Journal articles on the topic 'Synthetic pigment'
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Lin, Lan, and Jianping Xu. "Production of Fungal Pigments: Molecular Processes and Their Applications." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010044.
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Due to the negative environmental and health effects of synthetic colorants, pigments of natural origins of plants and microbes constitute an abundant source for the food, cosmetic, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. The demands for natural alternatives, which involve natural colorants and natural biological processes for their production, have been growing rapidly in recent decades. Fungi contain some of the most prolific pigment producers, and they excel in bioavailability, yield, cost-effectiveness, and ease of large-scale cell culture as well as downstream processing. In contrast, pigments from plants are often limited by seasonal and geographic factors. Here, we delineate the taxonomy of pigmented fungi and fungal pigments, with a focus on the biosynthesis of four major categories of pigments: carotenoids, melanins, polyketides, and azaphilones. The molecular mechanisms and metabolic bases governing fungal pigment biosynthesis are discussed. Furthermore, we summarize the environmental factors that are known to impact the synthesis of different fungal pigments. Most of the environmental factors that enhance fungal pigment production are related to stresses. Finally, we highlight the challenges facing fungal pigment utilization and future trends of fungal pigment development. This integrated review will facilitate further exploitations of pigmented fungi and fungal pigments for broad applications.
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Chaves, Claudiane Aparecida Rocha, Diogo Alvarenga Miranda, Adriano Geraldo, Luiz Carlos Machado, Jean Kaique Valentim, and Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia. "Natural and synthetic pigments in sorghum-based diets for laying hens." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 44 (April 29, 2022): e53060. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.53060.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the supplementation of yellow natural pigment levels based on Marigold Flower extract (2%) and yellow synthetic pigment (Carophyll Yellow 10%) in sorghum-based rations for commercial laying hens and their influence on bird performance and egg quality. A completely randomized design was adopted with 5 treatments, 6 replicates, and 5 laying hens in each repetition. The treatments evaluated were: Sorghum based diet without supplementation with pigmentant - Negative Control; 150 g t-1 of Yellow Natural Pigment feed; 300 g t-1 of yellow natural pigment feed; 450 g t-1 of yellow natural pigment feed; 25 g t-1 of yellow industrial pigment feed. The Tukey test was applied at 5% for the analysis of the variables of performance and quality of the eggs. The variables related to external and internal egg quality and poultry yield performance did not present significant results (p > 0.05). Only the variable color of the yolk obtained significance (p < 0.01), with an increase according to the number of pigments included in the diet. Sorghum can be used together supplementation of natural and synthetic pigments in the diet to improve yolk pigmentation. It is recommended to include 450g t-1 of natural marigold flower pigment feed (2%) in sorghum-based diets for better pigmentation of the yolk in place of 25 g t-1 of yellow synthetic pigmented, by improving the color of the yolk and not interfering in the productive performance of the laying hens and the quality of the eggs.
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Agarwal, Himani, Sneh Bajpai, Arti Mishra, Isha Kohli, Ajit Varma, Mireille Fouillaud, Laurent Dufossé, and Naveen Chandra Joshi. "Bacterial Pigments and Their Multifaceted Roles in Contemporary Biotechnology and Pharmacological Applications." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030614.
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Synthetic dyes and colourants have been the mainstay of the pigment industry for decades. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people’s health. Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. Microbial pigments are categorized as secondary metabolites and are mainly produced due to impaired metabolism under stressful conditions. These pigments have vibrant shades and possess nutritional and therapeutic properties compared to synthetic pigment. Microbial pigments are now widely used within the pharmaceuticals, food, paints, and textile industries. The pharmaceutical industries currently use bacterial pigments as a medicine alternative for cancer and many other bacterial infections. Their growing popularity is a result of their low cost, biodegradable, non-carcinogenic, and environmentally beneficial attributes. This audit article has made an effort to take an in-depth look into the existing uses of bacterial pigments in the food and pharmaceutical industries and project their potential future applications.
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Tsiailanis, Antonis D., Chrysanthi Pateraki, Mary Kyriazou, Christos M. Chatzigiannis, Maria Chatziathanasiadou, Nikolaos Parisis, Ioanna Mandala, Andreas G. Tzakos, and Apostolis Koutinas. "Chemical Profiling, Bioactivity Evaluation and the Discovery of a Novel Biopigment Produced by Penicillium purpurogenum CBS 113139." Molecules 27, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010069.
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Biobased pigments are environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic variants with an increased market demand. Production of pigments via fermentation is a promising process, yet optimization of the production yield and rate is crucial. Herein, we evaluated the potential of Penicillium purpurogenum to produce biobased pigments. Optimum sugar concentration was 30 g/L and optimum C:N ratio was 36:1 resulting in the production of 4.1–4.5 AU (namely Pigment Complex A). Supplementation with ammonium nitrate resulted in the production of 4.1–4.9 AU (namely Pigment Complex B). Pigments showed excellent pH stability. The major biopigments in Pigment Complex A were N-threonyl-rubropunctamin or the acid form of PP-R (red pigment), N-GABA-PP-V (violet pigment), PP-O (orange pigment) and monascorubrin. In Pigment Complex B, a novel biopigment annotated as N-GLA-PP-V was identified. Its basic structure contains a polyketide azaphilone with the same carboxyl-monascorubramine base structure as PP-V (violet pigment) and γ-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA). The pigments were not cytotoxic up to 250 μg/mL.
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Sanuj, Ashitha K., and Sithara Parveen. "Isolation, Optimization and Application of Pigment Producing Bacteria from Soil." Indian Journal of Applied Microbiology 7, no. 06 (October 31, 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46798/ijam.2021.v23i02.3.
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Color is the most crucial aspect of any item since it improves its attractiveness and acceptability. Different dyes are available in the market which makes their way to different industries. Synthetic colors are more reliable and less expensive than natural colors, but due to health hazards, few remain prohibited. In dye, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industries, widely use innocuous pigments from microbes. The work focuses on isolating the pigment-producing bacteria from soil and investigate several parameters that influence pigment synthesis. Bio colorant derived from A1 and A2 were applied on cotton fabric with pigment extracted by the solvent method. Different temperature, pH, incubation, and static and shaking conditions were investigated in this study. Biochemical and Molecular analysis identified both isolates A1 and A2 as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and SalinococcusI roseus. This work demonstrated pigment production was good under neutral pH and at shaking conditions. Both isolates showed different incubation times for pigment synthesis. Only Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited antibacterial action against the test pathogens E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
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HIRAOKA, Nobumoto. "Synthetic MIO Pigment." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 65, no. 2 (1992): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.65.95.
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Almurshidi, Badria H., R. C. Van Court, Sarath M. Vega Gutierrez, Stacey Harper, Bryan Harper, and Seri C. Robinson. "Preliminary Examination of the Toxicity of Spalting Fungal Pigments: A Comparison between Extraction Methods." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7020155.
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Spalting fungal pigments have shown potential in technologies ranging from green energy generation to natural colorants. However, their unknown toxicity has been a barrier to industrial adoption. In order to gain an understanding of the safety of the pigments, zebrafish embryos were exposed to multiple forms of liquid media and solvent-extracted pigments with concentrations of purified pigment ranging from 0 to 50 mM from Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Chlorociboria aeruginascens, and Scytalidium cuboideum. Purified xylindein from Chlorociboria sp. did not show toxicity at any tested concentration, while the red pigment dramada from S. cuboideum was only associated with significant toxicity above 23.2 uM. However, liquid cultures and pigment extracted into dichloromethane (DCM) showed toxicity, suggesting the co-production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Future research on purification and the bioavailability of the red dramada pigment will be important to identify appropriate use; however, purified forms of the blue-green pigment xylindein are likely safe for use across industries. This opens the door to the adoption of green technologies based on these pigments, with potential to replace synthetic colorants and less stable natural pigments.
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Kougemitrou, I., G. Economou, J. Giovanopoulos, I. Baziotis, G. Leontakianakos, and V. Stathopoulos. "A mineralogical study of pigments used in two Iakovidis paintings: Verification of artwork authenticity using Raman micro-spectroscopy method." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 1 (September 5, 2013): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11014.
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For the purpose of the current study, we examined two paintings, an original and a fake one, entitled “Still life with grapes”, and claimed both to be created from the Greek Painter G. Iakovidis. The current Research Project has been carried out at the Centre Nikias, an innovative Research Centre specialised on certification, maintenance and restoration of art works. Raman spectroscopic analysis has been carried to verify the authenticity of the used pigments and also the originality of the two paintings. The Raman spectra acquired confirmed four different colours in both painting`s pigments: red, blue, white and yellow. For the first painting Cinnabar for the red pigment, Ultramarine for the blue pigment, White earths for the white pigment and Yellow ochre for the yellow pigment. In the second painting the colours used verified as synthetic pigments. We identified the presence of Cadmium red for the red colour, Cobalt blue for the blue pigment, Zinc white for the white and Cadmium yellow for the yellow one.
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Mahadik, Chinmayee, Neha Manoti, Aafra Zuzar Mujawar, Meera Nambidas Konar, Peenal Arvind Mistry, and Sejal Rathod. "IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF CAROTENOID PIGMENT PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM VEGETABLE, FRUITS AND MINI-SURVEY ON PERCEPTION OF URBAN POPULATION TOWARDS BACTERIAL PIGMENTS." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 12, no. 11 (November 25, 2021): 538–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2021.11.04.
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Pigments are largely exploited compounds due to their chromophoric variations and enticing properties in several applications such as food, dairy, printing, textile and pharmaceutical industries etc. While synthetic pigments are widely used, toxic reactions and effects of the pigments has led to the prompt diversion of consumers towards natural pigment sources such as microbial pigments (MP). MP hold great promise against existent synthetic counterparts with additional properties such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, therapeutics (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer etc.
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Windah Yulianti, Yiyik, Moch Mahasri Amin Alamsjah, and Riesta P.H. "Pigmen Rumput Laut Merah (Acanthophora spicifera) sebagai Alternatif Pewarna Alami pada Produk Sosis Ikan Lele Dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) [ Seaweed Red Pigment(Acanthophora Spicifera) as Alternative in Producing Natural Dyes of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Sausage Produc ]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v7i1.11232.
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Abstract Aquatic resources that have great potential to be developed is a pigment obtained from seaweed. According Winarno (1996), seaweeds are clasified into three classes, namely red algae (Rhodophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and green algae (Chlorophyceae). There are three main types of pigment in the seaweed, namely: chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycocyanin (Lila, 2004). Each type of pigment that provides different benefits to human life. Red seaweed spicifera types Acanthophora be extracted and taken the pigment has a branch color (thallus) are varied, due to the pigment composition consisting of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll d, and fikobiliprotein (R-phycocyanin, allofikosianin and fikoeritrin) (Lee, 2008) . Fikoeritrin is the dominant pigment in red algae, thus giving the appearance of red on the thallus. The use of pigments is very important not only in the food and beverages, but also in medicines, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industrial. It is one of the determinants of consumer acceptance of products offered. Source of pigments used are also used by consumers as one of the indicators in assessing the quality of a product. The use of natural or synthetic dyes in the product will enhance the visual appeal that will increase consumer preference for products offered, therefore, the use of natural dye for industrial cannot be avoided. Based on the description above, this study will extract the pigment from red algae (A.spicifera) with a polar solvent (ethanol, distilled water) which will be used as a dye in catfish sausage with different proportions and determine the color stability during storage at cold temperatures and using the analytical method for determining the wavelength spectrophotometer fikoeritrin extraction results. The aim of the study is getting the appropriate method to produce the red pigment of seaweed A. spicifera, obtain the pigmen concentrate that can be applied to the catfish sausage and determine the stability of the color pigment A. spicifera on application of catfish sausages during storage. The study consisted of two examination to obtain the best dose of A. spicifera pigmen. The first step is to find wavelength of fikoeritrin. The design of the study is completely randomized design RAK with 12 treatmens and 3 replications. The results of the study showed that the red pigmen A. spicifera can be used as a dye in catfish sausage with the best concentration of 0.75%. Concentration and storage time catfish sausage significant effect on the intensity of reddish and yellowish color, but not significantly different to the intensity of brightness and water content. The concentration of pigment A. spicifera different in catfish sausage on organoleptic test gives a significant difference in color, smell and flavor
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Hwang, Ga-hyun, Sun Myung Lee, and Hye Young Jeong. "Current Status and Raw Material Characteristics of Painted Pigment in used Traditional Dancheong: Focused on the National-designated Wooden Architectural Heritages in Korea." Journal of Conservation Science 38, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 703–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.6.12.
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In this study, the composition of traditional Korean Dancheong pigments existing in national-designated wooden architectural heritages was analyzed, and the current status of pigments according to the raw material characteristics used was statistically examined. As for the red pigment, Seokganju, Yeondan, Jusa had a high share, and natural and artificial inorganic pigments had a high usage rate. As for yellow pigments, organic pigments(estimated Deunghwang), Hhwangto, and gold showed a high share. In the case of organic pigments and gold, Yeonbaek was used as a based pigment to increase color development. As for the green pigment, Hayeob, Noerok, Samrok showed a high share. The Hayeob and Neorok are identified as a single raw material, but it can be seen that the Samrok is made by mixing copper oxides such as moolooite and lead-based white raw materials. Blue pigments have a lower share of pigments compared to other colors. As for the blue pigment, Guncheong, Hoecheong, and Seokcheong showed a high market share, and natural and artificial inorganic pigments accounted for the majority. In particular, it is characteristic that the use of expensive pigments such as Seokcheong and Guncheong is concentrated on the Palace Dancheong. White and black pigments have a low share in Dancheong coloring, but the white and black lines play a very important role in the perfection of Dancheong. It can be seen that the white pigment has a high share of Baekto(white clay) and Yeonbaek, and is used not only for coloring but also as a based pigment for color pigments. Most of the black pigment is made up of more than 95% organic raw material containing carbon as its main component, and it shows various aspects depending on the lower pigment layer. Through this, it was confirmed based on on-site analysis data of wooden architectural heritage that the color pigment used in Dancheong had a higher percentage of use of inorganic pigments and that the use rate of natural inorganic pigments was higher than that of artificial synthetic pigments in inorganic pigments.
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Chatterjee, Subhasish, Rafael Prados-Rosales, Sindy Tan, Boris Itin, Arturo Casadevall, and Ruth E. Stark. "Demonstration of a common indole-based aromatic core in natural and synthetic eumelanins by solid-state NMR." Org. Biomol. Chem. 12, no. 34 (2014): 6730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ob01066c.
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Comparing natural and synthetic eumelanin pigment structures: high-field 2D solid-state NMR reveals a common indole-based aromatic core for ubiquitous protective pigments that inspire engineered materials.
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Silva, Amanda Maria da, Marcela de Araújo Sobral, Iranildo José Cruz Filho, Arthur Travassos de Queiroz Xavier, Mariza Severina de Lima Silva, Beate Saegesser Santos, Alexandre José da Silva Góes, Willames de Albuquerque Soares, Janete Magali Araújo, and Glaucia Manoella de Souza Lima-Gomes. "Red pigment production by Amycolatopsis sp. UFPEDA 3422." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 7 (May 22, 2022): e24711729841. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i7.29841.
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Red biopigments produced by actinobacteria represent an important substitute in the food industry to synthetic pigments, which can cause harmful effects on human health and the environment. In this study, pigment production by actinobacteria strain UFPEDA 3422, identified by polyphasic taxonomy, was investigated. The cultivation parameters related to growth and pigment production were assayed in solid culture media and submerged fermentation. The red cell pigment was extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with maximum production of the pigment (34.9 AU540 nm) in Hickey-Tresner (HT) medium for 48 hours at 37 ºC. The maximum biomass concentration (33.4 g/L) was obtained after 96 hours. Polyphasic taxonomy confirms 97.4% similarity of strain UFPEDA 3422 with the Amycolatopsis, a rare genus able to produce pigments on different substrates. In addition, the microorganism has tolerance to temperature variations, pH fluctuations and concentrations of 5% NaCl. The determination of cultivation and pigment production parameters show the potential of Amycolatopsis sp. as an alternative source of natural pigments.
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Fatoni, Amin, Mando Hastuti, Dwi Agustina V, and Suwandri Suwandri. "Penentuan Jenis dan Konsentrasi Pelarut untuk Isolasi Zat Warna Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L)." Molekul 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2008.3.1.45.
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Natural pigment recently have interest to explore to reduce synthetic chemical effect for organism and environment. Mangostine (Garcinia mangostana L) is one of tropical fruit that have peel strong pigment, thus potent as new natural pigmen. Solvents including water, ethanol and methanol applied to extract mangostine peel pigment. The best solvent determined by measuring pigment filtrate using spectrophotometer. The highest absorbance data indicated the best solvent, i.e. more extract yielded by this solvent. The optimum concentration of the solvent for best extraction also investigated with the same procedure above, and finally the natural pigment obtained identified using paper chromatography. The best solvent investigated for extraction was ethanol at concentration 70%. The pigment extracted from mangostine peel proposed as pellargonidine 3-glycoside group of anthocyanin
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Sanchita Choubey, Sneha Vittal Chapade, and Supriya Ashok Garud. "Optimization of Pigment Production by Micrococcus and Arthrobacter species Isolated from Soil and Water." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 1902–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4791.
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A pigment is a substance that is substantially used in different industries that come in a wide range of coloration and few of which are soluble in water. Bacterial pigments have many applications in the modern day life. Some microorganisms have the characteristics feature to produce pigments which may additionally beneficial us in identification. Bacterial pigments have larger compatibility and greater biodegradability with the environment. Nontoxic nature of pigment produced with the aid of a huge range of microorganisms make them ecofriendly for use in foodstuff, dye, cosmetics, pharmacy and different industrial purposes. Pigments of bacteria provide various advantages compared to synthetic dyes. They are biodegradable in nature, easy to extract, easily available, cheaper substrates needed. The pigment produced by the bacteria can be used as anticancer agents, antibacterial agent and anti-proliferative agents. The object of the existing find out about was once to isolated pigment producing microorganism from water and soil samples and explores their properties. Based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics, they have been recognized as Micrococcus and Arthrobacter. The pigment isolated from bacterial spp. is used for the antimicrobial activity, anti-oxidant recreation and for optimization of pH, temperature and NaCl. It was once concluded that water and soil have various microorganisms and they have the capacity of producing pigments.
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Telussa, Ivon, Eirene G. Fransina, Eka Rahmat Mahayani Anthonio Putera Lilipaly, and Alfa Musa Imanuel Efruan. "Effect of Photosynthetic Pigment Composition of Tropical Marine Microalgae from Ambon Bay Navicula sp. TAD on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Efficiency." Science and Technology Indonesia 7, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.4.486-491.
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Solar cells using dyes as sensitizers continue to expand. The synthetic dye used as a sensitizing material for solar cells has high production costs, difficult to find, and can cause environmental pollution. Photosynthetic pigments as sensitizers are considered to be the solution to this matter. In this research, we investigated the effect of photosynthetic pigments from the Navicula sp. TAD as a dye-sensitized material on the efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell. To obtain high biomass, the Navicula sp. TAD was cultivated in a modified medium. Pigment extract from dry biomass using acetone, then continued with purification of the pigment using column chromatography techniques. Characterization of pigment by scanning the absorption pattern of visible rays, the fabrication of solar cells with TiO2 paste, and the photographic test of the solar cells filled with solar simulators. Navicula sp. TAD has photosynthetic pigments consisting of chlorophyll and carotenoid with 8.570 gmL−1 and 2.581 gmL−1, respectively. Solar cells using pigment crude extract, chlorophyll, and xanthophyll which TiO2 absorbs as electrodes, have efficiency values of 6.150×10−4, 3.482×10−3, and 4.117×10−3%, respectively.
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Ramesh, Vinithkumar, Kirubagaran, Venil, and Dufossé. "Multifaceted Applications of Microbial Pigments: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Future Directions for Public Health Implications." Microorganisms 7, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7070186.
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Microbial oddities such as versatile pigments are gaining more attention in current research due to their widely perceived applications as natural food colorants, textiles, antimicrobial activities, and cytotoxic activities. This indicates that the future generation will depend on microbial pigments over synthetic colorants for sustainable livelihood. Although several reviews have detailed the comprehensive applications of microbial pigments extensively, knowledge on several aspects of pigmented microbes is apparently missing and not properly reviewed anywhere. Thus, this review has been made to provide overall knowledge on biodiversity, distribution, pathogenicity, and ecological and industrial applications of microbial pigments as well as their challenges and future directions for food, industrial, and biomedical applications. Meticulously, this compendious review treatise on the pigments from bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and microalgae includes reports from the 1970s to 2018. A total of 261 pigment compounds produced by about 500 different microbial species are included, and their bioactive nature is described.
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Puspita, Dhanang, and Jacob Lukas Alexander Uktolseja. "POTENSI PIGMEN ALAMI DARI BAKTERI SIMBION KARANG Mantipora sp SEBAGAI PEWARNA MAKANAN." Pro Food 6, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/profood.v6i1.121.
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ABSTRACT
Color is very important in the food industry. The need for food coloring requires manufacturers to use synthetic dyes that have the potential to cause poisoning and cancer. One source of natural dyes comes from bacteria that are symbiotic with coral reefs. The purpose of this study is to isolate and characterize the bacterial pigment that has symbiosis with Montipora sp. The research method consisted of bacterial isolation and identification, pigment identification with UV-Vis spectrofotometer (200 – 800 nm) and TLC. The results of isilation and identification showed that Rhodococcus sp is dominant bacterial which is produces of carotenoiids for self defense from UV rays. The pigment found in Rhodococcus sp has the potential as a natural pigment for food coloring.
Keywords: carotenoids, Montipora, pigment, Rhodococcus sp.
ABSTRAK
Warna sangat penting dalam industri pangan. Kebutuhan pewarna makanan menuntut produsen memakai bahan pewarna sintetik yang berpotensi menyebabkan keracunan dan kanker. Salah satu sumber pewarna alami berasal dari bakteri yang bersimbiosis dengan terumbu karang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi pigmen bakteri yang bersimbion Montipora sp. Metode penelitian terdiri dari isolasi dan identifkasi bakteri, identifikasi pigmen dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis (200 – 800 nm) dan KLT. Hasil isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri berjenis Rhodococcus sp dan piigmen yang dihasilkan adalah karotenoid yang digunakan sebagai pertahanan diri dari sinar UV. Pigmen yang terdapat pada Rhodococcus sp berpotensi sebagai pigmen alami untuk pewarna pangan.
Kata kunci: karotenoid, Montipora, pigmen, Rhodococcus sp.
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Pereira da Costa, Daniel, Raphael Nogueira Bahiense, Daniele Salgueiro de Melo, Tainára Cunha Gemaque, Sérgio Rodrigues da Silva, Walther Yoshiharu Ishikawa, Giovanni Resende de Oliveira, Daniela Chemim de Melo Hoyos, and Kleber Campos Miranda Filho. "Effect of Shrimp Feed Supplemented with Astaxanthin on Golden Apple Snail Pomacea diffusa." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 25, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2021v25n2p172-177.
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Popularmente conhecidas como ampulárias, esses moluscos gastrópodes são usualmente cultivados como organismos ornamentais pelo mundo. A coloração desses animais ornamentais é um dos pontos que atrai os seus admiradores e estimula sua aquisição no mercado. O pigmento mais difundido como suplemento para intensificação de cor em organismos aquáticos é a astaxantina. Ainda não existem rações específicas para a ampulária reforçando a necessidade de testar alternativas de alimentos e suplementos que melhorem o desempenho produtivo e a atratividade do animal. Os objetivos desse estudo foram mensurar a capacidade de acumulação de astaxantina sintética em diferentes níveis de inclusão na dieta de Pomacea diffusa, sua influência na concentração do pigmento e nos índices zootécnicos ao final do cultivo. E em paralelo verificar a influência da mudança da dieta de ração de peixes para ração de camarão na condição corporal dos moluscos em comparação com o início do trabalho. As ampulárias alimentadas com ração comercial extrusada para camarão marinho tiveram baixos índices de conversão alimentar (126,7 ± 18,3), altos índices de eficiência alimentar (126,7 ± 18,3%) e fator de condição (1,0 ± 0,14) acima da média inicial (0,90 ± 0,17), o que demonstra que esse alimento pode ser utilizado para seu cultivo. A suplementação dietética de astaxantina sintética não resulta em aumento significativo da concentração desse pigmento na musculatura desse molusco (P˃0,05). Palavras-chave: Ampulária. Moluscos. Gastrópodes. Pigmentos. Carotenoides. Abstract Known as apple snail, these gastropods are popular as aquarium pets around the world. The bright color of these animals is one of the key points that attract their attention in the ornamental aquaculture, where deep-colored animals are well appreciated. Astaxanthin is the most widespread color enhancing pigment used as a food supplement for aquatic organisms. There is no specific commercial food for apple snails, emphasizing the need to search for food alternatives and supplements that improve their performance and attractiveness. The objectives of this study are to measure the synthetic astaxanthin accumulation capacity of Pomacea diffusa at different levels of diet supplementation, and the effect on pigment concentration and zootechnical indexes at the end of the culture. It was also aimed to verify the effect of the diet change from fish food to extruded shrimp food on the mollusks’ body condition. Apple snails fed with commercial shrimp ration had low feed conversion rates (0.81 ± 0.13), high food efficiency (126.7 ± 18.3%), and condition factor (1.0 ± 0.14) above the initial average (0.90 ± 0.17), demonstrating that this might be an advantageous alternative food. Dietary supplementation with synthetic astaxanthin did not result in a significant concentration increase of this pigment in muscle tissue of these mollusks (P˃0.05). Keywords: Aquaculture. Mollusks. Gastropods. Pigments. Carotenoids
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Ren, Jie, Cunjin Gao, Jigang Wang, Yang Shen, Jilong Shi, Quanxiao Liu, and Wei Chen. "Non-invasive Optical Technical Identification of Red Pigments on Chinese Paper Notes." Coatings 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040410.
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Red pigments with bright colors were widely used in ancient Chinese painted pottery, books, antiques, calligraphy, and paintings. Herein, red pigments of traditional paper notes were investigated by non-invasive optical technology in order to enrich the Chinese historical pigments knowledge base. The results of laser Raman spectroscopy tests on five paper notes clearly identified the inorganic mineral pigments including ocher and cinnabar. Infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated that an artificial synthetic magenta was employed as the organic pigment. Inorganic and organic red pigments were applied together on the same samples 2 and 5 which can be speculated to serve an anti-counterfeiting function. In addition, SEM-EDS analysis of sample 5 clearly showed that the red pigment was composed of lead oxides and ZnS was added as color modulator. Combined with the abovementioned non-invasive techniques, analysis of printed pigments can provide a feasible method to authenticate and conserve paper notes.
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Lima, Alan Gomes, Luciana Arantes Dantas, and Mariana Buranelo Egea. "Mannitol-Based Media and Static pH Are Efficient Conditions for Red Pigment Production from Monascus purpureus ATCC 36928 in Submerged Culture." Processes 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2023): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020633.
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Fungi of the Monascus species are used in Asia for the production of fermented foods, mainly due to the ability of these fungi to produce secondary metabolites such as pigments. Due to the growing discussion about the use of synthetic dyes and the fact that their ingestion is associated with harm to human health, studies have sought to replace these dyes using natural pigments, and new alternatives for the production of these natural pigments have been presented. In this context, Monascus pigments are a viable alternative for application in the food industry. This study aimed to evaluate different main carbon sources and pH conditions in the red pigment production of Monascus sp. We found that mannitol, when used as the only carbon source, stimulated the production of extracellular red pigment, reaching a concentration of 8.36 AU in 48 h, while glucose and sucrose reached concentrations of 1.08 and 1.34 AU, respectively. Cultivation in a bioreactor using mannitol showed great potential for optimizing pigment production and obtaining a high concentration of extracellular pigment in a short time, reaching a concentration of 25 AU in 60 h of cultivation. The change in pH altered the production of extracellular red pigment in a culture medium containing mannitol as a carbon source, demonstrating less potential than the use of static pH during cultivation in a bioreactor. Mannitol proved to be an efficient carbon source for M. pupureus under static pH conditions for both flask and benchtop bioreactor cultivation.
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Sivakumar, Bhadrapriya, Nachiketa Ramananda Rao, Bhoomika Prakash Poornamath, Saranya Jayaram, and Suma Sarojini. "Multifarious pigment producing fungi of Western Ghats and their potential." Plant Science Today 9, no. 3 (July 9, 2022): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.1759.
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Concerns about the negative impacts of synthetic colorants on both consumers and the environment have sparked a surge of interest in natural colorants. This has boosted the global demand for natural colorants in the food, cosmetics and textile industries. Pigments and colorants derived from plants and microorganisms are currently the principal sources used by modern industry. When compared to the hazardous effects of synthetic dyes on human health, natural colors are quickly degradable and have no negative consequences. In fact, fungal pigments have multidimensional bioactivity spectra too. Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot has a lot of unique ecological niches known to harbor potential endophytic pigment-producing fungi having enumerable industrial and medical applications. Most of the fungi have coevolved with the plants in a geographical niche and hence the endophytic associations can be thought to bring about many mutually beneficial traits. The current review aims to highlight the potential of fungal pigments found in the Western ghats of India depicting various methods of isolation and screening, pigment extraction and uses. There is an urgent need for bioprospecting for the identification and characterization of extremophilic endophytic fungi to meet industry demands and attain sustainability and balance in nature, especially from geographic hotspots like the Western Ghats.
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Abdel-Wahab, Hebah. "Acrylic Paints Formulation." Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 5, no. 8 (September 30, 2022): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/097.
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Paints are used to protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials as it acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Paints contain extenders, solvents, pigments, binders, and some additives. The objective is to improve some physical properties of the current matt paint formulation. The contents of acrylic white matt emulsion paint are known to be 25%Pigments, 12% Extender pigments, 5% Additives, 44% Solvents, and 14% Binders. [2]. Binders are matrices and are used to hold the pigment in place. Extenders have larger pigment particles to improve adhesion and to strengthen the film and save the binder. Pigments are used to give color and opacity to the paint. Solvent can be either organic solvent or water and is used a thinner and to dissolve paint components and make it uniform. Additives are commonly used to improve properties of the paint.
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Basto, Bruna, Nuno R. da Silva, José A. Teixeira, and Sara C. Silvério. "Production of Natural Pigments by Penicillium brevicompactum Using Agro-Industrial Byproducts." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100536.
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The demand for natural pigments for industrial applications has significantly increased. Penicillium brevicompactum was recently reported as a promising pigments producer using submerged fermentation and a synthetic culture medium containing lactose. In this work, pigment production by P. brevicompactum was studied under different fermentation conditions, namely, submerged fermentation with free (SmF) and immobilized mycelium (SmFi), and solid-state fermentation (SSF). The potential of culture media composed of agro-industrial byproducts (cheese-whey (CW) and corn steep liquor (CSL)) was investigated for the first time as low-cost alternatives to pigment production by P. brevicompactum. The fungus showed great adaptability to the different culture media and types of fermentation, being able to synthesize pigments under all the tested conditions. A culture medium composed of 34.6 g/L of CW and 8 g/L of CSL proved to be the most suitable alternative to the synthetic medium, especially under SmF and SmFi. Our data also show that different mixtures of pigments (yellow, orange, and red) can be produced depending on the medium composition and the type of fermentation. Additionally, the immobilization and reuse of biomass to produce pigments by P. brevicompactum were demonstrated for the first time, suggesting the possibility of operating under repeated batch mode at an industrial scale.
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Kaji, Takao. "Hollow-Sphere Synthetic Coating Pigment." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 46, no. 2 (1992): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.46.271.
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Nemer, Georgio, Nicolas Louka, Eugène Vorobiev, Dominique Salameh, Jean-Marc Nicaud, Richard G. Maroun, and Mohamed Koubaa. "Mechanical Cell Disruption Technologies for the Extraction of Dyes and Pigments from Microorganisms: A Review." Fermentation 7, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010036.
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The production of pigments using single cell microorganisms is gaining traction as a sustainable alternative to conventional syntheses, which rely, in no negligible proportions, on petrochemicals. In addition to depending on petroleum, these syntheses involved the use of toxic organic solvents, which may be inadequately disposed of across a range of industries, thus compounding the deleterious effects of fossil fuel exploitation. Literature suggests that notable research efforts in the area of sustainable pigment production using single cell microorganisms are focused on the production of pigments coveted for their interesting qualities, which transcend their mere capacity to dye various fabrics both natural and synthetic. As interest in sustainable pigment biosynthesis grows, the need to devise effective and efficient cell disruption processes becomes more pressing given that the viability of pigment biosynthesis is not only dependent on microorganisms’ yield in terms of production, but also on researchers’ ability to recover them. This review chiefly reports findings as to mechanical cell disruption methods, used individually or in various combinations, and their aptitude to recover biosynthetic pigments.
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Anahas, Antonyraj Matharasi Perianaika, Subramanian Kumaran, Mahmoud Kandeel, Gangatharan Muralitharan, Jenifer Silviya, Geja Lakshmi Adhimoolam, Mani Panagal, et al. "Applications of Natural Violet Pigments from Halophilic Chromobacterium violaceum PDF23 for Textile Dyeing with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (July 23, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3885396.
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Natural colorants have emanated as a significant substitute to highly toxic synthetic dyes. The present study highlights the dyeing efficiency of violet pigment produced from Chromobacterium violaceum PDF23. A halophilic bacterium C. violaceum PDF23 produce violet pigments were isolated from the Great Salt Lake situated in Chennai, India. Based on morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, a halophilic bacterium was identified as C. violaceum PDF23. The violet dye from C. violaceum PDF23 exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. The violet pigment exhibited radical scavenging potential with IC50 value of 14.40 μg/mL. The dye ability of colorant was evaluated using mordants on two distinct fabrics, i.e., silk satin and cotton, and colorfastness measurements were recorded. The CIE L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ qualities of the dyed fabrics were assessed, as well as their colorfastness quality. The current research findings suggest that violet pigment has potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and it could be used as alternative to synthetic dye in the textile industry.
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Goldman, I. L., K. A. Eagen, D. N. Breitbach, and W. H. Gabelman. "Simultaneous Selection is Effective in Increasing Betalain Pigment Concentration but not Total Dissolved Solids in Red Beet." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 1 (January 1996): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.1.23.
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Betalain pigments, composed of the red-violet betacyanins (BC) and the yellow betaxanthins (BX), provide an excellent natural alternative to synthetic red dyes. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate eight cycles of recurrent selection in two red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) populations selected for high total betalain pigment concentration and both high (HPHS) and low (HPLS) total dissolved solids (TDS). Remnant seed was planted in a randomized complete block design in replicated trials at two locations in 1994. Beet roots were sampled at harvest for concentrations of BC, BX, and TDS. Highly significant differences among cycles for BC, BX, BC:BX, total pigment, and TDS were observed. Average gains per cycle were 13.15 and 4.06 mg per 100 g fresh weight for BC and BX in HPHS, and 7.59 and 2.61 mg per 100 g fresh weight for BC and BX in HPLS, respectively. Total pigment increased about 200 % in both populations. Selection for low TDS was ineffective, while only a mild response was detected from selection for high TDS. Since betalain pigments are formed following glycosylation of cyclodopa and betalamic acid, sugar molecules are associated with pigment biosynthesis. Simultaneous selection for high pigment and low TDS may therefore be metabolically incompatible. Our findings demonstrate betalain pigment concentration responds favorably to recurrent selection: however. a concomitant reduction in TDS is not a feasible selection goal.
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Zhao, Xuecheng, Yueran Zhang, Tuan Long, Shouchuang Wang, and Jun Yang. "Regulation Mechanism of Plant Pigments Biosynthesis: Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Betalains." Metabolites 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090871.
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Anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains are known as the three major pigments in the plant kingdom. Anthocyanins are flavonoids derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. They undergo acylation and glycosylation in the cytoplasm to produce anthocyanin derivatives and deposits in the cytoplasm. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is regulated by the MBW (comprised by R2R3-MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40) complex. Carotenoids are fat-soluble terpenoids whose synthetic genes also are regulated by the MBW complex. As precursors for the synthesis of hormones and nutrients, carotenoids are not only synthesized in plants, but also synthesized in some fungi and bacteria, and play an important role in photosynthesis. Betalains are special water-soluble pigments that exist only in Caryophyllaceae plants. Compared to anthocyanins and carotenoids, the synthesis and regulation mechanism of betalains is simpler, starting from tyrosine, and is only regulated by MYB (myeloblastosis). Recently, a considerable amount of novel information has been gathered on the regulation of plant pigment biosynthesis, specifically with respect to aspects. In this review, we summarize the knowledge and current gaps in our understanding with a view of highlighting opportunities for the development of pigment-rich plants.
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Christie, Robert, and Adrian Abel. "Carbonyl pigments: miscellaneous types." Physical Sciences Reviews 6, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0154.
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Abstract Carbonyl pigments are characterized by the presence of one or more carbonyl (C = O) groups in their structures, generally as a component of the chromophoric grouping and as part of an extended conjugated π-electron system. Structurally, they constitute a diverse group of pigments that offer a wide range of colors throughout the spectrum, and most of them provide high levels of technical performance. This paper provides a description of the historical development of thioindigoid, isoindoline, isoindolinone, and quinophthalone pigment types, and discusses their molecular and crystal structures in relation to their properties, the synthetic procedures used in their manufacture and their principal applications. They provide some of the most important high-performance yellow organic pigments for demanding applications in paints, inks, and plastics. Separate individual chapters in this series are devoted the anthraquinonoid, quinacridone, diketopyrrolopyrrole, perylene, and perinone carbonyl pigment subclasses.
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Singh, Balwant, K. L. Bajaj, and I. S. Bhatia. "Factors affecting growth and phenolic pigment production by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler." Acta Mycologica 16, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1980.004.
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The effect of factors such as composition of medium, pH, temperature and inoculation time on the amount of mycelial mass quantity and nature of phenolic pigments produced by the fungus <i>Alternaria alternata</i> (Fr.) Keissler has been studied. <i>Alternaria alternata</i> had maximum mycelial growth when the basal synthetic medium at pH 5.5, a temperature of 25° and incubation period of 12 days was used. The production of total phenolic pigment was maximum at temperature of 35° when the fungus was incubated for 9 days using basal synthetic medium. Addition of phenolic compouns such as tyrosine and gallic acid to the medium markedly increased the mycelial mass production but resulted in a suppression of phenolic pigment production of the fungus while salicylic acid, cinnamic acid and catechol completely suppressed the growth.
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Sun, Han, Yuxin Wang, Yongjin He, Bin Liu, Haijin Mou, Feng Chen, and Shufang Yang. "Microalgae-Derived Pigments for the Food Industry." Marine Drugs 21, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21020082.
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In the food industry, manufacturers and customers have paid more attention to natural pigments instead of the synthetic counterparts for their excellent coloring ability and healthy properties. Microalgae are proven as one of the major photosynthesizers of naturally derived commercial pigments, gaining higher value in the global food pigment market. Microalgae-derived pigments, especially chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins, have unique colors and molecular structures, respectively, and show different physiological activities and health effects in the human body. This review provides recent updates on characteristics, application fields, stability in production and extraction processes of chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins to standardize and analyze their commercial production from microalgae. Potential food commodities for the pigment as eco-friendly colorants, nutraceuticals, and antioxidants are summarized for the target products. Then, recent cultivation strategies, metabolic and genomic designs are presented for high pigment productivity. Technical bottlenecks of downstream processing are discussed for improved stability and bioaccessibility during production. The production strategies of microalgal pigments have been exploited to varying degrees, with some already being applied at scale while others remain at the laboratory level. Finally, some factors affecting their global market value and future prospects are proposed. The microalgae-derived pigments have great potential in the food industry due to their high nutritional value and competitive production cost.
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Poorniammal, Rajendran, Somasundaram Prabhu, Laurent Dufossé, and Jegatheesh Kannan. "Safety Evaluation of Fungal Pigments for Food Applications." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090692.
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Pigments play a major role in many industries. Natural colors are usually much safer when compared to synthetic colors and may even possess some medicinal benefits. Synthetic colors are economical and can easily be produced compared to natural colors. In addition, raw plant materials for natural colors are limited and season dependent. Microorganisms provide an alternative source for natural colors and, among them, fungi provide a wide range of natural colorants that could easily be produced cheaply and with high yield. Along with pigment, some microbial strains are also capable of producing a number of mycotoxins. The commercial use of microbial pigments relies on the safety of colorants. This review provides a toxicity evaluation of pigments from fungal origins for food application.
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Orna, Mary Virginia, and Marco Fontani. "The Modernity of Ancient Pigments: A Historical Approach." Colorants 1, no. 3 (July 13, 2022): 307–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colorants1030019.
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Naturally occurring and synthetic ancient pigments have a history of use spanning thousands of years. Curiously, some of their newly discovered properties make them excellent candidates for semiconductors, anticounterfeiting agents and so much more. In this paper, we will review their ancient roots in art and modern emergence as 21st century workhorses. You can never judge a pigment by its color alone!
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Rafalska-Lasocha, Alicja, Zofia Kaszowska, Wieslaw Lasocha, and Roman Dziembaj. "X-ray powder diffraction investigation of green earth pigments." Powder Diffraction 25, no. 1 (March 2010): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3308412.
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Laboratory X-ray powder diffraction was used to investigate mineralogical compositions of green pigments labeled by suppliers as “green earths.” It was found that glauconite and celadonite—minerals historically considered as the main ingredient of this pigment—were present only in Bohemian green earth, green earth from Thuringen (glauconite), and Bavarian green earth (celadonite). Other investigated pigments consist of mineralogical-component minerals with added synthetic organic colorants. The obtained results may be useful for scientists, restorers, and artists in proper choices of the pigments they use in their works.
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Suganya, K., A. Usha Raja Nanthini, Jayaraman Narenkumar, Subramani Abilaji, Aruliah Rajasekar, Subpiramaniyam Sivakumar, S. Prasath, Hesham S. Almoallim, and Tahani Awad Alahmadi. "Impact of Light and Temperature on Growth, Intracellular and Extracellular Pigment, and Lovastatin Yield by Monascus ruber in Synthetic Medium." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (July 5, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2808733.
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The development of alternate sources for the production of natural pigments has been targeted to overcome the utilization of artificial coloring, which is dangerous to human health and the environment. Dyes extracted from microbial sources are more important for beneficial food industry use, especially Monascus spp. produces several critical secondary metabolites such as lovastatin, g-amino butyric acids, monascodilone, monascorubramine, monascin, ankaflavin, rubropunctatin, and citrinin. Lovastatin is a fungal polyketide that inhibits the rate-limiting enzymes HMG-CoA reductase, an essential precursor in cholesterol biosynthesis. The light source regulates fungi’ growth, metabolism, and reproduction and is necessary for fungi’ existence and distribution. The impact of different color lights (red, green, blue, yellow, and white, darkness) and different temperatures (27°C and 37°C) on extracellular and intracellular pigment yield, lovastatin production, and biomass of Monascus ruber was studied, and appropriate incubation temperature and time enhance the intracellular, extracellular pigment, and biomass production. However, when exposed to other color lights, fungus growth and pigment yield are significantly reduced in Monascus ruber. Then, fungi and pigment yield development is decreased when exposed to other color lights. It can be concluded that darkness influenced pigment production and biomass yield at both temperatures (27°C and 37°C). Similarly, the production of lovastatin and its concentration were analyzed by HPLC. The highest concentration of lovastatin was obtained at 27°C when exposed to red color light (302.6 mg/ml for extracellular fermentation broth) and (86.7 mg/ml for intracellular fermentation broth). At 37°C, the highest concentration of lovastatin was obtained from (571.5 mg/ml extracellular fermentation broth) when exposed to darkness and (170.4 mg/ml intracellular fermentation broth) exposed to red color light. Thus, the result provides the knowledge to enable us to explore the pigments and lovastatin yield for functional foods and large-scale industrial applications.
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Artesani, Alessia, Maria Vittoria Dozzi, Lucia Toniolo, Gianluca Valentini, and Daniela Comelli. "Experimental Study on the Link between Optical Emission, Crystal Defects and Photocatalytic Activity of Artist Pigments Based on Zinc Oxide." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121129.
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The historical knowledge inherited from house paint documents and the experimental research on synthetic pigments show that production methods have an important role in the performance of paint. In this regard, this work investigates the links existing between the optical emission, crystal defects and photocatalytic activity of zinc white pigment from different contemporary factories, with the aim of elucidating the effects of these characteristics onto the tendency of the pigment to induce paint failures. The analysed samples display highly similar crystallite structure, domain size, and specific surface area, whilst white pigments differ from pure ZnO in regards to the presence of zinc carbonate hydrate that is found as a foreign compound. In contrast, the photoluminescence measurements categorize the analysed samples into two groups, which display different trap-assisted emissions ascribed to point crystal defects introduced during the synthesis process, and associated to Zn or O displacement. The photocatalytic degradation tests infer that the emerged defective structure and specific surface area of ZnO-based samples influence their tendency to oxidize organic molecules under light irradiation. In particular, the results indicate that the zinc interstitial defects may be able to promote the photogenerated electron-hole couples separation with a consequent increase of the overall ZnO photocatalytic activity, negatively affecting the binding medium stability. This groundwork paves the way for further studies on the link between the photoluminescence emission of the zinc white pigment and its tendency to decompose organic components contained in the binding medium.
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Mondal, Kunal, Subhra Bikash Bhattacharyya, and Abhijit Mitra. "Improving the quality of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon through dietary incorporation of algae as a source of natural pigment." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 20 (January 1, 2015): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol20iss0pp62-65.
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Tiger shrimp is one of the major candidate species for export oriented aquaculture which dominates the seafood market in regions of European Union, Japan and USA. Carotenoid content in seafood has now become one of the important criteria in determining the quality of edible product. Recent trends in supplementing fish diets with natural pigment source are an alternative to the utilization of expensive synthetic pigments. In this context, green algae Enteromorpha intestinalis was selected as a source of natural pigment for inclusion in the diet of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Astaxanthin being an important category of carotenoid pigment was monitored in shrimp muscle tissue during the feeding trial. Significant variation (p<0.05) was observed between the experimental groups as confirmed through ANOVA thus exhibiting higher astaxanthin content of shrimps (18.70 Å} 4.48 ppm) fed with E. intestinalis incorporated diet as compared to control (15.80 Å} 2.33 ppm). The present programme therefore emphasizes on the quality improvement of aquaculture product by dietary inclusion of algae as a natural pigment source.
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Zaki, Nurul Asyikin Md, and Junaidah Jai. "Plant-based pigments: Challenges and future perspective for natural food colourants." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v3i1.10939.
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Many synthetic food colourants have been developed to improve food products quality due to increasing demands. However, synthetic additives have been associated with numerous side effects and toxicity, allergic reactions, behavioural, and neurocognitive effects. Hence, consumer demands and their preferences for food colourants from natural origins have increased tremendously over the decades. With the growing interests for naturally derived and plant-based food ingredients to replace synthetic additives, many studies were done to provide safer and more effective food colourants. Among the highly explored plant-based pigments are anthocyanins, betacyanins, and carotenoids. Recently, there is also discovery on the newly found auronidins as potential pigment for future food application. This paper highlights on the features of plant-based pigments and its challenges, opportunities, and the way forward in food industry. Continuous research in this area is important for the development of more stable and intense pigments. Recent findings could be one of the ways to increase the stability of plant-based pigments to be applied in food industry.
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Smith, C. N., and C. D. Lindsay. "Stimulation of C32 and G361 melanoma cells using oleoyl acetyl glycerol and its effect on sulphur mustard cytotoxicity." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 8 (August 2001): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701682692991.
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Epidermal melanocytes have a higher sensitivity to sulphur mustard (HD) compared with other skin cell types.1 This may be due to the enzymatic production of melanin precursors exerting an additional cytotoxic effect following HD depletion of the cellular protectant, GSH.2,3 Stimulation of the protein kinase C pathway in melanocytes is known to increase melanin production in melanocytes and melanoma cell lines.4,5 In order to investigate the role of pigment synthesis in HD toxicology, cultures of an unpigmented melanoma cell line (C32) and of a pigmented melanoma line (G361) were treated with the potent diacyl glycerol analogue, oleoyl acetyl glycerol (OAG), in order to determine if protein kinase C-mediated increases in pigment production could increase sensitivity to subsequent HD exposure. Stimulation of C32 cells with OAG exerted a significant protective effect against the cytotoxic effects of HD. However, this was not due to increased melanin synthesis because this cell line cannot synthesize melanin pigments. The protective action observed is postulated to be due to modulation of protein kinase C activity. In contrast, stimulation of G361 melanoma cells with OAG resulted in an increased level of cytotoxicity upon subsequent exposure to HD. Protein kinase C controls several cellular pathways including checkpoints in the cell cycle, stalling the cell in G1 and promoting transition through the G2 /M boundary. Given the genotoxic properties of HD, these two points in the cell cycle are important in determining the overall cytotoxic effect of HD. Control of the cell cycle by protein kinase C modulation and manipulation of melanin synthetic pathways may have therapeutic benefits.
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Gao, Yakun, Jinchuan Xu, Guorong Liu, Rong Nie, Jiaojiao Duan, Duoxia Xu, and Chengtao Wang. "Preparation and Characterization of Water-Insoluble Gardenia Blue Pigment." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 6594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216594.
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Based on molecular simulations, the synthetic route of water-insoluble gardenia blue pigment was prepared by the reaction of genipin and L-Phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride. A highly purified pigment was obtained after extraction by chloroform and purification by silica gel column chromatography, and the value of color is up to 288. A study on the structural characteristics of the pigment was implemented with a scanning electron microscope, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, and quatropde-time of flight mass spectrometer. The results showed that the surface of the pigment was largely smooth and spherical; The λmax was 607 nm, and the main functional groups include O-C=O, C=O, C-N, C=C, OH, and benzene ring; We detrained six different molecular weight and chemical structures of pigments and speculated the particular structures and formation mechanisms of three kinds of pigment, whose molecular weights are 690.1156, 720.1226, and 708.1246 Da, respectively. The pigment was only able to be dissolved in ethanol, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and other strong polar organic solvents, but was not able to be dissolved in water, ethyl ether, petroleum ether, and other weak polar organic solvents. In terms of light and thermal stabilities, water-insoluble gardenia blue pigment is significantly better than water-soluble gardenia blue pigment (p < 0.05). When it is under direct light for 7 days or incubated at 80–120 °C for 24 h, the pigment residual rates were 74.90, 95.26, 88.27, and 87.72%, respectively.
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Spasevski, Nedeljka, Dušica Čolović, Slađana Rakita, Predrag Ikonić, Olivera Đuragić, Vojislav Banjac, and Đuro Vukmirović. "Fatty Acid Composition and β-Carotene Content in Egg Yolk of Laying Hens Fed with Linseed, Paprika and Marigold." Contemporary Agriculture 65, no. 1-2 (August 1, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/contagri-2016-0003.
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SummaryEggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids and natural pigments are desirable in human food chain due to numerous benefits for health. In this study, we investigated the effects of inclusion of co-extruded linseed and sunflower meal into laying hens’ diet and replacement of synthesized pigment with paprika and marigold flower as sources of natural pigments. Four hundred 18–wk-old Bovan laying hens divided in two groups (control and experiment) were fed for 12 weeks. Fatty acids and β-carotene were monitored every fourth week and successively analyzed. Significantly (p<0.05) increased content of α-linolenic acid in egg yolk in the experimental group in comparison to the control group was observed with addition of linseed, paprika and marigold in laying hens’ nutrition. Nearly the same tendency was observed in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content. Supplementation of the co-extruded linseed and sunflower meal into laying hens’ diet demonstrated significantly (p<0.05) lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio in experimental group compared to control group. The obtained results showed that the synthetic pigment added to laying hens’ diet provided better pigmentation of egg yolks after one and two months of the feeding trial than paprika and marigold flower. The concentration of β-carotene in egg yolks increased in experimental group after three months of the treatment, and that was the first time that concentrations of β-carotene did not significantly (p < 0.05) differ among control and experimental group, which shows that paprika and marigold flower as sources of natural pigments can successfully replace synthetic pigment. We shall continue research in this field with other supplemented mixtures, as there are indices for other potential feed enhancements among oily seeds and herbs.
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HAMADA, HITOMI, and DOUGLAS W. BOUSFIELD. "Nanofibrillated cellulose as a coating agent to improve print quality of synthetic fiber sheets." November 2010 9, no. 11 (December 1, 2010): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.11.25.
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To determine the potential of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) for use as a coating material, we studied the characteristics of several NFC-coated samples on a synthetic fiber sheet. We used two water-based printing methods to characterize the change in print quality and prepared two types of NFC by two different physical treatment methods. Various coat weights were applied onto synthetic fiber sheets, and the printability of the coated sheets was evaluated by ink absorption rates and print density. Ink pigment penetration was characterized with a confocal laser scanning microscope and a scanning electron microscope, with chemical analysis of samples using focused ion beam. The contact angle and the ink penetration rates decreased with increased coat weight of NFC. This result is the opposite of what the Lucas-Washburn equation would predict. For pigment-based flexographic inks, ink pigments were captured at the NFC layer. For dye-based inks, the ink components penetrated and moved through the NFC-coated layer. For ink-jet printing, the print quality improved with the NFC coating.
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Valentim, Jean kaique, Tatiana Marques Bittencourt, Heder José D'Àvilla Lima, Fernanda Keller Queiroz Barros, Guilherme Resende de Almeida, and Henrique Momo Ziemniczak. "Natural and synthetic pigments in diet of Japanese quails." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 42 (January 30, 2020): e47364. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.47364.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate productive performance and egg quality of Japanese quails (Cortunix japonica) fed with synthetic and natural pigments. The treatments used were: 0.8% paprika extract (Capsicum annuum), 0.8% marigold flower extract, 4% paprika extract and 4% marigold flower extract and 0.045% synthetic pigment (Canthaxanthin) in feed. A total of 240 Japanese quails at 20 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and six replicates, with eight quails per experimental unit (30 experimental units). There was no difference (p > 0.05) for the evaluated parameters, except for yolk color which showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between the treatments used. The inclusion of 0.8% natural pigments in diet of Japanese quails can be used to substitute canthaxathin because it is effective on improving yolk color without affect performance and the quails egg quality.
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Zhang, Hao, Huanhuan Liu, Lin Shu, Huimin Xu, Ying Cheng, Zhitao Mao, Bin Liu, Xiaoping Liao, and Di Huang. "Metabolomics Analysis Coupled with Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Unravels the Associations of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-Intermediates with Edible Pigments Produced by Monascus purpureus (Hong Qu)." Foods 11, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142168.
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Monascus azaphilones pigments (MonAzPs) produced by microbial fermentation are widely used as food chemicals for coloring and supplying beneficial biological attributes. In this study, a fermentation perturbation strategy was implemented by separately adding different amino acids, and detecting the intracellular metabolome via UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. With the aid of weighted gene co-expression network analysis, two metabolic intermediates, fumarate and malate, involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were identified as the hub metabolites. Moreover, exogenous addition of fumarate or malate significantly promoted red pigment production, and reduced orange/yellow pigment production. The importance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle was further emphasized by detecting intracellular levels of ATP, NAD(P)H, and expression of oxidoreductase-coding genes located in the MonAzPs synthetic gene cluster, suggesting a considerable effect of the energy supply on MonAzPs synthesis. Collectively, metabolomics is a powerful approach to position the crucial metabolic regulatory factors, and facilitate the development of engineering strategies for targeted regulation, lower trial-and-error cost, and advance safe and controllable processes for fermented food chemistry industries.
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Nawaz, Ali, Rida Chaudhary, Zinnia Shah, Laurent Dufossé, Mireille Fouillaud, Hamid Mukhtar, and Ikram ul Haq. "An Overview on Industrial and Medical Applications of Bio-Pigments Synthesized by Marine Bacteria." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010011.
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Marine bacterial species contribute to a significant part of the oceanic population, which substantially produces biologically effectual moieties having various medical and industrial applications. The use of marine-derived bacterial pigments displays a snowballing effect in recent times, being natural, environmentally safe, and health beneficial compounds. Although isolating marine bacteria is a strenuous task, these are still a compelling subject for researchers, due to their promising avenues for numerous applications. Marine-derived bacterial pigments serve as valuable products in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, and cosmetic industries due to their beneficial attributes, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities. Biodegradability and higher environmental compatibility further strengthen the use of marine bio-pigments over artificially acquired colored molecules. Besides that, hazardous effects associated with the consumption of synthetic colors further substantiated the use of marine dyes as color additives in industries as well. This review sheds light on marine bacterial sources of pigmented compounds along with their industrial applicability and therapeutic insights based on the data available in the literature. It also encompasses the need for introducing bacterial bio-pigments in global pigment industry, highlighting their future potential, aiming to contribute to the worldwide economy.
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Beck, Lucile, Cyrielle Messager, Stéphanie Coelho, Ingrid Caffy, Emmanuelle Delqué-Količ, Marion Perron, Solène Mussard, et al. "Thermal Decomposition of Lead White for Radiocarbon Dating of Paintings." Radiocarbon 61, no. 5 (July 2, 2019): 1345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.64.
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ABSTRACTLead carbonates were used as cosmetic and pigment since Antiquity. The pigment, known as lead white, was generally composed of cerussite and hydrocerussite. Unlike most ancient pigments, lead white was obtained by a synthetic route involving metallic lead, vinegar and organic matter. Fermentation of organic matter produces heat and CO2 emission, leading to the formation of carbonates. As lead white is formed by trapping CO2, radiocarbon (14C) dating can thus be considered. We have developed a protocol to prepare lead white. We selected modern pigments for the experiment implementation and ancient cosmetic and paintings for dating. After characterization of the samples by XRD, thermal decomposition of cerussite at various temperatures was explored in order to select the appropriate conditions for painting samples. CO2 extraction yield, SEM and XPS were used to characterize the process. Thermal decomposition at 400°C was successfully applied to mixtures of lead white with other paint components (oil as binder, calcite as filler/extender) and to historical samples. We obtained radiocarbon measurements in agreement with the expected dates, demonstrating that thermal decomposition at 400°C is efficient for a selective decomposition of lead white and that paintings can be directly 14C-dated by dating lead white pigment.
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Rostami, Hossein, Hassan Hamedi, and Mahmoud Yolmeh. "Some biological activities of pigments extracted from Micrococcus roseus (PTCC 1411) and Rhodotorula glutinis (PTCC 5257)." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 29, no. 4 (October 10, 2016): 684–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0394632016673846.
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The importance of replacing synthetic pigments with natural types is increasing day by day in the food industry due to the harmful effects of some synthetic pigments. Microorganisms are a major source of natural pigments, which nowadays have attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, carotenoid pigments were produced by Micrococcus roseus and Rhodotorula glutinis, and some of their biological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. Given the results, bacteria, especially gram-positive bacteria, had higher sensitivity to the pigments extracted from M. roseus (PEM) and R. glutinis (PER) compared to molds so that Bacillus cereus and Alternaria citri had the highest and the lowest sensitivity, respectively. PER showed a higher antioxidant activity compared with PEM in the various methods of measuring antioxidant activity. In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor-promoting activities of PER were measured significantly more than PEM ( P <0.05). Both pigment extracts remarkably inhibited the 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation, so that ID50 (50% inhibitory dose) of PEM and PER were 0.22 and 0.09 mg/ear, respectively.
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Verde-Yáñez, Lucía, Núria Vall-llaura, Josep Usall, Neus Teixidó, Èlia Torreblanca-Bravo, and Rosario Torres. "Identification and Biosynthesis of DHN-melanin Related Pigments in the Pathogenic Fungi Monilinia laxa, M. fructicola, and M. fructigena." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9020138.
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Monilinia is the causal agent of brown rot in stone fruit. The three main species that cause this disease are Monilinia laxa, M. fructicola, and M. fructigena, and their infection capacity is influenced by environmental factors (i.e., light, temperature, and humidity). To tolerate stressful environmental conditions, fungi can produce secondary metabolites. Particularly, melanin-like pigments can contribute to survival in unfavorable conditions. In many fungi, this pigment is due to the accumulation of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin (DHN). In this study, we have identified for the first time the genes involved in the DHN pathway in the three main Monilinia spp. and we have proved their capacity to synthetize melanin-like pigments, both in synthetic medium and in nectarines at three stages of brown rot development. The expression of all the biosynthetic and regulatory genes of the DHN-melanin pathway has also been determined under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Finally, we have analyzed the role of three genes involved in fungi survival and detoxification, and we have proved that there exists a close relationship between the synthesis of these pigments and the activation of the SSP1 gene. Overall, these results deeply describe the importance of DHN-melanin in the three main species of Monilinia: M. laxa, M. fructicola, and M. fructigena.
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Carney, Bonnie C., Taryn E. Travis, Lauren T. Moffatt, Laura S. Johnson, Melissa M. McLawhorn, Cynthia M. Simbulan-Rosenthal, Dean S. Rosenthal, and Jeffrey W. Shupp. "Hypopigmented burn hypertrophic scar contains melanocytes that can be signaled to re-pigment by synthetic alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in vitro." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): e0248985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248985.
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There are limited treatments for dyschromia in burn hypertrophic scars (HTSs). Initial work in Duroc pig models showed that regions of scar that are light or dark have equal numbers of melanocytes. This study aims to confirm melanocyte presence in regions of hypo- and hyper-pigmentation in an animal model and patient samples. In a Duroc pig model, melanocyte presence was confirmed usingen facestaining. Patients with dyschromic HTSs had demographic, injury details, and melanin indices collected. Punch biopsies were taken of regions of hyper-, hypo-, or normally pigmented scar and skin. Biopsies were processed to obtain epidermal sheets (ESs). A subset of ESs wereen facestained with melanocyte marker, S100β. Melanocytes were isolated from a different subset. Melanocytes were treated with NDP α-MSH, a pigmentation stimulator. mRNA was isolated from cells, and was used to evaluate gene expression of melanin-synthetic genes. In patient and pig scars, regions of hyper-, hypo-, and normal pigmentation had significantly different melanin indices. S100βen facestaining showed that regions of hyper- and hypo-pigmentation contained the same number of melanocytes, but these cells had different dendricity/activity. Treatment of hypo-pigmented melanocytes with NDP α-MSH produced melanin by microscopy. Melanin-synthetic genes were upregulated in treated cells over controls. While traditionally it may be thought that hypopigmented regions of burn HTS display this phenotype because of the absence of pigment-producing cells, these data show that inactive melanocytes are present in these scar regions. By treating with a pigment stimulator, cells can be induced to re-pigment.