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1
Amin, Hadear Hanie. "Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Ulva lactuca as a safe synthetic pesticide (in vitro)." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0032.
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AbstractIn this era, we must synthesize safe pesticides from inexpensive sources to avoid the diseases caused by most of the previously used pesticides. Therefore, nanotechnology was used to produce biologically synthesis pesticides from very cheap sources such as seaweed, especially green algae, as it is safe to synthesize a pesticide against various pests such as bacteria and fungi that affect various agricultural crops. Ulva lactuca is used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by a bottom-up bioreduction reaction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) observed by the formation of brown color. The biosynthesis reaction has been proven by using UV-VIS, FT-IR, EDAX, SEM, TEM, and DSC-TGA and has been tested against a wide range of bacteria and fungi that affect plants, poultry, fish, rabbits, animals, and humans. Antioxidant activity was also determined. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have proven to be good and safe synthetic pesticides. The results of the spectroscopy demonstrated the success of the biological synthesis of the pesticide. Also, the results of the antimicrobial activity demonstrated the success of the pesticide that was biologically synthesized to fight bacteria and fungi that cause different diseases of different agricultural crops and should be used as a safe synthetic pesticide.
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Sutharsan, S., K. Sivakumar, and S. Srikrishnah. "Pesticide usage pattern for vegetable cultivation in Manmunai South & Eruvilpattu divisional secretariat Division of Batticaloa district, Sri Lanka." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 4, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.21092.
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Batticaloa, is a coastal district in Sri Lanka. Vegetables except up-country vegetables sold in Batticaloa District are mainly grown in villages. Manmunai South and Eruvilpattu divisional secretariat (DS) division is a predominantly vegetable cultivating area in the Batticaloa district. Farmers in this region use variety of synthetic pesticides to protect vegetables. Recently public concern related to health risks associated with pesticide residues has been increased, substantially. Therefore, a study was conducted to find out pesticide usage practices of farmers on vegetable cultivation in Manmunai South and Eruvilpattu DS division. Stratified random sampling method was used to select respondents for the survey and the collected data were analyzed statistically. It was observed that, the usage of pesticides was higher in the study area. Vegetable farmers use more than 14 Insecticides to control pest infestation. Farmers in the study area apply pesticides more frequently. Highly pesticide sprayed crop is Brinjal. About 66% of the Chilli producing farmers and 84% of the Brinjal producing farmers apply pesticide more than 22 times per cropping season. Around 90% of the farmers apply more than the recommended dosage and frequency of the pesticides. It was noticed that more than 89% of the farmers harvest the produce before the recommended pre harvest interval. It was found out that farmers in the study area are not following recommended pesticide usage practices. Hence, it is essential to educate the farmers on recommended pesticide usage practices, reduced usage of synthetic pesticides and use of organic farming practices to reduce the ill effects of synthetic pesticides. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.21092 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 4 (1): 53-56, June, 2014
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Polanco Lopez de Mesa, Ysabel. "The decision-making process of synthetic pesticide use in agricultural communities in Colombia: a grounded theory approach." Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública 38, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e331277.
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Objective: to explore the decision-making process of agricultural workers associated with pesticide use and exposure; and to discover if these processes differ between pesticide users and non users. and the characteristics of these differences
Methods: his study used a grounded theory approach to understand the decision-making process for pesticide use/non-use among agricultural workers in San Cristobal, Colombia. This study involved participantobservation, individual interviews, and focus groups.
Results: the theory developed to explain the decision making process of pesticide use showed several categories including: the prospect of having a good harvest, efficient pest control, habituation to use pesticides, feeling obligated to do use them, poor knowledge about pesticides, believing that pesticide increased the quality of the products, positive attitudes towards pesticide use, family support towards pesticide use, community pressure and acceptance, economic fear, and market pressure. In the non pesticide users group categories included: having better health, pesticides considered harmful for human health, pesticides being deleterious for the environment, being used to work without pesticides, family and economic support, and negative attitude towards pesticide use . The decision making process for personal protective equipment (PPE) use encompassed categories such as: powerless feelings, economic difficulties, and belief that equipment is not necessary.
Discussion: The decision-making process for pesticide use in agricultural communities is complex and varies between pesticide users and non-users.
Conclusions: It is important to consider the intricate process of pesticide use in order to orient interventions in the agricultural sector.
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Okereafor, Stella, S. Garba, O. J. Okunola, and H. I. Adamu. "ORGANOCHLORINE AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN GRAINS, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS: A REVIEW." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 6, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0604-1061.
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Organochlorin and organophosphorus pesticides are broadly applied in agriculture, primarily to boost crop yields and protect crops from pests to reach the needs of a growing global population. This review aims to assess levels of pesticide residues in grains, fruits, and vegetables from already established secondary data from different authors or journals. The data obtained adequately confirmed the presence of concentrations of Organochlorin and organophosphorus residues in vegetables, grains and fruits. Both high and low concentration levels of pesticide residue were documented based on data obtained which showed application of the synthetic pesticides by farmers. The high or minute concentration of synthetic pesticides poses adverse health effect on human. This review suggest that consumers of these type of pesticides contaminated food are liable to contact diseases associated with pesticides. Pesticides have been related to damage to the kidneys, liver, and nervous system, birth defects, cancer, immunodeficiency, reproductive process disruption, and altering or interfering with normal endocrine system function. Thereby, the use of natural pesticides as an alternative to synthetic pesticides for pest control is highly recommended for food security and sustainable environmental practices.
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Hidayat, Syarif, Nenet Susniahti, Yadi Supriyadi, and Lucyana Trimo. "Cadre Formation of Farmers in The Utilization of Plant Biological Resources for Vegetable Pest and Disease Control [Kaderisasi Petani Dalam Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Hayati Tumbuhan Untuk Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Sayuran]." Proceeding of Community Development 2 (February 21, 2019): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.30874/comdev.2018.411.
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The efforts to form a cadre of botanical pesticides user to reduce of synthetic pesticides used in vegetable have been carried out at Cisero Village, Cirapuhan Subdistrict, Garut Regency, West Java Province. These efforts were carried out through the workshop method. Through this method, we increased the understanding of candidates in synthetic pesticides used impact by film media and discussions, trained in inventory and extract method of botanical pesticide, testing and evaluating extracts potential in controlling vegetable pests and diseases. Farmers participating in the workshop were selected by the farmer groups target and was delimitated to six peoples. Cadres of botanical pesticide user were determined based on the attendance level, an understanding the rise of pesticide impact use; interests, activities, and practical ability during the workshop. In the implementation, the attendance at the workshop was 15 participants (250% of the target), although the attendance average was below 100%, with a minimum attendance of 70%. Only 6 participants reached 100 % attendance and actively participated in all workshop processes. Based on the evaluation results, only 6 participants (40%) could be selected as cadres. However, to increase their confidence in using plant resources as a substitute/complement to synthetic pesticides is still need further guidance.
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Fosu-Mensah, Benedicta Y., Elvis D. Okoffo, and Michael Mensah. "Synthetic Pyrethroids Pesticide Residues in Soils and Drinking Water Sources from Cocoa Farms in Ghana." Environment and Pollution 5, no. 1 (April 21, 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v5n1p60.
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The contamination of pesticides in 32 soils and 64 drinking water samples was investigated from cocoa farms in the Dormaa West District of Ghana to assess pollution status. A total of nine synthetic pyrethroids pesticides were measured with a high resolution Varian CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph equipped with <sup>63</sup>Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Eight synthetic pyrethroid residues namely fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, allethrin and cyfluthrin were detected with lambda-cyhalothrin and allethrin occurring most frequently in soil and water respectively. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil samples were in the ranges of; 0.02-0.03 mg/kg for lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.010-0.02 mg/kg for allethrin, 0.010-0.04 mg/kg for cyfluthrin, <0.01-0.04 mg/kg for cypermethrin, 0.02-0.06 mg/kg for deltamethrin, and <0.01-0.03 mg/kg for bifenthrin. Similarly, the synthetic pyrethroids residues in the water samples were in the ranges of; 0.01-0.05 µg/L for allethrin, 0.01-0.04 µg/L for fenvalerate, 0.01-0.04 µg/L for cypermethrin and 0.01-0.05 µg/L for deltamethrin. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the soil samples analysed were generally below and within their respective US MRLs for agricultural soils, except the mean concentration values recorded for pesticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin at Diabaa (S2) and Krakrom (S3), allethrin at Diabaa (S2) and deltamethrin at Kwakuanya (S4), which were above their respective US MRLs for agricultural soils. The trends of synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues in the water samples analysed from the various distances to cocoa farms decreased with an increase of water source to cocoa farm (ranking; 0-15m>16-30m>above 30m). All synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the water samples were below and within their respective WHO MRLs for drinking water except for deltamethrin, which exceeded the WHO MRL at Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 0-15m from a cocoa farm. The presence of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil and water samples analysed is an indication of the use of the pesticide by cocoa farmers in the study area. The routine monitoring of pesticide residues in the study area is necessary for the control and reduction of environmental pollution.
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Inayah Fitri, Trisnani Alif, Fita Fitriatul Wahidah, Yustika Aulia Rahma, Sitti Nur Ilmiah, Slamet Ifandi, and Nur Habibatur Rohmah. "SOSIALISASI PENGGUNAAN TANAMAN REFUGIA SEBAGAI PENOLAK HAMA DI DESA BULUMARGI, KECAMATAN BABAT, KABUPATEN LAMONGAN." TA'AWUN 1, no. 01 (February 12, 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37850/taawun.v1i01.183.
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The problem faced by farmers in Bulumargi village, Babat district, Lamongan Regency is pest attack. Pest attack control carried out by farmers using synthetic pesticides. The use synthetic pesticides if carried out continuously gives impacts such as pest resistance, pest resurgence, death of onotarger animalincluding natural enemies, emergence of secondary pest explosions, pesticide residues in plant and environment. Synthetic pesticide residues found in agricultural products very dangerous if consumed for a long period of time, so a solution is needed that can reduce farmers' losses due to pests on crops. The purpose of this research is to eradicate pests using refugia plants. The research method used was socialization with several stages, counseling, discussions and aplications in rice fields. The result of this research is that the community has increased their knowledge and skills in the use of refugia plants. The conclusion of this research is the increasing public knowledge in utilizing refugia plants to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and increase rice production in the long term.
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Hock, Winand K. "PUBLIC RISK PERCEPTIONS." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 798A—798. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.798a.
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One of the major misconceptions in contemporary society is the widespread belief that our food supply is unsafe. The public's perception of risk is quite different than scientific assessment of risk. While scientists see microbial contamination as the key issue (100 to 10,000X greater risk than from exposure to pesticide residues), consumers appear to be most concerned about the effects of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in the food they buy. Consumers equate “synthetic” with harmful or bad and “natural” with safe or good, yet they ignore the fact that 99.9% of all pesticides humans are exposed to are naturally occurring. Americans eat approximately 1.5 g. of natural pesticides per person per day, or about 10,000 times more than synthetic pesticide residues. Although few plant toxins have been tested for carcinogenicity so far, of those tested about half are rodent carcinogens. Contrary to public perception, environmental pollution accounts for only 2% of all cancers. By contrast, smoking, diet and other personal lifestyle choices account for more than 75%.
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Ahmad, Taimur, Rasool Khan, Tariq Nawaz Khattak, Ayaz Khan, and Ihsan Ullah. "Comparative Efficacy of Bio-Pesticide And Synthetic Agrochemicals on Control Of Helicoverpa Armigera Larvae On Chickpea." RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v9i2.132.
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An experiment was conducted for the year 2016-17 to compare the efficacy of neem bio-pesticide and synthetic agrochemicals on the control of larvae of Helicoverpa Armigera. The experiment consisted of a total of six treatments including control. There were a total of six treatments of the pesticides including control with four replicates and two application of the pesticides. The results indicate that the synthetic emamactin (T1) was the superior in controlling the larval population of pod borer with a % reduction of 63 and 88 after 1st and 2nd application. The chloropyifos showed better results next to emamactin 2nd spray. The neem bio-pesticide showed best results next to emamctin after the first application. The acetamiprid showed the least efficacy in control of pod borer larvae than all other treatments of pesticides.
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Nayak, Pragati, and Hitesh Solanki. "PESTICIDES AND INDIAN AGRICULTURE- A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 5 (June 4, 2021): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i5.2021.3930.
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Globally more than half of the pesticides are utilized in Asia. India stands 12th in pesticide use globally and 3rd in Asia after China and Turkey. In present study, the data of different types of pesticides, pesticide use pattern and detailed pesticide consumption of the India and world were collected, organized and summarized. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy providing employment and livelihood to nearly 70% of the total population. And pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture. Insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are commonly used for pest control in agriculture. However, insecticides form the highest share in total pesticide use in India. India share only1% of the global pesticide use. India has utilized around 58160 tonnes of pesticide in 2018. Per hectare application rate of pesticide was 0.31 kg in 2017. Despite a low per hectare use of pesticides in India, their injudicious use has led to the presence of residues in both biotic and abiotic sections of the environment. The advance research and development in the field of bio-pesticides applications greatly reduce the environmental pollution caused by the chemical synthetic insecticides residues and promotes sustainable development of agriculture. In India numerous bio-pesticides presently being developed may be exceptional replacements to chemical pesticides. There are many eco-friendly plant based and microbial bio-pesticides available in the market. Bio-pesticides consumption is only 8% in India. For sustainable agricultural development and to protect environment from adverse effect of chemical pesticides, formulation and utilization of bio-pesticides should be prompted.
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López-Dávila, Edelbis, Michael Houbraken, Jasmine De Rop, Gijs Du Laing, Osvaldo Romero, and Pieter Spanoghe. "Toxicological and ecotoxicological pressure due to pesticide use in Sancti Spíritus, Cuba." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 4 (November 17, 2020): e0305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020184-15450.
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Aim of study: To quantify the toxicity and ecotoxicological pressure of pesticides in Sancti Spíritus province, Cuba, between 2011 and 2014.Material and methods: A longitudinal descriptive study was designed for the study period, to identify potential risks to the environment and human health associated with the use of pesticides. In order to determine the toxicity and ecotoxicity of pesticide use, ƩSeq (Spread equivalents), POCER (Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk) indicator, and the Toxic Load (TL) methodology of the Plant Health Cuban Institute were used.Main results: Corresponding to 62 chemical families, 124 active ingredients were applied in the province during the study period. Organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, inorganic compounds (such as copper), dithiocarbamates, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, neonicotinoids, sulfonylurea, triazoles, and organochlorines predominated due to their frequency of use. Use of toxic-pesticides, lack of personal protection equipment amount others made workers, residents and applicators the toxicological modules with the highest risk of exposure. From the POCER results we found that aquatic organisms, persistence, and groundwater are the modules with the highest ecotoxicological pressure.Research highlights: With the use of the POCER indicator as well as ƩSeq, a more accurate assessment of toxicity and ecotoxicity from certain pesticide can be done instead of the TL equation currently used in Cuba. In addition substitution of the most toxic pesticides by less toxic ones could help to reduce synthetic pesticide pressure on humans and the environment. This study can help to develop policies and management practices to reduce the hazards of synthetic pesticide use in Cuba.
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Talukder, Farid. "Pesticide Resistance in Stored-Product Insects and Alternative Biorational Management: A Brief Review." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 14 (January 1, 2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol14iss0pp9-15.
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Conventional pesticides are being used as the major tools for stored grain and food protection. Many conventional pesticides have created problems including pesticide resistance, toxic residues in the treated products, handling hazards, health hazards to operatives and pest resurgence. Among these, the incidence of pesticide resistance is a growing problem in stored product protection. Problems associated with synthetic pesticides, especially pesticide resistance, have created a worldwide interest in the development of alternative biorational strategies. Plant-derived materials, biological control agents, insect growth regulators, solar disinfestation systems, use of inert dusts and diatomaceous earth, etc., are potential viable alternatives. Most of these alternatives have low toxicity or are not toxic to humans, making them environmentally acceptable and enabling them to be incorporated in stored product protection.
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Nielsen, May-Brith Ohman. "Syntheticising Scandinavia: The Introduction of Synthetic Pesticides to Scandinavian Gardens, 1945-1952." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 113–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2020-0006.
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AbstractThis study examines the introduction of prescriptive pesticide technologies into Scandinavian family gardens. It analyses pesticide propaganda and plant protection experts’ advice and instructions on the use of pesticides directed at amateur, home gardeners in Norway, Sweden and Denmark in the years between 1945 and 1952, the period when the new generation of synthetic pesticides was introduced in Scandinavia, and eagerly advocated by the leading experts of plant protection science. The sources investigated are gardening magazines and their special issues on garden instruction and the use of chemicals through the seasons, edited, published and distributed to a wide readership by national gardening associations. The study shows how the gardening associations in Scandinavia and their popular gardening magazines were major pushers of extensive pesticide spraying practices, with supporting epistemic logic, onto the numerous family gardeners of Scandinavia. Through these gardening associations both the state plant protection authorities and their scientific expertise and also the pesticide companies reached wide groups of citizens, across diverse professions, occupations and ways of life. This served to normalise the use of powerful poisons in small gardens and small-scale food production.
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Khanal, D., S. K. Neupane, S. Poudel, and M. Shrestha. "An Overview of Chemical Pesticide Import in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 22 (June 30, 2021): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46810.
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In 2021, this study has attempted to analyze the trend of pesticide import over two decades in Nepal. Secondary data obtained from Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Center were analyzed to know the pesticide import trend. The result showed that the import of pesticides was in increasing trend and the average annual increase in import was 30.48 tons (a.i.) over the last twenty-two years. Fungicide had the highest import followed by insecticide, herbicide and these three groups comprised more than 90% of the pesticide import. The import of insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, organophosphate, mix group pesticide was in increasing trend while that of rodenticide, bactericide was in decreasing trend. The import of synthetic pyrethroid, carbamates, and some new groups like nicotinoids had been increasing in recent years. Although the import of chemical pesticides was increasing in huge amount; import of biopesticide also seems to be in increasing trend. The use of pesticide is still low in Nepal as compared to the global average or other countries however, the effects of its use are greater and hazardous which indicates the need for strong policy implementation for the safe import and use of pesticides.
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Djaenuddin, Nurasiah, and Amran Muis. "EFEKTIVITAS BIOPESTISIDA BACILLUS SUBTILIS BNt 8 DAN PESTISIDA NABATI UNTUK PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT HAWAR PELEPAH DAN UPIH DAUN JAGUNG." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 17, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11753-61.
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Effectiveness of the biopesticide of Bacillus subtilis BNt 8 and botanical pesticide in controlling banded leaf and sheath blight disease on maize. Banded leaf and sheath blight disease (BLSB) caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani is difficult to control because it pertained soil borne fungus that can survive in a long time in the soil. Control the disease with synthetic pesticide causing contamination to the environment, so that an environmentally friendly alternative control is needed. This study aimed to obtain a Bacillus subtilis formulation as biological agents and selected botanical pesticides that effective to control BLSB in the field. The study was conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of Indonesia Cereals Research Institutein Maros and at the Bajeng Experimental Farm in Gowa, held from February to August 2015. The reatments consists of several botanical pesticides, B. subtilis formulation, a synthetic fungicide, positive and negative controls. In vitro test was inhibition test between botanical pesticide with R. solani and antagonistic test between the B. subtilis and botanical pesticides, each of them consists of 6 treatments and 3 replications, while the field activity consists of test of effectiveness of single treatment and combination between B. subtilis formulation and botanical pesticides. The results showed that combination of formulated B. subtilis with botanical pesticide of cloves leaves, betel leaves, and turmeric were not significantly different from single treatment of formulated B. subtilis and botanical pesticides. Formulated B. subtilis suppressed the severity of BLSB as much as 39.1% and yield reached 8.4 t/ha.
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Cech, Ramona, Friedrich Leisch, and Johann G. Zaller. "Pesticide Use and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sugar Beet, Apples, and Viticulture in Austria from 2000 to 2019." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060879.
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The production of synthetic pesticides is energy intensive and can emit even more greenhouse gases (GHG) per kg than the production of synthetic fertilizers. However, this aspect is largely neglected when it comes to agriculture’s contribution to GHG emissions. Using official pesticide sales data from Austria from 2000 to 2019, we analyzed (i) trends in insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide use and calculated production-related GHG emissions, and (ii) the share of pesticide-related versus fertilizer-related GHG emissions in three agricultural crops with different pesticide intensities: sugar beets, apples, and grapevines. We found that between 2000 and 2019, insecticide amounts increased by 58%, fungicide amounts increased by 29%, and herbicide amounts decreased by 29%; associated GHG emissions showed similar patterns. During the same period, acreage under conventional arable crops, orchards, and vineyards decreased by an average of 19%, indicating an increase in management intensity. In intensive apple production, GHG emissions associated with pesticide production and application accounted for 51% of total GHG emissions, in viticulture 37%, and in sugar beets 12%. We have shown that GHG emissions due to pesticide production and application can be significant, especially for pesticide-intensive crops. We therefore recommend that these pesticide-derived GHG emissions should also be attributed to the agricultural sector.
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Idris, Herwita, and NFN Nurmansyah. "PESTISIDA NABATI KAYUMANIS DAN SERAIWANGI UNTUK PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENGGULUNG DAUN NILAM Pacyzancla stultalis." Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 28, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v28n2.2017.163-170.
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<em>Botanical pesticide is one of the alternatives to control pest and relatively safe for the environment. Cinnamon oil and citronella oil commonly used as botanical pesticide to control leaf roller</em> Pachyzancla stultalis<em> attack on patchouli, hence maintaining patchouli productivity. This study aimed to find the best botanical insecticide formula made of cinnamon oil and citronella oil to control leaf roller attack without decreasing the quality of patchouli oil. Research was conducted in patchouli farmer's plantation in Solok Regency, Kenagarian Gantung Ciri from January to October 2013. The research was arranged in Randomized Block Design with four treatments (Pesnab KM 40, Pesnab SW 50, synthetic insecticide deltamethrin 25 EC and without pesticide as control) repeated six times. Botanical pesticide, Pesnab KM 40 and SW 50, were formulated using 40 % cinnamon oil (KM 40) and 50 % citronella oil (SW 50). The plant tested was one month old Sidikalang variety in polybags. The KM 40 botanical pesticide formula was more effective to control </em>P. stultalis <em>larvae pest than control and SW 50 botanical pesticide, and as effective as synthetic pesticide. The herb yield, oil yield, oil content and patchouli alcohol (PA) content of KM 40 treatment were not significantly different compared to synthetic pesticide, but higher than control. Patchouli oil components such as alpha pinene, beta pinene, limonene, copaene, karyophylen, guanen, allo-aromadrene and gurjunen, was not significantly different among treatments. Botanical pesticides made from cinnamon oil can be used as alternative to control P. stultalis larvae attack in patchouli.</em><p> </p>
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Centner, Terence J. "Pesticide Usage Is Compromising People’s Health in the United States: Ideas for Reducing Damages." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060486.
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The development of synthetic pesticides has provided new tools for addressing troublesome pests. A review of parts of the registration process for pesticides in the United States identifies an outdated evaluation system that undervalues health damages. Registration fails to adequately consider co-formulants and effects of exposure to multiple chemicals. Frustration with failures to protect people and property from damages accompanying pesticide usage has led injured plaintiffs to resort to tort lawsuits to secure relief. However, litigation involves compensating injured persons after they are injured rather than preventing injury. A more proactive approach would be to prevent situations that injure people. This paper offers four ideas to reduce health damages accompanying pesticide usage. Slight adjustments to pesticide registration requirements can offer greater protection for people’s health.
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Ding, Xiuling, Apurbo Sarkar, Lipeng Li, Hua Li, and Qian Lu. "Effects of Market Incentives and Livelihood Dependence on Farmers’ Multi-Stage Pesticide Application Behavior—A Case Study of Four Provinces in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 9431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159431.
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Improvement in pesticide application and efficiency structure has long been recognized as having great significance in reducing pollution, ensuring food safety, and promoting green agricultural development. Based on theoretical analysis, using the survey data of 766 farmers in key tea areas in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, and Anhui provinces in China, the study empirically analyzes the influence of market incentives and livelihood dependence on farmers’ multi-stage pesticide application behavior. More specifically, the study employed ordered probit analysis to craft its findings. The dependent variable of this study is the multi-stage pesticide application problem of farmers, and the core independent variables are market incentives and livelihood dependence, and the judgment is based on the core variable coefficients of the econometric model of farmers at each stage. The study found the following: (i) Market incentives significantly prompted some farmers to give up synthetic pesticide application and farmers tend to choose green pesticides in the type of pesticide application. (ii) Livelihood dependence meant that the proportion of tea income significantly prompts farmers to apply pesticides, and also creates a tendency for farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides in the type of pesticide application. The planting period tends to have a moderate impact on applying green and low-toxic pesticides. (iii) The interaction term of market incentives and the proportion of tea income has no significant impact on farmers’ multi-stage pesticide application behavior. The interaction term of market incentives and planting years has impacted negatively on whether farmers apply pesticides, and has no significant impact on farmers’ choice of pesticide application types, but makes farmers increase the amount of green and low-toxic pesticides. (iv) The education level of the household head significantly promotes farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. Seemingly, the brand effect of pesticides significantly encourages farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. In external support, technical training significantly encourages farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. Furthermore, better infrastructure and local market conditions significantly encourage farmers to reduce the use of conventional pesticides.
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BENANI, Sanae, Aziz BOUCHELTA, and Sanae AMINE. "Usage of biopesticides in agriculture practices." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 46, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 8301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v46-3.4.
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Using pesticides is the first method to control diseases and kill pests and weeds, which are the most menacing and the biggest problem facing agriculture. It is commonly used by developing since it is the solution to increase yields and solve agriculture problems. A part from big farmers, the majority of peasant farmers are unable to pay for synthetic pesticides because of their high price. Moreover, the small fields cultivated by subsistence farmers making the use of such pesticides uneconomic. In morocco, peasant farmers use even pesticides, which are over dose or they use non-certified products. It is understood that it is very harmful for human health and environment as well. Therefore, pesticide plants do not eliminate all pests, but keep their populations under the threshold of harm, and have more advantages than synthetic pesticides. Moreover, pesticide plant extracts decompose rapidly in the environment; which limits the risk of environmental pollution and improves the sanitary quality of cultivated products; also, it controls insect pests by protecting their natural enemies rather than by spraying crops with synthetic pesticides. The aim of this study is to record all products used by farmers to control Bruchus rufimanus especially the use of bio pesticides around Meknes city (Mejjat and Sebet jahjouhe area). It was established that most of big peasant farmers use synthetic pesticides. While small farmers have only access to traditional methods such as Capsicum frutescent, Urtica dioica, salt and ash wood, if not using non-certified products among which rodenticides.
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Nwadike, Christopher, Victoria Ibukun Joshua, Paulina J. S. Doka, Rahaf Ajaj, Ummu Abubakar Hashidu, Sajoh Gwary-Moda, Mela Danjin, and Haruna Musa Moda. "Occupational Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Farmers in Northern Nigeria during Pesticide Application—A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 10107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810107.
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Pesticides are known human and environmental toxicants, with an estimated 3 million cases of pesticide poisoning happening every year globally, resulting in more than 250,000 deaths. According to the existing literature, different pesticides groups are readily used among farmers in Nigeria. With recent developments around commercial farming, crop damage from pests, etc., this has led to higher consumption of pesticides among the farming community. The lack of product knowledge and safety awareness among this group further exposes them to the effects of pesticides. The study aims to measure Northern Nigerian farmers’ safety knowledge, awareness, and practices related to pesticide application. A cross-sectional study using an online survey questionnaire was adopted to generate responses from 524 farmers across the north-central and northeastern region of the country. Farmers’ attitudes towards pesticide use were driven by high crop yield, as 35.4% strongly agree that pesticide use is indispensable for high crop yield. The frequent use of empty pesticide containers for other secondary uses on the farm or at home, as confirmed by 30.6% of the participants, also presents safety and health concerns. Farmers’ age (p > 0.038) influenced pesticide containers use for other secondary purposes. In contrast, education attainment (p < 0.001) significantly influenced the use of pesticide containers for other farm or domestic uses. Farmers’ safety behaviours are influenced by socioeconomic factors, including educational level, age, and years of farm practice experience. The study concludes on the need to develop an approach that will help strengthen capacity-building programmes and enhance knowledge base initiatives around the adoption of non-synthetic pesticides.
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Khoirunnisa, Fitriah, Dina Fitriyah, and Rita Fitriani. "Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Produksi Pestisida Organik Ramah Lingkungan." Berdikari: Jurnal Inovasi dan Penerapan Ipteks 10, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/berdikari.v10i1.10972.
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The use of synthetic pesticides in farming management has had a negative impact on the environment. In general, farmers still use synthetic pesticides, hence not environmentally friendly. Therefore, farming needs to be directed towards environmentally-friendly agricultural activities with the use of organic pesticides. However, the knowledge and skills of farmers in the production of organic pesticides are lacking. The aim of this program is to increase the knowledge and skills of farmer groups in producing organic pesticides. The implementation was applied in the form of training and demonstration of pesticide manufacture. The results of the activity showed that the knowledge and skills of farmers increased, and they were able to produce organic pesticides. The implication is that farmers can produce organic pesticides independently instead of using synthetic pesticides in farm management.
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Ngegba, Patrick Maada, Gaofeng Cui, Muhammad Zaryab Khalid, and Guohua Zhong. "Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600.
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Pest management is being confronted with immense economic and environmental issues worldwide because of massive utilization and over-reliance on pesticides. The non-target toxicity, residual consequence, and challenging biodegradability of these synthetic pesticides have become a serious concern, which urgently requires the alternative and prompt adoption of sustainable and cost-effective pest control measures. Increasing attention in environmental safety has triggered interest in pest control approaches through eco-friendly plant-based pesticides. Botanical pesticidal constituents are effective against myriads of destructive pests and diseases. More importantly, they are widely available, inexpensive, accessible, rapidly biodegradable, and have little toxicity to beneficiary agents. The phytochemical compositions in diverse plant species are responsible for their varying mechanisms of action against pests and diseases. However, difficulties in their formulation and insufficient appropriate chemical data have led to a low level of acceptance and adoption globally. Therefore, the review seeks to highlight the status, phytochemical compositions, insecticidal mechanisms, and challenges of plant-based pesticide usage in sustainable agricultural production.
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Abid, Muniba, M. Azmat ullah Khan, Sehrish Mushtaq, Muhammad Ajmal Rana, Sohaib Afzaal, and Muhammad Saleem Haider. "A REVIEW ON FUTURE OF BACULAVIRUSES AS A MICROBIAL BIO CONTROL AGENT." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.004.03.0221.
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Pesticides driven from Plants, animals, and microbes such as (bacteria fungi, viruses, algae, nematodes and protozoa are replacing traditional chemical pesticides throughout the world. Bio pesticides reduce environmental risks and are target specific. Bio pesticide promotes sustainable agriculture development by reducing the environmental pollution. Various products have been registered and released, that play important role in the agro-market. Regulation of many insect populations in nature happen by Baculoviruses (entomopathogenic viruses). The pesticide based on baculovirus particles has been formed to control pest and their use is beneficial to reduce the risk of synthetic chemical insecticides. The present status and increase use of baculovirus based bio pesticides as replacement of chemical pesticides, its role in integrated pest management, have been discussed in this review.
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Sharma, Dr P. L., and Dr Vipin Kumar Yadav. "Pesticide and Public Health: A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54620.
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Abstract: Agadtantra, according to Acharya Sushruta, is a branch of Ayurveda that deals with the symptoms of various poisons, their combinations, and treatments for bites from poisonous animals like snakes, insects, spiders, rats, etc. The rising popularity of herbal medicines has also raised questions about the quality, efficacy, and safety of the raw materials used in their production, including food and fruits. Today, some people but the majority of foods contain highly polluted pesticide residue, and the public health is being impacted by the pesticide residue. Pesticides are the natural or synthetic agents are made to kill all types of pests. In different fields like agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, food industry etc. are use pesticides. The pesticides threaten public health and ecosystem by their higher consumption. For the importance of public health, WHO establish the classification of pesticides on the basis of toxicity with the comprehensive knowledge of classification of pesticides, gross use of pesticides can be minimized by using it judicially and it is helpful to public health & ecosystem
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Andrunik, Magdalena, and Tomasz Bajda. "Removal of Pesticides from Waters by Adsorption: Comparison between Synthetic Zeolites and Mesoporous Silica Materials. A Review." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133532.
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Pesticides are pollutants found in wastewater due to increasing agricultural activities over the years. Inappropriate dosing of pesticides results in the dispersal of active ingredients in the environment. The complete removal of pesticides from wastewater is an immediate concern due to their high toxicity and mobility. At present, adsorption is one of the most widely used methods for pesticide removal, in which synthetic zeolites and mesoporous silica materials are extensively applied. This article presents a systematic and comparative review of the applications and comparison of these adsorbents, based on the data reported in the literature. The paper summarizes the information collected from various studies, including the type of adsorbents and pesticides used, experimental conditions, and results of each work. The studies analyzed were laboratory-based and show potential advantages for the treatment of pesticide-bearing waters using functionalized and unfunctionalized synthetic zeolites and mesoporous silica materials. As a whole, functionalized materials are reported to exhibit better removal performance for different pesticides than conventional materials. It is expected that the results of this review will help researchers to establish a powerful strategy for the abatement of pesticides in wastewater.
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La Ode Santiaji Bande, Muhidin, Gusnawaty H.S, Mariadi, and Abdul Rahman. "Botanical pesticide ability to control black pod rot of cacao Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl in the field." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 3 (March 30, 2023): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.3.0384.
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The use of synthetic chemical pesticides for cacao black pod rot disease control to remove heavy metal residues on cacao beans needs to be reduced. This research aimed to find out the ability of botanical pesticides to lower BPR incidence, BPR infection rate, and botanical pesticides’ efficacy in controlling BPR. It was conducted at the Cacao Research Substation Garden of the Plantation and Horticulture Office of Southeast Sulawesi. The treatments experimented included control (no pesticide), CNSE, CNSE + CSLS, CNSE + whiteflower albizia bark extract, CNSE + siam weed leaf extract, CNSE + candle bush leaf extract, CNSE + whiteflower albizia bark extract + siam weed leaf extract + candle bush leaf extract, and synthetic pesticide with active ingredient copper oxysulfate at 345 g/L. Group-randomized trial was used as design in triplicate. The research results showed that the botanical pesticides of CNSE, and the was mixture with of CSLS, siam weed leaf extract, candle bush leaf extract, and whiteflower albizia bark extract were able to lower the disease incidence and slow down the infection rate of BPR. The lowest BPR incidence and infection rates were discovered in the CNSE + Siam weed leaf extract treatment, each at 38.90% and 0.087 per pod per week. The CNSE botanical pesticide mixed with Siam weed leaf extract, whiteflower albizia bark extract, and candle bush leaf extract demonstrated good efficacy above 50%, hence feasible to use as an alternative to chemical pesticides in BPR control.
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Rizal, Muhammad, and Neng Susi. "Pemanfaatan Tanaman Sebagai Bahan Untuk Pembuatan Pestisida Nabati Di Kelurahan Tangkerang Tengah Kota Kota Pekanbaru." COMSEP: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54951/comsep.v4i1.405.
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The continuous use of synthetic pesticides and excessive doses can have an impact, both for health and for the local environment. Alternatives that can be done to overcome so that the environment and health are not disturbed by the use of plant-based pesticides. In general, vegetable pesticides are defined as pesticides whose basic ingredients are plants. Vegetable pesticides are relatively easy to make with simple ingredients and technology. This pesticide is also relatively safe for humans and livestock because the residue is easily lost. Botanical pesticides are hit and run when applied. Thus the product is free from pesticide residues so it is safe for human consumption. This organic pesticide is able to overcome and repel pests that destroy agricultural and plantation crops in general, such as fleas, caterpillars, grasshoppers and so on. The service activities carried out for the mothers of residents in the Tangkerang Tengah Village, Marpoyan Damai District, have gone well. This can be seen from the very high public interest in participating in training activities, as evidenced by the presence of partners to participate in activities reaching more than 100%. The increase in knowledge of processing plants into vegetable pesticides is 100%.
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Oaya, C. S., A. M. Malgwi, M. M. Degri, and A. E. Samaila. "Impact of synthetic pesticides utilization on humans and the environment: an overview." Agricultural Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (December 2019): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2019.04.047.
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Abstract. Pesticides are chemicals that kill or manage the population of pests. There are many different types of pesticides on the market today, but the most common are herbicides and insecticides, which kill or manage unwanted plants and insects. The benefits of pesticides include increased food production, increased profits for farmers and the prevention of diseases. Although pests consume or harm a large portion of agricultural crops, without the use of pesticides, it is likely that they would consume a higher percentage. More food is produced by farmers, thereby increasing profit. Pesticides also increase farm profits by helping the farmer save money on labor costs. Using pesticides reduces the amount of time required to manually remove weeds and pests from the fields. In addition to saving crops and livestock, pesticides have also had direct benefits to human health. It is estimated that since 1945, the use of pesticides has prevented the deaths of around seven million people by killing pests that carry or transmit diseases. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there have also been many problems associated with their use. Pesticides do not always stay in the location where they are applied. They are mobile in the environment and often move through water, air and soil. The problem with pesticide mobility is that when they travel, the pesticides come in contact with other organisms and can cause harm. Pesticides have also been shown to disrupt the balance of an ecosystem. In many situations when a pesticide is used, it also kills non-pest organisms. This can drastically alter the natural balance of the ecosystem. By removing non-pest organisms, the environment can be changed to favor the pest. In addition to causing harm to wildlife, pesticides that travel from their original location are known to cause harm to humans. Human exposure to pesticides has caused poisonings, the development of cancer and the deaths of between 20000 and 40000 people worldwide each year. Another major problem associated with pesticide use is bioaccumulation and biological magnification. Bioaccumulation is when a substance builds up in the body because the body does not have the proper mechanisms to remove it. Many synthetic pesticides are not able to be broken down. Once they enter the body of an organism, they are permanently stored in the body tissue.
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Duniaji, Agus Slamet, and I. Ketut Suter. "Pengujian Kandungan Residu Pestisida Pada Tanaman Sayuran Di Kabupaten Badung Dengan Kartu Pendeteksi Pestisida (Pesticide Detection Cards) Dan Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA) 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2021.v10.i04.p19.
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Pesticides are chemical substances used to control various pests and diseases. In the field, synthetic pesticides are widely used and their use is not controlled and exceeds the permitted threshold according to the Minister of Agriculture No: 88 Permentan/PP.340/12/2011. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated in Badung district. A total of 16 types of vegetables with 32 samples were tested for pesticide residues of organophosphorus and organochlorine groups (Diazinon, chlorphyrifos and Profenopos) on vegetable crops in Badung district. Qualitative testing was carried out with pesticide detection cards (Pesticide Detection Cards) and then samples contaminated with pesticides were continued by testing using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GC MS) / The test results showed that as many as 30 samples of vegetables (93.75%) did not contain diazinon and as many as 2 samples (6.25%) containing diazinon, namely chinese cabbagge sample 1 of 0.015 ppm and chinese cabbagge of sample 2 of 0.024 ppm. A total of 29 samples of vegetables (90.63%) did not contain much chlorphyrifos and as many as 3 samples (9.37%) contained chlorphyrifos pesticide residues. A total of 30 samples (93.75%) contained profenofos and 2 samples of vegetables (6.25%) contained profenofos pesticide residues in the mustard greens sample 1 and chicory sample 2 were 0.048 ppm and 0.029 ppm, respectively. According to PERMENTAN No: 88 /Permentan/PP.340/12/2011, from the results of this test, all samples were below the Maximum Residue Limit (BMR) for pesticide diazinon, chlorphyrifos and profenofos
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Wang, Xingwen, Muhammad Umair Sial, Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Muhammad Bilal, Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza, Hafiz Muhammad Ali Raza, Abdur Rehim, and Yucong Geng. "Pesticides Xenobiotics in Soil Ecosystem and Their Remediation Approaches." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 12, 2022): 3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063353.
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Globally, the rapid rise in the human population has increased the crop production, resulting in increased pesticide xenobiotics. Despite the fact that pesticide xenobiotics toxify the soil environment and ecosystem, synthetic pesticides have increased agricultural yields and reduced disease vectors. Pesticide use has increased, resulting in an increase in environmental pollution. Various methods of controlling and eliminating these contaminants have been proposed to address this issue. Pesticide impurity in the climate presents a genuine danger to individuals and other oceanic and earthly life. If not controlled, the pollution can prompt difficult issues for the climate. Some viable and cost-effective alternative approaches are needed to maintain this emission level at a low level. Phytoremediation and microbial remediation are effective methods for removing acaricide scrapings from the atmosphere using plants and organisms. This review gives an overview of different types of xenobiotics, how they get into the environment, and how the remediation of pesticides has progressed. It focuses on simple procedures that can be used in many countries. In addition, we have talked about the benefits and drawbacks of natural remediation methods.
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Dogheim, Salwa M., Sohair A. Gad Alla, Ashraf M. El-Marsafy, and Safaa M. Fahmy. "Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Egyptian Fruits and Vegetables in 1995." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.4.948.
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Abstract Organophosphorus, dithiocarbamates, and some synthetic pyrethroids pesticides, which are commonly used in Egypt for pest control, were monitored, as well as persistent organochlorines, which had been prohibited from use several years ago. Fruit and vegetable samples (397) were collected from 8 local markets and examined for 52 pesticides. Of all analyzed samples, 42.8% contained detectable residues, of which 1.76% exceeded their maximum residue limits (MRLs). The rates of contamination with the different pesticides were 0-86%. However, violation rates among contaminated products were very low, ranging from 0 to 4.6%. In general, organochlorine pesticide residues were not detected in most samples. Dithiocarbamate residues were found in 70.4% of 98 samples analyzed for dithiocarbamates, but only one grape sample had residues exceeding the MRL established by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues.
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Wallace, Victoria H., Candace Bartholomew, and Julie H. Campbell. "Turf Manager Response to Changing Pesticide Regulations." HortScience 51, no. 4 (April 2016): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.4.394.
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A mail survey was distributed to school turfgrass managers throughout Connecticut focusing on the differences between turfgrass management practices for kindergarten through eighth-grade (K-8) school grounds before, during, and after a 2010 ban on pesticide use at these facilities. The results indicate that as turf care protocol transitioned from an integrated pest management (IPM) program to new pesticide-free regulatory requirements, school grounds/athletic field managers did not significantly adjust their management programs. The percentage of managers applying pesticides on K-8 grounds decreased, as expected, with the implementation of the new pesticide ban; however, pesticide applications on high school grounds/athletic fields also decreased. Furthermore, it was observed that there had been minimal adoption of minimum risk 25(b) products, the suggested alternative to traditional synthetic pesticides. With respect to other cultural practices, we found that few changes have been made to other cultural practices that would improve turf quality. Budgetary issues facing school grounds/athletic field managers may have limited their ability to implement potentially costly management practices necessary to offset the loss of pesticides. Educational efforts to promote new management practices have the potential to inform school grounds/athletic field managers about new methods, thereby, potentially increasing adoption.
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FAREED, REHANA, ABDULLAH ANSARI, DIANA SEECHARRAN, and LESLIE MUNROE. "Investigating the degrading properties of three different strains of fungi on commonly used pesticides in Guyana." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f150102.
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Fareed R, Ansari A, Seecharran D, Munroe L. 2017. Investigating the degrading properties of three different strains of fungi on commonly used pesticides in Guyana. Biofarmasi (Rumphius J Nat Prod Biochem) 15: 5-14. Bioremediation is the use of microbes to remove various contaminants from the environment. The present research work was carried out during 2014-15. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium spp. were employed for biodegradation of pesticides commonly used in Guyana. Initially, the fungi were screened for ligninolytic potential by observing decolorization/degradation of a synthetic dye (Remazol Brilliant blue) in PDA agar. The degradation of dyes was noted by the change in original colour of the dye and visual disappearance of colour from the fungustreated Petri plates. In addition, accumulation of the dye by the fungal mycelium was also noticed. The fungi were then tested for their tolerance to the pesticides Diuron, Malathion and Diazinon respectively. This was done on solid media using PDA agar with amoxillin to prevent bacterial growth. The pesticides were introduced to the fungi by way of disc diffusion. Discs of a known diameter were infused with the respective pesticides at different concentrations and placed at strategic points around the inoculated fungal mycelium. The extent of inhibition was measured by comparing the growth diameter in the sample verses growth in the control. The pesticide diazinon was found to have inhibited the fungi more when compared to Malathion and Diuron. Finally, the fungi were used to degrade the pesticides in a liquid culture-Peptone Broth. The pesticide Diuron was selected because the fungi thrived best in all concentrations of this pesticide. A concentration of the pesticide Diuron was place in flasks containing the peptone broth with mycelia discs of the respective fungal strain. The final concentration of the pesticide was determined by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of the pesticide in each strain of fungi was decreased. Aspergillus niger was found to have the highest rate of pesticide degradation followed by Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium.
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Boyandin, Anatoly N., Anna A. Sukhanova, and Natalya L. Ertiletskaya. "Slow-release agricultural pesticide formulations: state of the art." Chimica Techno Acta 9 (June 27, 2022): 202292S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2022.9.2.s10.
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The need for a long-term sustaining of optimal concentrations of applied pesticides in the soil in agriculture resulted in the development of systems for controlled release of active substances. Such systems are based on the use of eco-friendly carrier materials that are harmless to plants, humans and environment. Inorganic substances (e.g., clays or alike substances), biodegradable polymers of natural or synthetic origin, blends of such polymers and their composites with inorganic fillers can be used as carriers. The deposited pesticides are released by diffusion or, in the case of systems based on biodegradable polymers, by degradation of the carrier. Inorganic carriers are usually impregnated with a pesticide. As for polymers, there is a wide range of methods for obtaining forms. Namely, these are the microsphere and nanoparticle formation, film casting, tablet pressing, form gelatinizing, and coprecipitation of a pesticide and a polymer from a solution. Co-extrusion of pesticides with polymers or their composites at temperatures below the degradation temperature of the components is another promising method for obtaining pesticide carriers.
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Wedastra, Made Suma, I. Dewa Gede Suartha, Theresia Suzanna Catharina, Ida Ayu Ketut Marini, Ni Wayan Putu Meikapasa, and Ida Ayu Nopiari. "Pengendalian Hama Penyakit Terpadu untuk Mengurangi Kerusakan pada Tanaman Padi di Desa Mekar Sari Kecamatan Gunung Sari." Jurnal Gema Ngabdi 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jgn.v2i1.68.
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Until now farmers still use synthetic chemical pesticides in eradicating pests and diseases. On the one hand, the use of synthetic chemical pesticides is beneficial because of the poison power or the ability to kill pests and diseases that are high and fast, but the excessive use of toxic pesticides, in addition to the increasingly resistant pests and diseases to pesticide poisons, can also pollute the environment. In addition, pesticide poisons tend to increase in price, so that economically it does not increase production value. Community service is carried out in the form of agricultural counseling, carried out in Mekar Sari Village, Gunung Sari District, aiming that farmers have better knowledge and are willing to implement integrated pest and disease control (IPM) methods on rice plants. This counseling material was delivered with lecture techniques, then followed by question and answer sessions. The agricultural extension activities in Mekar Sari Village, Gunung Sari Subdistrict went smoothly and most of the extension participants were able to increase their knowledge to be better, so that they were expected to increase their understanding and be able to apply the technology
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Darko, Godfred, Jonah Addai Tabi, Michael Kodwo Adjaloo, and Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye. "Pesticide Residues in Honey from the Major Honey Producing Forest Belts in Ghana." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7957431.
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Concentrations of pesticides residues in honey sampled from the major honey producing forest belts in Ghana were determined. Samples were purposively collected and extracted using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method and analysed for synthetic pyrethroids, organochlorine, and organophosphate pesticide residues. Aldrin, γ-HCH, β-HCH, ∑endosulfan, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin methoxychlor, ∑DDT, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, malathion, dimethoate, and diazinon were all detected at the concentration of 0.01 mg/kg, while cyfluthrin and permethrin were detected at mean concentrations of 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg, respectively. All the pesticide residues detected were very low and below their respective maximum residue limits set by the European Union. Hence, pesticide residues in honey samples analyzed do not pose any health risk to consumers.
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Ndolo, Dennis, Elizabeth Njuguna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Chioma Harbor, Arielle Rowe, Alana Den Breeyen, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, et al. "Research and Development of Biopesticides: Challenges and Prospects." Outlooks on Pest Management 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v30_dec_08.
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Even though pesticides have greatly contributed to boosting agricultural productivity and farmer income over the years, there have been concerns about the safety of some of these pest control products. Besides, there has been a growing demand for good quality and safe food in the recent past – as reflected in the stringent regulations on pesticide residue levels in produce. Biopesticides in comparison with conventional synthetic chemical pesticides are usually less toxic, generally affect only the target pest and closely related organisms, are often effective in relatively small quantities and decompose faster, resulting in lower exposure. Consequently, over the last few years, biopesticides have attracted global attention as a safer pest control strategy for incorporation into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes. Besides, in the last decade, adoption of IPM programmes has significantly enhanced pest management practices and, in some cases, reduced pesticide use, consequently reducing the rise in demand for synthetic chemical pesticides. Also, the development of new synthetic chemical pesticides has declined considerably in the recent past, as regulations have become tighter, with products being withdrawn from the market, resulting in a more limited choice of chemical solutions such that biopesticides have become a more feasible option. Many countries have also increasingly lowered chemical Maximum Residue Levels for agricultural imports which have made it increasingly necessary to explore pest control options which would ensure reduced reliance on the use of synthetic chemical pesticides. In this paper, avenues of addressing challenges to biopesticide research and development are evaluated by seeking the inputs of a wide range of stakeholders, building on a recent international workshop with biopesticides practitioners from across the globe. Prospects for biopesticide application are detailed using a case study on the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa.
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Brito-Bello, Alethia A., and Damar Lopez-Arredondo. "Bioactive Compounds with Pesticide Activities Derived from Aged Cultures of Green Microalgae." Biology 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2023): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12081149.
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The excessive use of synthetic pesticides has caused environmental problems and human health risks and increased the development of resistance in several organisms. Allelochemicals, secondary metabolites produced as part of the defense mechanisms in plants and microorganisms, are an attractive alternative to replace synthetic pesticides to remediate these problems. Microalgae are natural producers of a wide range of allelochemicals. Thus, they provide new opportunities to identify secondary metabolites with pesticide activities and an alternative approach to discover new modes of action and circumvent resistance. We screened 10 green microalgae strains belonging to the Chlorophyta phylum for their potential to inhibit the growth of photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organisms. Bioassays were established to assess microalgae extracts’ effectiveness in controlling the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana, Arabidopsis thaliana, Amaranthus palmeri, and the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. All tested strains exhibited herbicidal, nematocidal, or algicidal activities. Importantly, methanol extracts of a Chlamydomonas strain effectively controlled the germination and growth of a glyphosate-resistant A. palmeri biotype. Likewise, some microalgae extracts effectively killed C. elegans L1 larvae. Comprehensive metabolic profiling using LC-MS of extracts with pesticide activities showed that the metabolite composition of Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and Chloroidium extracts is diverse. Molecules such as fatty acids, isoquinoline alkaloids, aldehydes, and cinnamic acids were more abundant, suggesting their participation in the pesticide activities.
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Dassanayake, Mackingsley Kushan, Chien Hwa Chong, Teng-Jin Khoo, Adam Figiel, Antoni Szumny, and Chee Ming Choo. "Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092016.
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The management of insect pests and fungal diseases that cause damage to crops has become challenging due to the rise of pesticide and fungicide resistance. The recent developments in studies related to plant-derived essential oil products has led to the discovery of a range of phytochemicals with the potential to combat pesticide and fungicide resistance. This review paper summarizes and interprets the findings of experimental work based on plant-based essential oils in combination with existing pesticidal and fungicidal agents and novel bioactive natural and synthetic molecules against the insect pests and fungi responsible for the damage of crops. The insect mortality rate and fractional inhibitory concentration were used to evaluate the insecticidal and fungicidal activities of essential oil synergists against crop-associated pests. A number of studies have revealed that plant-derived essential oils are capable of enhancing the insect mortality rate and reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of commercially available pesticides, fungicides and other bioactive molecules. Considering these facts, plant-derived essential oils represent a valuable and novel source of bioactive compounds with potent synergism to modulate crop-associated insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi.
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Samanta, Sanjoy, Atanu Maji, Bipadtaran Sutradhar, Santanu Banerjee, Vaibhav B. Shelar, Pravin B. Khaire, Sandhya V. Yadav, and Govardhan D. Bansode. "Impact of Pesticides on Beneficial Insects in Various Agroecosystem: A Review." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 8 (June 19, 2023): 1928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82149.
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Beneficial insects play a vital role in natural pest control and pollination in agricultural crops. The use of synthetic pesticides in agricultural areas is harmful to both natural enemies and pollinators. Pesticides impair the survival of a variety of life cycle stages, limit reproductive capability, alter host fitness for parasitising or predation, reduce parasitoids' emergence from sprayed host eggs, and cause direct death. When natural enemies are decreased, pest population dynamics, such as resurgence and secondary pest eruption, may suffer even more devastating repercussions. Pollinator decline decreases agricultural yield. This study intends to investigate the side effects of synthetic and botanical pesticides on beneficial insects in order to provide a foundation for future research into the detrimental effects of synthetic and botanical pesticides on these insects. This information will aid in optimising pesticide use in integrated pest management programmes by implementing more sustainable and environment friendly methods such as the use of correct doses and selective insecticides in agricultural areas.
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Barbaś, Piotr, Hakiye Aslan, Imran Aslan, Dominika Skiba, Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin, and Barbara Helena Sawicka. "Prospects for using pesticides in agriculture." Agronomy Science 78, no. 1 (June 9, 2023): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2023.5078.
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Concerns about food safety issues have put considerable pressure on pesticide producers in Europe and worldwide to reduce the levels of pesticide residues in food. The aim of this work is to assess the use of traditional pesticides and their effects, to present perspectives in this field and to identify regulatory needs for their use and implementation. The work is based on a systematic review in which the research problem was defined, primary sources were selected and critically appraised, data were collected, analysed and evaluated, and conclusions were formulated. The state of the pesticide market and the current legal requirements for risk assessment in relation to exposure to chemical substances were reviewed. Food safety issues are presented through the prism of pesticide residues in food. Their widespread use and considerable persistence have made them ubiquitous in the natural environment and their residues pose a threat to the environment and to human and animal health. It has been shown that the most important factor influencing the search for new tools to control diseases and pests of crops is the progressive development of resistance of these populations to currently used pesticides. Various alternatives to the phasing out of synthetic pesticides in the form of natural products are therefore being developed to support the development of the natural products market.
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ÖZKARA, Arzu. "Karate Zeon Pestisitinin Mutajenik Aktivitesinin Ames Testi ile Değerlendirilmesi." Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering 22, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1069842.
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Pesticides widely used in the agricultural market led to an increase in the quality and yield of crops. However, pesticides are a major concern in the environment as they also harm non-target creatures, because of pesticide resistance, and mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In this study, we aimed to research the potential mutagenicity of Karate Zeon which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test) was used to evaluate the mutagenicity of Karate Zeon insecticide in the absence and presence of the S9 fraction on two strains (TA98 and TA100). In this study, doses of 250, 25, 2.5, 0.25, 0.025 μg/plate of Karate Zeon were used. Karate Zeon pesticide showed mutagenic activity at 250 μg/plate concentration on both TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation.
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Zhao, Jianbo, Dongmei Liang, Weiguo Li, Xiaoguang Yan, Jianjun Qiao, and Qinggele Caiyin. "Research Progress on the Synthetic Biology of Botanical Biopesticides." Bioengineering 9, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9050207.
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The production and large-scale application of traditional chemical pesticides will bring environmental pollution and food safety problems. With the advantages of high safety and environmental friendliness, botanical biopesticides are in line with the development trend of modern agriculture and have gradually become the mainstream of modern pesticide development. However, the traditional production of botanical biopesticides has long been faced with prominent problems, such as limited source and supply, complicated production processes, and excessive consumption of resources. In recent years, the rapid development of synthetic biology will break through these bottlenecks, and many botanical biopesticides are produced using synthetic biology, such as emodin, celangulin, etc. This paper reviews the latest progress and application prospect of synthetic biology in the development of botanical pesticides so as to provide new ideas for the analysis of synthetic pathways and heterologous and efficient production of botanical biopesticides and accelerate the research process of synthetic biology of natural products.
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Deka, Bhabesh, Suman Sarkar, Debrishi Modak, Somnath Roy, and Azariah Babu. "Indigenous plant extracts and their role in pest management in tea ecosystem." International Journal of Tea Science 16, no. 01 (November 3, 2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20425/ijts1613.
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India is the world's second largest producer of black tea. Insects, mites, nematodes, and plant pathogenic diseases all damage the tea plant which severely hampered tea production causing about 10-15% crop loss every year. It would be 100% in extreme circumstances. In India, many synthetic pesticides are commonly employed to control tea pests. The use of an excessive amount pesticides could lead to a number of issues, including the development of resistance, negative impacts on non-target species such as insect predators and parasitoids, disruption of the ecological balance, and the accumulation of pesticide residues on tea leaves. In the international market, there is an increasing demand for organic tea or tea that is pesticide residue free, which influences the export price. Plant extracts having insecticidal qualities contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary compounds can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides and these are environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, cost-effective, and renewable options for use in IPM programmes in this context. Biopesticides are natural plant products that can be grown at a minimal cost by planters and extracted using indigenous methods.
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Motmainna, Mst, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani, Mahmudul Hasan, Sabina Yeasmin, Md Parvez Anwar, and A. K. M. Mominul Islam. "Allelopathic Potential of Tropical Plants—A Review." Agronomy 13, no. 8 (August 4, 2023): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082063.
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The need to meet food demand becomes more urgent as it is forecasted to increase by 50% over the next century. Thus, agronomists promote sensible tools and approaches to eradicate factors that hamper crop production, mainly weeds. The constant use of chemical herbicides to control weeds leads to an increased risk of herbicide-resistant weed populations, environmental pollution, unsafe agricultural products, and negative effects on human health. These problems have caused an interest among researchers to replace synthetic herbicides with alternatives. The purpose of this review was to present the current knowledge base on allelopathic tropical plants and their potential for use in the development of natural product-based, environmentally friendly herbicides for sustainable agriculture, and to stimulate future discussion on this topic. The defence mechanisms of tropical plants have received particular attention because of their potential weed control ability as a natural pesticide that can prevent the overuse of synthetic pesticides. The ancient knowledge of the toxic properties of various tropical plants gives us a basis for creating a novel pest control approach. The synthesis of biopesticides based on allelochemicals opens up the possibility of utilizing natural compounds in crop protection and demonstrates the ability to deal with evolved pesticide resistance.
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Larson, Nicholas R., Scott T. O’Neal, Ulrich R. Bernier, Jeffrey R. Bloomquist, and Troy D. Anderson. "Terpenoid-Induced Feeding Deterrence and Antennal Response of Honey Bees." Insects 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020083.
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Multiple interacting stressors negatively affect the survival and productivity of managed honey bee colonies. Pesticides remain a primary concern for beekeepers, as even sublethal exposures can reduce bee immunocompetence, impair navigation, and reduce social communication. Pollinator protection focuses on pesticide application guidelines; however, a more active protection strategy is needed. One possible approach is the use of feeding deterrents that can be delivered as an additive during pesticide application. The goal of this study was to validate a laboratory assay designed to rapidly screen compounds for behavioral changes related to feeding or feeding deterrence. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the synthetic Nasonov pheromone and its terpenoid constituents citral, nerol, and geraniol could alter feeding behavior in a laboratory assay. Additionally, electroantennogram assays revealed that these terpenoids elicited some response in the antennae; however, only a synthetic Nasonov pheromone, citral, and geraniol elicited responses that differed significantly from control and vehicle detections.
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Nisha, Umme Salma, Md Sirajul Islam Khan, Mohammad Dalower Hossain Prodhan, Islam Md Meftaul, Noorjahan Begum, Aney Parven, Syfullah Shahriar, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, and Md Abdul Hakim. "Quantification of Pesticide Residues in Fresh Vegetables Available in Local Markets for Human Consumption and the Associated Health Risks." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091804.
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Human health risks as a result of consuming pesticide residues in fresh vegetables have drawn serious attention to the scientific community, particularly in developing countries. This study analyzed country bean (Lablab purpureus L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) for widely used neonicotinoid, synthetic pyrethroid, and dithiocarbamate pesticide residues in order to ensure food safety. The analyzed vegetables contained residues of acetamiprid and cypermethrin in 17% of bean and 13% of eggplant samples, respectively; among them, 3% of bean and 1% of eggplant samples had residues of acetamiprid that were above the maximum residue limits set by the European Union (EU-MRLs). None of the samples for either of the analyzed vegetables contained the residue of thiram and lambda-cyhalothrin. In contrast, 83% of bean and 87% of eggplant samples had no detectable pesticides. Thus, the findings were surprising considering the repeated and overuse of pesticides in vegetables in the investigated areas. However, this outcome supports the general claim of pesticide adulteration in terms of the active ingredients, which is another drawback to ensuring food safety. The non-cancer health risk assessment based on the acute health risk to consumer (aHI) and chronic hazard quotient (HQ) indicates that contaminated vegetables might pose a potential threat to children’s health and alarming for adults. This study reflects the overall scenario of pesticide residues in marketed vegetables of Barishal district of Bangladesh, which could help the consumers to bring awareness, and to take necessary actions by the pesticide suppliers and policymakers.
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Hamel, Darka, Vlatka Rozman, and Anita Liška. "Storage of Cereals in Warehouses with or without Pesticides." Insects 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120846.
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At a time when there is much talk of reducing pesticide use and the implementation of integrated pest management, mainly in fields and glass-houses, it is appropriate to consider how cereals in storage are handled and what measures are taken to protect them against insects and other pests. For decades, the use of various synthetic pesticides has been the basis for the proper and long-term storage of cereals, primarily free of insects and mites, but also fungi and their mycotoxins and rodents. However, due to the registered negative effects of synthetic pesticides, such as dichloro-diphenyl-trihloroethane (DDT) or methyl bromide, on human health and the environment, and the appearance of resistance to, e.g., malathion, researchers have been looking for new acceptable control measures. Due to the proven and published non-acceptable data regarding synthetic pesticide effects, a combination of physical, mechanical, and biological measures with the minimal use of synthetic pesticides, under the name of integrated pest management, have been promoted. These combinations include high and low temperatures; the removal of dockages; and the application of pheromones, diatomaceous earth, and natural compounds from various plants, as well as inert gases, predators, and parasites. A ban of any synthetic pesticide usage is currently being considered, which emphasizes the fact that protection should only be performed by measures that do not leave harmful residues. However, the facts show that the application of physical, mechanical, and/or biological measures, besides the fact that they are not necessarily efficient, is very demanding because more knowledge and experience is required, as well as better equipment, greater financial investment, and awareness raising not only for agricultural producers and storage keepers, but also for consumers. In order to use these measures, which are less hazardous to humans and the environment, it is necessary to adapt regulations not only to speed up the registration protocols of low-risk pesticides, but also to prescribe criteria for placing agricultural products on the market, as well as quality standards, i.e., the permitted number of present insects, in addition to their parts in certain types of food. Additionally, we should be aware of control measures for protecting novel food and other non-traditional foods. It is important to continue to combine different protection measures, namely integrated pest management, until all of the other new procedures that must be carried out during the period of storing cereals and other products are clear, in order to ensure the best quality of final products for consumers.
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Saxena, Dr Padma. "Intoxication of Cypermethrin on Binding Site of Human Oxyhaemoglobin." Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 9, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2021.v09i05.005.
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Pesticide exposure can occur by several routes in the same individual due to multiple uses, and there is likely to be additive toxicity in human. Cypermethrin a synthetic pyrethroid can produce a variety of acute health conditions and also carries several ecological risks. Hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in the blood. Any change in heamoglobin may direct or indirect effect the human body. In this work, we report computational prediction of binding of cypermethrin pesticides on human oxyhaemoglobin [using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD)] and evaluating the computational prediction on binding of human oxyhaemoglobin with cypermethrin pesticide and evaluate the Mole Dock Score, RMSD, affinity, interacting residues of receptor human oxyhaemoglobin, number of H-bond interaction, docking score and intracting interaction of residues. The energy bound conformation with lower value of selected ligand shows hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The binding affinity of cypermethrin pesticides is found to be -35.7414 KJ/mol, and bind with two hydrogen bonds with tyrosine 35 and serine 133. Frequent alterations in the expression of amino acid due to pesticide interaction with oxyhemoglobin may lead to produce carcinogenic cells in human beings.