XRD gives not longrange indications of huntite. The large effective radius of strongly hydrated Mg in the protodolomite likely provides a driving force for cation ordering in dolomite.

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Calzada, Defez Àngel. "Conveying expressivity and vocal effort transformation in synthetic speech with Harmonic plus Noise Models." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/360587.

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Aquesta tesi s'ha dut a terme dins del Grup en de Tecnologies Mèdia (GTM) de l'Escola d'Enginyeria i Arquitectura la Salle. El grup te una llarga trajectòria dins del cap de la síntesi de veu i fins i tot disposa d'un sistema propi de síntesi per concatenació d'unitats (US-TTS) que permet sintetitzar diferents estils expressius usant múltiples corpus. De forma que per a realitzar una síntesi agressiva, el sistema usa el corpus de l'estil agressiu, i per a realitzar una síntesi sensual, usa el corpus de l'estil corresponent. Aquesta tesi pretén proposar modificacions del esquema del US-TTS que permetin millorar la flexibilitat del sistema per sintetitzar múltiples expressivitats usant només un únic corpus d'estil neutre. L'enfoc seguit en aquesta tesi es basa en l'ús de tècniques de processament digital del senyal (DSP) per aplicar modificacions de senyal a la veu sintetitzada per tal que aquesta expressi l'estil de parla desitjat. Per tal de dur a terme aquestes modificacions de senyal s'han usat els models harmònic més soroll per la seva flexibilitat a l'hora de realitzar modificacions de senyal. La qualitat de la veu (VoQ) juga un paper important en els diferents estils expressius. És per això que es va estudiar la síntesi de diferents emocions mitjançant la modificació de paràmetres de VoQ de baix nivell. D'aquest estudi es van identificar un conjunt de limitacions que van donar lloc als objectius d'aquesta tesi, entre ells el trobar un paràmetre amb gran impacte sobre els estils expressius. Per aquest fet l'esforç vocal (VE) es va escollir per el seu paper important en la parla expressiva. Primer es va estudiar la possibilitat de transferir l'VE entre dues realitzacions amb diferent VE de la mateixa paraula basant-se en la tècnica de predicció lineal adaptativa del filtre de pre-èmfasi (APLP). La proposta va permetre transferir l'VE correctament però presentava limitacions per a poder generar nivells intermitjos d'VE. Amb la finalitat de millorar la flexibilitat i control de l'VE expressat a la veu sintetitzada, es va proposar un nou model d'VE basat en polinomis lineals. Aquesta proposta va permetre transferir l'VE entre dues paraules qualsevols i sintetitzar nous nivells d'VE diferents dels disponibles al corpus. Aquesta flexibilitat esta alineada amb l'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi, permetre als sistemes US-TTS sintetitzar diferents estils expressius a partir d'un únic corpus d'estil neutre. La proposta realitzada també inclou un paràmetre que permet controlar fàcilment el nivell d'VE sintetitzat. Això obre moltes possibilitats per controlar fàcilment el procés de síntesi tal i com es va fer al projecte CreaVeu usant interfícies gràfiques simples i intuïtives, també realitzat dins del grup GTM. Aquesta memòria conclou presentant el treball realitzat en aquesta tesi i amb una proposta de modificació de l'esquema d'un sistema US-TTS per incloure els blocs de DSP desenvolupats en aquesta tesi que permetin al sistema sintetitzar múltiple nivells d'VE a partir d'un corpus d'estil neutre. Això obre moltes possibilitats per generar interfícies d'usuari que permetin controlar fàcilment el procés de síntesi, tal i com es va fer al projecte CreaVeu, també realitzat dins del grup GTM. Aquesta memòria conclou presentant el treball realitzat en aquesta tesi i amb una proposta de modificació de l'esquema del sistema US-TTS per incloure els blocs de DSP desenvolupats en aquesta tesi que permetin al sistema sintetitzar múltiple nivells d'VE a partir d'un corpus d'estil neutre.
Esta tesis se llevó a cabo en el Grup en Tecnologies Mèdia de la Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura la Salle. El grupo lleva una larga trayectoria dentro del campo de la síntesis de voz y cuenta con su propio sistema de síntesis por concatenación de unidades (US-TTS). El sistema permite sintetizar múltiples estilos expresivos mediante el uso de corpus específicos para cada estilo expresivo. De este modo, para realizar una síntesis agresiva, el sistema usa el corpus de este estilo, y para un estilo sensual, usa otro corpus específico para ese estilo. La presente tesis aborda el problema con un enfoque distinto proponiendo cambios en el esquema del sistema con el fin de mejorar la flexibilidad para sintetizar múltiples estilos expresivos a partir de un único corpus de estilo de habla neutro. El planteamiento seguido en esta tesis esta basado en el uso de técnicas de procesamiento de señales (DSP) para llevar a cabo modificaciones del señal de voz para que este exprese el estilo de habla deseado. Para llevar acabo las modificaciones de la señal de voz se han usado los modelos harmónico más ruido (HNM) por su flexibilidad para efectuar modificaciones de señales. La cualidad de la voz (VoQ) juega un papel importante en diferentes estilos expresivos. Por ello se exploró la síntesis expresiva basada en modificaciones de parámetros de bajo nivel de la VoQ. Durante este estudio se detectaron diferentes problemas que dieron pié a los objetivos planteados en esta tesis, entre ellos el encontrar un único parámetro con fuerte influencia en la expresividad. El parámetro seleccionado fue el esfuerzo vocal (VE) por su importante papel a la hora de expresar diferentes emociones. Las primeras pruebas se realizaron con el fin de transferir el VE entre dos realizaciones con diferente grado de VE de la misma palabra usando una metodología basada en un proceso filtrado de pre-émfasis adaptativo con coeficientes de predicción lineales (APLP). Esta primera aproximación logró transferir el nivel de VE entre dos realizaciones de la misma palabra, sin embargo el proceso presentaba limitaciones para generar niveles de esfuerzo vocal intermedios. A fin de mejorar la flexibilidad y el control del sistema para expresar diferentes niveles de VE, se planteó un nuevo modelo de VE basado en polinomios lineales. Este modelo permitió transferir el VE entre dos palabras diferentes e incluso generar nuevos niveles no presentes en el corpus usado para la síntesis. Esta flexibilidad está alineada con el objetivo general de esta tesis de permitir a un sistema US-TTS expresar múltiples estilos de habla expresivos a partir de un único corpus de estilo neutro. Además, la metodología propuesta incorpora un parámetro que permite de forma sencilla controlar el nivel de VE expresado en la voz sintetizada. Esto abre la posibilidad de controlar fácilmente el proceso de síntesis tal y como se hizo en el proyecto CreaVeu usando interfaces simples e intuitivas, también realizado dentro del grupo GTM. Esta memoria concluye con una revisión del trabajo realizado en esta tesis y con una propuesta de modificación de un esquema de US-TTS para expresar diferentes niveles de VE a partir de un único corpus neutro.
This thesis was conducted in the Grup en Tecnologies M`edia (GTM) from Escola d’Enginyeria i Arquitectura la Salle. The group has a long trajectory in the speech synthesis field and has developed their own Unit-Selection Text-To-Speech (US-TTS) which is able to convey multiple expressive styles using multiple expressive corpora, one for each expressive style. Thus, in order to convey aggressive speech, the US-TTS uses an aggressive corpus, whereas for a sensual speech style, the system uses a sensual corpus. Unlike that approach, this dissertation aims to present a new schema for enhancing the flexibility of the US-TTS system for performing multiple expressive styles using a single neutral corpus. The approach followed in this dissertation is based on applying Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques for carrying out speech modifications in order to synthesize the desired expressive style. For conducting the speech modifications the Harmonics plus Noise Model (HNM) was chosen for its flexibility in conducting signal modifications. Voice Quality (VoQ) has been proven to play an important role in different expressive styles. Thus, low-level VoQ acoustic parameters were explored for conveying multiple emotions. This raised several problems setting new objectives for the rest of the thesis, among them finding a single parameter with strong impact on the expressive style conveyed. Vocal Effort (VE) was selected for conducting expressive speech style modifications due to its salient role in expressive speech. The first approach working with VE was based on transferring VE between two parallel utterances based on the Adaptive Pre-emphasis Linear Prediction (APLP) technique. This approach allowed transferring VE but the model presented certain restrictions regarding its flexibility for generating new intermediate VE levels. Aiming to improve the flexibility and control of the conveyed VE, a new approach using polynomial model for modelling VE was presented. This model not only allowed transferring VE levels between two different utterances, but also allowed to generate other VE levels than those present in the speech corpus. This is aligned with the general goal of this thesis, allowing US-TTS systems to convey multiple expressive styles with a single neutral corpus. Moreover, the proposed methodology introduces a parameter for controlling the degree of VE in the synthesized speech signal. This opens new possibilities for controlling the synthesis process such as the one in the CreaVeu project using a simple and intuitive graphical interfaces, also conducted in the GTM group. The dissertation concludes with a review of the conducted work and a proposal for schema modifications within a US-TTS system for introducing the VE modification blocks designed in this dissertation.
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Rideau, Fabien. "Clonage et modification du génome de Mycoplasma hominis dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0227/document.

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Mycoplasma hominis est un pathogène humain opportuniste responsable d’infections génitales et néo-natales. Modifier génétiquement cette bactérie est nécessaire afin de comprendre les mécanismes de virulence et d’infection de ce pathogène. Il n’existe à ce jour aucun outil moléculaire efficace permettant de manipuler le génome de M. hominis, limitant les recherches sur sa pathogénicité et son métabolisme particulier reposant sur l’arginine. De nouvelles technologies rassemblées sous le terme de Biologie de Synthèse (BS) ont récemment émergé, offrant des perspectives inédites pour l’étude des mycoplasmes en permettant de modifier leurs génomes à grande échelle et de produire des souches mutantes. Ces travaux menés au J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI, USA) ont montré que le génome de mycoplasmes apparentés pouvait être cloné et manipulé dans la levure avant d’être transplanté dans une cellule receveuse. La levure sert d’hôte d’accueil temporaire pour modifier le génome de la bactérie. Cette approche novatrice ouvre de nombreuses perspectives dans le cadre du développement de la génomique fonctionnelle chez les mycoplasmes pour lesquels les outils génétiques efficaces sont peu nombreux. Le but de cette thèse a été d’adapter pour la première fois certains outils de BS à M. hominis dans le but de créer des mutants déficients pour une fonction donnée. Pour cela, le génome de la souche type de M. hominis PG21 (665 kb) a été cloné dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae par « Transformation-Associated Recombination cloning » (TAR-cloning). Deux clones (B3-2 et B3-4) de levure possédant le génome complet de M. hominis ont été validés par analyse en PCR simplex, PCR multiplex et électrophorèse en champs pulsé (PFGE). Ces clones levures ont ensuite été propagés en milieu sélectif durant 180 générations (30 passages), afin d’évaluer la stabilité du génome bactérien dans son hôte. Cette expérience a montré que (i) si la taille du génome de M. hominis ne variait pas au cours des premiers passages, elle diminuait progressivement à partir du dixième passage (≈60 générations), et que (ii) les zones du génome enrichies en séquence répétées étaient préférentiellement perdues. En tenant compte de ces résultats, le génome de M. hominis a été modifié chez le clone B3-4 par la technique « Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 » (CRISPR/Cas9) lors de passages précoces. Des clones de S. cerevisiae possédant un génome de M. hominis PG21 complet délété du gène vaa, codant une protéine d’adhésion majeure, ont été ainsi produits. La dernière étape de cette approche consistait à transplanter le génome modifié dans une cellule receveuse de M. hominis ou de Mycoplasma arthritidis, espèce phylogénétiquement la plus proche de M. hominis. Aucun protocole de transformation de M. hominis n’étant disponible au début de nos travaux, cette étape constituait un verrou majeur dans la mise en place des outils de BS chez cette espèce. Ce verrou a été en partie levé puisqu’une méthode de transformation de M. hominis basée sur du polyéthylène glycol (PEG) et mettant en jeu le plasposon pMT85 (plasmide contenant un transposon conférant la résistance à la tétracycline) a été mise au point au laboratoire. Cette technique de transformation, développée pour la souche de référence M. hominis M132 (745 kb) reste encore peu efficace ; elle est néanmoins reproductible et a permis d’obtenir des mutants d’intérêt de M. hominis. Le transformant n°28-2 a, ainsi, été muté dans le gène Mhom132_2390, codant le précurseur de la protéine P75, une adhésine putative de M. hominis. Le séquençage des génomes complets d’autres transformants a révélé l’insertion de multiples copies du transposon et la présence d’évènements de duplication et d’inversion de larges fragments d’ADN dans au moins deux génomes de M. hominis
Mycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for genital and neonatal infections. Genetically modifying this bacterium is necessary to understand the virulence and infection mechanisms of this pathogen. There is currently no effective molecular tool to engineer the genome of this bacterium, limiting research on its pathogenicity and its peculiar metabolism based on arginine.New technologies have recently emerged in the field of Synthetic Biology (BS), offering new perspectives for the study of mycoplasmas by allowing large scale genome modifications and the production of mutant strains. Work at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI, USA) has shown that the genome of related mycoplasmas can be cloned and manipulated in yeast before being transplanted into a recipient cell. The yeast serves as a temporary host to modify the genome of the bacterium. This innovative approach opens many perspectives in the development of functional genomics in mycoplasmas for which there are few effective genetic tools. The goal of this thesis was to adapt a number of BS tools to M. hominis for the first time, in order to create mutants deficient for a given function. To achieve this goal, the genome of the M. hominis type strain PG21 (665 kb) was cloned into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Transformation-Associated Recombination cloning (TAR-cloning). Two yeast clones (B3-2 and B3-4) possessing the complete genome of M. hominis were validated by simplex PCR, multiplex PCR and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses. These yeast clones were then propagated in a selective medium for 180 generations (30 passages) to evaluate the stability of the bacterial genome in its host. This experiment showed that (i) the size of the genome of M. hominis did not change during the first passages, it decreased progressively from the tenth passage (≈60 generations), and (ii) the enriched genome areas in repeated sequence were preferentially lost. Thus, the genome of M. hominis was modified in the B3-4 clone at early passages using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology. Yeast clones with a complete M. hominis PG21 genome with a deleted vaa gene, encoding a major adhesion protein, were produced using this approach. The final step of this approach was to transplant the modified genome into a recipient cell of M. hominis or Mycoplasma arthritidis, the species phylogenetically closest to M. hominis. As no M. hominis transformation protocol was available at the beginning of our work, this step constituted a major obstacle in the implementation of BS tools in this species. This barrier has been partially lifted since a method of transformation of M. hominis based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) and involving the plasposon pMT85 (plasmid carrying a transposon conferring resistance to tetracycline) has been developed in the laboratory. This transformation technique, developed for the reference strain M. hominis M132 (745 kb) still remains not very efficient; it is nevertheless reproducible and allowed to obtain M. hominis mutants of interest. The Mhom132_2390 gene, encoding the precursor of the P75 protein, a putative adhesin of M. hominis, was effectively mutated in transformant No. 28-2. Complete genome sequencing of other transformants revealed the insertion of multiple copies of the transposon and the presence of duplication and inversion of large DNA fragments within at least two M. hominis genomes.In conclusion, this data has opened the way for the development and transposition of existing genetic modification approaches to M. hominis, previously considered as a genetically intractable bacterium
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Ihemere, Uzoma Enyinnaya. "Somatic embryogenesis and transformation of cassava for enhanced starch production." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1070549008.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxiii, 184 p.; also includes graphics (some color). Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-184).
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Zhang, Shi-Yuan. "Homochiral Metal-Organic Materials: Design, Synthetic and Enantioseletive Separation." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5163.

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Owing to the growing demand for enantiopurity in biological and chemical processes, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of homochiral metal-organic materials (MOMs) because of their potential applications in chiral separation and asymmetric catalysis. In this dissertation, the synthetic strategies for homochiral MOMs are discussed keeping the focus on their applications. Two distinct approaches have been taken to synthesize chiral structures with different topologies and accessible cavities. The chiral MOMs have been utilized in enantioselective separation of racemates. Chiral variants of the prototypal metal-organic framework MOF-5, δ-CMOF-5 and [lambda]-CMOF-5, have been synthesized by preparing MOF-5 in the presence of L-proline or D-proline, respectively. CMOF-5 crystallizes in chiral space group P213 instead of Fm-3m as exhibited by MOF-5. The phase purity of CMOF-5 was validated by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, TGA, N2 adsorption, microanalysis and solid-state CD. CMOF-5 undergoes a reversible single crystal to single crystal phase change to MOF-5 when immersed in a variety of organic solvents although N-methyl-2-pyrolidone, NMP, does not induce loss of chirality. Indeed, MOF-5 undergoes chiral induction when immersed in NMP, affording racemic CMOF-5. A pair of homochiral network materials (CNMs), [Co2(S-man)2(bpy)3](NO3)2·guests (1S) and [Co2(R-man)2(bpy)3](NO3)2·guests (1R) based upon S-mendelic acid and R-mendelic acid were synthesized and characterized, respectively. The cationic networks contain 1D homochiral channels with the cross section of 8.0 Å × 8.0 Å. The chiral amphiphilic channel surfaces lined with hydrophilic nitrate anions and hydrophobic phenyl groups are capable for multiple interactions with guest species. Chiral resolution of 1-phenyl-1-propanol (PP) enantiomers was performed utilizing the homochiral porosity of 1S and 1R through different time period at different temperatures with/without additives. The mechanism for enantioselective separation of PP was fully investigated through single crystal structural analysis of guest exchanged 1S and 1R. Chiral resolution of PP revealed enhanced performance with additive, which can significantly improve the ee value from 32% to 60%.
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Herrera, Rodriguez Leopoldo. "Genetic engineering tools for transforming the nucleus and chloroplast of microalgae." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727988.

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Biotechnology of microalgae is a fast-growing field and several species have become targets for transgenic manipulation. Microalgae provide low-cost and scalable production platforms for manufacturing recombinant proteins and other high value products. However, the exploitation of microalgae as expression systems is restricted by the low yield of recombinant proteins and the limited availability of tools for the genetic manipulation of commercially important species. This thesis explores transgene instability and gene autoregulation as causes for low recombinant protein accumulation in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and describes the isolation of a mutant phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene which confers resistance to the herbicide norflurazon for future use as a selection marker for the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta. Recombination between short dispersed DNA repeats (SDR) found in the chloroplast genome of C. reinhardtii was identified as a cause of transgene instability. The genes coding for β-glucuronidase (GUS) and peridinin-chlorophyll binding protein (PCP) were inserted in the chloroplast genome next to the atpB 3' UTR by homologous recombination. Recombination of a 30bp SDR located within the 3' UTR of atpB was identified as the cause of transgene excision in the transplastomic lines. Such transgene instability was tackled by replacing the 3' UTR of atpB with the rbcL 3' UTR from D. tertiolecta. Using this 3'UTR sequence from a different species produced a photosynthetic strain and prevented excision of the transgene by SDR recombination in all transfomants. Very low levels of recombinant GUS and PCP accumulated in chloroplast transformants when using the psbD 5' regulatory region to drive their expression. To address low levels of accumulation caused by regulatory pathways that inhibit transgene expression, I have engineered the chloroplast genome of a non-photosynthetic atpB mutant of C. reinhardtii by replacing the endogenous psbD promoter and 5'UTR with the promoter and 5'UTR of psbA. The engineered strain was subsequently transformed with the wildtype atpB and two different reporter genes driven by the psbD regulatory regions: gusA and kat, which code for GUS and the fluorescent protein Katushka respectively. Analysis of the transformants showed that accumulation of recombinant proteins in our engineered strain was 10 to 20 fold higher than in the nonengineered cells. Most of the selectable markers used in plants and algae are inefficient in Dunaliella, which is naturally resistant to many of the antibiotics used for the selection of transformants. Norflurazon inhibits PDS, an essential enzyme for carotenoid biosynthesis. Using forward genetics I have isolated, sequenced and characterised mutant PDS alleles conferring norflurazon resistance in D. tertiolecta. Independent mutations in pds, leading to substitutions R265C, S472L, S472F and L502F, all result in high resistance to norflurazon but differ in sensitivity to other bleaching herbicides. By mapping the four amino acid substitutions on 3D models of D. tertiolecta PDS I determined that R265C, S472L, S472F and L502F, cluster together in proximity to a Rossman-like domain and to aminoacids F128 and V469, previously reported to confer norflurazon resistance. This suggests that the mode of action of norflurazon is by competition with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for its binding site. A unique aspect of the R265C substitution is its negative cross-resistance to diflufenican and beflutamid which could be advantageous for its use as a positive/negative selection marker for transformation.
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Vella, Katie E. "Microbial Effects on the Production and Transformation of Surfactants Within the Microlayer and Subsurface Waters in Application to Remote Sensing Techniques." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/34.

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The sea surface microlayer is a millimeter-scale interfacial layer between the atmosphere and the ocean. A number of studies have suggested that there is a unique ecosystem for marine bacteria in the sea surface microlayer, but little information exists on the microbial community composition of this ecosystem due to sampling complexities. In this work, we present an improved method to sample and compare the bacterial diversity of the sea surface microlayer with that of subsurface water at the same site. Bacterial samples were collected from the sea surface microlayer with a sampling method, which minimized sample contamination from the research platform and the subsurface water. Sampling was conducted using a polycarbonate membrane filter to obtain the bacterial community structure at open water and coastal water sites in the Straits of Florida. The microlayer sampling was planned to coincide with synthetic aperture radar satellite overpasses (COSMO SkyMed), which capture a range of fine-scale features on the sea surface. The presence of surfactants affect the synthetic aperture radar imaging process because surfactants in the sea surface microlayer suppress short gravity-capillary ocean surface waves, thereby decreasing the backscatter and allowing the radar to detect surfactant-covered areas. Although sources of surfactants vary, certain marine bacteria are known to produce and transform surfactants, which suggest that these surfactant-related marine bacteria have an important biological influence on fine-scale synthetic aperture radar satellite imagery. Therefore, the comparison between synthetic aperture radar satellite images and in situ field samples may be used for interpreting and studying fine-scale features on the sea surface. The surfactant-associated bacterial composition of the sampling sites was determined using high-throughput, 454 pyrosequencing methods. A total of 61,663 sequences were analyzed and the results indicated the presence of surfactant-associated bacteria such as Moraxellaceae, Halomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, and Nocardiaceae. By establishing these bacterial groups that influence the presence of surfactants, remote sensing techniques which involve monitoring the microlayer are expected to be enhanced and may provide additional information on the state of the upper ocean ecosystem.
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Gupta, Rahul. "PCR-based Synthesis of Codon Optimized cry2Aa Gene for Production of Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) Resistant Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Cultivars." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36369.

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Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) is a major limiting factor in commercial cultivation of eggplant in southeast Asia. Extensive use of pesticides as well as the conventional breeding methods have been ineffective in controlling the borer so there is a need for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for its control. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is known to produce a variety of insecticidal crystal proteins toxic to lepidopteran, dipteran and coleopteran pests. The Cry2Aa protein has been found to be more toxic to brinjal shoot and fruit borer than Cry1Ab. My objective was to develop eggplant cultivars that express a codon-optimized cry2Aa gene, the sequence of which is based on that of an Indian isolate of Bt, with the eventual goal of producing fully resistant cultivars. The cry2Aa gene was modified for optimal expression in eggplant using the codon usage frequencies based on solanaceous sequences (eggplant, tomato and pepper). The GC content was increased from 34.3% in the native gene to 41.3% in the optimized gene, thus removing the AT-rich regions that are typical for Bt cry genes. Also, other mRNA destabilizing and hairpin forming structure sequences were removed. The gene was synthesized in four different parts with complementary restriction sites. A total of 152 oligonucleotides (oligos) was used to assemble the 1.9 kb gene using dual asymmetric (DA) and overlap extension (OE) PCR techniques. The individual parts were subsequently ligated using the complementary restriction sites and inserted into vector pCAMBIA 1302. Also, the transformation efficiency of 12 different eggplant cultivars was tested using plasmid pHB2892 to predict utility for transformation with the synthetic cry2Aa.
Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Synthetic Transformation"

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Boxall, Alistair B. A., ed. Transformation Products of Synthetic Chemicals in the Environment. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88273-2.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Transformation Products of Synthetic Chemicals in the Environment. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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D, Sinigalliano Christopher, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency, eds. Detection of horizontal gene transfer by natural transformation in native and introduced species of bacteria in marine and synthetic sediments. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Konowicz, Paul A. Some synthetic transformations on sucrose. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1991.

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Proietti, Maurizio, ed. Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60939-3.

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Deville, Yves, ed. Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3234-9.

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Clement, Timothy Paul, and Kung-Kiu Lau, eds. Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3494-7.

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Lau, Kung-Kiu, and Timothy Paul Clement, eds. Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation. London: Springer London, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3560-9.

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Gallagher, John, ed. Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-62718-9.

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Fuchs, Norbert E., ed. Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49674-2.

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Book chapters on the topic "Synthetic Transformation"

1

Pérez, Sandra, Mira Petrovic, and D. Barceló. "Analyzing transformation products of synthetic chemicals." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 43–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2_016.

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Lodens, Sofie, Marilyn De Graeve, Sophie L. K. W. Roelants, Sofie L. De Maeseneire, and Wim Soetaert. "Transformation of an Exotic Yeast Species into a Platform Organism: A Case Study for Engineering Glycolipid Production in the Yeast Starmerella bombicola." In Synthetic Biology, 95–123. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7795-6_5.

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Hu, Dingfei, Keri Henderson, and Joel Coats. "Fate of Transformation Products of Synthetic Chemicals." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 103–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2_018.

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Pandey, Mukesh K., Virinder S. Parmar, and Arthur C. Watterson. "Transformation of Natural Products into Synthetic Copolymers." In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 247–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53112-0_8.

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Yamada, Tuneo. "Cellular Synthetic Activities in Induction of Tissue Transformation." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Cell Differentiation, 116–30. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719589.ch8.

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Olsson, Lennart, and Claus Due. "Cell Membrane Molecules on Neoplastic Cells: Their Role in Malignant Cell Transformation and Dissemination." In Targeting of Drugs With Synthetic Systems, 13–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5185-6_2.

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Popoola, Saheed, Dimitrios S. Kolovos, and Horacio Hoyos Rodriguez. "EMG: A Domain-Specific Transformation Language for Synthetic Model Generation." In Theory and Practice of Model Transformations, 36–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42064-6_3.

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Schanstra, Joost P., Gerrit J. Poelarends, Tjibbe Bosma, and Dick B. Janssen. "Engineering Enzymes and Microorganisms for the Transformation of Synthetic Compounds." In Biotechnology in the Sustainable Environment, 47–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5395-3_5.

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Ismagul, Ainur, Gulnur Iskakova, John C. Harris, and Serik Eliby. "Biolistic Transformation of Wheat with Centrophenoxine as a Synthetic Auxin." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 191–202. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0446-4_15.

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McKersie, Bryan D., and Steve R. Bowley. "Somatic Embryogenesis: Forage Improvement using Synthetic Seeds and Plant Transformation." In Molecular and Cellular Technologies for Forage Improvement, 117–34. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub26.c9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Synthetic Transformation"

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Elmlund, Marianne, Ida Frehr, and Niels Reinholt Petersen. "Formant transformation from male to female synthetic voices." In 2nd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1992). ISCA: ISCA, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1992-147.

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Bogdal, Dariusz, and Szczepan Bednarz. "Microwave assisted transformation of compounds capable of internal reorientation." In The 11th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-11-01346.

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Letphoollin, R. R., and V. I. Igoshin. "Multipass optical reactor for efficient laser transformation of dispersed materials." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.836093.

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Shutalev, Anatoly, Dmitry Cheshkov, and Anastasia Fesenko. "Base-Promoted Cascade Transformation of Tetrahydropyrimidinones into Novel Tricyclic bis-Diazepinones." In The 14th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-14-00457.

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Stroganova, Tatyana, Vladimir Vasilin, Georgiy Kovalenko, and Gennady Krapivin. "Furan ring transformation as a key stage in pyrrolopyrazine framework synthesis." In The 20th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-20-a049.

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Meka, Juneeth Kumar, and Ranga Vemuri. "Attributed Graph Transformation for Generating Synthetic Benchmarks for Hardware Security." In 2023 24th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129284.

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Zhu, Chenxi, Di Wu, and Mingwei Shen. "A Two-dimensional Keystone Transformation Algorithm for Wideband Space-Time Adaptive Processing." In 2019 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsar46974.2019.9048395.

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Zhao, Moxin, Yunhua Zhang, and Dong Li. "A novel ship wake detection method based on white top-hat transformation." In 2019 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsar46974.2019.9048409.

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Gstach, Hubert, Jörg Früchtel, and Karin Pflugseder. "Symmetric Building Blocks and Combinatorial Functional Group Transformation as Versatile Strategies in Combinatorial Chemistry." In The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-3-01756.

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Pacaldo, Joren Mundane, Chi Wee Tan, Wah Pheng Lee, Dustin Gerard Ancog, and Haroun Al Raschid Christopher Macalisang. "Utilizing Synthetically-Generated License Plate Automatic Detection and Recognition of Motor Vehicle Plates in Philippines." In International Conference on Digital Transformation and Applications (ICDXA 2021). Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56453/icdxa.2021.1022.

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We investigated the potential use of synthetic data for automatic license plate detection and recognition by detecting and clustering each of the characters on the license plates. We used 36 cascading classifiers (26 letters + 10 numbers) as an individual character to detect synthetically generated license plates. We trained our cascade classifier using a Local Binary Pattern (LBP) as the visual descriptor. After detecting all the characters individually, an investigation has been established in identifying and utilizing a clustering algorithm in grouping these characters for valid license plate recognition. Two clustering algorithms have been considered including Hierarchical and K-means. Investigation results revealed that the hierarchical clustering algorithm approach produces better results in clustering the detecting characters than the K-means. Inaccuracy in the actual detection and recognition of license plates is largely attributed to the false detections in some of the 36 classifiers used in the study. To improve the precision in the detection of plate numbers, it is recommended to have a good classifier for each character detection and utilization of a good clustering algorithm. The proponents concluded that detecting and clustering each character was not an effective approach, however the use of synthetic data in training the classifiers shows promising results. Keywords: Cascading Classifiers, Synthetic Data, Local Binary Pattern, License Plate Recognition
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Reports on the topic "Synthetic Transformation"

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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Patterns of Change in the Commercialisation of Cocoa in Ghana: Forest Frontiers and Technological Transformation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.045.

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The commercialisation of cocoa production in Ghana has a long history dating back to the nineteenth century. The process of commercial development in cocoa is well documented and provides an alternative mode to contemporary models of commercialisation rooted in the adoption of modern technology and integration of farmers into markets. This working paper critically analyses frameworks for agricultural commercialisation in cocoa through intensification based on the uptake of synthetic inputs and hybrid seeds, by placing agricultural development within a broader framework of the historical development of the frontier in Ghana, and the related problems of ecological and economic crises. The study examines access to land, labour and technology, and how the complex interactions of scarcity of access to physical resources and labour influence farmers’ farming strategies and adoption of technology.
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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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Sneddon, Larry G. New Synthetic Approaches to Boron Hydride Transformations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada193872.

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Burns, Steven M., and Alain J. Martin. Synthesis of Self-Timed Circuits by Program Transformation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada443297.

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5

Puri, Disha. Certifying Loop Pipelining Transformations in Behavioral Synthesis. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5364.

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6

Anderson, Olin, and Gad Galili. Development of Assay Systems for Bioengineering Proteins that Affect Dough Quality and Wheat Utilization. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568781.bard.

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The quality and utilization of wheat is largely dependent upon the exact physical/chemical properties of the doughs made from flour/water mixtures. Among the wheat seed components most correlated with dough visoelastic parameters are the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits whose disulfide cross-linked macropolymer is critical for dough functionality. We have used the tools of molecular biology, wheat transformation, heterologous expression of HMW-glutenin subunits in bacteria, and dough micro-mixing experiments to examine some of the molecular basis of HMW-glutenin functionality. In addition, we have developed sets of modified and synthetic gene constructs and transgenic wheat lines that will allow further examination of the role of the HMW-glutenins. Among the results from this work is evidence that the HMW-glutenin repeat domain is directly related to dough properties, the demonstration that interaction between subunits is dependent upon domain presence but not order, a novel understanding of the restrictions on intra-vs inter-chain disulfide bonds, the demonstration that HMW-glutenin genes can be transformed into wheat for simultaneously high expression of the transgene and suppression of the endogenous genes, and the construction of a set of modified HMW-glutenins capable of being epitope tagged for studying polypeptide subcellular processing and the fate of HMW-glutenins in dough mixing experiments.
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Götz, Konrad, Ueli Haefeli, and Daniel Meierhans. Thematic synthesis “Mobility Behaviour” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2019.5.en.

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How can the high share of Swiss energy consumption accounted for by transport be reduced to the extent required for the transformation of the energy system? On the basis of the mobility-related results of the NRP Energy, this synthesis identifies the key challenges, bringing them together to make recommendations for action.
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King, Richard M. Knowledge-Based Transformational Synthesis of Efficient Structures for Concurrent Computation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada164022.

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Schalcher, Hans-Rudolf. Thematic synthesis “Buildings and Settlements” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2019.3.en.

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Around 40 percent of the energy consumed in Switzerland can be attributed to the construction and running of the country’s building stock. Buildings and settlements will thus play a prominent role in the transformation of our energy system. Numerous steps for the future have already been initiated – but there still remains a great deal to do.
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Pati, Y. C., and P. S. Krishnaprasad. Analysis and Synthesis of Feedforward Neural Networks Using Discrete Affine Wavelet Transformations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444558.

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