Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE'
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1
Javier, Eduardo Montano Moscoso. "The GAP program and its effects on pesticide use in Damnoen Saduak, Ratchaburi, Thailand." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199369.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19045号
農博第2123号
新制||農||1032(附属図書館)
学位論文||H27||N4927(農学部図書室)
31996
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 舟川 晋也, 准教授 赤松 美紀
学位規則第4条第1項該当
2
Liang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems /." View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030819.153206/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D. (Horticulture)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002."A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney for the fulfillment of study for a degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture" "Principal supervisor: Robert Spooner-Hart, co-supervisor: Andrew Beattie, co-supervisor: Alfie Meats" Bibliography : leaves 231-265.
3
Liang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems." Thesis, View thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/121.
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The results of the 3-year project successfully indicated that petroleum-derived spray oils can be used for effective control of a range of citrus pests including citrus leafminer, Asiatic citrus psyllid, chaff scale, red scale, citrus red mite. The results suggested that it should be possible, through use of horticultural and agricultural mineral oils and enhanced natural enemy activity, to reduce the number of pesticide sprays applied annually in China from 14-16 sprays to significantly fewer sprays in most regions. The results are also valuable as references for the implementation of citrus integrated pest management programs in Australia and other citrus-growing countries. However, despite extensive use of PDSOs in citrus and other crops since the late 1800s, few studies have been undertaken to determine their disruptive effects on orchard ecosystems or to compare their effects with those of synthetic pesticides, and these studies are limited in their sc
4
Kazachkova, Nadiya. "Genotype analysis and studies of pyrethroid resistance of the oilseed rape (Brassica napus) insect pest - pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) /." Uppsala : Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200711.pdf.
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Risangud, Nuttapol. "Synthesis and application of new polymers for agriculture : pesticide formulation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96908/.
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The objective of this work was to synthesise potential polymeric materials to use in agricultural applications, particularly as pesticide carriers. Synthesis of solid microcapsules, which contain hydrophobic pesticides, from functional polymers, was the primary goal. In addition, promising materials such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and acid-labile containing polymers were also explored. The extraordinary reactivity of isocyanates towards nucleophiles offers an interesting synthetic tool as a catalyst-free reaction. Unfortunately, the high reactivity of isocyanate during the polymerisation process is a major concern, thus a facile approach in order to synthesise stable functional polymer was first investigated. Chapter 2 details the synthesis of two types of isocyanate side chain containing copolymers, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate) (P(MMAm-co-IEMn)) and poly(benzyl methacrylate-co-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate) P(BnMAm-co-IEMn), via Cu(0)-mediated controlled radical polymerisation. Both copolymers were functionalised with dibutylamine, octylamine, and (R)-(+)-α-methylbenzylamine, which further proved the successful incorporation of the isocyanate groups. Subsequently, P(BnMAm-co-IEMn) was used for the fabrication of liquid core microcapsules via an oil-in-water interfacial polymerisation with diethylenetriamine as a crosslinker. Furthermore, chapter 3 illustrates the synthetic route of solid microcapsules containing hydrophobic pesticides; this illustrates the incorporation of biodegradable materials, modern controlled radical polymerisation techniques and isocyanate chemistry. An α, ω-poly (ɛ-caprolactone) SET-LRP initiator is first prepared by esterification to obtain a degradable halide initiator. Subsequently, biodegradable P(BnMAn-co-IEMn) was polymerised via the conditions from chapter 2. An isocyanate-containing copolymer was used to fabricate a microcapsule which consists of imidacloprid (IMI), followed by water removal via spray dryer. Chapter 4 details an efficient tool to synthesise an amphiphilic copolymer containing PDMS. The versatility of hydrosilylation has been exploited for the preparation of an ABA block copolymer of PDMS and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), which can be potentially used to prepare polymeric micelles. Also, to demonstrate the adaptability of this method, different methacrylates and vinyl terminated methacrylic macromonomers were applied to modified hydride terminated PDMS. Finally, the α, ω-hydroxyl terminated poly(acetal) SET-LRP initiator was synthesised from the condensation and esterification reaction. A favourable Cu(0)-mediated controlled radical polymerisation and degradation under an acidic conditions of acetal initiator was affirmed. Thus, this offers a great opportunity of using this initiator to synthesise isocyanate-containing copolymers, certainly, an acid-labile microcapsule to use as an agrochemical carrier is potentially achievable.
6
Whittaker, Ruth Eleanor. "An investigation of reactions directed towards the synthesis of 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal oxime." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004980.
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The processes leading to the formation of 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal oxime, known industrially as aldicarb oxime, have been studied. The three stages of the synthesis, viz., chlorination, thiomethylation and oximation have been thoroughly investigated, with the aim of optimising the yield and purity of aldicarb oxime. Attention has been focused on the chlorination step, and the effects of altering various conditions have been determined; the reaction has been carried out in the absence and presence of heat, solvent and buffer, and the extent of chlorine addition has also been varied. These studies have led to some improvement in the yield for this step. Several simple and inexpensive methods for purifying contaminated batches of aldicarb oxime have also been examined. Possible aldicarb oxime contaminants, identified by GLC and GC-MS analysis, have been synthesised for use as chromatographic and spectroscopic standards, and confirmation of the presence of a number of these contaminants has been achieved. Aldehyde trimers have been found to be the primary contaminants present in aldicarb oxime and the thermal stability of these trimers, their corresponding monomers and aldicarb oxime itself has been studied using variable temperature ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Novel pyridine derivatives, with potential as aldicarb analogues, have been synthesised and characterised using spectroscopic methods.
7
Shoko, Yeukai Phoebe. "The screening of phyto-pesticides for potential adverse effects on human health." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7861_1328620487.
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Pesticides are designed to control or eliminate pests such as insects, rodents, weeds,
bacteria, and fungi. They are used at a global scale for agricultural produce. Although
pesticides play a significant role in increasing food production and eliminating diseases,
exposure to pesticides may be harmful to non-target organisms. As a result concern over
safety and resistance to pesticides has increased and there is pressure to reduce use and
search for more environmentally and toxicologically safe and efficacious pesticides. Most
pesticides currently in use are synthetic
therefore an alternative to synthetic pesticides is
the use of naturally occurring products/ botanicals with pesticidal properties.
Two plants indigenous to South African with pesticidal properties were chosen for this
study. Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (D. rhinocerotis) and Galenia africana (G. africana)
have potential antifungal properties thus, may have potential use on agricultural produce
as fungicides. Galenia africana and D. rhinocerotis extracts inhibit growth of B. cinerea
(a fungal pathogen) at concentrations greater than 31.25 mg/ml and 125mg/ml
respectively. A major consideration in approving pesticides for use is whether they pose
an unreasonable risk to humans and to the environment. Toxicity studies are required to
determine the safety of the plant extracts.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential toxicity of ethanol extracts of D.
rhinocerotis and G. africana, which is important when designing practices to reduce or
eliminate excess exposure to them. Natural plant products with pesticidal properties could
provide an alternative to synthetic pesticides and may thus effectively reduce resistance
levels.
8
Lahore, S. "¿SYNTHETIC STUDIES TOWARDS BIOACTIVE FUNGAL METABOLITES¿." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/229905.
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The problem of the development of new pesticides is very urgent, mainly because of the appearance of pest forms resistant to permitted pesticides and for the strict requirements in terms of their safety for people and the environment. Small molecules produced in biological contexts have been, and still are, a large reservoir of new biologically active substances, which can become scaffolds for the discovery of new agrochemicals.
The aim of this PhD work was to synthesize naturally occurring potentially antifungal and herbicidal compounds and to test their biological activity.
Efforts mainly focused towards the total synthesis of Bulgarein, a fungal metabolite produced by the fungus Bulgaria inquinans. Bulgarein possesses a benzo[j]fluoranthene skeleton, that can be found in a number of polyketide-derived fungal metabolites endowed with significant biological activity, in particular inhibition of Topoisomerase I. As no attempt to synthesize any of these compounds has been reported in literature so far, a synthetic sequence to the benzo[j]fluoranthene nucleus has been developed. Crucial steps for our strategy include a Suzuki coupling followed by a McMurry ring closure. The approach is modular and rapid and can be utilized to synthesize natural products, biologically active analogues or building blocks for the preparation of materials. Following this strategy, the first total synthesis of the recently isolated natural product benzo[j]fluoranthene-4,9-diol was carried out. Efforts were made to adapt the sequence for the synthesis of Bulgarein and other variously substituted compounds with this skeleton.
As a second topic in this research, attention was dedicated to another natural compound, Farinomalein A, a structurally rather simple maleimide isolated in 2009 from the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces farinosus. Farinomalein shows potent inhibition of Phytophthora sojae, a plant pathogen that every year causes enormous damage to soybean crops. Recently, three new farinomalein derivatives (Farinomalein C, D & E) were isolated from an endophyte from the mangrove plant Avicennia marina, growing in Oman.
Due to the interesting antifungal activity of this class of compounds, a practical synthesis of farinomalein A was developed, which may have value in the large-scale preparation of the natural compound. Starting from farinomalein A, all the three derivatives were successfully synthesized . The antifungal activity of the derivatives was evaluated against Cladosporium cladosporioides and other pathogenic fungi.
An approach to the synthesis of Ascaulitoxin, a phytotoxic metabolite produced by the fungus Ascochyta caulina, was also developed.
9
Abdul-Latif, Puziah. "Instrumentation and methodology for the monitoring of synthetic pyrethroids (mothproofing pesticides) in water courses." Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281598.
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Yau, Kerrm Y. F. "Synthesis of recombinant antibody fragments for pesticide residue analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35947.pdf.
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Dantas, Patrícia Allue. "Géis superabsorventes de propionato acetato de celulose e acetato de celulose: síntese, caracterização e liberação controlada de pesticida." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1166.
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Hydrogels derived from cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) and cellulose acetate (CA) were synthesized with the cross-linking agents PMDA (Pyromellitic Dianhydride) and BTDA (Dianhydride 3, 3 ', 4, 4' Benzophenone Tetracarboxylated) with 3:1 stoichiometry in relation to the mass of the crosslinker agent x mass of available hydroxyls in the polymer chain. The gels were obtained in the form of films and particles, the raw materials were characterized with Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Spectroscopy in Region of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and in relation to the degree of substitution (GS). The gels synthesized were characterized using FTIR techniques in order to show the esterification, TGA and DSC to perform comparative analysis and study of thermal properties between the CAP and CA reagents and gels, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used for observation of the gels synthesized and the geometry of the particles obtained, the porosity of observation and observation of surface changes, was performed to determine the crosslinking density of the second theory of Flory Rehner, study the density of the gels, and degree of swelling of the study best solvent for swelling of the gels. Gels derived from CAP were tested in the adsorption studies and controlled release of the herbicide paraquat. For the phenomenon of controlled release, we studied the phenomena of transport and release curves. The release profiles were studied by using the mathematical model published by Korsmeyer-Peppas and the mainly results has showed that model was appropriated for process data analysis of controlled release in long periods.
Hidrogéis derivados de Propionato Acetato de Celulose (CAP) e Acetato de Celulose (CA) foram sintetizados com os agentes reticuladores PMDA (Dianidrido Piromelítico) e BTDA (Dianidrido 3, 3´, 4, 4´ Benzofenona Tetracarboxílico), com estequiometrias 3:1 em relação à massa do agente reticulador x massa de hidroxilas disponíveis na cadeia polimérica, com obtenção de géis em formato de filmes e particulados; as matérias-primas foram caracterizadas com Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e em relação ao Grau de Substituição (GS). Os géis sintetizados foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas de FTIR, para evidenciação da esterificação; TGA e DSC para realização de análise comparativa e estudo das propriedades térmicas entre os reagentes CAP e CA e os géis obtidos; e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), utilizada para observação dos géis sintetizados em relação à geometria das partículas obtidas, observação da porosidade e observação de alterações superficiais; foi realizada a determinação da densidade de ligações cruzadas segundo a Teoria de Flory Rehner; estudo da densidade dos géis, que variaram de 0,4 a 1,51 g/cm3; grau de inchamento que obteve variações entre os diferentes géis de 6,53 à 11,8; e o estudo do melhor solvente para intumescimento dos géis. Nos géis derivados de CAP, foram realizados ensaios de adsorção e liberação controlada do herbicida Paraquat. Para o fenômeno de liberação controlada, foram estudados os fenômenos de transporte e as curvas de liberação; os perfis de liberação foram estudados pelo modelo matemático de Korsmeyer-Peppas; e apresentaram como o gel com maior porcentagem de adsorção e melhor potencial para liberação controlada por longos períodos o gel CAP 3B1.
12
Javier, Eduardo Montano Moscoso. "タイ、ラッチャブリ県ダムナンサドゥアクにおける農薬使用に及ぼすGAPプログラムの影響." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199537.
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Liang, Weiguang, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Liang_W.xml, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/121.
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The results of the 3-year project successfully indicated that petroleum-derived spray oils can be used for effective control of a range of citrus pests including citrus leafminer, Asiatic citrus psyllid, chaff scale, red scale, citrus red mite. The results suggested that it should be possible, through use of horticultural and agricultural mineral oils and enhanced natural enemy activity, to reduce the number of pesticide sprays applied annually in China from 14-16 sprays to significantly fewer sprays in most regions. The results are also valuable as references for the implementation of citrus integrated pest management programs in Australia and other citrus-growing countries. However, despite extensive use of PDSOs in citrus and other crops since the late 1800s, few studies have been undertaken to determine their disruptive effects on orchard ecosystems or to compare their effects with those of synthetic pesticides, and these studies are limited in their scDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
14
Abountiolas, Marvin. "In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Capacity of Synthetic and Natural Polyphenolic Compounds Identified from Strawberry and Fruit Juices." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6057.
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Strawberries can be considered a functional food because their consumption has been associated with several health benefits. They are important sources of bioactive compounds, such as vitamins and polyphenolic compounds, with recognized antioxidant capacity (AOC). However, strawberry overall quality and bioactive content are greatly affected by environmental conditions during pre- and post-harvest and, little is known about the stability of its bioactive compounds, specifically ascorbic acid (AA) and polyphenolics compounds. Furthermore, additional research that addresses the impact of polyphenolic compounds on in vitro and in vivo models is needed to understand the mechanisms behind their potential health benefits. Therefore, the objectives of the work presented in this thesis were to: 1) evaluate the impact of different disease control treatments on strawberry bioactive compounds and AOC; 2) understand the relationship between bioactive compounds and AOC in strawberries and fruit juices; 3) investigate the origin of AOC in strawberries by identifying their major polyphenolic compounds and, 4) explore the effects of polyphenol-rich fruits and fruit juices on the proliferation of cancer cells and lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans.
Conscientious consumers are aware of the health benefits of substantial fruit and vegetable consumption but are also concerned about the amount of pesticide residues that can be found in conventionally grown produce, with pesticide-free produce (i.e., organic) becoming more popular. However, the market price for organic strawberries can be more than twice that of conventionally grown fruit which discourages the average American from purchasing this fruit on a regular basis. Therefore, in the first study presented in this thesis, we hypothesized that reducing pesticide usage would provide the consumer with a “sustainable strawberry” that would have better or similar quality at a lower cost than organic fruit while it would also reduce environmental impact and risk to pesticide applicators. Results from this study showed that strawberries from a reduced fungicide treatment, had better or similar bioactive content and AOC than fruit from the conventional disease control treatment. After cold storage, strawberries from the reduced or conventional disease control treatments showed comparable amounts of bioactive compounds and AOC. These results indicate that growing strawberries with a reduced number of fungicide applications can be an alternative to the conventional disease control or organic practices as it may reduce residual fungicides in the fruit, decrease production costs while still retaining important bioactive compounds.
In order to understand the relationship between bioactive compounds and AOC in strawberries and fruit juices, 56 different types of commercial beverages were chosen for the second study presented in this thesis. Overall, results showed that the higher the total phenolic contents (TPC) in the beverage the higher their AOC. Amongst all beverages studied, aronia, blackcurrant, and pomegranate juices contained the highest amount of TPC and AOC. Furthermore, after opening the bottles, these juices were maintained for 14 days at 4 °C, to test the stability of their TPC which was in general relatively stable throughout storage.
Further investigation on individual polyphenolic compounds and their possible contribution to the overall AOC of fruits and fruit juices, led to a third study. Overall, results showed that the AOC of major individual polyphenolic compounds found in strawberries (i.e., pelargonidin, cyanidin, ellagic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid) was significantly higher than that of mixtures of the same compounds. In addition, the AOC of strawberries correlated with its major bioactive compounds (i.e., polyphenolic compounds and ascorbic acid) in a form of a synthetic bioactive strawberry model (“Powerberry”) composed of major strawberry polyphenolic compounds, vitamin C, fructose and glucose in the same ratios found in a real strawberry. These results suggest that even though strawberries contain many different polyphenolic compounds and vitamins, their AOC might only depend on few compounds that are found in significant quantities in the fruit.
Finally, using cell and worm models we were able to demonstrate that conventional and organic strawberry, raspberry and blueberry fruits, and aronia, blackcurrant and pomegranate juices successfully inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cervical cancer cell lines. In addition, when introduced in low doses (0.75 mg ml-1 or lower) to the C. elegans diet, aronia, blackcurrant and pomegranate juices promoted longevity. Overall, results suggest that using whole fruit or fruit juices might constitute an alternative of treating cancer cells in vivo and that polyphenolic compounds contained in fruits and fruit juices displayed significant bioactivity in a worm model.
15
Franjesevic, Andrew Joseph. "Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Therapeutics for the Treatment of Organophosphorus Poisoning by Nerve Agents and Pesticides." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563349257142378.
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CHAKOR, JYOTSNA NARAYAN. "SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR ANALOGUES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150172.
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The aim of the thesis entitled “Synthesis and biological activity evaluation of natural products and their analogues” is to synthesize some natural products and their analogues in order to study SAR and evaluate their biological activity as fungicides or herbicides.
The thesis reports the first enantioselective synthesis of crassinervic acid in 12 steps and 11.8% overall yield. Crassinervic acid, recently isolated from leaves of Piper crassinervium by Kato and co-workers, shows high antifungal activity mainly against Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium sphaerospermum (minimum amount required for the inhibition of fungal growth on TLC: 0.5 microg). Crucial steps for our synthetic strategy included an enantioselective Sharpless epoxidation of easily available geraniol, followed by a regioselective reduction of the corresponding epoxyalcohol, and a condensation of the monoterpene fragment with lithiated 4-hydroxymethylphenol. The successful coupling of the two moieties required an accurate choice of the protecting groups. On the basis of the developed strategy, the absolute configuration of the compound was assigned as (S). A short and efficient synthesis of racemic Crassinervic acid was also carried on and applied to the preparation of analogues. All the synthesized compounds were successively tested for antifungal activity and SAR studies were developed.
Synthetic efforts towards Ascaulitoxin were also carried on. Ascaulitoxin, a new unusual phytotoxic bis-aminoacid N-glucoside, was isolated from the culture filtrate of Ascochyta caulina (P. Karst.) v.d. Aa and v. kest, the causal agent of leaf and stem necrosis of Chenopodium album (also known as lambsquarter or fat hen, a common world-wide weed of many arable crops such as sugar beet and maize), a promising microherbicide for the biological control of this common noxious weed. The proposed route is concise and modular, making it convenient for large scale preparation.
Finally, an approach towards the synthesis of Harzianic acid was developed. This compound is a new antimicrobial antibiotic from a Trichoderma harzianum strain which was isolated for the first time in 1994 by Sawa et al.. Very recently Vinale et al., reported its isolation, absolute configuration and antifungal as well as plant growth promoting activity. Harzianic acid showed antifungal activity against Pythium irregulare, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Rhizoctonia solani. The synthesis is now at a final stage.
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Remy, Charlotte. "Synthèse et étude de récepteurs moléculaires fluorescents pour la détection de molécules neutres." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN070/document.
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La détection de molécules toxiques pour l’Homme et son environnement est d’une importance cruciale et fait partie des préoccupations majeures de la société actuelle. Les résidus de pesticides tels que l’atrazine ainsi que la mélamine font notamment partie de ces molécules dangereuses pour la santé humaine. Ces deux molécules sont principalement dosées par des techniques lourdes et coûteuses comme la spectrométrie de masse, la chromatographie ou l’électrochimie. De même, la détection des amines biogéniques représente un intérêt sociétal. Elles sont produites par des bactéries durant la décarboxylation des acides aminés dans les cellules. Leur détection permet ainsi d’évaluer la contamination microbiologique et la dégradation potentielle d’un aliment. Elles sont aujourd’hui dosées par chromatographie en phase liquide ou en en phase gaz, par électrochromatographie capillaire et par spectroscopie UV-visible. Quelques exemples de détection par fluorescence ont déjà été décrits dans la littérature mais la nécessité de développer de nouveaux récepteurs fluorescents efficaces est bien réelle.La fluorescence est une technique qui offre de multiples avantages tels que la sensibilité, la sélectivité et un faible coût. De nombreuses sondes fluorescentes capables de détecter des métaux lourds ont été développées au laboratoire PPSM. Cependant, la détection de molécules neutres par fluorescence représente un défi supplémentaire en raison de la nature plus faible de l’interaction, comparée à celle entre espèces chargées.La première étape de cette thèse a été de concevoir et de synthétiser un ensemble de sondes moléculaires fluorescentes, aussi bien pour la détection de l’atrazine, de ses produits de dégradation et des dérivés de la mélamine que pour la détection des amines biogéniques. Des fluorophores dérivés de la molécule de maléimide, de naphthalimide et de l’acide barbiturique ont ainsi été développés pour sonder les dérivés de triazine en exploitant leur système de trois liaisons hydrogène pour la reconnaissance moléculaire. De même, un calix[6]arène fluorescent a été conçu pour déceler la présence des amines biogéniques qui provoqueront une réponse fluorescente par encapsulation dans le calixarène.La deuxième étape a consisté à étudier les propriétés photophysiques de ces sondes. La sonde Naphth-AlcyneOMe possède un rendement quantique élevé, s’est révélée fortement solvatochrome. Elle est de plus sensible à la déprotonation de sa fonction imide. Des études RMN et de modélisation moléculaire ont également été menées afin de caractériser les sondes de manière plus approfondie et de comprendre plus précisément leur réactivité. La spectroscopie RMN a confirmé l’interaction par liaison hydrogène entre les sondes maléimide et naphthalimides et la molécule d’atrazine. Elle a aussi mis en évidence l’encapsulation de l’heptylamine dans le calix[6]arène. Pour sa part, la modélisation moléculaire nous a permis de mieux comprendre la photophysique de la sonde Naphth-TriazoleOMe.Enfin, la capacité des sondes à détecter les divers analytes cibles par fluorescence a été évaluée lors de la dernière étape de ce projet. La sonde TPA-BARB a présenté une forte exaltation de fluorescence en présence des dérivés de mélamine alors que le calix[6]arène-quinoléine Calix-Quino est capable de détecter les amines aliphatiques par fluorescenceThe detection of molecules toxic for man and his environment is one of the major concerns of our society. Melamine and the pesticide residues such as atrazine are some of these dangerous molecules. These two molecules are usually measured with time-consuming and costly techniques like mass-spectrometry, chromatography or electrochemistry. In the same way, the detection of biogenic amines is of the greatest importance. They are produced by some bacteria during the decarboxylation of amino acids in the cells. So their detection allows to assess the microbiologic contamination and the potential degradation of a food. Today they are measured by chromatography in the liquid or gas phase, capillary electrochromatography and UV-visible spectroscopy. Some examples of detection by fluorescence have been described in scientific literature, but it is really necessary to develop some new efficient fluorescent receptors.Fluorescence is a technique which offers many advantages such as sensitivity, selectivity and a low cost. A lot of fluorescent probes able to detect heavy metals have been developed in PPSM laboratory. However the detection of neutral molecules by fluorescence represents an additional challenge as the interaction is weaker than with charged species.The first step of this thesis was to design and synthesize a set of fluorescent molecular probes designed to detect atrazine, the products of its degradation and melamine derivatives as well as biogenic amines. Some fluorophores based on maleimide, naphtalimide and barbituric acid moieties have been developed for the detection of the triazines derivatives by exploiting their three hydrogen bonds for molecular recognition. In order to detect the presence of biogenic amines, a fluorescent calix[6]arene which lead to a fluorescent change upon encapsulation in the calixarene cavity has been designed.The second step consisted in studying the photophysical properties of these probes. Naphth-AlcyneOMe probe which has a high quantum yield turned out to be highly solvatochromic. Moreover it is sensitive to the deprotonation of its imide function. NMR studies and molecular modeling were conducted in order to deepen the characteristics of the probes and better understand their reactivity. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the interaction through hydrogen bonding between maleimide and naphtalimide probes and the atrazine molecule.It highlighted the encapsulation of heptylamine in the calix[6]arene. Molecular modeling enabled us to better understand the photophysics of Naphth-TriazoleOMe probe.Finally the capacity of probes to detect the various analytes by fluorescence was assessed in our last part. TPA-BARB probe presented a high exaltation of fluorescence in presence of melamine derivatives whereas the calix[6]arène-quinoleine Calix-Quino is able to detect aliphatic amines by fluorescence
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Park, Yu Ri. "Synthesis, characterisation and application of organic surfactants modified clays for water purification." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63494/1/Yu%20Ri_Park_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis offered a step forward in the development of cheap and effective materials for water treatment. It described the modification of naturally abundant clay minerals with organic molecules, and used the modified clays as effective adsorbents for the removal of recalcitrant organic water pollutants. The outcome of the study greatly extended our understanding of the synthesis and characteristic properties of clay and modified clay minerals, provided optimistic evaluation of the modified clays for environmental remediation and offered potential utility for clay minerals in the industry and environment.
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Freidenreich, Ariel. "Comparison of Synthetic Versus Organic Herbicides/Insecticides on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Abelmoschus esculentus." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2601.
Full textAbstract:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in improving the growth of a vast majority of plants. Past researchers have discovered that agricultural practices have a significant negative effect on the diversity of AMF. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are reported to enhance plant nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and soil aggregate formation which are key aspects of productive low-input farming. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of four pesticides on the ability of AMF to colonize the roots of okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus). The pesticides being tested include two synthetic chemicals (glyphosate and carbaryl) and two organic chemicals (neem oil and citrus oil). The tested parameters included crop yield, plant biomass, leaf matter CNP, and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in roots. The results of this study show that the organic chemicals had no significant effect on AMF colonization while the synthetic chemicals did have somewhat of a negative effect on colonization.
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Auberlet, Delle-Vedove Agnès. "Synthèse et étude structurale de n-benzoyl-n'-phenylurees, insecticides, en vue d'établir une relation entre la structure, la rétention dans des adsorbants modèles et le mode de dégradation. Suivi de recherches sur l'enseignement expérimental de la formulation : étude d'une famille de tensioactifs." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0002.
Full textAbstract:
Dans une première partie, cinq n-benzoyl-n'-phenylurees sont synthétisées, en vue de modéliser leurs interactions avec l’environnement : rétention dans les sols, dégradation. Ces molécules sont des insecticides rémanents agissant par inhibition de la biosynthèse de la chitine. L'analyse d'extraits d'adsorbants modèles traites avec ces molécules est effectuée par chromatographie liquide haute pression en phase inverse. L'étude structurale de ces molécules est réalisée par la combinaison de diverses techniques spectroscopiques : spectrométrie de masse, spectroscopie de rayons X, RMN du proton, du carbone 13, de l'azote 15, spectroscopies U. V. Et infra-rouge, ainsi que par chromatographie sur couche mince, mécanique moléculaire et calcul semi-empirique am1. D'une part nous en déduisons une relation entre la coplaneite du groupe urée et du groupe 4- chlorophényle et la rétention sur adsorbants. D'autre part les indices de liaison, la fragmentation de masse et les études conformationnelle permettent d'interpréter la dégradation du composé, '- difluoré en urée et acide benzoïque tandis que dans les mêmes conditions le composé, '- dichlore est dégradé en benzamide et aniline substituées. Dans une seconde partie, nous présentons un projet didactique d'enseignement expérimental de la formulation, portant sur une famille de tensio-actifs utilisés dans les préparations phytosanitaires : détermination de la concentration micellaire critique, de la H. L. B. , de la température de trouble.
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Lin, Zheng-Wei, and 林正偉. "Investigate the Knowledge of Pesticide Application for Tea Farmers and Dissipation of Four Synthetic Pyrethords Pesticides with Different Weather Factors." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04725078270458637012.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立嘉義大學
農學研究所
94
The objectives of the present study are (1) focused on the knowledge of pesticide application for tea farmers in Taiwan, (2) satiated the weather data in 6 main tea districts from 1991 to 2005, (3) degradation of four (Bifenthrin, Permethrin, Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate) synthetic pyrethroids pesticides with different weather factors. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The sequencing of farmers select the correct answer in questionnaire is accession number of pesticides, preparation of pesticides, and classification of pesticides, the ratio were 71%, 58%, and 32%, respectively. 2. There were positively correlated with tea pesticide residue analyzed reports and tea selling process. That the 81% farmers think sells teas without hesitation, and 8% think that there are no influences. 3. Choose the weather materials in the past 16 years, adopt the time regression model of the array to carry on analysis. That the Taoyuan of TRES in high temperature that the most during May-September in annual average temperature, but during October-April, it is highest to regard Taitung Pinaseki. 4. In annual average rainfall, the most with Wenshan Branch of TRES , and the least in Taoyuan of TRES. Annual average insolation amount respect, the amount of insolation for being highest with the Wenshan Branch of TRES. 5. Used the first order dynamics ( ) , the half-life (T1/2) of four synthetic pyrethroids pesticides indicated that the Chin Shin Oolong relatively longer than TTES No. 12. 6. Temperature of high, light and rainfall intensity obviously decreased four synthetic pyrethroids pesticides concentration. But there were no significant effects on the rainfall periods.
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Lo, Wen-Chang, and 駱文章. "Toxic effect of common environment pesticide （Synthetic Pyrethroid）on Macropodus opercularis﹙Linnaeus﹚." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61743846427555533804.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
93
In order to understand the effect on the use of synthetic pyrethroid as environmental health drug to aquatic animals, this study is to investigate the acute and chronic toxic action of deltamethrin and its pathologic histology on Macropodus opercularis. The results indicate that the LC50 of deltamethrin for 24 hour is 0.12ppm. After the chronic treatment of deltamethrin for 7 weeks with two sub-acute concentrations, 0.03 and 0.05ppm, the pathologic effect appeared that the squamous epithetlial cells of the cornea became thinner and the gill lamella became swelling. Although Macropodus opercularis were put into clean water for a long period of time after challenge by deltamethrin, they can not recover well All of the results may demonstrate that the acute toxicity is strong. Keyword: synthetic pyrethroid, Macropodus opercularis, half lethal concentration（LC50）, sub-acute toxicity
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KUMAR, SATISH. "DEVELOPMENT OF DEFINED MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE CONTAMINATED SOIL AND WATER." Thesis, 2018. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/17070.
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Lindane Hexachlorocyclohexane) is detected in the environment even after three decades of its cessation of use. It is also found in milk, blood and food samples indicating the vastness of biomagnification. Organophosphates and pyrethroids are the other classes of pesticides being used frequently nowadays leading to further risk enhancement. Commercial formulations of various pesticides of different classes find direct applications in agriculture. Farmers are encouraged to apply these pesticides to improve the crop production. We tried to study the effects of a few commercially available pesticides on the crop seed germination. Green gram (dicotyledonous crop) and wheat (monocotyledonous crop) seeds were considered for the study. Commercially available pesticides were mixed and spiked into the sterilised soil at various concentrations. Malathion is commercially formulated synthetic pesticide which belongs to organophosphates class. Nowadays it is widely used as an effective insecticide in agriculture, health projects and industries. This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations (2ppm to 400ppm) of Malathion towards seed germination, growth of seedling and various photosynthetic pigments in Vigna radiata L. Two different methods were used, moist sterile filter paper method and soil in cups. Qualitative and quantitative estimation of photosynthetic pigments was performed by using thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometeric methods. The percentage germination as well as growth of seedling in terms of shoots and roots length enhanced at lower concentrations as compared to control on filter paper method, while in soil method morphogenic response significantly declined. A few seedlings turned yellowish green at higher levels (400 ppm) of Malathion but were still viable. Photosynthetic pigments significantly reduced with increasing concentrations of Malathion as compared to control. Microbial degradation is the cost effective and safe strategy that can be developed and adapted for improving the environmental health by remediating lindane contamination. We enriched a bacterial population consisting of morphologically 47 distinct bacteria using commercial formulations of organophosphates and pyrethroids mixture. This consortium showed 55.6% - 90.45 % degradation of 5-30ppm lindane by 6 days. The temperature and pH optima were found to be 30 oC and 6 respectively. When this consortium was induced with lindane in broth only four
vi
cultures survived while 24 isolates showed the ability to clear lindane film on a nutrient agar plate. This is the first report with a microbial population enriched completely on mixtures of commercial formulations of organophosphate and pyrethroid classes of pesticides and used for degrading a pure isomer of an organochlorine pesticide i.e. lindane.
The strain LR4 exhibited 50% degradation of 20 ppm lindane by 6 days, while the combination studies showed that (LR2 + LR3 + LR4) combination was the most efficient and degraded 25% of the supplied 20 ppm lindane by 6 days. Studies with different carbon compounds resulted in the degradation of 80%, 50%, 45%, and 80% lindane when incubated in presence of glucose (by LR4), peptone (by LR3), Tween 80 (by LR4), and Triton X-100 (by LR4) respectively in 5 days. Degradation model was generated using RSM. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was determined the factors A, B, C, D, E and interaction of AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, BE, DE have significant effect (p<0.0001) on lindane degradation. 16S rDNA analysis revealed the identities of the four strains as LR1- Bacillus cereus; LR2- Pseudomonas sp; LR3- Chryseobacterium sp; and LR4- Pseudomonas putida.
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Sinha, Archana. "Essential oils as an alternative to synthetic pesticide for control of pathogenic fungi and nematode." Thesis, 2005. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/3220.
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Georgiou, Kathy Hadje. "The first enantioselective synthesis of the natural pesticide, rotenone." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10988.
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MSc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011The 2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran moiety is found in many naturally occurring compounds including rotenone, a complex pentacyclic molecule isolated from several leguminous plants of the Derris and Lonchocarpus species. Interest in rotenone stems from the fact that it possesses significant pesticidal and piscicidal properties which have been employed for centuries. Furthermore, as it has three stereogenic centres, rotenone poses an interesting and challenging synthetic target for organic chemists. Although various syntheses of this natural compound have been reported, none of these were stereoselective. The first stereoselective total synthesis of rotenone is described in this dissertation. Initially, a model study was conducted in which the simplest of the natural rotenoids, munduserone, was synthesised. The key step in this transformation involves the use of a platinum catalysed 6-endo-hydroarylation reaction of an alkynone intermediate, thus affording munduserone in 6 steps and an overall yield of 23%. We then attended to the synthesis of the more complex rotenoid, rotenone. Rotenone was synthesised by the initial assembly of a chiral (-)-(R)-2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-4-ol moiety, asymmetrically accessible using a stereoselective Pd π-allyl mediated cyclisation of (E)-4-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbut-2-enyl methyl carbonate. Having constructed the dihydrobenzofuran in an enantiomeric excess of 94.8%, the chromene part of rotenone could then be synthesised. To this end, the LDA mediated coupling reaction of the formylated dihydrobenzofuran and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)benzene, gave a secondary alcohol which was subsequently oxidised to the corresponding alkynone, (-)-(R)-(6,7-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-4-yl)(4-methoxy-2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)methanone. A 6-endo-hydroarylation reaction was employed as a mild strategy to construct the chromene moiety, (-)-(R)-(6,7-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-4-yl)(4-methoxy-2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)methanone. Finally, a deprotection and a base-catalysed intramolecular oxo-Michael addition concluded the first stereoselective synthesis of rotenone in 17 steps and an overall yield of 0.02%
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Sahoo, Satya Ranjan. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Magnetic MFe2O4(M=Co,Mn,Ni) Nanoparticles for the Photodegradation of Pesticides." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7875/1/2015_Synthesis_Satya.pdf.
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A facile synthesis method was employed to prepare monodisperse,magnetic mesoporous inverse spinell ferrites MFe 2 O 4 (Co,Mn,Ni) nanoparticles of size 35–50 nm.The synthesis method involves thermal decomposition of metal chloride precursors in presence of ethylene glycol, sodium acetate and ethanolamine Synthesiszed spinel ferrites was well characterized by XRD,SEM, and UV-DRS analysis. The synthesized material showed photocatalytic activity towards Imidacloroprid (IMP) degradation. Magnetic property of the ferrites defines it to be easily separable for repeated applications.
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Lin, Kwan-Ting, and 林冠廷. "Ecological Risk Assessment of the Agricultural Ecosystem After Applying Organophosphorus Pesticides and Synthetic Pyrethroids." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06983345299030104486.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
生物科技系
95
The application of pesticides not only increased crop production and quality, also cause potential risk for human bodies, animals or environments. The objective of this study is to conduct ecological risk assessment in the agricultural ecosystem after pesticide application of methyl-parathion, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, and phorate. The framework of ecological risk assessment used in this study was adopted from “Guideline of Ecological Risk Assessment” from United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in 1998. The assessment endpoint is the mortality of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. In the aquatic ecosystem, concentration of pesticides was estimated by the Fugacity model. The exposure–response characterization was performed by Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment (AERA) model which was developed by Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF), USA. In the terrestrial ecosystem, the algometric model was adopted to estimate the dosage of exposure and the risk was estimated by risk quotient (RQ) value. By evaluating the results, it is clearly that lambda-cyhalothrin posed the highest risk in the aquatic ecosystem among these five pesticides. About 30 to 40% of this aquatic species are affected by acute toxicity effect and 40 to 43% of the aquatic species are affected by chronic toxicity. Fenvalerate will pose acute risk to 13 to 19% of aquatic species. About 26 to 33% of aquatic species are affected by chronic effect of fenvalerate. The acute/chronic toxicity effect of methyl parathion will be less. Phorate and permethrin will not cause and toxicity effect. In the terrestrial ecosystem, overall organophosphorus pesticides will cause higher risk than pyrethroids. The results of this study can be employed for regulations of pesticides.
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Khasawneh, Mohammad A. "Natural and semi-synthetic compounds with biocidal activity against arthropods of public health importance." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30966.
Full textAbstract:
This study identified new compounds with pest control activities. The two
sources of candidates that were followed here were the main heartwood extract of
Alaska Yellow Cedar (AYC) constituents and several semi-synthetic counterparts.
Five compounds were isolated and identified for the first time in AYC
heartwood in this research: two monoterpenes, two sesquiterpenes, and one
lignan. The two monoterpenes were (1S)-2-oxo-3-p-menthenol (41) and (4R)-4-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-cyclohex-1-enecarboxylic acid (63). The two sesquiterpenes
were (5S,7R,10R,11R)-eudesm-4(14)-ene-11,12-diol (46) and (4R,5S,7R)-1(10)-
eremohpilen-11,12-diol (59). The lignan was (1R,2S,5R,6S)-2,6-bis-(3,5-
dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3.3.0]octane,(67). Structures for
these compounds were confirmed on the basis of spectroscopic techniques such as
1- and 2-D NMR, high resolution MS and IR.
The pest control activity studies of 15 compounds isolated or semi-synthesized
from AYC heartwood were conducted at the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC). Two types of studies were conducted--short-term
(24h) and residual (over 1-4 weeks) activity for application against three types of
pests related to human health - nymphal I. scapularis ticks, adult X cheopis fleas
and adult Ae. eagypti mosquitoes.
The 24 h studies revealed that nootkatone, valencene-13-aldehyde and
valencene-13-ol were the most active among the studied compounds against the
three pests. They exhibited highly improved pest control activities compared to
valencene. This suggests that oxidation on both positions C-2 and C-13 of the
eremophilane ring structure has an important effect on the activity. For
compounds where the conformation of the eremophilane bicyclic ring has been
altered, the activity seemed to diminish greatly. The above mentioned three
compounds can be good candidates as pest control lead compounds.
The residual studies revealed that the most active compounds exhibited
activity profiles that generally decreased with time. Although the long-term safety
of these compounds has yet to be evaluated, the natural origin and the long history
of use of these compounds suggest that they can be promising candidates. This
study revealed that the three most promising compounds in the 24 h study exhibited reasonably promising behavior, which makes them even stronger as pest
control candidates.Graduation date: 2004
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RAPINI, RICCARDO. "Improvements of sensing using synthetic bio-mimetic receptors." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1086687.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes the development of new kind of biosensors based on bio-mimetic probe molecules. Biosensor development can be classified as an interdisciplinary field that is one of the most active research areas in analytical chemistry. As well as others analytical methods, biosensors’ performances are evaluated considering their detection limit (LOD), their sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility, the obtained linear and dynamic range and their response to interfering substance. Probably most used receptors in biosensing applications are Antibodies (ABs). They are able to bind the target providing high selectivity and sensitivity but their use is characterised by some limitations. Recent progresses in bio-analytical applications led to the synthesis and characterisation of new classes of biomimetic receptors. These kinds of probes are composed by biological “bricks” assembled in vitro or by synthetic molecules assembled in order to mimic ABs recognition capability. This thesis work will provide examples of applications of DNA aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs).