Academic literature on the topic 'Synthetic musk'
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Journal articles on the topic "Synthetic musk"
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Walczak, Maria Zofia, Angelika Ziaja, and Magdalena Nowak. "Natural Musk and Synthetic Musk Analogues." Farmacja Polska 80, no. 2 (June 26, 2024): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/farmpol/189362.
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Wprowadzenie: Już w czasach antycznych piżmo było cenionym surowcem zapachowym, który chętnie stosowano w kosmetykach, zapewniając produktom charakterystyczny i niepowtarzalny zapach. Naturalne piżmo pozyskiwane od samców jelenia piżmowego (Moschus berezovskii, Moschus sifanicus, Moschus moschiferus) było ważnym składnikiem recepturowym tradycyjnej medycyny chińskiej i tybetańskiej. W zachowanych recepturach znajdowane są opisy piżma jako składnika preparatów złożonych, stosowanych do reanimacji, poprawy krążenia krwi i łagodzenia bólu. Z uwagi na ochronę gatunkową jeleni piżmowych wprowadzono na rynek perfumeryjny syntetyczne analogi piżma, które wykazują podobne do piżm naturalnych właściwości zapachowe z zachowaniem niższych kosztów produkcji. Obecnie, w przemyśle kosmetycznym najczęściej stosowane są galaksolid, tonalid oraz piżmo T. Cel pracy: Celem pracy jest charakterystyka piżma naturalnego oraz syntetycznych analogów piżma w aspekcie oceny bezpieczeństwa tych związków oraz ich wpływu na organizm ludzki i środowisko naturalne. Metodyka badań: W ramach pracy dokonano przeglądu baz naukowych Scopus, PubMed, PubChem, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science używając słów kluczowych, takich jak natural musk, synthetic musk, muscone, galaxolide, tonalide, musk T, safety profile, environment, adverse effects, pharmacological effects, GHS classification. Jako syntetyczne analogi piżma wybrano związki nitrowe, policykliczne, makrocykliczne oraz alicykliczne. Wyniki: Syntetyczne analogi piżma różnią się właściwościami fizykochemicznymi, trwałością, zdolnością do bioakumulacji w organizmie człowieka i środowisku naturalnym oraz profilem bezpieczeństwa. Wnioski: Z uwagi na szerokie zastosowanie syntetycznych analogów piżma w wielu produktach kosmetycznych i środkach gospodarstwa domowego, zróżnicowane właściwości fizykochemiczne, zdolność do kumulacji w tkance tłuszczowej i mleku ludzkim oraz długi czas wymagany do degradacji w środowisku naturalnym, syntetyczne analogi piżma powinny być przedmiotem zaawansowanych badań, szczególnie pod kątem oceny bezpieczeństwa.
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Zhao, Xueqi. "Chemical Constitutions of Natural Musk and Research Progress of Synthetic Musk." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 55 (July 9, 2023): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v55i.9958.
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Natural musk, which is released by adult male musk deer, has vital use in medicine, cosmetics, detergents, and other fields. This paper has mentioned that as a result of its predominant composition of macrocyclic ketones, pyridine, alcohols, fatty acids, polypeptides (PEP-tides), proteins, and other desired but uncommon substances, synthetic musk was created. The synthetic musk has been divided into four groups based on its chemical composition: nitrogen-containing musks (NMs), polycyclic musks (PMs), macrocyclic musks (MMs), and alicyclic musk or linear musk (AMs). The history of the creation of compounds with musk odor, the development of four different types of synthetic musk, and the negative impact of NMs, MMs, and PMs had all been mentioned in this article. Also, the creation and use of these different musks have all been discussed in this work. Synthetic musk still struggles with the cost of production and is unable to synthesize all of the components from genuine musk. Thus, there is still a lot of potential for the development of synthetic musk.
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Marchal, Mónica, and Joaquín Beltran. "Determination of synthetic musk fragrances." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96, no. 13 (October 20, 2016): 1213–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2016.1249479.
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Peck, Aaron M., and Keri C. Hornbuckle. "Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Lake Michigan." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 2 (January 2004): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034769y.
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Upadhyay, Nabin, Qinyue Sun, Jonathan O. Allen, Paul Westerhoff, and Pierre Herckes. "Synthetic musk emissions from wastewater aeration basins." Water Research 45, no. 3 (January 2011): 1071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.024.
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Wong, Fiona, Matthew Robson, Lisa Melymuk, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Nick Alexandrou, Mahiba Shoeib, Edmund Luk, Paul Helm, Miriam L. Diamond, and Hayley Hung. "Urban sources of synthetic musk compounds to the environment." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 1 (2019): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00341f.
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Peck, Aaron M., John R. Kucklick, and Michele M. Schantz. "Synthetic musk fragrances in environmental Standard Reference Materials." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387, no. 7 (August 12, 2006): 2381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0671-3.
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Katuri, Guru Prasad, Xinghua Fan, Shabana Siddique, Cariton Kubwabo, Ivana Kosarac, Shelley A. Harris, and Warren G. Foster. "A Selective and Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantitation of Synthetic Musks in Human Serum." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 6 (April 10, 2020): 1461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa051.
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Abstract Background Synthetic musk compounds are widely used as fragrances in many consumer products; however, information on human exposure and health effects is limited. Also, analytical methods for their quantification in biological matrices are limited. Objective In this study, an integrated method was developed and validated for the analysis of selected synthetic musk compounds in human serum. Method The method is based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), sample clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and separation and detection by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Results The method demonstrated good recoveries (86–105%) and high sensitivity, with low method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.04 to 0.17 µg/L. The method was applied to the analysis of 10 synthetic musk compounds in 40 serum samples collected from Canadian women aged 20–44 years (20 individual samples collected in 2014 and 20 pooled samples collected in 2006). The most commonly detected compound was Galaxolide (HHCB), with median concentrations of 0.59 µg/L in samples collected in 2006, and 0.34 µg/L for samples collected in 2014. Musk ketone (MK) was not detected in any of the samples collected in 2006, but was detected in 60% of the samples collected in 2014 with a median concentration of 0.29 µg/L. Tonalide (AHTN) was detected in only one sample above its MDL (0.12 µg/L). Conclusions This is the first study in Canada to report levels of synthetic musks in human. The data generated from this study has been used in risk screening assessment by Environment and Climate Change Canada and Health Canada.
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Lee, In-Seok, Sung-Hee Lee, and Jeong-Eun Oh. "Occurrence and fate of synthetic musk compounds in water environment." Water Research 44, no. 1 (January 2010): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.049.
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Reiner, Jessica L., Chung M. Wong, Kathleen F. Arcaro, and Kurunthachalam Kannan. "Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Human Milk from the United States." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 11 (June 2007): 3815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es063088a.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Synthetic musk"
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Cvikýřová, Zuzana. "Ekotoxicita vybraných musk sloučenin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216854.
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Products of daily use, which are mainly cosmetics and personal care products could significantly affect the environment. Recently, in terms of environmental protection, organic compounds responsible for the pleasant smell of these products - synthetic fragrances or musk compounds - are often mentioned. This diploma thesis aims to assess the ecotoxicity of several new substances from the group linear (alicyclic) musk compounds. From this group following fragrance ingrediens were tested: lilial, linalool, arocete and aroflorone. Since the majority of their residues enter the aquatic ecosystem, aquatic freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus and aquatic plant Lemna minor were selected as test organisms. Individual ecotoxicity of above mentioned substances was evaluated as well as toxicity of binary mixture of arofloron and linalool on organisms Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Based on the test results the ecotoxicological values LC50, EC50 and IC50 for the tested substances were evaluated and their ecotoxicity was compared. Lilial showed the highest ecotoxicity. Value of 24h EC50 for organism Daphnia magna was 2.13 mg/l and value of 24h LC50 for the organism Thamnocephalus platyurus was 10.86 mg/l.
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Müller, Severin. "Risk evaluation of bioactive compounds in humans : I Synthetic musk fragrances : II Alkylphenols /." Zürich, 1997. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=12175.
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Vallecillos, Marsal Laura. "Applicability of microextraction techniques for the etermination of synthetic musk fragrances in environmental samples." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334685.
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Aquesta Tesi doctoral se centra en el desenvolupament de mètodes analítics alternatius, més respectuosos amb el medi ambient, per la determinació de fragàncies sintètiques en mostres mediambientals tals com aigües residuals, llots de depuradora i organismes marins. Les fragàncies sintètiques incloses en aquesta Tesi formen part de les famílies de mescs policíclics, nítrics i macrocíclis.
En aquesta Tesi, tècniques de microextracció convencionals com ara la microextracció en fase sòlida (SPME), la microextracció mitjançant barres magnètiques (SBSE) i l’extracció en fase sòlida (SPE) on-line així com tècniques de microextracció més recents com la microextracció mitjançant gota penjant (SDME), la microextracció amb sorbents empaquetats (MEPS) i la microextracció amb agulles empaquetades (NME) s’han fet servir per a la preconcentració de les fragàncies subjectes a estudi. Sempre en combinació amb la cromatografia de gasos acoblada a l’espectrometria de masses (GC-MS) o a la espectrometria de masses en tàndem (MS/MS) com a tècniques de separació i detecció, respectivament. L’aplicació d’aquestes tècniques ha resultat ser una eina de gran utilitat pel desenvolupament de metodologies amigables amb el medi ambient degut a la disminució del consum de solvents orgànics i del volum de mostra. A més a més, el risc de contaminació de la mostra es veu minimitzat per la possibilitat d’automatització de tot el procés d’extracció. Per altre banda, l’extracció mitjançant fluits pressuritzats (PLE) i una tècnica d’extracció de recent ús en el món de l’anàlisi mediambiental, quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS), han estat estudiats per l’anàlisi de llots de depuradora i organismes marins.
L’avaluació de la biodegradació dels mescs policíclics més representatius mitjançant l’enzim laccase així com la posterior identificació dels productes de degradació també ha estat inclosa en aquesta Tesi.Esta Tesis doctoral se centra en el desarrollo de métodos analíticos alternativos, más respetuosos con el medio ambiente, para la determinación de fragancias sintéticas en muestras medioambientales tales como aguas residuales, lodos de depuradora y organismos marinos. Las fragancias sintéticas incluidas en esta Tesis pertenecen a las familias de almizcles policíclicos, nítricos y macrocíclicos. En esta Tesis, técnicas de microextracción convencionales como la microextracción en fase sólida (SPME), la extracción mediante barra magnética (SBSE) y la extracción en fase sólida (SPE) on-line así como técnicas de microextracción de reciente uso como la microextracción mediante gota colgante (SDME), la microextracción con sorbentes empaquetados (MEPS) y la microextracción mediante agujas empaquetadas (NME) se han usado para la preconcentración de las fragancias sujetas a estudio. Siempre en combinación con la cromatografía de gases acoplada a la espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) o a la espectrometría de masas en tándem (GC-MS/MS) como técnicas de separación y detección, respectivamente. La aplicación de estas técnicas ha resultado ser una herramienta de gran utilidad para el desarrollo de metodologías amigables con el medioambiente debido a la reducción en el consumo de disolventes orgánicos y el volumen de muestra. Además, el riesgo de contaminación de la muestra se minimiza mediante la posibilidad de automatización de todo el proceso de extracción. De igual modo, la extracción mediante fluidos presurizados (PLE) y una técnica de extracción de reciente uso en el mundo del análisis medioambiental, quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS), fueron estudiados para el análisis de lodos de depuradora y organismos marinos. La evaluación de la biodegradación de los almizcles policíclicos más representativos mediante la enzima laccase así como la posterior identificación de los productos de degradación también fue incluida en esta Tesis.
This doctoral Thesis focuses on the development of environmentally friendly analytical methods to determine synthetic musk fragrances in environmental samples such as wastewater, sewage sludge and marine organisms. The fragrances included in this Thesis belong to polycyclic musk, nitro musk and macrocyclic musk families. In this Thesis, conventional microextraction techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar extraction (SBSE) and on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) as well as novel microextraction techniques as single-drop microextraction (SDME), microextraction by packed sorbents (MEPS) and needle trap microextraction (NMME) were used for the preconcentration of the fragrances studied. Always in combination with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS/MS) as separation and detection techniques, respectively. The applicability of these techniques was shown to be a powerful tool for the development of environmentally friendly methodologies due to the reduction of solvent consumption and sample volume. Furthermore, the risk of sample contamination is minimized since the whole procedure could be automatized. In addition, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and an emerging extraction technique in the field of environmental analysis, as quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS), were explored for the analysis of sewage sludge and marine organisms. The evaluation of the biodegradation of the most representative polycyclic musk via a laccase mediator system and the subsequent identification of the degradation products generated was also included in this Thesis.
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Turan, Hatice. "Développement analytique pour l'analyse des isotopes stables spécifiques au composé (CSIA) appliquée aux contaminants organiques émergents : étude de cas du galaxolide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU3019.
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Les Contaminants d'Intérêt Émergent (CECs) représentent une vaste gamme de produits chimiques synthétiques non réglementés qui constituent des menaces potentielles pour les écosystèmes aquatiques et la santé humaine. Parmi ces CECs, le Galaxolide (HHCB), un ingrédient de musc synthétique largement utilisé dans de nombreux produits commerciaux, a été classé comme produit chimique à Grand Volume de Production (HPV) par l'Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (OCDE) depuis 2004. HHCB est principalement détecté dans les eaux d'effluent et rejeté dans les milieux aquatiques sans être totalement éliminé. Malheureusement, seule la mesure des concentrations de HHCB dans les échantillons environnementaux ne fournit pas d'informations sur son l'origine ou et son devenir dans les milieux aquatiques. L'analyse Isotopique de Composés Spécifiques (CSIA) a émergé comme un outil pour identifier le sort des CECs en traçant leurs signatures isotopiques individuelles, sans nécessiter de données sur leur concentration. Cependant, l'application du CSIA dans les produits de soins personnels contenant du HHCB reste limitée. Développer une méthode CSIA est essentiel pour comprendre pleinement l'histoire de vie du HHCB. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié la biodégradation et la photodégradation, processus clés pouvant dégrader le HHCB dans les milieux aquatiques. L'objectif spécifique était d'évaluer la CSIA pour discriminer le sort, la source ou l'origine du HHCB. Deux bactéries, Priestia sp. 35 ODPABA G14 et Rhodococcus sp. 23 AHTN G14, précédemment isolées de sédiments sous-marins, ont été testées pour leur résistance ainsi que leur potentiel à dégrader non seulement le HHCB mais aussi d'autres CECs incluant les muscs synthétiques, les filtres UV, les produits pharmaceutiques et les pesticides. Priestia sp. et Rhodococcus sp. ont montré un potentiel de biodégradation élevé, en particulier pour les composés hydrophobes. Bien que cela ne s'applique pas à tous les CECs, les résultats indiquent une corrélation positive entre la résistance bactérienne marine aux CECs et leur potentiel de biodégradation significatif. De plus, nous avons étudié la cinétique de la photodégradation directe et indirecte pour identifier le rôle des espèces réactives responsables de la dégradation du HHCB sous la lumière du soleil et UVC, ainsi que pour déterminer ses produits de transformation. Les conditions environnementales représentatives avec de l'acide humique, du carbonate (CO3-2) et du nitrate (NO3-) ont été testées dans de l'eau ultrapure. Pour évaluer l'effet du prétraitement et du post-traitement, des eaux fluviales et d'effluents ont été utilisées. Ces expériences ont révélé l'efficacité de la photolyse directe dans la dégradation du HHCB sous les deux conditions de lumière. 3DOM*, •OH, CO3•- et 1O2 sont les principales espèces réactives qui peuvent contribuer à la dégradation du HHCB via la photolyse indirecte à des taux différents selon la matrice et la lumière. La Lactone HHCB, un produit de transformation bien connu, et deux autres substances dont les structures ont été proposées ont été détectées. Enfin, le potentiel de la CSIA à identifier les processus de photodégradation (sous UVC) et de biodégradation (par Priestia sp.) et à tracer la source et l'origine du HHCB dans les produits de soins personnels a été évalué. Les expériences par lots n'ont révélé aucun fractionnement isotopique significative pendant la photodégradation et la biodégradation. Bien qu'il y ait une grande variation des concentrations de HHCB dans les produits de soins personnels, atteignant des niveaux dépassant 15 g L-1 dans certains cas, les valeurs de δ13C seules étaient insuffisantes pour distinguer leurs sources ou origines. Par conséquent, ce travail contribue à une meilleure compréhension du sort du HHCB dans les milieux aquatiques et met en évidence le potentiel futur de la CSIA pour déterminer la source et l'origine des CECsThe Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) represent a wide range of unregulated human-made chemicals that pose potential threats to both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Among these CECs, Galaxolide (HHCB), a widely used synthetic musk ingredient in many commercial products, has been listed as High Production Volume (HPV) chemical by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) since 2004. HHCB is primarily detected in effluent waters and released into aquatic environments without complete removal. Unfortunately, the measurement of HHCB concentrations in environmental samples fails to provide insights into either the fate or the origin in aquatic ecosystems. Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) has emerged as a tool for identifying the fate of CECs by tracing their individual isotopic signatures, without requiring data on their concentration. However, the application of CSIA in personal care products containing HHCB remains limited. Developing a CSIA method is essential for fully understanding the life story of HHCB. In this context, we studied biodegradation and photodegradation, key processes that can degrade HHCB in aquatic environments. The specific objective was to evaluate CSIA to discriminate the fate, source, or origin of HHCB. Two bacteria Priestia sp. 35 ODPABA G14 and Rhodococcus sp. 23 AHTN G14, previously isolated from submarine sediments, were tested for their resistance as well as their potential to degrade not only for HHCB but also for other CECs including synthetic musks, UV filters, pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Priestia sp. and Rhodococcus sp. showed high biodegradation potential, especially for hydrophobic compounds. Although this may not apply to all CECs, the results indicate a positive correlation between marine bacterial resistance to CECs and their significant biodegradation potential. Additionally, we investigated the kinetics of direct and indirect photodegradation to identify the role of reactive species responsible for HHCB degradation under sunlight and UVC light, as well as to determine its transformation products. Representative environmental conditions in the presence of humic acid, carbonate (CO3-2), and nitrate (NO3-) were tested in ultrapure water. To evaluate the effect of pre-treatment and post-treatment effect, riverine and effluent waters were used. These experiments revealed the effectiveness of direct photolysis in degrading HHCB under both light conditions. 3DOM*,•OH, CO3•-, and 1O2 are the main reactive species that can contribute to HHCB degradation via indirect photolysis at different rate depending on the matrix and light. HHCB Lactone, a well-known transformation product, and two other substances with proposed structures were detected. Finally, the potential of CSIA to identify photodegradation (under UVC) and biodegradation (by Priestia sp.) processes and to trace the source and origin of HHCB in personal care products was evaluated. Batch experiments revealed no significant isotopic fractionation during both photodegradation and biodegradation. Although there is wide variation in the HHCB concentrations in personal care products, reaching levels exceeding 15 g L-1 in some cases, δ13C values alone were insufficient to distinguish their sources or origins. Consequently, this work contributes to a better understanding of the fate of HHCB in aquatic environments and highlights the future potential of CSIA for determining the source and origin of CECs
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Švarcová, Lucie. "Chirální analýza syntetických vonných látek ve vodním ekosystému." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217084.
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Diploma thesis summarizes available information about chiral analysis of synthetic musk compounds in the aquatic environment. In the theoretical part of the thesis chirality and importance of chiral analysis by means of examples of different environmental pollutants is documented. Further consideration is aimed on musk compounds, their classification, characteristics and their fate in the environment, especially in the aquatic environment. After that methods for chiral analysis of synthetic musk compounds are reviewed. The aim of the experimental part of this diploma thesis was to carry out the determination of thirteen representatives of musk compounds (2-cyclohexylethanol, allylcyklohexylpropionate, Arocet, Aroflorone, Citronellol, Fresco Menthe, Galaxolide, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, HSA, isoamylsalicylate, isobornylacetate, Lilial and Linalool), out of which some compounds are chiral and some are achiral. For the analysis samples of wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant Brno - Modřice were taken. Target compounds were isolated by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. On the basis of data evaluation the removal efficiency forgiven musk compounds in the wastewater treatment plant was assessed.
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Musa, Musiliyu Ayodele. "Applications of the Baylis-Hillman reaction in the synthesis of coumarin derivatives." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/2319/1/MUSA-PhD-TR03-74.pdf.
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The reaction of specially prepared salicylaldehyde benzyl ethers with the activated alkenes, methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile, in the presence of the catalyst, DABCO, has
afforded Baylis-Hillman products, which have been subjected to conjugate addition with either piperidine or benzylamine. Hydrogenolysis of these conjugate addition products in the presence of a palladium-on-carbon catalyst has been shown to afford the corresponding 3-substituted coumarins, while treatment of O-benzylated Baylis-Hillman adducts with HCl or HI afforded the corresponding 3-(halomethyl)coumarins directly, in up to 94%. The 3-(halomethyl)coumarins have also been obtained in excellent yields (up to 98%) and even more conveniently, by treating the unprotected Baylis-Hillman products with HCl in a mixture of AcOH and Ac2O, obtained from tert-butyl acrylate and various salicylaldehydes. The generality of an established route to the synthesis of coumarins via an intramolecular Baylis-Hillman reaction, involving the use of salicylaldehyde acrylate esters in the presence of DABCO, has also been demonstrated.
Reactions between the 3-(halomethyl)coumarins and various nitrogen and carbon nucleophiles have been shown to proceed with a high degree of regioselectivity at the exocyclic allylic centre to afford 3-substituted coumarin products. The electronimpact mass spectra of selected coumarin derivatives have been investigated using high-resolution and B/E linked scan data. Fragmentation pathways have been
proposed and fragmentation modes associated with different coumarin-containing analogues have been compared.
A series of coumarin-containing analogues of ritonavir (a clinically useful HIV-1 protease inhibitor) have been prepared and characterized. The synthetic approach has
involved the coupling of coumarin derivatives with a hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere to afford ritonavir analogues containing coumarin termini. An interactive docking procedure has been used to explore the docking of ritonavir and a coumarincontaining analogue into the enzyme active site.
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Schwarz, Diemo. "Spectral envelopes in sound analysis and synthesis." [S.l.] : Universität Stuttgart , Fakultät Informatik, 1998. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB7084238.
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Bürger, Michael [Verfasser]. "On the Analysis and Synthesis of Local Sound Fields for Personal Audio / Michael Bürger." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202169015/34.
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Pfeifle, Florian Verfasser], and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] [Bader. "Physical model real-time auralisation of musical instruments : analysis and synthesis / Florian Pfeifle. Betreuer: Rolf Bader." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1108769462/34.
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Alexandraki, Chrisoula Verfasser], and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] [Bader. "Real-time Machine Listening and Segmental Re-synthesis for Networked Music Performance / Chrisoula Alexandraki. Betreuer: Rolf Bader." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064077587/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Synthetic musk"
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Ungeheuer, Elena. Wie die elektronische Musik "erfunden" wurde--: Quellenstudie zu Werner Meyer-Epplers musikalischem Entwurf zwischen 1949 und 1953. Mainz: Schott, 1992.
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Sazhina, Muza, Anna Kashirova, Stanislav Makarov, and Egor Osiop. The social wealth of the innovation system. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1875920.
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The monograph reveals the key socio-economic problems of the innovation economy: its content as a knowledge economy and its role in evolutionary development; human capital (living intelligence) as the main resource of the innovation economy. Much attention is paid to the institutional support of innovation through a system of institutions and mutually beneficial contracts. The mixed mechanism of implementation of innovative activity as a synthesis of spontaneous market self-regulation and conscious public administration is shown. The result of the "social control" of society and the state is the coordination of the actions of economic entities and the ordering of economic processes.
The most important institution of human society is the family as a strong power in the state. And the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is the main value of society. The main purpose of the family is to reproduce life and provide a person with everything necessary. The state as an institution manages a person's education and health, helps to change his lifestyle, strengthening humanity, ethics, morality and culture of life.
The modern global economy remains a sphere of domination of market egoism. It is the market that performs the function of morality as a person and society as a whole. In the global economy, a person is not a representative of the people, but a representative of the system, a standard way of life. And he should live in communication based on respect for each other.
It is concluded that today the main wealth of society is not material, but social wealth: the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is a living intellect; a family with the reproduction of life; immaterial knowledge that covers all types of work that cannot be calculated and paid, where the motive is the joy of free cooperation, free giving and community. In this "invisible economy" people mutually teach each other humanity and create a culture of joint thinking and living together. The State and society must preserve and increase the social wealth of human society.
For students and postgraduates of economic and managerial specialties, as well as for anyone interested in this problem.
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Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment. Springer, 2004.
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Rimkus, Gerhard G. Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment. Springer, 2010.
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Rimkus, Gerhard G. Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment. Springer, 2004.
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Müller, Severin. Risk evaluation of bioactive compounds in humans: I synthetic musk fragrances; II alkylphenols. 1997.
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Behrens, Frank, Michaela Koehm, and Michael J. Parnham. Synthetic DMARDs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0028.
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Synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) are first line systemic treatment options for management of active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Most of the compounds are used based on evidence from clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis and from experience in routine care. Methotrexate is often recommended as the first choice within among sDMARDs, despite controversial or missing evidence of efficacy, according to experience over many years. Leflunomide, sulfasalazine, and cyclosporin are additional established options to treat PsA. The recently approved PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, has broad evidence of efficacy. All these drugs have different strengths and weaknesses and varying levels of evidence for treatment of PsA. Therefore, the best treatment choice must be based on the different individual manifestations of the disease and comorbid conditions. In this chapter, the evidence levels for the different clinical symptoms are listed and suggestions for a hierarchical order of choice are given, adapted to likely clinical scenarios.
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Morrow, Gary W. Bioorganic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199860531.001.0001.
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Building on the foundation of a one-year introductory course in organic chemistry, Bioorganic Synthesis: An Introduction focuses on organic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of naturally-occurring organic compounds with special emphasis on natural products of pharmacological interest. The book is designed specifically for undergraduate students, rather than as an exhaustive reference work for graduate students or professional researchers and is intended to support undergraduate courses for students majoring in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pre-medicine, and bioengineering programs who would benefit from a deeper understanding of the chemical logic of reactions carried out in organisms and the origins and uses of the important organic compounds they often produce. The book assumes no prior background in biochemistry and consists of eight chapters: i) a brief review of relevant topics from introductory organic chemistry; ii) presentation of essential organic and biochemical reactions used throughout the book along with a brief introduction to coenzymes; iii) review of basic carbohydrates and the biosynthesis of amino acids; iv) the terpenoid pathway for biosynthesis of all important classes of terpenoids and steroids; v) the acetate pathway for biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins and acetate-derived polyketide natural products; vi) the biosynthesis of the shikimate pathway products derived from aromatic amino acids; vii) an introduction to biosynthesis of major alkaloids and related nitrogenous compounds; and viii) an overview of laboratory organic synthesis as it relates to the challenges faced by synthetic and medicinal chemists who must recreate intricate natural product structures in the laboratory.
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Rabier, Daniel. Amino Acids. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0083.
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Amino acids present in the different biological fluids belong to two groups: the protein group, with the 21 classical amino acids constituting the backbone of the protein, and the nonprotein group, appearing in different metabolic pathways as intermediate metabolites. It is important to know and to be able to recognize the latter, as they are the markers of many inherited metabolic diseases. Three kinds of pathways must be considered: the catabolic pathways, the synthesis pathways, and the transport pathways. A disorder on a catabolic pathway induces an increase of all metabolites upstream and so an increase of the starting amino acid in all fluids. Any disorder on the synthetic pathway of a particular amino acid will induce a decrease of this amino acid in all fluids. When a transporter is located on a plasma membrane, its deficiency will result in normal or low concentration in plasma concomitant to a high excretion in urine.
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Allais, Lucy. Synthesis and Binding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0002.
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There are a number of reasons to think that one of Kant’s concerns in the Critique of Pure Reason is with the active role the mind must play in organizing the sensory input to enable us to experience objects, and therefore that he thinks that something like what is now called perceptual binding is necessary for us to be presented with perceptual particulars. Given the centrality of the notion of synthesis in the Critique, as well as Kant’s claim that synthesis governed by the categories is needed for us to have what he calls ‘relation to an object’, it might be thought that Kant’s notion of synthesis is where we should look for Kant’s account of something like perceptual binding. The aim of this chapter is to argue that this is not the case, and that synthesis plays a much higher-level role in Kant’s account.
Book chapters on the topic "Synthetic musk"
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Rimkus, G. G. "Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Human Fat and Their Potential Uptake by Dermal Resorption." In Fragrances, 136–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80340-6_18.
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Krikorian, A. D., and M. E. Scott. "Somatic Embryogenesis in Bananas and Plantains (Musa Clones and Species)." In Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed II, 183–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78643-3_16.
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Berríos, Soledad, Julio López Fenner, and Aude Maignan. "Random Chromatin Neighborhoods in 2n=40 Mus m. domesticus Meiotic Cells: P-Percolation and Image Segmentation." In Molecular Logic and Computational Synthetic Biology, 142–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19432-1_9.
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Wang, Zicong, Qiang Ren, Junli Wang, Chungang Yan, and Changjun Jiang. "MUSH: Multi-scale Hierarchical Feature Extraction for Semantic Image Synthesis." In Computer Vision – ACCV 2022, 185–201. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26293-7_12.
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Heberer, Th, A. These, and U. A. Grosch. "Occurrence and Fate of Synthetic Musks in the Aquatic System of Urban Areas." In ACS Symposium Series, 142–55. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0791.ch008.
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Verma, K. D. "Ideological Confrontation and Synthesis in Mulk Raj Anand’s Conversations in Bloomsbury." In The Indian Imagination, 105–24. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-61823-1_6.
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Tanabe, Yoo. "Synthetic Study on Macrocyclic Musks, Mints, and Jasmine Perfumes Utilizing Ti-Claisen and Aldol Reactions." In ACS Symposium Series, 267–72. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2005-0892.ch025.
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Johnson, Benjamin. "The Scientification of Agriculture." In Making Ammonia, 9–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85532-1_2.
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AbstractIt may seem that ammonia synthesis was a scientific triumph for chemistry that also had unexpected consequences for agriculture, much in line with Max Planck’s dictum: “Understanding must precede application.” However, in historical hindsight things often happen just the opposite: in the case of ammonia synthesis, practice and experience preceded theory. Without observations from agriculture and a general understanding of the role of fertilizer—and of nitrogen and the nitrogen cycle in particular—certain essential chemical insight would not have been considered valuable.
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Hughes, Jack, and Dominic Orchard. "Resourceful Program Synthesis from Graded Linear Types." In Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation, 151–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68446-4_8.
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AbstractLinear types provide a way to constrain programs by specifying that some values must be used exactly once. Recent work on graded modal types augments and refines this notion, enabling fine-grained, quantitative specification of data use in programs. The information provided by graded modal types appears to be useful for type-directed program synthesis, where these additional constraints can be used to prune the search space of candidate programs. We explore one of the major implementation challenges of a synthesis algorithm in this setting: how does the synthesis algorithm efficiently ensure that resource constraints are satisfied throughout program generation? We provide two solutions to this resource management problem, adapting Hodas and Miller’s input-output model of linear context management to a graded modal linear type theory. We evaluate the performance of both approaches via their implementation as a program synthesis tool for the programming language Granule, which provides linear and graded modal typing.
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Landesz, Tamás. "Future of Food." In Future of Business and Finance, 133–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36382-5_12.
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AbstractThe world is facing significant challenges in providing food and water security to a growing population without harming the environment. To address these challenges, the production of bioproducts and healthy, high-quality foods will become more critical, with protein coming from synthetic processes and insects. Agricultural production will move closer to where people live, using technologies such as horizontal agriculture, rooftops, synthetic biology, and genetically modified plants. Governments need to facilitate the dialogue surrounding the societal impacts of new technologies related to food, such as nanotechnology and biotechnology. The business-as-usual approach is no longer viable, and all countries must commit to sharing responsibility in implementing fundamental changes, including raising consumer awareness, proper regulations, and more equitable income distribution. The future of food requires innovation and entrepreneurship, supported by a community of researchers, entrepreneurs, and governments to achieve a sustainable, healthy, and equitable food supply chain. This includes reducing food waste through innovative technologies, sustainable agriculture, and significant dietary shifts. Microorganisms will be used to produce carbs, proteins, and fats, with lab-grown meat replacing animal farming. With smart cities impacting food consumption and waste reduction, personalized food products and better food packaging will be developed.
Conference papers on the topic "Synthetic musk"
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Gonz�lez, Leonardo D., Celeste Mills, Aurora del C. Mungu�a-L�pez, and Victor M. Zavala. "Sustainable Production of Fertilizers via Photosynthetic Recovery of Nutrients in Livestock Waste." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 744–49. Hamilton, Canada: PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.147417.
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Increases in population and improvements in living standards have significantly increased the demand for animal products worldwide. However, modern livestock agriculture exerts significant pressure on the environment due to high material and energy requirements. These systems also generate significant amounts of waste that can cause severe environmental damage when not handled properly. Thus, if we wish to enable farmers to meet this increased demand in a sustainable way, technology pathways must be developed to convert livestock agriculture into a more circular economy. With this end in mind, we propose a novel framework (which we call ReNuAl) for the recovery of nutrients from livestock waste. ReNuAl integrates existing technologies with a novel biotechnology approach that uses cyanobacteria (CB) as a multi-functional component for nutrient capture and balancing, purifying biogas, and capturing carbon. The CB can be applied to crops, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers like diammonium phosphate. Using manure profiles obtained from dairy farms in the Upper Yahara region of Wisconsin, we construct a case study to analyze the environmental and economic impacts of ReNuAl. Our results illustrate that the minimum selling price (MSP) of CB fertilizer produced from deploying ReNuAl at a 1000 animal unit (AU) farm is significantly higher than the cost of synthetic fertilizers. We also observe that ReNuAl can return environmental benefits in areas such as climate change and nutrient runoff when compared to current practices. As a result, we see that consideration of environmental incentives can significantly increase the economic viability of the process.
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Valladares, R. M., F. L. Pratt, P. A. Pattenden, S. J. Blundell, W. Hayes, A. J. Fisher, A. P. Monkman, B. D. Malhotra, and K. Nagamine. "MUSR studies of spin excitations in polyaniline." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.834742.
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Barry, William, Claus Nielsen, and Ove Andersen. "Must diphone synthesis be so unnatural?" In 7th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 2001). ISCA: ISCA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.2001-259.
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Hobloss, Nour, Joshua Maraval, Jérôme Fournier, Nicolas Ramin, and Lu Zhang. "MUSE: A Multi-view Synthesis Enhancer." In 2023 31st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eusipco58844.2023.10289903.
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Akkermann, Miriam. "(Musik)instrument (im) Computer." In Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung 2019. Paderborn und Detmold. Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar der Universität Paderborn und der Hochschule für Musik Detmold, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25366/2020.102.
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The use of the computer as a sound generator is omnipresent in current music production and ranges from music notation programs playing back samples via MIDI control to specially programmed sound synthesis programs. The term ‚computer‘ is generally understood as a complete set of hardware and software. But a closer look at this complete set is definitely worthwhile and poses some systematical challenges. In the early days of digital sound synthesis in real time, the hardware is strongly connected to the resulting sound. The control was done by means of a programming language or a specially designed software, which offered more or less possibilities of intervention, depending on the stage of development. But do these sound generators actually fulfill the definition of a musical instrument – and what exactly is that definition? What about the so-called software instruments, which, partly hardware-independent, allow users to play music? How can and should interfaces be classified seeing that hardware extensions developed specifically for musical use, but still need (special) software and other technical equipment for sound generation and, above all, output? And who actually decides on the sound and handling of the new instrument, since the integration of computers into musical works usually takes place in close cooperation between composers, musicians, engineers and programmers? In order to be able to discuss these questions, not only new methodological approaches but also cooperation between the disciplines is unavoidable and at the same time rewarding.
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Zhou, Jing, Fengling Wang, Xiangying Zeng, Qiang Liu, and Xiaolan Zhang. "Notice of Retraction: Synthetic Musks in Aquatic Organisms in Shanghai." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781388.
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Loomis, J. M. "Understanding synthetic experience must begin with the analysis of ordinary perceptual experience." In 1993 IEEE Research Properties in Virtual Reality Symposium. IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vrais.1993.378263.
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Imoisili, Patrick, Emeka Nwanna, George Enebe, and Tien-Chien Jen. "Investigation of the Acoustic Performance of Plantain (Musa Paradisiacal) Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Biocomposite." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94773.
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Abstract Sound is produced by the fluctuation of oscillation waves caused by variations in pressure in a medium containing various frequency ranges, which can be detected by either an animal or a human auditory apparatus and then transferred to the brain for analysis. Noise can be diminished and controlled by using absorptive materials. This is necessary because noise has a negative effect on public health, sharing of knowledge, and serenity, and it is getting worse every day as a result of urbanization and increased affiliated functions. Utilization of natural and synthetic reinforced polymer composites in noise pollution control is an emerging area of research. Natural fibers could potentially replace synthetic fibre reinforced composites due to their low impact on human health and environmental friendliness, according to research. Though academics have been excited about studying their mechanical features, little attention has been paid to quantifying their sound reduction behaviours. Natural fibers, when interacting with a variety of sound frequency and intensity, the varied structures of sound absorbing materials, such as porous structure, hollow structure, multi-dimensional size and length structure, or solid composite materials, having their own distinctive sound absorbing capabilities. This study aims to develop and examine the void content, impact, hardness and acoustic properties of a natural fibre reinforced biocomposites. Natural fibre was extracted from plantain (Musa paradisiacal) fibre (PF), using the water retting method. Extracted fibre wasd used to prepare a fibre reinforced biocomposite using an epoxy resin as the matrix. Biocomposite with 5, 10, 15 and 20 (Wt. %) PF content were fabricated. Impact, hardness and void content analysis was conducted on prepared biocomposite in triplicate. Surface morphology of the fracture surface of prepared biocomposite was examine using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Porosity and sound absorption coefficient properties of the fibre reinforced biocomposite were also investigated. Test analysis shows that impact, hardness and void content of the biocomposite, increases as PF content increases. Maximum hardness and impact strength were observed at 15 (w %). SEM analysis, shows the existence of cavities on the fracture surface, together with rough fibre surfaces that easily trap air, and this feature tends to boost the biocomposite’s sound absorption qualities.The sound absorption coefficient shows improvement as fibre volume increases in the bio composite. Results suggest that of PF reinforced biocomposites could be less costly, feasible and ecologically superior alternatives to synthetic fibre composites for acoustic applications in areas like building architecture and automotive industries.
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Bones, P. J., N. Alwesh, and T. J. Connolly. "Superresolution of MR images." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.1998.sthb.3.
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In magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the resolution obtainable is related to the time available for data acquisition, yet this must be minimised to utilise an expensive MR scanner effectively (and to minimise the time a patient must remain immobile). In addition, a SNR penalty is incurred in acquiring images at higher resolution [1]. Therefore computational methods to superresolve MR images are keenly sought. The application of MR imaging for medical purposes clearly demands that any superresolution scheme does not introduce artefacts.
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Focardi, S., C. Della Torre, M. Monti, T. Biagini, and I. Corsi. "Synthetic musks fragrances in the aquatic environment:in vitrotoxicological studies of their biotransformation and potential negative effects." In ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND BIOMEDICINE 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ehr110171.
Full textReports on the topic "Synthetic musk"
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Götz, Konrad, Ueli Haefeli, and Daniel Meierhans. Thematic synthesis “Hydropower and Market” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2019.6.en.
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In future, hydropower plants will need to produce more electricity. Glacial melting is creating the conditions to establish new reservoirs while further potential is also offered by heightening dam walls. However, from an economic perspective, the sector as a whole is suffering. New economic approaches are therefore required and, at the same time, greater attention must be paid to ecological considerations.
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Andersson, Göran. Thematic synthesis “Energy Networks” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2019.2.en.
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Switzerland’s energy grids are reliable and stable – but they are facing new challenges. These include the fact that the new renewable energy sources, namely photovoltaic systems and wind farms, only produce electricity on an irregular basis. Greater flexibility is therefore required in the energy grid: with new storage solutions for electricity and heat on the supply side and automated load management on the demand side. The potential synergies between the various energy sources must also be exploited.
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McGuire, Mark A., Amichai Arieli, Israel Bruckental, and Dale E. Bauman. Increasing Mammary Protein Synthesis through Endocrine and Nutritional Signals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574338.bard.
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Objectives To determine endocrine factors that regulate the partitioning of amino acids by the mammary gland. To evaluate dietary flow and supply of energy and amino acids and their effects on milk protein synthesis and endocrine status. To use primary cultures of cow mammary epithelial cells to examine the role of specific factors on the rates and pattern of milk protein synthesis. Milk protein is an increasingly valuable component of milk but little is known regarding the specific hormonal and nutritional factors controlling milk protein synthesis. The research conducted for this project has determined that milk protein synthesis has the potential to be enhanced much greater than previously believed. Increases of over 25% in milk protein percent and yield were detected in studies utilizing abomasal infusion of casein and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Thus, it appears that insulin, either directly or indirectly, can elicit a substantial increase in milk protein synthesis if additional amino acids are supplied. For additional amino acids, casein provided the best response even though substantial decreases in branched chain amino acids occur when the insulin clamp is utilized. Branched chain amino acids alone are incapable of supporting the enhanced milk protein output. The mammary gland can vary both blood flow and extraction efficiency of amino acids to support protein synthesis. A mammary culture system was used to demonstrate specific endocrine effects on milk protein synthesis. Insulin-like growth factor-I when substituted for insulin was able to enhance casein and a-lactalbumin mRNA. This suggests that insulin is a indirect regulator of milk protein synthesis working through the IGF system to control mammary production of casein and a-lactalbumin. Principal component analysis determined that carbohydrate had the greatest effect on milk protein yield with protein supply only having minor effects. Work in cattle determined that the site of digestion of starch did not affect milk composition alone but the degradability of starch and protein in the rumen can interact to alter milk yield. Cows fed diets with a high degree of rumen undegradability failed to specifically enhance milk protein but produced greater milk yield with similar composition. The mammary gland has an amazing ability to produce protein of great value. Research conducted here has demonstrated the unprecedented potential of the metabolic machinery in the mammary gland. Insulin, probably signaling the mammary gland through the IGF system is a key regulator that must be combined with adequate nutrition in order for maximum response.
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Cadiero Kaplan, Karen, Magaly Lavadenz, and Elvira Armas. Essential Elements of Effective Practices for English Learners. Center for Equity for English Learners, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.policy.9.
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One of the most powerful variables for English Learner success is the quality of their teachers. This policy brief published by Californians Together (1) provides a synthesis of effective practices for instructing ELs; (2) presents four research-based essential elements critical for EL program implementation, teacher reflection, and monitoring of teacher effectiveness; and (3) concludes with program and policy recommendations. Three key areas for policy action are prioritized: (1) District and state level policies must require that local and state leadership support the implementation of these essential elements; (2) Alignment of fiscal and human resources must be targeted to ensure that teachers are provided with professional development, materials and curricular program supports required to implement these key elements leading to English learner success; and (3) Teacher preparation and credential requirements need to incorporate the four critical elements of effective practice for success with English Learners.
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Guidati, Gianfranco, and Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.
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Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites and gneisses permeability must be artificially induced by injecting water. The heat gained in this way increases in line with the drilling depth: at a depth of 1 kilometre, the underground temperature is approximately 40°C, while at a depth of 3 kilometres it is around 100°C. To drive a steam turbine for the production of electricity, temperatures of over 100°C are required. As this requires greater depths of 3 to 6 kilometres, the risk of seismicity induced by the drilling also increases. Underground zones are also suitable for storing heat and gases, such as hydrogen or methane, and for the definitive storage of CO2. For this purpose, such zones need to fulfil similar requirements to those applicable to heat generation. In addition, however, a dense top layer is required above the reservoir so that the gas cannot escape. The joint project “Hydropower and geo-energy” of the NRP “Energy” focused on the question of where suitable ground layers can be found in Switzerland that optimally meet the requirements for the various uses. A second research priority concerned measures to reduce seismicity induced by deep drilling and the resulting damage to buildings. Models and simulations were also developed which contribute to a better understanding of the underground processes involved in the development and use of geothermal resources. In summary, the research results show that there are good conditions in Switzerland for the use of medium-deep geothermal energy (1 to 3 kilometres) – both for the building stock and for industrial processes. There are also grounds for optimism concerning the seasonal storage of heat and gases. In contrast, the potential for the definitive storage of CO2 in relevant quantities is rather limited. With respect to electricity production using deep geothermal energy (> 3 kilometres), the extent to which there is potential to exploit the underground economically is still not absolutely certain. In this regard, industrially operated demonstration plants are urgently needed in order to boost acceptance among the population and investors.
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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.
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Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.
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FONTECAVE, Marc, Sébastien CANDEL, and Thierry POINSOT. Hydrogen today and tomorrow. Académie des sciences, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62686/8.
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The prospects offered by hydrogen as part of the energy transition and the decarbonization of the energy system are major topical issues. Although sources of natural hydrogen have been identified in various parts of the world, it is not possible to estimate at this time the potential of these sources, nor to assess their exploitation capacities without further exploration. Thus, hydrogen is not a primary energy source but should only be considered as an energy carrier. Most of this hydrogen, produced today from fossil resources mainly for industrial usage (including oil refining and ammonia synthesis), will have to be obtained tomorrow from decarbonized processes and used more widely for other industrial applications (notably to reduce the carbon footprint of steel and cement production) and for heavy mobility. Given that hydrogen production must be guided primarily by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, this report aims to define what is meant by "decarbonized" hydrogen, which must take precedence over all carbon-based hydrogen. The aim of this report is to clarify how hydrogen can be produced with minimal emissions of greenhouse gases, consider the significant needs it will generate in terms of electrical energy production1, on this basis identify the most appropriate uses for it in the future and derive estimates of a reasonable level of hydrogen production and consumption. The production of hydrogen by water electrolysis, which appears to be a key element in terms of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), is really decarbonized if the electricity employed for its production is low carbon (nuclear or renewable), which is far from being the case in Europe or at a worldwide level. For the time being, the European electricity mix is largely carbon-based, and its use to power electrolyzers would lead to CO2 emissions twice as high as those of the conventional methane synthesis process. With its remarkably low carbon electricity mix, France has a major asset in playing a pioneering role in the deployment of low carbon hydrogen, provided that the new electricity production capacities required are rapidly available and themselves low carbon. The present analysis underlines the importance of the industrial competitiveness challenge of developing electrolyzers with the highest possible performance, in the service of national energy sovereignty. Efforts in this field deserve to be supported by scientific and technological research into the energy efficiency of electrolyzers and fuel cells, issues relating to reducing the environmental footprint of these components, improving their stability and lifespan, and, more generally, all the elements in the value chain (tanks, new materials, materials and molecules for storing and transporting hydrogen, etc.). The report also highlights the need to guide choices and developments through life-cycle analyses carried out across the entire value chain. The safety issues in using hydrogen are of major importance. New scientific and technological knowledge is essential if one wishes to define safe hydrogen applications. For applications envisaged outside industrial areas, one has to ensure that protocols and regulations remain compatible with their dissemination. Analysis of the future uses of carbon-free hydrogen indicates that, applications should initially be mainly in: (i) the industrial field, essentially to defossilize the industrial processes that emit the largest amounts of greenhouse gases (notably steel and cement production) and to replace grey hydrogen in current industrial uses (synthesis of ammonia and methanol); (ii) the field of heavy transport (sea or air), notably by enabling the synthesis of alternative fuels to replace current fossil fuels.
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Rittman, Bruce. Biotic Transformations of Organic Contaminants. The Groundwater Project, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/ousn4116.
Full textAbstract:
Biodegradation—the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms—is an important groundwater process that occurs naturally and is especially important for the in situ cleanup of contaminated groundwater. Pollutant biodegradation follows well-established principles that are summarized in this book. The first principle is that the microorganisms must grow and sustain themselves by oxidizing an electron-donor substrate (food) and transferring the electrons to an electron-acceptor substrate (respiration). This electron flow generates energy that the microorganisms use to fuel biomass synthesis. Most pollutants are either an electron acceptor or an electron donor, which means that their biotransformation can grow and sustain the microorganisms. Accordingly, it is critical to understand whether a pollutant is an electron donor or electron acceptor. This book systematically describes the biodegradation mechanisms for common organic pollutants in groundwater: The author identifies if the pollutant behaves as an electron donor or acceptor, and points out when special activation reactions are necessary to initiate biodegradation and put the pollutant into a chemical form that allows it to be an energy-yielding electron donor or acceptor. Special attention is given to organics derived from petroleum and those that have chlorine, fluorine, and nitro substituents.
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Reyes García, Vianey, María del Pilar Sosa Sosa Rosas, Laura Morán Peña, and Virginia Reyes Audiffred. Effect of the use of technology for humanized nursing care: A systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.5.0023.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: What is the effect of the use of technology for humanized nursing care in adults? Present a synthesis of knowledge about the elements that are part of humanized care and the use of technology. Condition being studied: Although technology can be a valuable tool to improve nursing care, it can also present some challenges for humanized care. Some of them may be, on the one hand, the lack of human contact, due to excessive use of technology, which may result in a decrease in personal interaction between the patient and the nurse, affecting the quality of care and patient satisfaction. On the other hand, when nurses become too dependent on technology, they can generate a lack of manual skills and a decrease in the ability to perform tasks without the help of it. Finding the right balance between the use of technology and humanized care is important to ensure that patients receive the attention and care they need in a safe and effective environment. In that sense, nurses must develop technological competencies effectively and responsibly, and to integrate it into their daily practice in a way that complements and enhances human care rather than replace it.
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Ben, Jehonathan, Amanuel Elias, Rachel Sharples, Kevin Dunn, Craig McGarty, Mandy Truong, Fethi Mansouri, Nida Denson, Jessica Walton, and Yin Paradies. Identifying and filling racism data gaps in Victoria: A stocktake review. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/mqvn2911.
Full textAbstract:
Despite Australia’s and Victoria’s stated commitment to promoting multiculturalism and equality, and to eradicating racism, our knowledge about the nature, extent and impact of different forms of racism on diverse populations is not as well-developed as it should be. Stakeholders addressing racism increasingly recognise that anti-racism initiatives must rely on robust scholarly evidence and high-quality data. Yet existing data have serious limitations. We report on a stocktake review of racism data collected nationally in Australia and with a specific focus on Victoria. We provide a comprehensive overview, summary and synthesis of quantitative data on racism, identify gaps in racism data collection, analysis and uses, and make recommendations on bridging those data gaps and informing anti-racism action and policy. Overall, the review examines data collected by 42 survey-based, quantitative studies, discussed in over 120 publications and study materials, and 13 ongoing data collection initiatives, platforms and projects. Based on the review, we identified eight gaps to racism data collection and analysis and to collection methodologies. We recommend four interconnected ways to fill racism data gaps for anti-racism researchers, organisations and policymakers: 1) Further analyse existing data to address critical questions about racism; 2) Collect and analyse additional data; 3) Enhance data availability and integration; and 4) Improve policies that relate to the collection, analysis, reporting and overall management of racism data.