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Journal articles on the topic 'Synthetic Modification'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Bartosik, Karolina, Katarzyna Debiec, Anna Czarnecka, Elzbieta Sochacka, and Grazyna Leszczynska. "Synthesis of Nucleobase-Modified RNA Oligonucleotides by Post-Synthetic Approach." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 3344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153344.

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The chemical synthesis of modified oligoribonucleotides represents a powerful approach to study the structure, stability, and biological activity of RNAs. Selected RNA modifications have been proven to enhance the drug-like properties of RNA oligomers providing the oligonucleotide-based therapeutic agents in the antisense and siRNA technologies. The important sites of RNA modification/functionalization are the nucleobase residues. Standard phosphoramidite RNA chemistry allows the site-specific incorporation of a large number of functional groups to the nucleobase structure if the building blocks are synthetically obtainable and stable under the conditions of oligonucleotide chemistry and work-up. Otherwise, the chemically modified RNAs are produced by post-synthetic oligoribonucleotide functionalization. This review highlights the post-synthetic RNA modification approach as a convenient and valuable method to introduce a wide variety of nucleobase modifications, including recently discovered native hypermodified functional groups, fluorescent dyes, photoreactive groups, disulfide crosslinks, and nitroxide spin labels.

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2

McKellar, Scott C., Alexander J. Graham, David R. Allan, M. Infas H. Mohideen, Russell E. Morris, and Stephen A. Moggach. "The effect of pressure on the post-synthetic modification of a nanoporous metal–organic framework." Nanoscale 6, no. 8 (2014): 4163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr04161a.

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3

Wang, Hailong, Yinghua Jin, Nana Sun, Wei Zhang, and Jianzhuang Jiang. "Post-synthetic modification of porous organic cages." Chemical Society Reviews 50, no. 16 (2021): 8874–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs01142h.

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This tutorial review summarizes the recent progress in utilizing the post-synthetic modification to develop porous organic cage-based novel structures and materials that cannot be easily accessed via conventional predesign and synthesis.

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4

Burrows, Andrew. "Synthesis and post-synthetic modification of metal-organic frameworks." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314087774.

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are currently attracting considerable interest due to their porosity, and the exploitation of this in a wide range of applications as diverse as hydrogen storage, carbon capture, catalysis and drug delivery. Here we present our recent work on the preparation of functionalised MOFs through two post-synthetic modification protocols. We have used a range of organic transformations including oxidations and tandem modifications involving either diazonium salt formation or reductive amination to undertake covalent modifications of reactive 'tag' groups on the linkers.[1] In addition, we have used a post-synthetic exchange approach to substitute one linker with another. We have compared the MOFs prepared post-synthetically with those that can be accessed by direct combination of metal salt and functionalised linker. We also report on the synthesis and structure of mixed-component MOFs, in which two or more linking ligands have the same structural role.[2] We reveal the role of solubility in the uneven distribution of the ligands in the crystals, and illustrate how the ratio of ligands used in the synthesis can affect the pore structure. Finally we present recent developments in the synthesis of MOFs containing the biologically active molecule deferiprone, and show how this can be released from MOF.[3] This illustrates the potential of MOFs to act as reservoirs for drug molecules.

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5

OKAMOTO, Hiroshi. "Chemical Modification of Synthetic Rubbers." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 58, no. 5 (1985): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.58.275.

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6

Uduma, Chinweikpe Kalu, Godfrey Ifeanyi Odo, Chukwu Emmanuel Okam, Kayode Fayisetan Adekunle, Nwosu-Obieogu Kenechi, and Gift Uzunma Ijioma. "Synthetic Modification of Sunflower Oil." Path of Science 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 1010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.85-3.

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7

Lechner, Carolin C., and Christian F. W. Becker. "Immobilising proteins on silica with site-specifically attached modified silaffin peptides." Biomaterials Science 3, no. 2 (2015): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4bm00310a.

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Site-specific modification of proteins with synthetic silaffin peptides allows efficient encapsulation in biomimetic silica particles. Variations in silaffin modifications provide control over particle shape, protein load and activity.

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8

Medvecký, Ľubomír, Jaroslav Briančin, and Ján Mihalik. "Modification of Clinoptilolite by Synthetic Zeolite." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 8 (1993): 1782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19931782.

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The sol-gel process allows to modify clinoptilolite by the nucleation of synthetic zeolite. From the viewpoint of methanol conversion, the obtained high Al content nucleation-deposited zeolite decreases the catalytic activity of clinoptilolite. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the selection of suitable synthetic zeolite as to its composition. Contamination of zeolite surfaces by carbonaceous fragments during catalytic process results from physico-chemical properties of the used and processed zeolite, and according to DTA and TG analysis it significantly affects the readsorption of water vapours and likely also the zeolite activity in methanol conversion.

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9

Pastor-Blas, M. M., M. S. Sanchez-Adsuar, and J. M. Martin-Martinez. "Surface modification of synthetic vulcanized rubber." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 8, no. 10 (January 1994): 1093–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856194x00960.

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10

Levinskas, R., A. Baltušnikas, I. Lukošiūtė, K. Baltakys, R. Kalpokaitė-Dičkuvienė, and A. Grybėnas. "Modification of structure of synthetic gyrolite." Materials Research Innovations 17, no. 7 (November 2013): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1433075x13y.0000000103.

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11

Jarvie, Ann W. P., Nigel Overton, and Christopher B. St Pourçain. "Enzyme catalysed modification of synthetic polymers." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 15 (1999): 2171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a902165e.

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12

Nadal, Simon, Ritu Raj, Shabaz Mohammed, and Benjamin G. Davis. "Synthetic post-translational modification of histones." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 45 (August 2018): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.02.004.

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13

Kovács, G., N. Fedorova, L. Kiss, and T. Killy. "Modification of fibrin by synthetic polymers." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 66, no. 1 (March 8, 2007): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070660121.

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14

Dou, Linbo, Yancong Zhang, and Hanwen Sun. "Advances in Synthesis and Functional Modification of Nanohydroxyapatite." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3106214.

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Nanohydroxyapatite material has been used to substitute for bone repair materials in clinical therapy in recent years. However, its osteogenesis effects are different due to its morphology, size, calcium phosphate ratio, crystallinity, and other differences. Thus, synthesis methods are continuously being improved to obtain synthetic materials similar to the nanohydroxyapatite in natural bone tissues in terms of biocompatibility and biological activity. Many synthesis methods are available for nanohydroxyapatite, and, among them, biological template biomimetic synthesis is the optimal method for obtaining highly bioactive and biocompatible nanohydroxyapatite, achieved by manipulating the morphology and physical and chemical properties, such as size, calcium phosphorus ratio, and degree of crystallinity. This article reviews the synthesis and functional modification of nanohydroxyapatite.

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15

Cho, Kyoungil, Jin Yoo, Hyeong-Wan Noh, Sang Moon Lee, Hae Jin Kim, Yoon-Joo Ko, Hye-Young Jang, and Seung Uk Son. "Hollow structural effect of microporous organocatalytic polymers with pyrrolidines: dramatic enhancement of catalytic performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 19 (2017): 8922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02404e.

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Hollow and microporous organocatalytic polymers bearing pyrrolidines (H-MOP-P) were prepared by template synthesis and post-synthetic modification and showed enhanced performance, compared to nonhollow ones.

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16

Fu, Lihua, Yingge Shi, Ke Wang, Ping Zhou, Meiying Liu, Qing Wan, Lei Tao, Xiaoyong Zhang, and Yen Wei. "Biomimic modification of graphene oxide." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 10 (2015): 8172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02055g.

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17

Shainyan, Bagrat A., Larisa V. Zhilitskaya, and Nina O. Yarosh. "Synthetic Approaches to Biologically Active C-2-Substituted Benzothiazoles." Molecules 27, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082598.

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Numerous benzothiazole derivatives are used in organic synthesis, in various industrial and consumer products, and in drugs, with a wide spectrum of biological activity. As the properties of the benzothiazole moiety are strongly affected by the nature and position of substitutions, in this review, covering the literature from 2016, we focus on C-2-substituted benzothiazoles, including the methods of their synthesis, structural modification, reaction mechanisms, and possible pharmacological activity. The synthetic approaches to these heterocycles include both traditional multistep reactions and one-pot atom economy processes using green chemistry principles and easily available reagents. Special attention is paid to the methods of the thiazole ring closure and chemical modification by the introduction of pharmacophore groups.

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18

Chen, Weisan, Jonathan W. Yewdell, Rodney L. Levine, and Jack R. Bennink. "Modification of Cysteine Residues In Vitro and In Vivo Affects the Immunogenicity and Antigenicity of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I–restricted Viral Determinants." Journal of Experimental Medicine 189, no. 11 (June 7, 1999): 1757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.189.11.1757.

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In studying the subdominant status of two cysteine-containing influenza virus nuclear protein (NP) determinants (NP39–47 and NP218–226) restricted by H-2Kd, we found that the antigenicity of synthetic peptides was enhanced 10–100-fold by treatment with reducing agents, despite the fact that the affinity for Kd was not enhanced. Reducing agents also markedly enhanced the immunogenicity of cysteine-containing peptides, as measured by propagation of long-term T cell lines in vitro. Similar enhancing effects were obtained by substituting cysteine with alanine or serine in the synthetic peptides, demonstrating that sulfhydryl modification of cysteine is responsible for the impaired antigenicity and immunogenicity of NP39–47 and NP218–226. We found similar effects for two widely studied, cysteine-containing peptides from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The major modifications of cysteine-containing synthetic peptides are cysteinylation and dimerization occurring through cysteine residues. We demonstrate that both of these modifications occur in cells synthesizing a cytosolic NP218–226 minigene product and, further, that T cells specific for cysteinylated NP218–226 are induced by influenza virus infection in mice, demonstrating that this modification occurs in vivo. These findings demonstrate that posttranslational modifications affect the immunogenicity and antigenicity of cysteine-containing viral peptides and that this must be considered in studying the status of such peptides in immunodominance hierarchies.

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19

Segura, José L., Sergio Royuela, and M. Mar Ramos. "Post-synthetic modification of covalent organic frameworks." Chemical Society Reviews 48, no. 14 (2019): 3903–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00978c.

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20

Roberts, Derrick A., Maxwell J. Crossley, and Sébastien Perrier. "Fluorescent bowl-shaped nanoparticles from ‘clicked’ porphyrin–polymer conjugates." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 13 (2014): 4016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00250d.

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We report the synthesis and post-synthetic modification of a library of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ‘clicked’ triazole-linked porphyrin–polymer conjugates (PPCs), and their subsequent assembly into fluorescent bowl-shaped nanoparticles.

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21

Keenan, Luke L., Harina Amer Hamzah, Mary F. Mahon, Mark R. Warren, and Andrew D. Burrows. "Secondary amine-functionalised metal–organic frameworks: direct syntheses versus tandem post-synthetic modifications." CrystEngComm 18, no. 30 (2016): 5710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ce01270a.

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We compare two routes to prepare functionalised MOFs and show that direct synthesis with a functionalised dicarboxylic acid is better for zinc MOFs whereas post-synthetic modification is better for chromium MOFs.

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22

Rajak, Richa, Ravinder Kumar, Shagufi Naz Ansari, Mohit Saraf, and Shaikh M. Mobin. "Recent highlights and future prospects on mixed-metal MOFs as emerging supercapacitor candidates." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 34 (2020): 11792–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01676d.

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Mixed-metallic metal–organic frameworks (M-MOFs) are prepared through one-pot-synthesis or post-synthetic modification approaches and can be easily transformed into various composites/derivatives which offer promising supercapacitor properties.

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23

Servatius, Phil, Lukas Junk, and Uli Kazmaier. "Peptide Modifications: Versatile Tools in Peptide and Natural Product Syntheses." Synlett 30, no. 11 (April 2, 2019): 1289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612417.

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Peptide modifications via C–C bond formation have emerged as valuable tools for the preparation and alteration of non-proteinogenic amino acids and the corresponding peptides. Modification of glycine subunits in peptides allows for the incorporation of unusual side chains, often in a highly stereoselective manner, orchestrated by the chiral peptide backbone. Moreover, modifications of peptides are not limited to the peptidic backbone. Many side-chain modifications, not only by variation of existing functional groups, but also by C–H functionalization, have been developed over the past decade. This account highlights the synthetic contributions made by our group and others to the field of peptide modifications and their application in natural product syntheses.1 Introduction2 Peptide Backbone Modifications via Peptide Enolates2.1 Chelate Enolate Claisen Rearrangements2.2 Allylic Alkylations2.3 Miscellaneous Modifications3 Side-Chain Modifications3.1 C–H Activation3.1.1 Functionalization via Csp3–H Bond Activation3.2.2 Functionalization via Csp2–H Bond Activation3.2 On Peptide Tryptophan Syntheses4 Conclusion

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24

van Ravesteyn, Thomas W., Marleen Dekker, Alexander Fish, Titia K. Sixma, Astrid Wolters, Rob J. Dekker, and Hein P. J. te Riele. "LNA modification of single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides allows subtle gene modification in mismatch-repair-proficient cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 15 (March 7, 2016): 4122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513315113.

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Synthetic single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ssODNs) can be used to generate subtle genetic modifications in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells without the requirement for prior generation of DNA double-stranded breaks. However, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) suppresses the efficiency of gene modification by >100-fold. Here we present a commercially available ssODN design that evades MMR and enables subtle gene modification in MMR-proficient cells. The presence of locked nucleic acids (LNAs) in the ssODNs at mismatching bases, or also at directly adjacent bases, allowed 1-, 2-, or 3-bp substitutions in MMR-proficient mouse embryonic stem cells as effectively as in MMR-deficient cells. Additionally, in MMR-proficient Escherichia coli, LNA modification of the ssODNs enabled effective single-base-pair substitution. In vitro, LNA modification of mismatches precluded binding of purified E. coli MMR protein MutS. These findings make ssODN-directed gene modification particularly well suited for applications that require the evaluation of a large number of sequence variants with an easy selectable phenotype.

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25

Gotthardt, Meike A., Sylvain Grosjean, Tobias S. Brunner, Johannes Kotzel, Andreas M. Gänzler, Silke Wolf, Stefan Bräse, and Wolfgang Kleist. "Synthesis and post-synthetic modification of amine-, alkyne-, azide- and nitro-functionalized metal–organic frameworks based on DUT-5." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 38 (2015): 16802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt02276b.

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Various functionalized 4,4′-biphenlydicarboxylic acids were prepared and applied in the synthesis of single- and mixed-linker DUT-5 frameworks. The NH₂-containing materials were used for post-synthetic modification.

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26

Drozdov, Andrey S., Kristina S. Komarova, Elizaveta N. Mochalova, Elena N. Komedchikova, Victoria O. Shipunova, and Maxim P. Nikitin. "Fluorescent Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioimaging through Biomimetic Surface Modification." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010134.

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Nanostructured materials and systems find various applications in biomedical fields. Hybrid organo–inorganic nanomaterials are intensively studied in a wide range of areas, from visualization to drug delivery or tissue engineering. One of the recent trends in material science is biomimetic approaches toward the synthesis or modification of functional nanosystems. Here, we describe an approach toward multifunctional nanomaterials through the biomimetic polymerization of dopamine derivatives. Magnetite nanoparticles were modified with a combination of dopamine conjugates to give multifunctional magneto-fluorescent nanocomposites in one synthetic step. The obtained material showed excellent biocompatibility at concentrations up to 200 μg/mL and an in vivo biodistribution profile typical for nanosized formulations. The synthesized systems were conjugated with antibodies against HER2 to improve their selectivity toward HER2-positive cancer cells. The produced material can be used for dual magneto-optical in vivo studies or targeted drug delivery. The applied synthetic strategy can be used for the creation of various multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials in mild conditions.

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27

Adipurnama, Iman, Ming Chien Yang, Tomasz Ciach, and Beata Butruk Raszeja. "Surface Modification With Gelatin For Polyurethane Vascular Grafts: A Review." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v8i2.23170.

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The means for developing synthetic vascular grafts to replace blood vessels is increasing extensively because of the limited supply of autologous vessels. Synthetic polymers as the alternatives still suffer from restenosis and thrombus formation. Natural polymers, on the other hand, are commonly biocompatible and biodegradable, compliment the synthetic ones. Blending, grafting and coating of natural polymers have been proposed to improve surface properties of synthetic polymers. Gelatin is a promising candidate to help improving synthetic vascular grafts surface owing to its ability to promote cell adhesion without promoting platelet aggregation at its surface. In this review, several techniques to incorporate gelatin onto synthetic polymers, mainly polyurethane, for vascular grafts application are summarized, together with the recent updates and potential development in the future.

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28

Suwanmajo, Thapanar, and J. Krishnan. "Exploring the intrinsic behaviour of multisite phosphorylation systems as part of signalling pathways." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 143 (June 2018): 20180109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0109.

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Multisite phosphorylation is a basic way of chemically encoding substrate function and a recurring feature of cell signalling pathways. A number of studies have explored information processing characteristics of multisite phosphorylation, through studies of the intrinsic kinetics. Many of these studies focus on the module in isolation. In this paper, we build a bridge to connect the behaviour of multisite modification in isolation to that as part of pathways. We study the effect of activation of the enzymes (which are basic ways in which the module may be regulated), as well the effects of the modified substrates being involved in further modifications or exiting reaction compartments. We find that these effects can induce multiple kinds of transitions, including to behaviour not seen intrinsically in the multisite modification module. We then build on these insights to investigate how these multisite modification systems can be tuned by enzyme activation to realize a range of information processing outcomes for the design of synthetic phosphorylation circuits. Connecting the complexity of multisite modification kinetics, with the pathways in which they are embedded, serves as a basis for teasing out many aspects of their interaction, providing insights of relevance in systems biology, synthetic biology/chemistry and chemical information processing.

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29

Zhao, Rui, Xueyan Bai, Wenhui Yang, Kun Fan, and Haiyang Zhang. "Grafting (S)-2-Phenylpropionic Acid on Coordinatively Unsaturated Metal Centers of MIL−101(Al) Metal–Organic Frameworks for Improved Enantioseparation." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238456.

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Chiral metal–organic frameworks (cMOFs) are emerging chiral stationary phases for enantioseparation owing to their porosity and designability. However, a great number of cMOF materials show poor separation performance for chiral drugs in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The possible reasons might be the irregular shapes of MOFs and the low grafting degree of chiral ligands. Herein, MIL−101−Ppa@SiO2 was synthesized by a simple coordination post-synthetic modification method using (S)-(+)-2-Phenylpropionic acid and applied as the chiral stationary phase to separate chiral compounds by HPLC. NH2−MIL−101−Ppa@SiO2 prepared via covalent post-synthetic modification was used for comparison. The results showed that the chiral ligand density of MIL−101−Ppa@SiO2 was higher than that of NH2−MIL−101−Ppa@SiO2, and the MIL−101−Ppa@SiO2 column exhibited better chiral separation performance and structural stability. The binding affinities between MIL−101−Ppa@SiO2 and chiral compounds were simulated to prove the mechanism of the molecular interactions during HPLC. These results revealed that cMOFs prepared by coordination post-synthetic modification could increase the grafting degree and enhance the separation performance. This method can provide ideas for the synthesis of cMOFs.

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30

Klassen, Roland, Alexander Bruch, and Raffael Schaffrath. "Induction of protein aggregation and starvation response by tRNA modification defects." Current Genetics 66, no. 6 (August 29, 2020): 1053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-020-01103-w.

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Abstract Posttranscriptional modifications of anticodon loops contribute to the decoding efficiency of tRNAs by supporting codon recognition and loop stability. Consistently, strong synthetic growth defects are observed in yeast strains simultaneously lacking distinct anticodon loop modifications. These phenotypes are accompanied by translational inefficiency of certain mRNAs and disturbed protein homeostasis resulting in accumulation of protein aggregates. Different combinations of anticodon loop modification defects were shown to affect distinct tRNAs but provoke common transcriptional changes that are reminiscent of the cellular response to nutrient starvation. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in mediating inadequate starvation response upon loss of critical tRNA modifications. Recent evidence suggests protein aggregate induction to represent one such trigger.

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31

Ratvijitvech, Thanchanok, Robert Dawson, Andrea Laybourn, Yaroslav Z. Khimyak, Dave J. Adams, and Andrew I. Cooper. "Post-synthetic modification of conjugated microporous polymers." Polymer 55, no. 1 (January 2014): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.06.004.

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32

Besshaposhnikova, V. I., T. V. Kulikova, T. G. Nikitina, O. A. Grishina, and L. G. Panova. "Modification of synthetic materials to reduce combustibility." Fibre Chemistry 38, no. 1 (January 2006): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10692-006-0039-7.

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33

Schneider, Rudolf, Stephan Schmidt, Sven Hanelt, Carsten Canitz, Holger Hoffmann, and Leif-Alexander Garbe. "Synthetic Strategies for the Modification of Diclofenac." Synlett 28, no. 15 (June 6, 2017): 1984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588858.

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For many heterogeneous sensor applications as well as the synthesis of hapten antigens to produce antibodies, protein conjugates of the target substance are essential. A requirement is that the target substance already offers or is modified to contain a functionality that allows for coupling to a protein, that is, an amino acid residue. Ideally, to avoid shielding of the compound by the carrier protein, a sufficient distance to the protein surface should be provided. With its carboxyl function diclofenac (DCF) allows for direct binding to lysine residues after in situ synthesis of the NHS ester. One problem is that diclofenac as free acid tends to autocondensation, which results in low yields. Here we describe the ‘insertion’ of a C6 spacer via synthesis of the amide with 6-aminohexanoic acid. To carry out the reaction in solution, first the methyl ester of the amino acid had to be produced. Due to otherwise low yields and large cleaning efforts, solid-phase synthesis on Fmoc Ahx Wang resin is recommended. The crude product is mainly contaminated by cleavage products from the resin which were removed by chromatography. The structure of the highly pure hapten was completely determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

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34

Shao, Lianhe, Guneet Kumar, Joseph L. Lenhart, Paul J. Smith, and Gregory F. Payne. "Enzymatic modification of the synthetic polymer polyhydroxystyrene." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 25, no. 8-9 (November 1999): 660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00111-8.

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35

Firsova, L. P. "Film-forming synthetic polyelectrolytes for phosphogypsum modification." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 83, no. 1 (January 2010): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427210010040.

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36

Talukdar, Pinaki, Naomi Sakai, Nathalie Sordé, David Gerard, Valérie M. F. Cardona, and Stefan Matile. "Outer surface modification of synthetic multifunctional pores." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 12, no. 6 (March 2004): 1325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2003.06.002.

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37

Mallory, Chris M., Ryan P. Carfi, SangPhil Moon, Kenneth A. Cornell, and Don L. Warner. "Modification of cellular DNA by synthetic aziridinomitosenes." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 23, no. 23 (December 2015): 7378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.028.

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38

Burrows, Andrew D. "ChemInform Abstract: Post-Synthetic Modification of MOFs." ChemInform 45, no. 22 (May 15, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201422230.

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39

Loh, Ih-Houng, Hui-Ling Lin, and C. C. Chu. "Plasma surface modification of synthetic absorbable sutures." Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3, no. 2 (1992): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030209.

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40

Jabeguero, Dylan, Lina Siukstaite, Chunyue Wang, Anna Mitrovic, Serge Pérez, Olga Makshakova, Ralf P. Richter, Winfried Römer, and Christelle Breton. "Enzymatic Glyco-Modification of Synthetic Membrane Systems." Biomolecules 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13020335.

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The present report assesses the capability of a soluble glycosyltransferase to modify glycolipids organized in two synthetic membrane systems that are attractive models to mimic cell membranes: giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). The objective was to synthesize the Gb3 antigen (Galα1,4Galβ1,4Glcβ-Cer), a cancer biomarker, at the surface of these membrane models. A soluble form of LgtC that adds a galactose residue from UDP-Gal to lactose-containing acceptors was selected. Although less efficient than with lactose, the ability of LgtC to utilize lactosyl–ceramide as an acceptor was demonstrated on GUVs and SLBs. The reaction was monitored using the B-subunit of Shiga toxin as Gb3-binding lectin. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation analysis showed that transient binding of LgtC at the membrane surface was sufficient for a productive conversion of LacCer to Gb3. Molecular dynamics simulations provided structural elements to help rationalize experimental data.

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Sajid, Moon, Chaitanya N. Channakesavula, Shane R. Stone, and Parwinder Kaur. "Synthetic Biology towards Improved Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics." Biomolecules 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11050754.

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Flavonoids are a structurally diverse class of natural products that have been found to have a range of beneficial activities in humans. However, the clinical utilisation of these molecules has been limited due to their low solubility, chemical stability, bioavailability and extensive intestinal metabolism in vivo. Recently, the view has been formed that site-specific modification of flavonoids by methylation and/or glycosylation, processes that occur in plants endogenously, can be used to improve and adapt their biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties. The traditional source of flavonoids and their modified forms is from plants and is limited due to the low amounts present in biomass, intrinsic to the nature of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Access to greater amounts of flavonoids, and understanding of the impact of modifications, requires a rethink in terms of production, more specifically towards the adoption of plant biosynthetic pathways into ex planta synthesis approaches. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, aided by protein engineering and machine learning methods, offer attractive and exciting avenues for ex planta flavonoid synthesis. This review seeks to explore the applications of synthetic biology towards the ex planta biosynthesis of flavonoids, and how the natural plant methylation and glycosylation pathways can be harnessed to produce modified flavonoids with more favourable biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties for clinical use. It is envisaged that the development of viable alternative production systems for the synthesis of flavonoids and their methylated and glycosylated forms will help facilitate their greater clinical application.

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Kotha, Sambasivarao, Milind Meshram, and Nageswara Panguluri. "Advanced Approaches to Post-Assembly Modification of Peptides by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions." Synthesis 51, no. 09 (March 25, 2019): 1913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612418.

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We have summarized diverse synthetic approaches for the modification of peptides by employing transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. These methods can deliver unusual peptides suitable for peptidomimetics. To this end, several popular reactions such as Diels–Alder, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization, metathesis, Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, and Negishi coupling have been used to assemble modified peptides by post-assembly chemical modification strategies.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of a Cyclic α-Amino Acid Derivative via a Ring-Closing Metathesis Protocol3 Peptide Modification Using a Ring-Closing Metathesis Strategy4 Peptide Modification via a [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization Reaction5 Peptide Modification by Using [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization and Suzuki Coupling6 Peptide Modification via a Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling7 Peptide Modification via Cross-Enyne Metathesis and a Diels–Alder Reaction as Key Steps8 Peptide Modification via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions9 Modified Peptides via Negishi Coupling10 A Modified Dipeptide via Ethyl Isocyanoacetate11 Conclusions

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Dziuba, M., I. Navrotskaya, R. Brovko, and V. Doluda. "Methanol / Dimethyl Ether Catalytic Transformation Over Zn-modified H-ZSN-5 Zeolite." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/54/02.

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The universally depleting reserves of traditional hydrocarbons require the development of a technology for producing synthetic hydrocarbons from renewable sources or human waste. Currently, among the possible methods for producing synthetic hydrocarbons, it is necessary to note the Fischer–Tropsch method and the method of methanol / dimethyl ether catalytic transformation. Moreover, the production of synthetic hydrocarbons from synthesis gas — the Fischer–Tropsch method, is suitable for the production of linear hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons synthesis using methanol / dimethyl ether is suitable for the production of olefins, branched paraffins, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Depending on the synthesis conditions, it is possible to preferentially obtain a certain type of hydrocarbon, which significantly increases the value of this process. In this article modification of zeolite type H-ZSM-5 with zinc is studied in order to increase the yield of liquid hydrocarbons. Zeolite in acid form was treated with zinс acetate solutions of different concentrations, followed by calcination of the samples. The efficiency of the catalysts was studied in a flow tube reactor set-up, and the surface acidity of the samples was also determined. An increase in the zinc content in zeolite contributed to a decrease in the acidity of the samples and modification of their active centers. However, at high zinc content, a separate oxide phase forms, which contributes to a slight increase in acidity. Modification of zeolite with zinc leads to a decrease in the rate of transformation of dimethyl ether and the rate of liquid hydrocarbons formation. However, a general decrease in acidity and modification of zeolite with zinc contributes to a significant decrease in the amount of heavy aromatic compounds formed, with an increase in the amount of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons being formed.

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Bella, Maroš, Sergej Šesták, Ján Moncoľ, Miroslav Koóš, and Monika Poláková. "Synthesis of 1,4-imino-L-lyxitols modified at C-5 and their evaluation as inhibitors of GH38 α-mannosidases." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (August 17, 2018): 2156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.189.

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A synthetic approach to 1,4-imino-L-lyxitols with various modifications at the C-5 position is reported. These imino-L-lyxitol cores were used for the preparation of a series of N-(4-halobenzyl)polyhydroxypyrrolidines. An impact of the C-5 modification on the inhibition and selectivity against GH38 α-mannosidases from Drosophila melanogaster, the Golgi (GMIIb) and lysosomal (LManII) mannosidases and commercial jack bean α-mannosidase from Canavalia ensiformis was evaluated. The modification at C-5 affected their inhibitory activity against the target GMIIb enzyme. In contrast, no inhibition effect of the pyrrolidines against LManII was observed. The modification of the imino-L-lyxitol core is therefore a suitable motif for the design of inhibitors with desired selectivity against the target GMIIb enzyme.

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Liyanage, Sumedha, Sanjit Acharya, Prakash Parajuli, Julia L. Shamshina, and Noureddine Abidi. "Production and Surface Modification of Cellulose Bioproducts." Polymers 13, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193433.

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Petroleum-based synthetic plastics play an important role in our life. As the detrimental health and environmental effects of synthetic plastics continue to increase, the renewable, degradable and recyclable properties of cellulose make subsequent products the “preferred environmentally friendly” alternatives, with a small carbon footprint. Despite the fact that the bioplastic industry is growing rapidly with many innovative discoveries, cellulose-based bioproducts in their natural state face challenges in replacing synthetic plastics. These challenges include scalability issues, high cost of production, and most importantly, limited functionality of cellulosic materials. However, in order for cellulosic materials to be able to compete with synthetic plastics, they must possess properties adequate for the end use and meet performance expectations. In this regard, surface modification of pre-made cellulosic materials preserves the chemical profile of cellulose, its mechanical properties, and biodegradability, while diversifying its possible applications. The review covers numerous techniques for surface functionalization of materials prepared from cellulose such as plasma treatment, surface grafting (including RDRP methods), and chemical vapor and atomic layer deposition techniques. The review also highlights purposeful development of new cellulosic architectures and their utilization, with a specific focus on cellulosic hydrogels, aerogels, beads, membranes, and nanomaterials. The judicious choice of material architecture combined with a specific surface functionalization method will allow us to take full advantage of the polymer’s biocompatibility and biodegradability and improve existing and target novel applications of cellulose, such as proteins and antibodies immobilization, enantiomers separation, and composites preparation.

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Cravotto, Giancarlo, Marina Caporaso, Laszlo Jicsinszky, and Katia Martina. "Enabling technologies and green processes in cyclodextrin chemistry." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (February 15, 2016): 278–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.30.

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The design of efficient synthetic green strategies for the selective modification of cyclodextrins (CDs) is still a challenging task. Outstanding results have been achieved in recent years by means of so-called enabling technologies, such as microwaves, ultrasound and ball mills, that have become irreplaceable tools in the synthesis of CD derivatives. Several examples of sonochemical selective modification of native α-, β- and γ-CDs have been reported including heterogeneous phase Pd- and Cu-catalysed hydrogenations and couplings. Microwave irradiation has emerged as the technique of choice for the production of highly substituted CD derivatives, CD grafted materials and polymers. Mechanochemical methods have successfully furnished greener, solvent-free syntheses and efficient complexation, while flow microreactors may well improve the repeatability and optimization of critical synthetic protocols.

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Mrzygłód, Aleksandra, Maciej Kubicki, and Beata Dudziec. "Vinyl- and chloromethyl-substituted mono-T₈ and double-decker silsesquioxanes as specific cores to low generation dendritic systems." Dalton Transactions 51, no. 3 (2022): 1144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt04012j.

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This is the first report on the synthesis of dendritic systems with double-decker SQs used as cores. A two-step synthetic protocol is presented to obtain G1.5 dendrimers with –SiCH2Cl reactive moieties for easy modification in the next stages.

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Ding, Huimin, Arindam Mal, and Cheng Wang. "Tailored covalent organic frameworks by post-synthetic modification." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 4, no. 1 (2020): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qm00555b.

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Gheonea, Ramona, Carmen Mak, Eleonora Cornelia Crasmareanu, Vasile Simulescu, Nicoleta Plesu, and Gheorghe Ilia. "Surface Modification of SnO2with Phosphonic Acids." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2105938.

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The aim of the present work was the study of phosphonic acids grafting on the surface of SnO2at different molar ratios. In this paper we describe the functionalization of SnO2surfaces with phosphonic acids RPO(OH)2. The surface modification process was achieved by using phenyl-phosphonic acid (PPA) and vinyl-phosphonic acid (VPA). The synthesized materials were investigated by using FT-IR, TGA (in air and in nitrogen), EDX, ESEM, and TEM methods. This synthetic approach has many advantages: films with optical quality and controlled thickness can be obtained using low temperatures and cheap raw materials, by using “green chemistry” synthetic routes. The hybrid materials have structures diversity and fascinating applications, attracting attention for a long time, due to their potential.

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Yaseen, Muhammad, Muhammad Humayun, Abbas Khan, Muhammad Usman, Habib Ullah, Asif Ali Tahir, and Habib Ullah. "Preparation, Functionalization, Modification, and Applications of Nanostructured Gold: A Critical Review." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051278.

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Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) play a significant role in science and technology because of their unique size, shape, properties and broad range of potential applications. This review focuses on the various approaches employed for the synthesis, modification and functionalization of nanostructured Au. The potential catalytic applications and their enhancement upon modification of Au nanostructures have also been discussed in detail. The present analysis also offers brief summaries of the major Au nanomaterials synthetic procedures, such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel, direct oxidation, chemical vapor deposition, sonochemical deposition, electrochemical deposition, microwave and laser pyrolysis. Among the various strategies used for improving the catalytic performance of nanostructured Au, the modification and functionalization of nanostructured Au produced better results. Therefore, various synthesis, modification and functionalization methods employed for better catalytic outcomes of nanostructured Au have been summarized in this review.

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