Academic literature on the topic 'Synthetic perovskite'

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Journal articles on the topic "Synthetic perovskite"

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Lu, Yangbin, Kang Qu, Tao Zhang, Qingquan He, and Jun Pan. "Metal Halide Perovskite Nanowires: Controllable Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application in Optoelectronic Devices." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030419.

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Metal halide perovskites are promising energy materials because of their high absorption coefficients, long carrier lifetimes, strong photoluminescence, and low cost. Low-dimensional halide perovskites, especially one-dimensional (1D) halide perovskite nanowires (NWs), have become a hot research topic in optoelectronics owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Herein, we review the synthetic strategies and mechanisms of halide perovskite NWs in recent years, such as hot injection, vapor phase growth, selfassembly, and solvothermal synthesis. Furthermore, we summarize their applications in optoelectronics, including lasers, photodetectors, and solar cells. Finally, we propose possible perspectives for the development of halide perovskite NWs.
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Lee, ChaeHyun, Soo Jeong Lee, YeJi Shin, Yeonsu Woo, Sung-Hwan Han, Andrés Fabián Gualdrón-Reyes, Iván Mora-Seró, and Seog Joon Yoon. "Synthetic and Post-Synthetic Strategies to Improve Photoluminescence Quantum Yields in Perovskite Quantum Dots." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080957.

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Making high-quality raw materials is the key to open the versatile potential of next generation materials. All-inorganic CsPbX3 (X: Cl−, Br−, and/or I−) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have been applied in various optoelectronic devices, such as photocatalysis, hydrogen evolution, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes, due to their outstanding photophysical properties, such as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), absorption cross-section, efficient charge separation, and so on. Specifically, for further improvement of the PLQY of the PQDs, it is essential to diminish the non-radiative charge recombination processes. In this work, we approached two ways to control the non-radiative charge recombination processes through synthetic and post-synthetic processes. Firstly, we proposed how refinement of the conventional recrystallization process for PbI2 contributes to higher PLQY of the PQDs. Secondly, after halide exchange from CsPbI3 PQDs to CsPbBr3, through an in situ spectroelectrochemical setup, we monitored the positive correlation between bromide deposition of on the surface of the perovskite and photoluminescence improvement of the CsPbBr3 perovskite film through electrodeposition. These two strategies could provide a way to enhance the photophysical properties of the perovskites for application to various perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.
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Liu, Maning, Anastasia Matuhina, Haichang Zhang, and Paola Vivo. "Advances in the Stability of Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223733.

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Colloidal halide perovskite nanocrystals are promising candidates for next-generation optoelectronics because of their facile synthesis and their outstanding and size-tunable properties. However, these materials suffer from rapid degradation, similarly to their bulk perovskite counterparts. Here, we survey the most recent strategies to boost perovskite nanocrystals stability, with a special focus on the intrinsic chemical- and compositional-factors at synthetic and post-synthetic stage. Finally, we review the most promising approaches to address the environmental extrinsic stability of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). Our final goal is to outline the most promising research directions to enhance PNCs’ lifetime, bringing them a step closer to their commercialization.
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Mitchell, Roger H., Mark D. Welch, and Anton R. Chakhmouradian. "Nomenclature of the perovskite supergroup: A hierarchical system of classification based on crystal structure and composition." Mineralogical Magazine 81, no. 3 (June 2017): 411–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.156.

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AbstractOn the basis of extensive studies of synthetic perovskite-structured compounds it is possible to derive a hierarchy of hettotype structures which are derivatives of the arisotypic cubic perovskite structure (ABX3), exemplified by SrTiO3 (tausonite) or KMgF3 (parascandolaite) by: (1) tilting and distortion of the BX6 octahedra; (2) ordering of A- and B-site cations; (3) formation of A-, B- or X-site vacancies. This hierarchical scheme can be applied to some naturally-occurring oxides, fluorides,hydroxides, chlorides, arsenides, intermetallic compounds and silicates which adopt such derivative crystal structures. Application of this hierarchical scheme to naturally-occurring minerals results in the recognition of a perovskite supergroup which is divided into stoichiometric and non-stoichiometricperovskite groups, with both groups further divided into single ABX3 or double A2BB'X6 perovskites. Subgroups, and potential subgroups, of stoichiometric perovskites include: (1) silicate single perovskites of the bridgmanite subgroup;(2) oxide single perovskites of the perovskite subgroup (tausonite, perovskite, loparite, lueshite, isolueshite, lakargiite, megawite); (3) oxide single perovskites of the macedonite subgroup which exhibit second order Jahn-Teller distortions (macedonite, barioperovskite); (4) fluoride singleperovskites of the neighborite subgroup (neighborite, parascandolaite); (5) chloride single perovskites of the chlorocalcite subgroup; (6) B-site cation ordered double fluoride perovskites of the cryolite subgroup (cryolite, elpasolite, simmonsite); (7) B-site cation orderedoxide double perovskites of the vapnikite subgroup [vapnikite, (?) latrappite]. Non-stoichiometric perovskites include: (1) A-site vacant double hydroxides, or hydroxide perovskites, belonging to the söhngeite, schoenfliesite and stottite subgroups; (2) Anion-deficient perovskitesof the brownmillerite subgroup (srebrodolskite, shulamitite); (3) A-site vacant quadruple perovskites (skutterudite subgroup); (4) B-site vacant single perovskites of the oskarssonite subgroup [oskarssonite]; (5) B-site vacant inverse single perovskites of the coheniteand auricupride subgroups; (6) B-site vacant double perovskites of the diaboleite subgroup; (7) anion-deficient partly-inverse B-site quadruple perovskites of the hematophanite subgroup.
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Palma, Davide, Francesca Deganello, Leonarda Francesca Liotta, Valeria La Parola, Alessandra Bianco Prevot, Mery Malandrino, Enzo Laurenti, Vittorio Boffa, and Giuliana Magnacca. "Main Issues in the Synthesis and Testing of Thermocatalytic Ce-Doped SrFeO3 Perovskites for Wastewater Pollutant Removal." Inorganics 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11020085.

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The effect of the synthesis and processing parameters on the thermocatalytic performance of Ce-doped SrFeO3 inorganic perovskites was investigated to improve the reproducibility and reliability of the synthetic methodology and of the testing procedure. A structural, surface and redox characterization was performed to check the extent of variability in the chemical–physical properties of the prepared materials, revealing that a strict control of the synthesis parameters is indeed crucial to optimize the thermocatalytic properties of Ce-doped SrFeO3 inorganic perovskites. The thermocatalytic tests, aimed to degrade organic pollutants in water, were performed using Orange II and Bisphenol A as target compounds, in view of a later technological application. The main issues in the synthesis and testing of Ce-doped SrFeO3 perovskite thermocatalysts are highlighted and described, giving specific instructions for the resolution of each of them. A limited number of prepared materials showed an efficient thermocatalytic effect, indicating that a full gelification of the sol, an overstoichiometric reducer-to-oxidizer ratio, a nominal cerium content of 15 mol%, slightly higher than its solubility limit (i.e., 14 mol%), a pH of 6 and a thermal treatment at 800 °C/2 h are the best synthesis conditions to obtain an effective Ce-doped SrFeO3 perovskite. Regarding the testing conditions, the best procedure is to follow the degradation reaction without any preconditioning with the pollutant at room temperature. The severe leaching of the active perovskite phase during tests conducted at acidic pH is discussed. Briefly, we suggest confining the application of these materials to a limited pH range. Variability between thermocatalysts prepared in two different laboratories was also checked. The issues discussed and the proposed solutions overcome some of the obstacles to achieving a successful scale up of the synthesis process. Our results were favorable in comparison to those in the literature, and our approach can be successfully extended to other perovskite catalysts.
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Shafath, Sadiyah, Khulood Logade, Anand Kumar, and Ibrahim Abu Reesh. "(Digital Presentation) Multifunctional Lanthanum Perovskite Electrocatalysts (LaMnxCo1-xO3 (0≤x≤1)) for Alkaline Medium Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Catalysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 43 (October 9, 2022): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02431629mtgabs.

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Lanthanum-based synthetic perovskites (LaMnxCo1-xO3 (0≤x≤1)) were synthesized using a solution combustion synthesis technique with variable ratios of Co and Mn to investigates the surface and electrocatalytic property (activity and stability of catalysts) for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under alkaline medium (KOH). The structural and morphological characterizations of the synthesized catalyst were performed by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and XPS techniques. The structural and chemical properties systematically changed by varying the Mn to Co ratio in the perovskite structure. To observe the completion of combustion and temperature characteristics during the synthesis process, which are known to impact structural qualities, the time temperature profile during the combustion process was monitored. SEM/EDX and XPS analysis confirmed the formation of targeted ratio of Mn and Co on the catalyst. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results revealed that all perovskite samples with different Co:Mn ratios were active for ORR, OER and MOR. The LaMnxCo1-xO3 perovskite with x=0.4 showed the highest current density compared to other samples towards all the investigated electrocatalytic reactions (MOR, ORR and OER) under alkaline reaction conditions.
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Worku, Michael, Yu Tian, Chenkun Zhou, Haoran Lin, Maya Chaaban, Liang-jin Xu, Qingquan He, et al. "Hollow metal halide perovskite nanocrystals with efficient blue emissions." Science Advances 6, no. 17 (April 2020): eaaz5961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5961.

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Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as new-generation light-emitting materials with narrow emissions and high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs). Various types of perovskite NCs, e.g., platelets, wires, and cubes, have been discovered to exhibit tunable emissions across the whole visible spectrum. Despite remarkable advances in the field of perovskite NCs, many nanostructures in inorganic NCs have not yet been realized in metal halide perovskites, and producing highly efficient blue-emitting perovskite NCs remains challenging and of great interest. Here, we report the discovery of highly efficient blue-emitting cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite hollow NCs. By facile solution processing of CsPbBr3 precursor solution containing ethylenediammonium bromide and sodium bromide, in situ formation of hollow CsPbBr3 NCs with controlled particle and pore sizes is realized. Synthetic control of hollow nanostructures with quantum confinement effect results in color tuning of CsPbBr3 NCs from green to blue, with high PLQEs of up to 81%.
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Muñoz, Helir Joseph, Sophia A. Korili, and Antonio Gil. "Progress and Recent Strategies in the Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Perovskites Based on Lanthanum and Aluminum." Materials 15, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 3288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093288.

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Lanthanum aluminate-based perovskite (LaAlO3) has excellent stability at high temperatures, low toxicity, and high chemical resistance and also offers wide versatility to the substitution of La3+ and Al3+, thus, allowing it to be applied as a catalyst, nano-adsorbent, sensor, and microwave dielectric resonator, amongst other equally important uses. As such, LaAlO3 perovskites have gained importance in recent years. This review considers the extensive literature of the past 10 years on the synthesis and catalytic applications of perovskites based on lanthanum and aluminum (LaAlO3). The aim is, first, to provide an overview of the structure, properties, and classification of perovskites. Secondly, the most recent advances in synthetic methods, such as solid-state methods, solution-mediated methods (co-precipitation, sol–gel, and Pechini synthesis), thermal treatments (combustion, microwave, and freeze drying), and hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, are also discussed. The most recent energetic catalytic applications (the dry and steam reforming of methane; steam reforming of toluene, glycerol, and ethanol; and oxidative coupling of methane, amongst others) using these functional materials are also addressed. Finally, the synthetic challenges, advantages, and limitations associated with the preparation methods and catalytic applications are discussed.
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Filip, Marina R., and Feliciano Giustino. "The geometric blueprint of perovskites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 21 (May 7, 2018): 5397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719179115.

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Perovskite minerals form an essential component of the Earth’s mantle, and synthetic crystals are ubiquitous in electronics, photonics, and energy technology. The extraordinary chemical diversity of these crystals raises the question of how many and which perovskites are yet to be discovered. Here we show that the “no-rattling” principle postulated by Goldschmidt in 1926, describing the geometric conditions under which a perovskite can form, is much more effective than previously thought and allows us to predict perovskites with a fidelity of 80%. By supplementing this principle with inferential statistics and internet data mining we establish that currently known perovskites are only the tip of the iceberg, and we enumerate 90,000 hitherto-unknown compounds awaiting to be studied. Our results suggest that geometric blueprints may enable the systematic screening of millions of compounds and offer untapped opportunities in structure prediction and materials design.
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Benedek, Nicole A., and Michael A. Hayward. "Hybrid Improper Ferroelectricity: A Theoretical, Computational, and Synthetic Perspective." Annual Review of Materials Research 52, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080819-010313.

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We review the theoretical, computational, and synthetic literature on hybrid improper ferroelectricity in layered perovskite oxides. Different ferroelectric mechanisms are described and compared, and their elucidation using theory and first-principles calculations is discussed. We also highlight the connections between crystal chemistry and the physical mechanisms of ferroelectricity. The experimental literature on hybrid improper ferroelectrics is surveyed, with a particular emphasis on cation-ordered double perovskites, Ruddlesden–Popper and Dion–Jacobson phases. We discuss preparative routes for synthesizing hybrid improper ferroelectrics in all three families and the conditions under which different phases can be stabilized. Finally, we survey some synthetic opportunities for expanding the family of hybrid improper ferroelectrics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Synthetic perovskite"

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CONFALONIERI, GIORGIA. "LOCAL DISORDER IN THE STRUCTURE OF BA(TI,CE)O3 PEROVSKITE BY MEANS OF POWDER DIFFRACTION AND TOTAL SCATTERING. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, DOPING CONCENTRATION AND GRAIN SIZE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/478906.

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Nowadays BaTiO3 is considered as one of the most relevant environmental-friend ferroelectric and, thank to the chemical substitutions at the Ba2+ and/or Ti4+ sites, its properties are usually tailor to meet a big variety of devices and performance requirements. A classical example is the solid solution BaTi1-xMIVxO3, where M could be Sn, Zr, Hf, Ce etc., whose ferroelectric behavior shows an almost continuous variation with composition. The study of these compounds is then essential to improve their characteristics and make their suitable in more applications. Considering that their properties are deeply linked to the structure and especially to structural defects, average and local structural analyses are essential to better understand the origins of different polar behaviours and to have a real control on these materials. Despite this need, only BaTi1-xZrxO3 (BTZ) system, which is one of the most popular dielectrics used in multilayer ceramic capacitors, has been investigated in some detail. Although the similarity to BTZ suggests that BaTi1-xCexO3 (BTC) may be promising as lead free actuator materials, studies on this solid solution are almost limited. Thus in this research the BTC solid solution has been structurally investigated in order to provide knowledge lacks. Different ceramic samples with different doping amounts and different polar behaviours (from normal ferroelecric to relaxor via diffuse phase transition) have been investigated at different temperatures. In addition, taking into account the current tendency in miniaturized devices required in microelectronics, also chemical equivalent nano powders have been considered to explore not only doping effects, but also that of size. Pair Distribution Function (PDF) with different type of approaches (as carbox, biphasic and so on) has been employed coupled with TEM analysis and Raman spectroscopy. A complete description of that BaTi1-xCexO3 materials is given underlining links between polar behaviours, temperature, doping and size effects.
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Daza, Yolanda Andreina. "Closing a Synthetic Carbon Cycle: Carbon Dioxide Conversion to Carbon Monoxide for Liquid Fuels Synthesis." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6079.

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CO2 global emissions exceed 30 Giga tonnes (Gt) per year, and the high atmospheric concentrations are detrimental to the environment. In spite of efforts to decrease emissions by sequestration (carbon capture and storage) and repurposing (use in fine chemicals synthesis and oil extraction), more than 98% of CO2 generated is released to the atmosphere. With emissions expected to increase, transforming CO2 to chemicals of high demand could be an alternative to decrease its atmospheric concentration. Transportation fuels represent 26% of the global energy consumption, making it an ideal end product that could match the scale of CO2 generation. The long-term goal of the study is to transform CO2 to liquid fuels closing a synthetic carbon cycle. Synthetic fuels, such as diesel and gasoline, can be produced from syngas (a combination of CO and H2) by Fischer Tropsch synthesis or methanol synthesis, respectively. Methanol can be turned into gasoline by MTO technologies. Technologies to make renewable hydrogen are already in existence, but CO is almost exclusively generated from methane. Due to the high stability of the CO2 molecule, its transformation is very energy intensive. Therefore, the current challenge is developing technologies for the conversion of CO2 to CO with a low energy requirement. The work in this dissertation describes the development of a recyclable, isothermal, low-temperature process for the conversion of CO2 to CO with high selectivity, called Reverse Water Gas Shift Chemical Looping (RWGS-CL). In this process, H2 is used to generate oxygen vacancies in a metal oxide bed. These vacancies then can be re-filled by one O atom from CO2, producing CO. Perovskites (ABO3) were used as the oxide material due to their high oxygen mobility and stability. They were synthesized by the Pechini sol-gel synthesis, and characterized with X-ray diffraction and surface area measurements. Mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the reducibility and re-oxidation abilities of the materials with temperature-programmed reduction and oxidation experiments. Cycles of RWGS-CL were performed in a packed bed reactor to study CO production rates. Different metal compositions on the A and B site of the oxide were tested. In all the studies, La and Sr were used on the A site because their combination is known to enhance oxygen vacancies formation and CO2 adsorption on the perovskites. The RWGS-CL was first demonstrated in a non-isothermal process at 500 °C for the H2-reduction and 850 °C for the CO2 conversion on a Co-based perovskite. This perovskite was too unstable for the H2 treatment. Addition of Fe to the perovskite enhanced its stability, and allowed for an isothermal and recyclable process at 550 °C with high selectivity towards CO. In an effort to decrease the operating temperature, Cu was incorporated to the structure. It was found that Cu addition inhibited CO formation and formed very unstable oxide materials. Preliminary studies show that application of this technology has the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from captured flue gases (i.e. from power plants) or from concentrated CO2 (adsorbed from the atmosphere), while generating a high value chemical. This technology also has possible applications in space explorations, especially in environments like Mars atmosphere, which has high concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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Wirthová, Michaela. "Reologické vlastnosti gelů pro Pechiniho syntézy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216509.

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This work deals with preparation of layers of ceramic materials – perovskites. The introductory part includes general characteristics concerning structure, properties and use of this materials. In details then there is described method of their preparation, namely Pechini´s syntheses, which are most widely used. Optimum molar ratio of components is discussed, in the sense of what compositions lead to creation of perovskite structures. Influence of this parameter on rheological properties of precursory gels is described in the end of the first part of work. In experimental section there are described preparations of gels, which are prepared via reaction between citric acid and ethylene glycol and gels, which are prepared by Pechini´s synthesis. Rheological properties of prepared gels (density, viscosity and surface tension) and besides determination of amount of nitrates in gels are characterized. Temperature dependence of viscosity of gels, that are prepared by reaction of citric acid and ethylene glycol are determined. In final part successful preparations of perovskite layers is shown on ceramic substrate. This layers are observed by means of light optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.
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Ljungström, Elin, Ellen Hådén, Lukas Lekberg, and Nima Taherpour. "Design, synthesis and characterization of Dimethylammonium / Ethylammonium / Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites for optoelectronic applications." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277109.

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The world is facing a climate crisis and to be able to solve it society needs to decrease the use of fossil fuels and find renewable alternatives. Solar energy is a great contender for a renewable energy source since it can be harvested for eternal time. One of the problems with the solar cells available today is that they are more expensive than fossil alternatives, and the process of making them still uses a lot of resources and energy. However, in the last decade an alternative has arisen; perovskite solar cells. Due to the fact that perovskite solar cell production uses less energy and resources than the current silicon solar cell, perovskite solar cells are more cost effective. The main problem with perovskite solar cells is that they are too unstable and do not last very long. One way to stabilize them is to introduce one more cation and make hybrid perovskites. The purpose of this project was to synthesize a perovskite material with the chemical formula AA’PbI3 (A = Cs, A’ = dimethylammonium or ethylammonium) to see if any of the compositions would generate a stable black cubic phase, which is the optimal phase of the perovskite. Mesoporous N-I-P solar cells were created by a layer by layer deposition method. The perovskite layer was added using a spin-coater to deposit the perovskite solution. The films were then characterized using XRD and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. Due to the coronavirus pandemic of 2020, the hole transport material and gold electrode were not added to the solar cell. As a consequence of this, not all of the compositions were synthesised which also means that the results are not conclusive. It was observed that all of the films were yellow, which indicates that none of the perovskites achieved a cubic structure. An explanation could be that some parts of the synthesis needs to be done inside a glove box where the environmental variables like humidity could be controlled. The XRDs show that some films had the expected perovskite composition, while some perovskites had decomposed into its starting materials. For hybrid components and pure ethylammonium perovskite film it was harder to confirm our conclusion since no characterization of single crystals was available for these components. However, it was determined that the addition of cesium did make the perovskites more stable.
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Čižauskaitė, Sigutė. "Sol-gel synthesis of perovskite structure aluminates and cobaltates." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20091202_112230-17664.

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In the present thesis the reported results let us to conclude that the developed aqueous sol–gel procedure could be successfully used for the low-temperature synthesis of monophasic perovskite gadolinium aluminate ceramics. It was also demonstrated that the selection of raw materials for the sol–gel processing should be done with care. Monophasic perovskite structure gadolinium aluminate GdAlO3 has been synthesized by sol gel synthesis method at 1000 oC, using gadolinium oxide as gadolinium raw material and 1.2 ethanediol, natural tartaric acid, citric acid or mixture of citric acid and ethanolamine as complexing agent. According to the XRD results, the Gd2O3 instead of Gd(NO3)36H2O preferably should be used as starting material for the preparation of GdAlO3. Monophasic perovskite structure strontium substituted gadolinium aluminate Gd0.90Sr0.10AlO3– was synthesized by the same sol gel synthesis method at 1000 oC, using gadolinium oxide as gadolinium raw material, strontium nitrate as strontium ion source and EDTA as complexing agent. It was proved that better gadolinium ion source is gadolinium oxide than gadolinium nitate hexahydrate, better complexing agent – EDTA than natural tartaric acid in the synthesis of GdAlO3 and strontium substituted Gd1–xSrxAlO3– (x = 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) samples. According to the XRD results, increasing amount of strontium reduces amount of peaks of perovskite structure gadolinium aluminate. Besides, 800 ºC temperature is too low for the... [to full text]
Šiame darbe vienfazis perovskito struktūros gadolinio aliuminatas GdAlO3 zolių-gelių metodu buvo gautas 1000 oC temperatūroje, gadolinio jonų šaltiniu naudojant Gd2O3, kompleksus sudarančiu reagentu – 1,2 etandiolį, natūralią vyno rūgštį, citrinų rūgštį arba citrinų rūgšties ir etanolamino mišinį. Sintetinant GdAlO3, gautų tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kaip yra svarbu zolių gelių procese pasirinkti tinkamas pradines medžiagas bei kompleksus su metalais sudarančius reagentus: gadolinio jonų šaltiniu naudojant Gd2O3 buvo gauti geresni rezultatai nei naudojant Gd(NO3)3•6H2O, vienfazis GdAlO3 gali būti sėkmingai susintetintas kompleksus sudarančiu reagentu naudojant tiek natūralią vyno rūgštį, tiek 1,2 etandiolį, tiek citrinų rūgštį, tiek citrinų rūgšties ir etanolamino mišinį. Nustatyta, kad sintetinant stronciu pakeistus gadolinio aliuminatus Gd1–xSrxAlO3– (x = 0,10, 0,25, 0,50, 0,75), tinkamesnis gadolinio jonų šaltinis yra gadolinio oksidas nei gadolinio nitratas heksahidratas, kompleksus sudarantis reagentas – EDTA nei natūrali vyno rūgštis. Vienfazis perovskito struktūros stronciu pakeistas gadolinio aliuminatas Gd0,90Sr0,10AlO3– buvo susintetintas zolių-gelių metodu 1000 oC temperatūroje, gadolinio jonų šaltiniu naudojant Gd2O3, stroncio jonų šaltiniu – Sr(NO3)2, kompleksus sudarančiu reagentu – EDTA. Be to, 800 ºC iškaitinimo temperatūra yra per maža šiems junginiams sintetinti. Pirmą kartą pasiūlytas vandeninis zolių gelių metodas lantano ir gadolinio kobaltatams... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Liang, Xinxing. "Synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals and their applications in perovskite solar cells." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.767584.

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Perovskite solar cells are a very promising photovoltaic technology which was first reported in 2009 and developed very rapidly. The crystallisation within perovskite films is highly dependent on processing environments, such as temperature, humidity, atmosphere, even light, which makes the fabrication of perovskite solar cells rather lab-dependent and poorly reproducible. One strategy to overcome this problem is to develop a controlled synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals which can then be ordered into films in a separatestep. In this thesis, optimisation of planar perovskite solar cells is carried out by the engineering of perovskite film fabrication methods. Different deposition methods along with different process factors such as solvents, temperature and precursor recipes are compared. One step spin-coating method with the recipe of MAI:PbCl2=3:1 gives the best PCE of 12.1 ± 0.7 % in air with controlled humidity of < 35%, showing high reliability and reproducibility. Doping of TiO2 layers with Zn2+, Sn4+ and Nb5+ ions are carried out to investigate the impacts of doping ions in different valence states on the electron-transporting properties of TiO2 ETLs. The different doping ions shift the flat band potential differently. Zn2+ largely negatively shifts the flat band potential, whereas Nb5+ positively shifts and Sn4+ barely changes the flat band potential of TiO2. the Zn-doping of the TiO2 ETL decreases the performance of the cells. However, when a thin layer of Zn-doped TiO2 is deposited on top of the pristine TiO2 layer as interlayer, the cell efficiency is slightly improved. Following the cell optimisation, to achieve better control over the crystallisation process, a facile flow reactor is developed for the synthesis of MAPbX3 perovskite nanocrystals at low temperature, which are further used for perovskite solar cells. The nanocrystals show narrow size distribution, good emissive properties and high stability. The bandgap of the nanocrystals was easily tuned between 485-745 nm by changing the halide composition. The photoluminescence of the MAPbI3 NCs in the first supernatant can also be tuned by changing the process parameters such as temperature, residence time and ligand concentration. However the impacts are more complex in the second supernatant in toluene with the appearance of multiple peaks in the PL spectra. It could be resultedfrom the formation of smaller NCs due to the reprecipitation of the incompletely removed reactants when added into toluene, or the fragmentation of the NCs upon dispersion into toluene, but better understanding is still needed. In the last part of the thesis, the synthesised MAPbI3 nanocrystals are investigated in perovskite solar cell applications. They have been applied as interlayers at the perovskite HTM interface, where they improved the stability of the devices towards moisture. The nanocrystals and their bulk by-products are also used as active light-absorbing layers for perovskite solar cells, delivering the best PCEs of 0.51% and 1.2% respectively, and notably showing outstanding water resistance. Further improvements in the cell performance could potentially be achieved by the removal of the insulating long chain ligands using effective ligand exchange treatments.
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Čižauskaitė, Sigutė. "Perovskito struktūros aliuminatų ir kobaltatų sintezė zolių-gelių metodu." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20091202_112220-21150.

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Šiame darbe vienfazis perovskito struktūros gadolinio aliuminatas GdAlO3 zolių-gelių metodu buvo gautas 1000 oC temperatūroje, gadolinio jonų šaltiniu naudojant Gd2O3, kompleksus sudarančiu reagentu – 1,2 etandiolį, natūralią vyno rūgštį, citrinų rūgštį arba citrinų rūgšties ir etanolamino mišinį. Sintetinant GdAlO3, gautų tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kaip yra svarbu zolių gelių procese pasirinkti tinkamas pradines medžiagas bei kompleksus su metalais sudarančius reagentus: gadolinio jonų šaltiniu naudojant Gd2O3 buvo gauti geresni rezultatai nei naudojant Gd(NO3)3•6H2O, vienfazis GdAlO3 gali būti sėkmingai susintetintas kompleksus sudarančiu reagentu naudojant tiek natūralią vyno rūgštį, tiek 1,2 etandiolį, tiek citrinų rūgštį, tiek citrinų rūgšties ir etanolamino mišinį. Nustatyta, kad sintetinant stronciu pakeistus gadolinio aliuminatus Gd1–xSrxAlO3– (x = 0,10, 0,25, 0,50, 0,75), tinkamesnis gadolinio jonų šaltinis yra gadolinio oksidas nei gadolinio nitratas heksahidratas, kompleksus sudarantis reagentas – EDTA nei natūrali vyno rūgštis. Vienfazis perovskito struktūros stronciu pakeistas gadolinio aliuminatas Gd0,90Sr0,10AlO3– buvo susintetintas zolių-gelių metodu 1000 oC temperatūroje, gadolinio jonų šaltiniu naudojant Gd2O3, stroncio jonų šaltiniu – Sr(NO3)2, kompleksus sudarančiu reagentu – EDTA. Be to, 800 ºC iškaitinimo temperatūra yra per maža šiems junginiams sintetinti. Pirmą kartą pasiūlytas vandeninis zolių gelių metodas lantano ir gadolinio kobaltatams... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In the present thesis the reported results let us to conclude that the developed aqueous sol–gel procedure could be successfully used for the low-temperature synthesis of monophasic perovskite gadolinium aluminate ceramics. It was also demonstrated that the selection of raw materials for the sol–gel processing should be done with care. Monophasic perovskite structure gadolinium aluminate GdAlO3 has been synthesized by sol gel synthesis method at 1000 oC, using gadolinium oxide as gadolinium raw material and 1.2 ethanediol, natural tartaric acid, citric acid or mixture of citric acid and ethanolamine as complexing agent. According to the XRD results, the Gd2O3 instead of Gd(NO3)36H2O preferably should be used as starting material for the preparation of GdAlO3. Monophasic perovskite structure strontium substituted gadolinium aluminate Gd0.90Sr0.10AlO3– was synthesized by the same sol gel synthesis method at 1000 oC, using gadolinium oxide as gadolinium raw material, strontium nitrate as strontium ion source and EDTA as complexing agent. It was proved that better gadolinium ion source is gadolinium oxide than gadolinium nitate hexahydrate, better complexing agent – EDTA than natural tartaric acid in the synthesis of GdAlO3 and strontium substituted Gd1–xSrxAlO3– (x = 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) samples. According to the XRD results, increasing amount of strontium reduces amount of peaks of perovskite structure gadolinium aluminate. Besides, 800 ºC temperature is too low for the... [to full text]
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Husťák, Miroslav. "Vysoce porézní keramické oxidové materiály pro environmentální katalýzu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449796.

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As far as the replacement of fossil fuels with more environmentally friendly options is concerned, hydrogen is considered as the most promising source of energy. Currently, hydrogen is mainly produced through the method of methane reforming. This method requires the utilisation of catalysts made of precious metals. This master's degree thesis therefore investigates perovskite materials SmCoO3, Sm0,8Ca0,2CoO2,9, SmCo0,8Al0,2O3 and Sm0,8Ca0,2Co0,8Al0,2O2,9, which could be utilised as catalysts in the production of hydrogen by methane reforming. Methane reformation occurs on the surface of a catalyst. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure that the specific surface area of a catalyst material is as large as possible. For that reason, the aforementioned perovskite materials were prepared by two sol-gel methods, which are expected to create perovskites with large specific surface areas. It was investigated in the course of the work how the method of synthesis affects the structure and catalytic properties of individual materials. The SmCo0,8Al0,2O3 material prepared by a sol-gel synthesis with propylene oxide as a gelation agent demonstrated the best results - the measurement of catalytic activity showed that the methane conversion had achieved the value of 99%.
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Liu, Tianyu. "Perovskite Solar Cells fabrication and Azobenzene Perovskite synthesis: a study in understanding organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1576840261464488.

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Baker, Sara Jane. "Oxygen diffusion in natural and synthetic perovskites." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287878.

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Books on the topic "Synthetic perovskite"

1

Wong-Ng, Winnie, Amit Goyal, Ruyan Guo, and Amar S. Bhalla, eds. Synthesis, Properties, and Crystal Chemistry of Perovskite-Based Materials. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118408476.

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Proceeding of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA (2004). Synthesis, properties, and crystal chemistry of perovskite-based materials. Westerville, OH: American Ceramic Society, 2005.

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Slater, Peter Raymond. Synthesis and characterisation of some perovskite related mixed metal copper oxides. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.

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W, Wong-Ng, and American Ceramic Society Meeting, eds. Synthesis, properties, and crystal chemistry of perovskite-based materials: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA (2004). Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society, 2005.

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Kundu, Asish K. Magnetic Perovskites: Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties. Springer, 2019.

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Kundu, Asish K. Magnetic Perovskites: Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties. Springer, 2016.

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Kundu, Asish K. Magnetic Perovskites: Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties. Springer, 2016.

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Pan, Likun, and Guang Zhu, eds. Perovskite Materials - Synthesis, Characterisation, Properties, and Applications. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60469.

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Arul, Narayanasamy Sabari, and Vellalapalayam Devaraj Nithya. Revolution of Perovskite: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021.

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Zhou, Ye, and Yan Wang. Perovskite Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Springer, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Synthetic perovskite"

1

Aamir, Muhammad, Malik Dilshad Khan, Ahmed Shuja, Javeed Akhtar, and Muhammad Sher. "Fundamentals of metal halide perovskite nanomaterials: synthetic protocols, properties and their smart applications." In Nanoscience, 32–59. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788017053-00032.

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Huang, He. "Synthesis of Perovskite Nanocrystals." In Perovskite Quantum Dots, 1–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6637-0_1.

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Aruta, Carmela, and Antonello Tebano. "Thin Films and Superlattice Synthesis." In Perovskites and Related Mixed Oxides, 143–68. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527686605.ch07.

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Ferri, Davide, Andre Heel, and Dariusz Burnat. "Aerosol Spray Synthesis of Powder Perovskite-Type Oxides." In Perovskites and Related Mixed Oxides, 69–90. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527686605.ch04.

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Roger, Anne-Cécile, and Alain Kiennemann. "Perovskites as Catalyst Precursors for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." In Perovskites and Related Mixed Oxides, 631–58. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527686605.ch28.

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Bringley, Joseph F., Bruce A. Scott, Kenneth R. Poppelmeier, Gregg A. Taylor, and Bogdan Dabrowskiu. "Synthesis of the Perovskite Series Lacuo3-δ." In Inorganic Syntheses, 218–22. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132616.ch41.

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Xia, Weiren, Yao Lu, and Xinhua Zhu. "Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis of Perovskite Oxide Nanomaterials." In 21st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 6–1. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367341558-6.

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Nair, Mahesh Muraleedharan, and Serge Kaliaguine. "Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Nanocast Oxide-Type Perovskites." In Perovskites and Related Mixed Oxides, 47–68. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527686605.ch03.

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Inaba, Keigo, Shinya Suzuki, Yuji Noguchi, Masaru Miyayama, and Minoru Osada. "Synthesis of Complex Perovskite Oxides via Nanosheets Process." In Electroceramics in Japan X, 55–58. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-449-9.55.

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Wiley, John B., and Kenneth R. Poeppelmeier. "Low Temperature Synthesis of Oxygen Deficient Perovskites." In Perovskite: A Structure of Great Interest to Geophysics and Materials Science, 105–11. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm045p0105.

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Conference papers on the topic "Synthetic perovskite"

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Bubeck, Cora, Marc Widenmeyer, Gunther Richter, Mauro Coduri, Eduardo Salas Colera, Songhak Yoon, Frank Osterloh, and Anke Weidenkaff. "Perovskite-type Oxynitrides LaTaO2N and LaTaON2 – Synthetic Strategies." In nanoGe Fall Meeting 2018. València: Fundació Scito, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.fallmeeting.2018.041.

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Bubeck, Cora, Marc Widenmeyer, Gunther Richter, Mauro Coduri, Eduardo Salas Colera, Songhak Yoon, Frank Osterloh, and Anke Weidenkaff. "Perovskite-type Oxynitrides LaTaO2N and LaTaON2 – Synthetic Strategies." In nanoGe Fall Meeting 2018. València: Fundació Scito, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2018.041.

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Ctibor, P., P. Rohan, K. Neufuss, B. Kolman, J. Dubsky, and P. Chraska. "Plasma Spraying of Titanates I." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0945.

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Abstract Among candidate materials for plasma spraying titanates ATiO3, where A is an element from the alkaline earth group (11), were not systematically tested until today. This paper reports on plasma spraying of synthetic perovskite CaTiO3 and geikielite-perovskite system MgTiO3-CaTiO3. Perovskite CaTiO3 is well known as dielectric material and a basic component of complex dielectric ceramics. Since it is relatively chemically simple and inexpensive material it has been selected for the basic preliminary studies. Mixture of geikielite-perovskite MgTiO3-CaTiO3, with Mg:Ca ratio equal to 94:6, was chosen because its permittivity is independent of temperature. Plasma spraying was done with the water stabilized plasma gun WSP. Plasma spraying conditions were optimized using single splat observation for various substrates and varying substrate temperature. Standard experimental techniques were used for studying of microstructures, chemical and phase compositions and porosity of as-sprayed and annealed deposits. Mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus and microhardness were measured.
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NGUYEN, Tan, Quinten AKKERMAN, Simon BOEHME, Gabriele RAINO, Claudine KATAN, Jacky EVEN, and Maksym KOVALENKO. "Reaching ultimate perovskite quantum dot optical properties with a new synthetic approach." In nanoGe Spring Meeting 2022. València: Fundació Scito, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nsm.2022.055.

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Salas, Jaylene B., Nasim Farahmand, and Stephen O'Brien. "Synthetic Transition Metal Oxides Prepared by Gel Collection and Characterization of Perovskite Nanocrystal Thin Films for High Performance Dielectric Applications." In 2019 IEEE MIT Undergraduate Research Technology Conference (URTC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/urtc49097.2019.9660555.

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Jena, Hrudananda, and B. Rambabu. "Effect of Sonochemical, Regenerative Sol Gel and Microwave Assisted Synthesis Techniques on the Formation of Dense Electrolytes and Porus Electrodes for All Perovskite IT-SOFCs." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97262.

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The influence of preparation techniques on the microstructure, grain-size and consequently on the electrical transport properties of the ABO3 structured materials used as electrode and electrolytes in all perovskite IT-SOFC were investigated. Nano-crystalline powders of La1-xMxGa1-yNyO3±δ (M = Sr,; x = −0.10 to 0.15; N = Mg; y = −0.10 to 0.15) (LSGM) as electrolyte, porous La0.8Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3±δ (LSCF) or LaNi1-xFexO3±δ (x = 0–0.5) (LNF) as cathode, La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.7Mn0.3O3±δ (LSCM) as anode and LaCrO3 or substituted LaCrO 3 as interconnect were synthesized by various wet chemical methods. The wet chemical methods like metal-carboxylate gel decomposition, hydroxide co-precipitation, sonochemical and regenerative sol-gel process followed by microwave sintering of the powders have been used. Microwave sintering parameters were optimized by varying sintering time, and temperature to achieve higher density of LSGM pellets. The phase pure systems were obtained at sintering duration of 30 min at 1200 °C. The XRD, HR-TEM, and SEM measurements revealed the average grain size of these perovskites was ∼ 22 nm range. The electrical conductivities of the compositions were measured by ac (5Hz–13MHz) and dc techniques. The conductivity of the sintered pellets was found to be ∼0.01–0.21 S/cm at 550–1000°C range for electrolyte and 1.5–100 S/cm at 25–1000°C for electrodes respectively. The effect of sonochemical, and regenerative sol-gel methods in processing large quantities of nano-crystalline perovskites with multi-element substitutions at A- and B-sites to achieve physico-chemical compatibility for fabricating zero emission all perovskite IT-SOFCs are reported in this paper.
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Khuan, Chzhibin, and Anna Vladimirovna Mitrofanova. "Prospects for obtaining perovskite-like compounds with the Dion-Jacobson structure and the influence of precursors on their phase formation, structure, and properties." In International Research-to-practice conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-556864.

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Layered perovskites, including the Dion-Jacobson phases, are of interest to researchers due to a wide range of revealed properties. Among them there are compounds with high photocatalytic activity, ionic conductors, ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, ferroelectrics and luminophores, as well as materials with unique magnetic properties. However, the properties of these materials largely depend on the method of synthesis and the precursors used, so the study of the possibility of obtaining layered perovskite-like compounds of various compositions remains relevant. The purpose of this work is to study various literature sources, to identify the possibility and methods for obtaining pure phases with the Dion-Jacobson structure, to consider the areas of application of these compounds, and to establish prospects for further research.
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Hameed, Areeba, Khulood Logade, Naba Ali, Priya Ghosh, Sadiya Shafath, Sumaiya Salim, Anchu Ashok, Anand Kumar, and Mohd Ali H. Saleh Saad. "Highly active Bifunctional Lamo3 (M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) Perovskites for Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0106.

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Lanthanum based electrocatalytically active perovskites, LaMO3 (M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni), were synthesized using a single step solution combustion synthesis technique. The perovskites showed exceptional performance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline medium. Based on the experimental results and literature survey, it is suggested that the exceptional activity of Mn and Co based lanthanum perovskite catalyst could be due to the optimum stabilization of reaction intermediates involved in the rate-determining step (RDS) of ORR/OER. According to crystal field theory (CFT), the d-orbital of transition metals are affected by the octahedral arrangement of six negative charges around it. The d orbital degenerates by splitting into two high energy (eg) and three lower energy orbitals (t2g) while maintaining the same average energy level. The rate-determining step in the ORR/OER reaction that based on the eg orbital filling of B site transition metal cations If the d-electrons are less, the valence state goes up and lowering the eg orbital filling that results in strong adsorption of oxygenated species on the B site (strong B-OH bond). This strong bonding limits the overall reaction rate by the slow desorption of OH and its derivatives during ORR/OER. Similarly, too high eg filling causes weak adsorption of oxygenated species that limits the reaction through the slow adsorption of reactants. Therefore, to enhance the activity of ORR/OER reaction it is required to balance the adsorption and desorption of the reactants and the intermediate respectively. The better way is to optimize the eg orbital filling to be nearly 1 (eg = 1).Based on the experimental results and literature survey, it is suggested that the exceptional activity of Mn and Co based lanthanum perovskite catalyst could be due to the optimum stabilization of reaction intermediates involved in the rate-determining step (RDS) of ORR and OER.
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Chen, Hsi-Chao, Jia-Yu Lin, Ya-Jun Zheng, Yuan-Cheng Cai, and Chia-Yu Hsiao. "Nickel Oxide Nanostructure Synthesized with Hydrothermal Method for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell." In Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.2022.mc.8.

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Hydrothermal synthesis of nanostructured nickel oxide to modify inverted perovskite solar cells, and the porous properties of the nano-sphere structure can increase the reaction interface between the hole transport and perovskite layers.
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Manna, Liberato. "Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Synthesis and Optical Properties." In International Conference on Perovskite Thin Film Photovoltaics and Perovskite Photonics and Optoelectronics. València: Fundació Scito, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nipho.2022.015.

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Reports on the topic "Synthetic perovskite"

1

Men, Long. Synthetic Exploration of Halide Perovskites and Germanium Semiconductors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1593319.

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McHale, Jr., James M. Solution based synthesis of perovskite-type oxide films and powders. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10114240.

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Lu, Di, David J. Baek, Seung Sae Hong, Lena F. Kourkoutis, Yasuyuki Hikita, and Harold Y. Hwang. Synthesis of Freestanding Single-crystal Perovskite Films and Heterostructures by Etching of Sacrificial Water-soluble Layers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1310026.

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Chern, Ming Y., D. A. Vennos, and F. J. DiSalvo. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Anti-perovskite Nitrides Ca3MN, M=P,As,Sb,Bi,Ge,Sn, and Pb. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236589.

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