Journal articles: 'Synthetic loading'

1

Hennessey, C. M., N. J. Pearson, and R. H. Plaut. "Experimental Snap Loading of Synthetic Ropes." Shock and Vibration 12, no. 3 (2005): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/734345.

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Large tensile forces, known as snap loads, can occur when a slack rope becomes taut. Such forces may damage the rope or masses connected to it. Experiments are described in which one end of a rope is attached to the top of a drop tower and the bottom end is attached to a weight. The weight is raised to a certain height and then released. The force at the top of the rope and the acceleration of the weight are recorded during the first snap load that occurs. Repeated drop tests are performed on each rope. The effects of the type of rope, drop height, drop weight, whether the rope has been subjected to static precycling, and the number of previous dynamic tests are examined. A mathematical model is proposed for the rope force as a function of the displacement and velocity of the weight.

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Li, Xiaowei, Qun Wei, Xiaojie Tu, Yuxuan Zhu, Yanfei Chen, Lina Guo, Jun Zhou, and Hongyun Sun. "Effects of nutrient loading on Anabaena flos-aquae biofilm: biofilm growth and nutrient removals." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.208.

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Effects of three different nutrient loadings (low nutrient loading, medium nutrient loading and high nutrient loading, denoted as LNS, MNS and HNS, respectively) on the structure and functions of algal biofilm using Anabaena flos-aquae were investigated using synthetic wastewater. Nutrients removal efficiencies, biofilm thickness, microalgae dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) productions were examined. Results showed that the changes of nutrient concentration were insignificant after 4 days of experiment for the case of HNS condition; 9 days for the case of MNS condition, and 6 days for the case of LNS condition, respectively. The biofilm thickness, nutrient removal efficiencies, algae DHA and EPS productions increased with the increase of nutrient loadings in synthetic wastewater. For the case of HNS condition, the microalgal biofilm exhibited the best performance in terms of C, N and P removal efficiencies, reaching the removal rates of 68.45, 3.56 and 1.61 mg·L−1·d−1 for C, N, P, respectively. This was likely because, fact with the high nutrient loading, the high biological activity could be achieved, thus resulting in high nutrient removals. The thickness of the biofilm in HNS condition was 75 μm, which was closely related to EPS production. DHA and EPS concentrations were 7.24 and 1.8 × 10−2 mg·mm−2, respectively. It was also shown that apart from the nutrient loading, the structure and functions of microalgal biofilm were also influenced by other factors, such as illumination and temperature.

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Naknikham, Usuma, Giuliana Magnacca, Ang Qiao, Peter Kjær Kristensen, Vittorio Boffa, and Yuanzheng Yue. "Phenol Abatement by Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts: Effect of The Graphene Oxide Loading." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070947.

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Hetero-photocatalytic graphene-TiO2 materials have, in the literature, been found to possess better photocatalytic activity for environmental applications compared to pure TiO2. These types of materials can be prepared in different ways; however, their photocatalytic performance and quality are not easily controlled and reproduced. Therefore, we synthetized graphene oxide-TiO2 nanoparticles by sol-gel reaction from TiCl4, as precursor, with two different methods of synthesis and with a graphene oxide (GO) loading ranging from 0 to 1.0. This approach led to a good adhesion of GO to TiO2 through the Ti-O-C bonding, which could enhance the photocatalytic performances of the materials. Overall, 0.05 wt % GO loading gave the highest rate in the photodegradation of phenol under visible light, while higher GO loadings had a negative impact on the photocatalytic performances of the composites. The 0.05 wt % GO-TiO2 composite material was confirmed to be a promising photocatalyst for water pollutant abatement. The designed synthetic approach could easily be implemented in large-scale production of the GO-TiO2 coupling materials.

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Gu, Yanting, and Jilei Zhang. "Tensile Properties of Natural and Synthetic Rattan Strips Used as Furniture Woven Materials." Forests 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121299.

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This study investigated factors on tensile properties of rattan strips commonly used as woven materials for furniture. The factors were rattan type (bast, core, synthetic), gauge length (100, 140 mm), and unit loading speed (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mm/min/mm). Experimental results indicated that natural bast and core rattan strips, when subjected to tensile loading, behaved like synthetic rattan strips in terms of their stress-strain curves showing excessive plastic deformation. There was no significant difference in ultimate tensile strain between bast and synthetic rattan strips. Bast rattan strips had the highest ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity among three materials evaluated in this study, followed by core rattan and synthetic strips. The major tensile properties of natural rattan bast strips can be influenced by their gauge length adapted to their evaluation test. Unit loading speeds, in general, had no significant effects on the major tensile properties of natural bast rattan strips but tended to significantly effect the ultimate strength of synthetic rattan strips, while less significantly for strengths at the proportional limit and yield point.

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Schoonheydt, R. A., and L. Heughebaert. "Clay adsorbed dyes: methylene blue on Laponite." Clay Minerals 27, no. 1 (March 1992): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1992.027.1.09.

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AbstractThe adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution on Laponite (a synthetic 2:1 layer-silicate) exchanged with Na+, Cs+ and tetraethylammonium ions has been studied. At low loadings the monomer form predominates, but as the loading increases dimers and trimers (or higher aggregates) are formed, the latter being the most important species when the loading is equal to, or larger than, the Na+-CEC. The distribution of the molecules over the surface is time-dependent due to changes in the aggregation of the clay particles. On Cs+-Laponite, and to a lesser extent on Na+-Laponite, a small amount of MB is protonated by cation-coordinated water molecules. In similar work where adsorption was from ethanolic solution, MB is adsorbed as monomers and dimers only at small loadings and precipitates on the surface of the clay aggregates at high loadings. These precipitates can be broken up by sonication.

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Yamaguchi, T., K. Kitajima, E. Sakai, and M. Daimon. "Synthesis and properties of aluminapillared fluorine micas having cation exchangeability." Clay Minerals 38, no. 1 (March 2003): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855033810077.

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AbstractAlumina-pillared fluorine micas were prepared from synthetic highly layer-charged expandable fluorine mica and polyhydroxoaluminium solutions under different solution loadings (Al mmol in solutions per 1.0 g mica) in order to clarify the effects of solution loading on thermal durability and microporous properties. The intercalated Al content of the pillared micas increased with increased solution loading. The intercalated Al content (i.e. the pillar density) of the pillared micas influenced both the thermal durability and specific surface areas of the pillared micas. The pillared micas obtained from the high solution loadings showed better thermal durability than those obtained from the low solution loadings. Through micropore formation upon heating, the pillared micas exhibit cation exchangeability due to the liberation of residual Na+ ions from steric hindrance in the interlayer pillaring space. The amount of the exchangeable ions depends on the heating temperature of the pillared micas.

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Sanders, C. J. "RESPONSES OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS TO SEX PHEROMONE RELEASED FROM FILTER PAPER AND RUBBER SEPTA." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 2 (April 1990): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122263-3.

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AbstractThe behavioral responses of male spruce budworm moths to a wide range of loadings of synthetic sex pheromone on filter paper and rubber septa were investigated in a wind tunnel. The highest proportion of males flying upwind and reaching filter-paper dispensers occurred at pheromone loadings of between 0.1 and 10 μg. Above these loadings, males were activated but upwind flight was arrested before the moths reached the pheromone source. No such arrestment occurred with rubber septa up to the maximum loading assayed, 1 mg. Up to 72% of the males that reached a septum attempted to copulate with it, but even this response was less than that to a septum in the presence of pheromone emitted by females. This confirms previous conclusions that the synthetic pheromone blend used here, 95:5 (E:Z-11-tetradecenal) is incomplete.

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Kobayashi, Hidetoshi, Keitaro Horikawa, Kenichi Tanigaki, and Kinya Ogawa. "Impact Compressive Fracture of Synthetic Quartz Accompanied by Electromagnetic Phenomenon." Key Engineering Materials 715 (September 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.715.13.

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In order to clarify the relationship between the mechanical properties of synthetic quartz and the electromagnetic phenomena during its fracture, a series of uniaxial compression tests were carried out at quasi-static and dynamic rates. Not only the stress-strain curves but also the output of ferrite-core antenna located close to the specimens were measured in a shield box made of permalloy plates. Since the synthetic quartz has three characteristic axes, i.e. optical axis, electric axis and machine axis, the effect of loading direction on the mechanical properties and electromagnetic phenomena of quarts was also examined. The dynamic compressive strength was greater than those in static tests and there is strain-rate dependence in their strength of synthetic quartz. It was also found that there are not any remarkable differences due to the loading direction with respect to the intensity of electromagnetic waves measured in the dynamic compression tests, i.e. the electromagnetic phenomenon does not depend on the loading direction.

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Papadopoulou, Panagiota, Magnus Karlsteen, Magnus Gustafsson, and Erik Hulthén. "Investigation of Synthetic Clay Court’s Response under Cyclic Loading." Proceedings 2, no. 6 (February 13, 2018): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060280.

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Abbas, A. Y. M., and J. E. Fletcher. "Synthetic loading applied to linear permanent magnet synchronous machines." IET Renewable Power Generation 4, no. 3 (2010): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2009.0146.

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Fládr, Josef, and Iva Broukalová. "Testing the Long-Term Flexural Behaviour of FRC with Synthetic Fibres." Advanced Materials Research 1106 (June 2015): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1106.136.

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The paper describes a new methodology of investigation of long-term behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) with of synthetic fibres. A set of tests was manufactured from FRC with synthetic fibres commonly used for production of FRC and referential set from SFRC (steel fibre reinforced concrete) and subjected to long-term loading. The testing is based on three-point flexural loading. In given time intervals deflections are measured and recorded. Results of investigations are presented and discussed.

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12

Zdero, R., S. Shah, M. Mosli, and E. H. Schemitsch. "The effect of load application rate on the biomechanics of synthetic femurs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 224, no. 4 (November 9, 2009): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim742.

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Biomechanical investigations are increasingly using commercially available synthetic femurs as surrogates for human cadaveric femurs. However, the rate of force application in testing these artificial femurs appears to be chosen arbitrarily without much consideration to their visco-elastic time-dependent nature. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the effect of loading rate on the mechanical behaviour of synthetic femurs. Ten left, medium, fourth-generation composite femurs (Model 3403, Pacific Research Laboratories, Vashon, WA, USA) were fixed distally into cement-filled steel cubic chambers for mounting into a mechanical tester. In randomized order, each of the ten femurs was loaded at rates of 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mm/min to obtain axial, lateral, and torsional stiffness. Axial stiffness showed an aggregate average value of 1742.7 ± 174.7 N/mm with a high linear correlation with loading rate ( R2 = 0.80). Lateral stiffness yielded an aggregate average value of 56.9 ± 10.2 N/mm and was linearly correlated with loading rate ( R2 = 0.85). Torsional stiffness demonstrated an aggregate average value of 176.9 ± 14.5 N/mm with a strong linear correlation with loading rate ( R2 = 0.59). Despite the high correlations between stiffness and speed, practically this resulted in an overall average difference between the lowest and highest stiffness of only 4 per cent. Moreover, no statistical comparisons between loading rates for axial, lateral, or torsional test modes showed differences ( p ≤ 0.843). Future biomechanical investigators utilizing these synthetic femurs need not be concerned with loading rate effects over the range tested presently. This is the first study in the literature to perform such an assessment.

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Su, An Shuang, and Yue Bo Cai. "Influence of Aspect Ratio of Macro Synthetic Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Shotcrete." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1226.

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Influences of moisture content and loading rate on flexural toughness were experimentally studied for fiber reinforced shotcrete (FRSC) with steel fiber or macro synthetic polypropylene fiber. According to the four-point bending test method specified in ASTM C1609 and Chinese standard CECS 13, the flexural toughness of specimens after drying for 0h, 16h, 24h and 72h in condition of (20±2)°C and (60±5)% relative humidity was tested at a loading rate of 0.05 mm/min. For specimens after drying for 24h and 72h, flexural toughness was tested at loading rates of 0.05 mm/min, 0.10 mm/min, and 0.20 mm/min respectively. With the moisture content decreasing, the flexural toughness T100,2.0, first-peak flexural strength, and residual flexural strength at prescribed deflections of FRSC exhibited decreasing tendency. The specimens with 0.5 vol% of steel fiber showed higher T100,2.0 value than that with 0.9 vol% of macro synthetic fiber. The residual strength and flexural toughness of FRSC increased with the increase of loading rate.

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Hanifawati, I. N., M. A. Azmah Hanim, S. M. Sapuan, and E. S. Zainuddin. "Tensile and Flexural Behavior of Hybrid Banana Pseudostem/Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.686.

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Natural fibre-based thermoset composites are generally lower in strength performance compared to synthetic thermoset composites. Hybridization with some amount of synthetic fibre enhanced the mechanical properties of the composites. This study focused on the performance of mechanical properties of hybrid banana/glass fibre reinforced polyester composites. Hybrid composites with different volume ratios of banana to glass fibre were prepared. The reinforcing effect of both fibres in polyester is also evaluated in various fibre loadings. Results showed that both flexural and tensile properties have been improved with the increasing level of overall fibre content loading. Tensile and flexural strength shows great enhancement by the introduction of a slight amount of glass fibre to the banana fibre polyester matrix.

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Hamada, Hiroki, Shouta Okada, Noriyoshi Masuoka, Hatsuyuki Hamada, Kei Shimoda, Katsuhiko Mikuni, and Yuya Fujitaka. "Synthesis of Ester-linked Taxol-glycoside Conjugate and Its Application to Drug Delivery System Using Immunoliposome Targeted with Trastuzumab and Cetuximab." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 7 (July 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300705.

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Synthesis of ester-linked glycoside prodrug of taxol, i.e., 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-D-glucopyranoside, was investigated by chemical synthetic procedure. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency of taxol for liposomes was much improved by modification with glucosyl ester group. The immunoliposomes containing the glycoside prodrug of taxol, i.e., 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-D-glucopyranoside, exhibited effective anti-tumor activities.

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Ning, Feng Wei, Jian Tong Ding, An Shuang Su, and Yue Bo Cai. "Influence of Moisture Content and Loading Rate on Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete Remarked." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.472.

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Influences of moisture content and loading rate on flexural toughness were experimentally studied for fiber reinforced shotcrete (FRSC) with steel fiber or macro synthetic polypropylene fiber. According to the four-point bending test method specified in ASTM C1609 and Chinese standard CECS 13, the flexural toughness of specimens after drying for 0h, 16h, 24h and 72h in condition of (20±2)°C and (60±5)% relative humidity was tested at a loading rate of 0.05 mm/min. For specimens after drying for 24h and 72h, flexural toughness was tested at loading rates of 0.05 mm/min, 0.10 mm/min, and 0.20 mm/min respectively. With the moisture content decreasing, the flexural toughness T100,2.0, first-peak flexural strength, and residual flexural strength at prescribed deflections of FRSC exhibited decreasing tendency. The specimens with 0.5 vol% of steel fiber showed higher T100,2.0 value than that with 0.9 vol% of macro synthetic fiber. The residual strength and flexural toughness of FRSC increased with the increase of loading rate.

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Abbas, Abdelaziz Y. M., and John E. Fletcher. "The Synthetic Loading Technique Applied to the PM Synchronous Machine." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 26, no. 1 (March 2011): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.2010.2082543.

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Kul'kov, V. N., E. Y. Solopanov, and A. M. Zelenin. "Optimization of water-air regeneration of aerotank-bioreactor synthetic loading." Vestnik MGSU, no. 7 (July 2014): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2014.7.41-50.

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Wallner, Fredrik K., Liying Chen, Annalena Moliner, Mikael Jondal, and Mikael Elofsson. "Loading of the Antigen-Presenting Protein CD1d with Synthetic Glycolipids." ChemBioChem 5, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200300655.

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Hoogland, T. M., B. Kuhn, and S. S. H. Wang. "Preferential Loading of Bergmann Glia with Synthetic Acetoxymethyl Calcium Dyes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2011, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): pdb.prot065813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot065813.

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Cuba, Renata Medici Frayne, and Francisco Javier Cuba Teran. "CARBOHYDRATE ENHANCED BIOFILM GROWTH IN ANAEROBIC FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR TREATING SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER." Holos Environment 10, no. 1 (November 24, 2010): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/holos.v10i1.2224.

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Biofilm dynamics in anaerobic fluidized bed reactor was studied since start-up during a 600-day operation time. Specific methanogenic activity tests revealed gas production by the anaerobic biomass since 30th operation day. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs permitted to verify three bacterial development stages depending on the organic loading imposed to the system. Increasing of organic loading caused methanogenic specific activity depletion due to diffusion resistance through anaerobic biofilm. With maximum organic loading of 28.5 kg COD.m-3.day-1, almost 10% of the volatile solids fixed in inert particle surface were detected as polymeric extracellular material.

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Chui, P. C., Y. Terashima, J. H. Tay, and H. Ozaki. "Performance of a partly aerated biofilter in the removal of nitrogen." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0371.

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The removal efficiency of nitrogen and organic matter in an anoxic/aerobic upflow fixed bed filter was studied. Tests were carried out on the effects of aeration, hydraulic loading rate, and COD/N ratio on nitrogen removal and carbon oxidation. A synthetic high nitrogen concentration wastewater was used as substrate feed in the study. At an influent concentration of 250 mg N/L, and for volumetric loadings of up to 1 kg N/m3.day, between 41% and 86% of the nitrogen was removed. This was achieved without the recycling of effluent for denitrification. Nitrogen removal was possible when simultaneous denitrification took place inside the support media where oxygen was lacking. COD removal efficiency was consistently above 95% even at a high volumetric loading of 5 kg COD/m3.day and a bulk liquid dissolved oxygen level as low as 1.1 mg/L.

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Varela, Yahson, Magnolia Vanegas Murcia, and Manuel Patarroyo. "Synthetic Evaluation of Standard and Microwave-Assisted Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis of a Long Chimeric Peptide Derived from Four Plasmodium falciparum Proteins." Molecules 23, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112877.

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An 82-residue-long chimeric peptide was synthesised by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), following the Fmoc protocol. Microwave (MW) radiation-assisted synthesis was compared to standard synthesis using low loading (0.20 mmol/g) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) resin. Similar synthetic difficulties were found when the chimeric peptide was obtained via these two reaction conditions, indicating that such difficulties were inherent to the sequence and could not be resolved using MW; by contrast, the number of coupling cycles and total reaction time became reduced whilst crude yield and percentage recovery after purification were higher for MW radiation-assisted synthesis.

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Kim, Tae Young, Seong Bin Jo, Jin Hyeok Woo, Jong Heon Lee, Ragupathy Dhanusuraman, Soo Chool Lee, and Jae Chang Kim. "Investigation of Co–Fe–Al Catalysts for High-Calorific Synthetic Natural Gas Production: Pilot-Scale Synthesis of Catalysts." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010105.

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Co–Fe–Al catalysts prepared using coprecipitation at laboratory scale were investigated and extended to pilot scale for high-calorific synthetic natural gas. The Co–Fe–Al catalysts with different metal loadings were analyzed using BET, XRD, H2-TPR, and FT-IR. An increase in the metal loading of the Co–Fe–Al catalysts showed low spinel phase ratio, leading to an improvement in reducibility. Among the catalysts, 40CFAl catalyst prepared at laboratory scale afforded the highest C2–C4 hydrocarbon time yield, and this catalyst was successfully reproduced at the pilot scale. The pelletized catalyst prepared at pilot scale showed high CO conversion (87.6%), high light hydrocarbon selectivity (CH4 59.3% and C2–C4 18.8%), and low byproduct amounts (C5+: 4.1% and CO2: 17.8%) under optimum conditions (space velocity: 4000 mL/g/h, 350 °C, and 20 bar).

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Park, Jae Eun, Jong O. Kim, Woo Bum Lee, Sung Taik Lee, and Jung Jun Lee. "UASB performance in presence of algae and synthetic media." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0439.

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An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology has showed an excellent performance compared to other biological treatment methods when a high organic loading rate of domestic and industrial wastewaters was applied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect algae from lake-sediments and synthetic activated ceramic as media on UASB performance. The algae and synthetic media were introduced to the UASB reactor in order to obtain the enhanced granulation, which resulted in the increase in the UASB performance. 1–3% higher methane content and 3–10% higher COD removal efficiency were obtained in the reactors with the media than in the reactor without the media. The respective gas production rates in reactors 1,2, and 3 were 0.15–0.36 m3/kg COD-day, 0.24–0.54 m3/kg COD-day, and 0.24–0.56 m3/kg COD-day. As organic loading rate increased, gas production rates increased.

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O’Rourke, Catherine E., and Bikram Subedi. "Occurrence and Mass Loading of Synthetic Opioids, Synthetic Cathinones, and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Four U.S. Communities." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 11 (May 1, 2020): 6661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00250.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Food dyes as an alternative tracking dye for DNA gel electrophoresis." Baghdad Science Journal 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.4.1150-1156.

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The chemical, physical and toxicological effects on health of synthetic dyes that used as tracking dye in the electrophoresis requires seriously search about alternative tracking dye. The present study is aimed to find an alternative dye from safe food dyes which commonly used in food coloring. Five dyes were selected depending on their chemical properties and the availability in local market: Brilliant Blue FCF, Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow FCF, Carmoisine, and green traditional, three dyes were chosen to be mixed as loading buffer: Brilliant Blue FCF, Sunset Yellow FCF as a basic because it give the whole range size of most traditional loading buffers that available in market, and adding the Carmoisine as a new indicator for the bands less than 50bp, then mixed with DNA ladder in same percentage used with traditional loading buffers to clarify the effects of dyes on DNA, migrated on 1% agarose with loading buffer promega, results showed more clarity and highly readable separation of dyes and give wide range of size in the food loading mix than promega loading dye, by viewing the gel on UV light the DNA ladder were moved smoothly, bands separated effeminately on gel and in same rate of the DNA ladder that load with promega loading buffer which indicate no interaction between the food dyes and the DNA.Our studies show that the food dye can be used as a tracking dye in place of used synthetic dye. The procedure is found to be easy, practical, safely and reliable.

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Hao, Xiang Ying, Cui Zhang, Shuang Xi Liu, and Hai Fu Guo. "A Novel Approach to Disperse CuO onto the Zeolites Mordenite and Beta." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.58.

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Zeolites mordenite (MOR) and β decorated with high dispersion degree and loading content of CuO composite (symbolized as CuO/zeolite) were prepared via a novel method-the stepped hydrothermal synthesis. The resultant composite were characterized with details by powder XRD, ICP-AES, H2-TPR and TEM techniques. Shown by experiment, the stepped hydrothermal synthetic method adopted in the present research using urea as alkali source as well as benefiting from the ultrasonic wash treatment hardly damages the zeolitic framework structure. Compared with ammonia, high dispersion degree and loading level of CuO are yielded as a consequence of the employment of urea as alkali source. Besides, the ultrasonic wash treatment not only removes some CuO precursors that deposit on the external surface of the porous support but also produces a uniform distribution of CuO particles with smaller dimension on the surface of zeolites: CuO are dispersed in nanoscale of about 4-8 nm on mordenite and 2-5 nm on zeolite β. The present synthetic strategy could be therefore applied as a novel general method for the manufacture of functional materials in a wide spectrum.

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Gong, Fei, Bangrang Di, Jianxin Wei, Pinbo Ding, He Tian, and Jianqiang Han. "A study of the anisotropic static and dynamic elastic properties of transversely isotropic rocks." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): C281—C293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0590.1.

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The elastic properties of rock are major factors affecting hydraulic fracturing. Static elastic properties can be estimated using geomechanical laboratory tests, whereas dynamic properties can be estimated from elastic-wave velocity and rock density. We prepared two synthetic shales containing different clay minerals and one natural shale and focused on the elastic properties for the full tensor of elasticity and their anisotropy. The static and dynamic properties of these dry samples were obtained based on triaxial tests during loading and unloading. The results suggest that the synthetic and natural shale indicate high similarity in the static and dynamic properties. The dynamic Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio increase with increasing axial stress during loading and unloading. For the static properties, the static Poisson’s ratio increases with axial stress during loading and unloading. However, differences exist between the static and dynamic Young’s moduli during loading, with the static Young’s modulus decreases with the increasing axial stress at a high stress level. In addition, the static Young’s modulus is consistently lower than the dynamic Young’s modulus during loading and unloading, but the static Poisson’s ratio is larger or smaller than the dynamic Poisson’s ratio. During loading and unloading, there could be approximately a 30% difference when estimating static elastic properties from the static-dynamic relations, depending on which static moduli are used. Furthermore, the static and dynamic properties of the samples are strongly anisotropic, and the anisotropy of elastic properties is sensitive to the axial stress and the clay minerals.

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Vityk, Maxim O., Igor V. Dudok, and Robert J. Bodnar. "Natural and synthetic re-equilibration textures of fluid inclusions in quartz (Marmarosh Diamonds): Evidence for refilling under conditions of compressive loading." European Journal of Mineralogy 7, no. 5 (October 5, 1995): 1071–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/7/5/1071.

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Kulkov, V. N., and E. Iu Solopanov. "ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS OF REGENERATION OF SYNTHETIC LOADING IN A BIOREACTOR." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 3 (2016): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2016-3-77-84.

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32

Soltani, J., and B. Szabados. "A new synthetic loading of induction machines based on phase modulation." European Transactions on Electrical Power 13, no. 5 (September 2003): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450130507.

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33

Cheng, J., and J. Qian. "Fatigue Crack Growth: A Case Study of Synthetic Tower Spectrum Loading." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 112, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928603.

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Hourly pressure variations were recorded during six years in two synthetic towers, giving a total of 105,000 readings. The readings were converted into a 15-block pressure amplitude spectrum of 12,655 cycles following standard methods employed in the aircraft and automotive industries. The spectrum was applied to center-cracked tension specimens and crack growth rates were measured. The results show that the crack growth rate data can be plotted conservatively against the range of the equivalent stress intensity factor calculated as a root-mean-cube value. Futhermore, it is shown that the 9704 cycles of lowest 1.9 MPa pressure amplitude caused 12 percent of the cumulative fatigue damage, whereas the 13 start-up and shut-down cycles of highest 15.2 MPa amplitude caused 8.2 percent of the damage.

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34

Li, Song-pei, Zhong-xiao Lin, Xue-yan Jiang, and Xi-yong Yu. "Exosomal cargo-loading and synthetic exosome-mimics as potential therapeutic tools." Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 39, no. 4 (January 25, 2018): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aps.2017.178.

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35

Barone, William R., Pamela A. Moalli, and Steven D. Abramowitch. "Textile properties of synthetic prolapse mesh in response to uniaxial loading." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 215, no. 3 (September 2016): 326.e1–326.e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.023.

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36

Vieux, Baxter E., and Fekadu G. Moreda. "NUTRIENT LOADING ASSESSMENT IN THE ILLINOIS RIVER USING A SYNTHETIC APPROACH." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39, no. 4 (August 2003): 757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04403.x.

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Swar, Sumita, Veronika Máková, and Ivan Stibor. "Effectiveness of Diverse Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Potent Vehicles for the Drug L-DOPA." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193202.

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Our study was focused on the synthesis of selective mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs: MCM-41, MCM-48, SBA-15, PHTS, MCF) that are widely studied for drug delivery. The resulting mesoporous surfaces were conveniently prepared making use of verified synthetic procedures. The MSNs thus obtained were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The selected MSNs with various pore diameters and morphologies were examined to evaluate the capability of L-DOPA drug loading and release. L-DOPA is a well-known drug for Parkinson’s disease. The L-DOPA drug loading and release profiles were measured by UV-VIS spectroscopy and SBA-15 was proved to be the most effective amongst all the different types of tested mesoporous silica materials as L-DOPA drug vehicle.

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38

Tong, Jie. "Interfacial Fracture Toughness of Synthetic Bone-Cement Interface." Key Engineering Materials 312 (June 2006): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.312.251.

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Conventionally, the bonding strength of bone-cement interface is obtained by mechanical strength testing which tends to produce large variability between specimens and test methods. In this work, interfacial fracture toughness of synthetic bone-cement interface has been determined using sandwiched Brazilian disk specimens. Experiments were carried out under selected loading angles from 0 to 25 degrees to achieve full loading conditions from mode I to mode II. Solutions for complex stress intensity factors as well as strain energy release rates were obtained for a sandwich disk with a finite interlayer using the finite element method. Phase angles were obtained at a fixed distance to the crack tip. The fracture loads were obtained from the load displacement curves and the values of interfacial fracture toughness were calculated from the fracture loads and the finite element J-integral solutions. The implication of this information on the assessment of fixation in acetabular replacements was discussed in the light of in-vitro fatigue testing of implanted acetabula.

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Hamoda, M. F., and A. A. Al-Haddad. "Treatment of Petromeum Refinery Effulents in a Fixed-Film Reactor." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0132.

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A four-stage fixed-film reactor with 0.5 m3d−1 capacity and surface area-to-volume ratio of 72 was developed in which stationary submerged biofilms are attached to ceramic tiles and kept under diffused aeration. Reactor operation with a synthetic toxic waste and a petroleum refinery effluent was satisfactory. Organic loading was found to be a better operational or design parameter. An organic loading of 42 g COD m−2d−l or less is recommended to ensure good quality effluent. The reactor coped with organic and hydraulic overloads because of the good oxygen transfer capacity and the considerable quantity of attached biomass attained in the reactor. The majority of COD removal occurred in the first stage which retained the greatest quantity of attached biomass. Staging of the reactor is effective in damping excessive loadings. Biological treatment of the refinery waste removed up to 80% of COD and produced a good quality effluent but polishing of reactor effluent using alum treatment improved effluent quality for potential reuse.

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Grant, Shannon, and Kwan-Chow Lin. "Effects of temperature and organic loading on the performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-013.

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A study investigating the effects of temperature and organic loading on the performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors was carried out in the laboratory. Laboratory-scale reactors of 3.2 L volume were semicontinuously fed a synthetic substrate consisting of beef consommé and macro- and micro-nutrient compounds. Temperatures ranged from 10 to 42 °C; organic loadings ranged from 2.0 to 30 kg COD/(m3∙d). Steady-state process kinetics and efficiencies were evaluated for the various conditions. Based on the assumption that upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor kinetics in the temperature range of 10–30 °C could be approximated by Monod and modified Arrhenius equation relationships, effluent SCOD concentrations and removals were used to determine the maximum rate of substrate utilization, the half-velocity constant, and the temperature coefficient. A design and operating chart was constructed based on the kinetic coefficients determined from the experimental data. Key words: upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, temperature, loading, performance, kinetics.

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Sluysmans, Damien, Floriane Devaux, Carson J. Bruns, J. Fraser Stoddart, and Anne-Sophie Duwez. "Dynamic force spectroscopy of synthetic oligorotaxane foldamers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 38 (December 26, 2017): 9362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712790115.

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Wholly synthetic molecules involving both mechanical bonds and a folded secondary structure are one of the most promising architectures for the design of functional molecular machines with unprecedented properties. Here, we report dynamic single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments that explore the energetic details of donor–acceptor oligorotaxane foldamers, a class of molecular switches. The mechanical breaking of the donor–acceptor interactions responsible for the folded structure shows a high constant rupture force over a broad range of loading rates, covering three orders of magnitude. In comparison with dynamic force spectroscopy performed during the past 20 y on various (bio)molecules, the near-equilibrium regime of oligorotaxanes persists at much higher loading rates, at which biomolecules have reached their kinetic regime, illustrating the very fast dynamics and remarkable rebinding capabilities of the intramolecular donor–acceptor interactions. We focused on one single interaction at a time and probed the stochastic rupture and rebinding paths. Using the Crooks fluctuation theorem, we measured the mechanical work produced during the breaking and rebinding to determine a free-energy difference, ΔG, of 6 kcal·mol−1 between the two local conformations around a single bond.

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Adam Mohd Adnan, Zurri, Jamaluddin Mahmud, and Mohd Azman Yahaya. "Dynamic Stress Analysis of Skin (Bovine) and Synthetic Skin (Silicone) under Low Impact Loading : a Review and Framework." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.26 (November 30, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.26.22163.

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Skin performs multiple important functions for our body and that might be the main reason for it complex structure and unique mechanical behaviour. There have been a lot of studies about skin mechanical behaviour but skin deformation behaviour and its dynamic stress under low impact loading is still not well understood. This paper aims to review past research related to skin investigation, which ultimately leads to proposing a research framework in determining the dynamic stress of skin and synthetic skin under low impact loading. In the first stage, the literatures related to skin substitutes and skin hyperelastic properties were reviewed, summarised and reported. The past research related to numerical analysis using hyperelastic constitutive models such as Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden model to quantify skin mechanical behaviour were discussed. Next, the literatures related to determining dynamic stress as well as the specimen specification were reviewed and reported. Finally, based on these reviews, a research framework to determine the dynamic stress of skin and synthetic skin under low impact loading is proposed. The information provided in this paper could contribute significant fundamental knowledge about skin behaviour and the preparation to perform experiments in understanding the dynamic stress of skin under low impact loading.

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Evans, Cameron W., Sky Edwards, Jessica A. Kretzmann, Gareth L. Nealon, Ruhani Singh, Tristan D. Clemons, Marck Norret, Cyrille A. Boyer, and K. Swaminathan Iyer. "Synthetic copolymer conjugates of docetaxel and in vitro assessment of anticancer efficacy." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 46 (2020): 20013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj03425h.

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Docetaxel (DTX) is a widely used chemotherapy drug that is associated with numerous side effects and limited bioavailability. We show synthetic copolymer conjugates of docetaxel with drug loading up to 20% and assess their efficacy in MCF-7 cells.

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44

Droste, R. L., and K. J. Kennedy. "Steady State Kinetics of Anaerobic Downflow Stationary Fixed Film Reactors." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0208.

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Anaerobic downflow stationary fixed film reactors operated at 35°C successfully treated synthetic (sucrose based) wastewater of different concentrations at high organic loading rates and short hydraulic retention times. Based on observed relations between washout solids retention time, hydraulic retention time and loading rate, an empirical model of the process was formulated. Incorporation of the washout factor into accepted theory allowed good prediction of chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency and reactor biomass concentration.

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45

Lin, Chao, Hao Zhang, Xiaokai Song, Dong-Hyung Kim, Xiaopeng Li, Zheng Jiang, and Jung-Ho Lee. "2D-organic framework confined metal single atoms with the loading reaching the theoretical limit." Materials Horizons 7, no. 10 (2020): 2726–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0mh01061h.

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46

Peng, Wei, Qijie Wang, and Yunmeng Cao. "The Extraction of Ocean Tidal Loading from ASAR Differential Interferograms." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030632.

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The spatiotemporal crustal non-tectonic deformation caused by ocean tidal loading (OTL) can reach the centimeters scale in coastal land areas. The temporal variation of the site OTL displacements can be estimated by the global positioning system (GPS) technique, but its spatial variation needs to be further determined. In this paper, in order to analyze the spatial characteristics of the OTL displacements, we propose a multi-scale decomposition method based on signal spatial characteristics to derive the OTL displacements from differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) measurements. The method was tested using long-term advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data and GPS reference site data from the Los Angeles Basin in the United States, and we compared the results with the FES2014b tide model. The experimental results showed that the spatial function of the OTL displacements in an ASAR image can be represented as a higher-order polynomial function, and the spatial trends of the OTL displacements determined by the InSAR and the GPS techniques are basically consistent with the FES2014b tide model. The root-mean-square errors of the differences between the spatial OTL displacements of these two methods and the FES2014b tide model are less than 0.8 mm. The results indicate that the OTL displacement extracted from InSAR data can accurately reflect the spatial characteristics of the OTL effect, which will help to improve the spatial resolution and accuracy of the OTL displacement in coastal areas.

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Khdary, Nezar H., and Mohamed A. Ghanem. "Highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles supported on silica as catalyst for hydrogen production." RSC Adv. 4, no. 91 (2014): 50114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09341k.

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A synthetic approach is developed to produce highly disperse, low loading (3.28 wt%) Pt nanoparticles incorporated silica (Pt-NP–S) with average diameter of 3.5 nm using economical and simple surface chemical modification and reduction processes.

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Bennett, Hunter J., Elizabeth Brock, James T. Brosnan, John C. Sorochan, and Songning Zhang. "Effects of Two Football Stud Types on Knee and Ankle Kinetics of Single-Leg Land-Cut and 180° Cut Movements on Infilled Synthetic Turf." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 31, no. 5 (October 2015): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0203.

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Higher ACL injury rates have been recorded in cleats with higher torsional resistance in American football, which warrants better understanding of shoe/stud-dependent joint kinetics. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in knee and ankle kinetics during single-leg land cuts and 180° cuts on synthetic infilled turf while wearing 3 types of shoes. Fourteen recreational football players performed single-leg land cuts and 180° cuts in nonstudded running shoes (RS) and in football shoes with natural (NTS) and synthetic turf studs (STS). Knee and ankle kinetic variables were analyzed with a 3 × 2 (shoe × movement) repeated-measures ANOVA (P < .05). A significant shoe-by-movement interaction was found in loading response peak knee adduction moments, with NTS producing smaller moments compared with both STS and RS only in 180° cuts. Reduced peak negative plantar flexor powers were also found in NTS compared with STS. The single-leg land cut produced greater loading response and push-off peak knee extensor moments, as well as peak negative and positive extensor and plantar flexor powers, but smaller loading peak knee adduction moments and push-off peak ankle eversion moments than 180° cuts. Overall, the STS and 180° cuts resulted in greater frontal plane knee loading and should be monitored for possible increased ACL injury risks.

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NAGAI, Takaya. "High temperature cyclic loading experiments on synthetic forsterite single crystals. Mechanical data." Mineralogical Journal 16, no. 3 (1992): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/minerj.16.139.

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Huang, Wei, Haixiao Liu, Yushun Lian, and Linan Li. "Modeling nonlinear time-dependent behaviors of synthetic fiber ropes under cyclic loading." Ocean Engineering 109 (November 2015): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.09.009.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Synthetic loading'

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