Academic literature on the topic 'Synthetic fibers industry – Italy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Synthetic fibers industry – Italy"
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Lin, Jia Horng, Chen Hung Huang, Yu Chun Chuang, Ying Huei Shih, Ching Wen Lin, and Ching Wen Lou. "Property Evaluation of Sound-Absorbent Nonwoven Fabrics Made of Polypropylene Nonwoven Selvages." Advanced Materials Research 627 (December 2012): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.855.
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The rapid development of textile industry at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution results in the invention of synthetic fibers. As synthetic fibers cannot be decomposed naturally, significant textile waste is thus created. Selvages, which make up the majority of our total garbage output, have a low value and thus are usually sold cheaply or outsourced as textile waste. This study aims to recycle and reclaim the nonwoven selvages which are discarded by the textile industry. The recycled polypropylene (PP) selvages, serving as a packing material, and 6 denier PP staple fibers are made into the recycled PP nonwoven fabrics. The resulting nonwoven fabrics are subsequently tested in terms of maximum tensile breaking strength, tearing strength, surface observation, thickness measurement and sound absorption coefficient.
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Racho, Patcharin, Pinitta Phalathip, and Warutai Dejtanon. "Modified Synthetic Fibers a Treatment for Heavy Metal Removal in Aqueous." Materials Science Forum 890 (March 2017): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.890.133.
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In this study was evaluated a performance of chemically modified synthesis fiber for the heavy metal treatment. Four fibers sampled from textile industry were evaluated in this study including of polyester, nylon, rayon and polyester/cotton. The graft copolymerization is the first step of modification process using acrylic acid with and without a surfactant. Then, amino chelating group was prepared via soaked in ethylenediamine solution. The grafting percentage was found in about 30-54% and 12-138% respectively without and with a surfactant conditions, respectively.Since, 3 M of acrylic acid 0.1 g of BPO neither, a polyester/cotton fibers nor 4 M acrylic acid. Overall results showed that the amino chelating fibers had higher lead and hexavalent chromium removal efficiencies than non modified fibers. These indicated the chemically modified fibers that functionalized with acrylic acid and ethylenediamine had capable to improve to an adsorption capacity. The modified nylon fibers had the highest adsorption capacity within 48 mg/g for Pb2+ and Cr6+.
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Zuliahani, A., H. D. Rozman, and Abdul Rahman Rozyanty. "Influence of Montmorillonite Treated with Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide Addition in Epoxy-Kenaf Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.235.
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The use of natural fiber as reinforcement in polymer composites has gained importance recently due to environmental concern and its abundance availability from agricultural crops and wood industry [1]. Many advantages offered by natural fibers over synthetic fibers include low density, greater deformability, low cost per unit volume, recyclability and biodegradability [2-3]. In addition, the mechanical properties of natural fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, sisal and kenaf are comparable with glass fiber in respect of strength and modulus [4]. Hence, many studies have been carried out to replace the synthetic fiber for composite preparation.
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Hanumantharao and Rao. "Multi-Functional Electrospun Nanofibers from Polymer Blends for Scaffold Tissue Engineering." Fibers 7, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7070066.
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Electrospinning and polymer blending have been the focus of research and the industry for their versatility, scalability, and potential applications across many different fields. In tissue engineering, nanofiber scaffolds composed of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or a mixture of both have been reported. This review reports recent advances in polymer blended scaffolds for tissue engineering and the fabrication of functional scaffolds by electrospinning. A brief theory of electrospinning and the general setup as well as modifications used are presented. Polymer blends, including blends with natural polymers, synthetic polymers, mixture of natural and synthetic polymers, and nanofiller systems, are discussed in detail and reviewed.
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Ahmed, Waleed, Fady Alnajjar, Essam Zaneldin, Ali H. Al-Marzouqi, Munkhjargal Gochoo, and Sumayya Khalid. "Implementing FDM 3D Printing Strategies Using Natural Fibers to Produce Biomass Composite." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 4065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184065.
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Current environmental concerns have led to a search of more environmentally friendly manufacturing methods; thus, natural fibers have gained attention in the 3D printing industry to be used as bio-filters along with thermoplastics. The utilization of natural fibers is very convenient as they are easily available, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and biodegradable. Using natural fibers rather than synthetic fibers in the production of the 3D printing filaments will reduce gas emissions associated with the production of the synthetic fibers that would add to the current pollution problem. As a matter of fact, natural fibers have a reinforcing effect on plastics. This review analyzes how the properties of the different polymers vary when natural fibers processed to produce filaments for 3D Printing are added. The results of using natural fibers for 3D Printing are presented in this study and appeared to be satisfactory, while a few studies have reported some issues.
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Moreira, T. M., and Emília Satoshi Miyamaru Seo. "Corn Leaf Fibers Preparation and Characterization for Composite Obtention." Materials Science Forum 881 (November 2016): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.881.271.
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There is a global trend in seeking plant fibers to replace the synthetic fibers to obtain reinforced composites, aiming the use of renewable resources. In this context, this paper objective is to develop the process of corn leaf fibers preparations , characterize and adapt them for applications in the construction industry. Corn leaves were dried in room temperature, treated by mercerising (chemical process of attack on the fiber surface making it rough); then neutralized with acid solution and washed in running water. The characterization of the corn leaf fibers was performed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence Spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetry, specific mass and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. The mercerizing treatment was effective, because the corn fibers have similar characteristics to synthetic fibers, leading to a possibility of new technological uses, besides the application in gas pipe manufacturing
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Glyuzitskiy, K. К., and A. V. Korenevskaya. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRICE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND THE COMPETITIVENESS OF TEXTILE ENTERPRISES IN RUSSIA." Scientific Journal ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 1, no. 181 (2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29030/2309-2076-2021-14-2-117-125.
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The article discusses trends in the textile industry, the pace and direction of use of synthetic fabric, key factors affecting the competitiveness of textile enterprises specializing in synthetic fibers. The necessary components are identified for the effective functioning and rapid entry into the world market of competitive enterprises in the textile industry of Russia. The paper addresses the problems of volatility of crude oil and the related instability in the price policy of synthetic fabric. The author concludes that it is necessary to actively stimulate and develop textile enterprises, considering the change in the oil market in 2020, as well as the current expansion of the use of synthetic fabrics.
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Cao, Zhen Yu, Feng Zhao, and Xi Yan Li. "Applications of Dyes in Material Science Research." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1451.
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Dyes are colored organic compounds that are used to pigment fiber or other materials. Dyes are mainly calssified into natural and synthetic dyes in terms of the origin. Natural dyes include animal dyes, plant dyes and mineral dyes with such defects as incomplete chromatogram, inconvenient use and color fading, and thus have been gradually eliminated. In 1856, the 18-year-old young British scientist Perkin successfully invented the world's first synthetic dyes. He built his own factory and industrialized synthetic dye production. Over 100 years since then, dye industry has undergone rapid development, and by 2001 synthetic dyes already have been up to nearly 10,000 varieties. In 2004, the output of total dyes in the world has reached 900,000 tons. Synthetic dyes are used comprehensively, not only to dye synthetic fibers, but also natural fibesr, fur, leather and man-made fibers.
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Travis, Anthony Stewart. "First Steps: Synthetic Ammonia in the United States." Substantia 5, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1181.
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The synthetic ammonia industry, originally based on Fritz Haber's 1909 invention of a catalytic high-pressure method as scaled up by Carl Bosch at BASF, grew globally in the years following World War I, based on the processes of Brunner, Mond & Co. (Britain), Luigi Casale (Italy), Georges Claude (France), and Giacomo Fauser (Italy). The ammonia was mainly converted into ammonium sulphate fertilizer. There was less impetus in the United States for taking up these developments, because America relied on ammonium sulphate from its by-product coke ovens, sodium nitrate (Chilean nitrate) from South America, ammonia from coal gas works, and calcium cyanamide as manufactured by the American Cyanamid Company. Even when a synthetic ammonia industry started up in the United States, it was on a smaller scale than in Europe. However there emerged just before the Wall Street Crash two major producers of synthetic ammonia, Allied Chemical and Du Pont. This article presents a historical reconstruction of the early synthetic ammonia industry in the United States focusing on the 1920s, paying particular attention to Du Pont's success, which relied on the ammonia process of Casale. Standard accounts suggest that Du Pont acquired Casale technology as the result of a straightforward business acquisition. However, the situation, as shown here, was far more complex. Du Pont had to engage in aggresive litigation in order to acquire rights to the Casale process in 1927.
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Donatelli, Antonio, Patrizia Aversa, Roberto Terzi, Tommaso Marcianò, Luca Laghi, Giulia De Aloysio, Wanda Arena, and Vincenza A. M. Luprano. "Influence of Carding and Pressing on Hygrothermal Properties and Fire Reaction of Hemp Fiber Nonwoven Mats." Advances in Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/ase.2019.11.2.78.
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This article depicts the effect of carding and pressing on hygrothermal properties of hemp fibers nonwoven mats, trying to understand if their implementation can improve their behavior when employed as insulation materials in buildings. Hemp fibers belonging to Cannabis Sativa species and coming from local area (Apulia - Italy) were examined, then samples of carded and pressed hemp fibers nonwoven mats were prepared. According to European standards, the thermal conductivity, the vapor permeability and the fire reaction of hemp fibers samples were measured. Results were compared to each other and with those of a commercial nonwoven mat made with hemp (90 wt. %) and synthetic fibers (10 wt. %), used as reference. We observed that carded and pressed hemp fibers were characterized by a lower thermal conductivity when compared to unprocessed hemp fibers, likely because the removing of wood elements. On the other hand, not processed hemp fibers show higher breathability when compared to carded and pressed ones, as well as with respect to the commercial nonwoven mat. Moreover, it was proved that the absence of synthetic commingled fibers in hemp fibers allows a better behavior in fire reaction. At last, the improvement in terms of insulation properties of a hollow brick when filled with hemp fibers was verified, by comparing the thermal conductivities of an empty and a filled hollow brick; as expected, the filled hollow brick shows a lower thermal conductivity, underlining the effectiveness of hemp fibers as insulation material.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Synthetic fibers industry – Italy"
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Tshifularo, Cyrus Alushavhiwi. "Comparative performance of natural and synthetic fibre nonwoven geotextiles." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21362.
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The aim of this work was to establish a range of suitable process parameters which can be utilized to produce needlepunched nonwoven fabrics for geotextile applications. Nonwoven fabrics were produced from 100% PP, a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf and 100% kenaf fibres. The depths of needle penetration of 4, 7 and 10 mm, stroke frequencies of 250, 350 and 450 strokes/min and mass per unit area of 300, 600 and 900 g/m2 were utilized for producing the fabrics, on a Dilo loom. The effect of depth of needle penetration, stroke frequency and mass per unit area on the fabric properties, namely, tensile strength, puncture resistance, pore size, water permeability and transmissivity were analysed. In addition, the effect of chemicals, namely, 10% ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), 10% sodium chloride (NaCl) and 3% sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solutions on degradation of the fabric was also studied. The results have shown that density, thickness and nominal weight of the needlepunched nonwoven fabrics were related to each other and they were influenced by stroke frequency, depth of needle penetration and feed rate of the needlepunching process. The increase in nominal weight of the fabrics also increases thickness and density of the fabrics. The tensile strength and puncture resistance of the fabrics increased with the increases in stroke frequency, depth of needle penetration and fabric mass per unit area. However, lower tensile strength and puncture resistance were achieved in the fabrics produced at lower stroke frequency, lower depth of needle penetration and lower mass per unit area. Bigger pores were resulted in the fabrics produced at lower stroke frequency, lower depth of needle penetration and lower mass per unit area, however, pore size decreased with increases in stroke frequency, depth of needle penetration and mass per unit area. Water permeability depends on the pore size, properties of the fibres, stroke frequency, depth of needle penetration and mass per unit area. Higher tensile strength and higher puncture resistance were achieved in the needlepunched nonwoven fabrics produced from 100% PP fibres, therefore, they are suitable for some load-bearing geotextile applications, such as reinforcement and separation. However, higher water permeability was achieved in the fabrics produced from 100% kenaf fibres, therefore, they are ideal for geotextile applications where good water permeability is required. Higher values for transmissivity were obtained in the fabrics produced from a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf fibres, therefore they are suitable for drainage applications. The fabrics produced from a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf fibres achieved better values of tensile strength, puncture resistance, pore size and water permeability in comparison to that produced from 100% PP and 100% kenaf fibres. However, better tensile strength and puncture resistance were achieved in the fabrics produced from 100% PP fibres and bigger pore size and higher water permeability were achieved in the fabrics produced from 100% kenaf fibres. Therefore, it can be suggested that the nonwoven fabrics produced from a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf fibres can fulfil almost all requirements of geotextile applications, such as, filtration, separation, reinforcement and drainage. The fabrics produced from 100% PP fibres were not damaged or deteriorated when treated with all the three chemicals due to chemical inertness of polypropylene. However, the fabrics produced from a blend of 50/50% PP/kenaf and 100% kenaf fibres were damaged and deteriorated when treated with H2SO4.
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Giordano, João Batista. "Tratamento corona sobre superficies texteis." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266145.
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Orientador: João Sinezio de Carvalho CamposTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T13:40:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giordano_JoaoBatista_D.pdf: 4390680 bytes, checksum: 205aa7153da8e4745f9366e58adcb8cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Dentre as técnicas de modificação de superfícies aplicadas na indústria para melhorar adesão, o tratamento por descarga corona é amplamente utilizado. Durante o tratamento por descarga coro na, espécies ativas são geradas, as quais podem reagir com a superfície do polímero ocasionando quebra de cadeias e formação de radicais, criando assim grupos polares na superfície e conseqüentemente, aumentando a sua energia superficial e propriedade de adesão. Neste trabalho utilizaram-se tecidos de poliéster e de algodão. Nos processos convencionais de preparação de tecidos são usados agentes químicos que agridem os efluentes têxteis, assim a descarga corona propõe-se como tratamento prévio do material sem ação de tais agentes, sendo tratamento único e apenas físico. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: 1. Tratar com descarga corona tecidos de poliéster e tecidos de algodão (engomado, lavado e desengomado); 2. Verificar hidrofilidade e absorção de corantes em tecidos de algodão tratados com descarga corona; 3. Verificar propriedades mecânicas em tecidos tratados com descarga corona. 4. Verificar a adesão de pigmentos em de tecidos de poliéster tratados com corona. Tecidos foram submetidos à descarga: corona variando-se o tempo exposição e altura entre os eletrodos, em seguida foi realizada testes de hídrofilidade, absorção de corante tipo reativo, adesão de pigmentos, solidez a lavagem e ensaios de resistência à tração e alongamento. Foi utilizada a técnica de microscopia óptica, ensaio de hidrofilidade para caracterizar os efeitos causados. Os resultados mostram que: houve aumento da hidrofilidade do tecido de algodão que de 50% em amostra sem tratamento passou até a 280% com o tratamento, observou-se também que com te~pos de 1 mino já ocorrem modificações nos tecidos quanto a hidrofilidade e absorção de corantes; houve aumento da absorção de corante nas regiões tratadas principalmente em processos contínuos de tingimento; ocorreu boa aderência de pigmentos em tecidos de poliéster tratados; não ocorrem alteração das propriedades mecânicas (resistência a tração e alongamento) nas amostras tratadas.
Abstract: Amongst the techniques of modification of surfaces applied in the industry to improve adhesion, the treatment for discharge corona widely is used. During the treatment for discharge corona, active species are generated, which can consequently react with the surface of polymer causing chain in addition and formation of radicals, thus creating polar groups in the surface and, increasing its superficial energy and property of adhesion. In this work they had been used weaveed of polyester and cotton. In the conventional processes of fabric preparation they are used chemical agents whom the effluent textile attack, thus the discharge corona is considered as previous treatment of the material without action of such agents, being treatment only e only physicist. The objectives of this work are: 1.To deal with discharge corona weaveed to polyester and fabrics cotton (starchy, washed and dissolved the gum); 2. To verify water absorption and absorption of corantes in fabrics of cotton treated with discharge corona; to 3.Verificar mechanical properties in fabrics dealt with discharge corona. 4. To verify the pigment adhesion in of treated polyester fabrics with corona. Fabrics had been submitted to the discharge corona varying the time exposition and height between the electrodes and, after that water absorption tests had been carried through, absorption of corante reactive type, pigment adhesion, solidity the laudering and assays of tensile strenght and allonge. The technique of optic microscopy was used, assay of water absorption to characterize the caused effect. The results show that: it had increase of the hidrofilidade of the cotton fabric that of 50% in sample without treatment passed until 280% with the treatment, was 9.lso observed that with times of 1 min. already the water absorption and absorption of corantes occur modifications in fabrics how much; it had increase of the absorption of corante in the regions treated mainly in continuous processes of dyeing good pigment tack occurred in treat polyester fabrics; they do not occur alteration of the mechanical properties (resistance the traction and allonge) in the treated samples.
Doutorado
Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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KENIS, Patrick. "The social construction of industries: collective action among chemical textile fibre firms in West Germany, Italy and Britain, 1968-1985." Doctoral thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5264.
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Defence date: 3 May 1989Examining board: Philippe C. Schmitter, Stanford University (supervisor) ; Bernd Marin, European Centre Vienna (co-supervisor) ; Mark Elchardus, Free University Brussels ; Cornelis Lammers, University of Leiden ; Susan Strange, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Kao, Feng-Hsi, and 高豐熙. "The Impact of South Korea Signed FTA on the Domestic Polyester Staple Fiber Industry and the Future Business Strategy Research-Case Study of Shin Kong Synthetic Fibers in Polyester Staple Fiber." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50635814923865004155.
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碩士中原大學
企業管理研究所
101
Abstract The Asian financial crisis in 1997, Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand, the three countries most affected by this financial turmoil, such as Hong Kong, Laos, Malaysia and the Philippines have been affected. South Korea, after the financial turmoil began to adjust the economic and trade policies. In order to explore the international trade market, the South Korean government is actively seeking the signing of free trade agreements with other countries. During this period has been completed with the ASEAN (2004), Chile (2002), Singapore (2005), Thailand (2009), Vietnam (2012), India (2009), Peru ((2010), the European Union (2011) and the United States The signing of the Free Trade Agreement (2012) and so on, especially the signing of free trade with the United States in 2012. In South Korea full of triumph, the economic outlook is excellent, the Korean economy will fly in the future, but Taiwan is still unable to do anything. In this study, the most important oriented following: 1. To discuss with the background of the world's largest free trade zone and contents. 2. ECFA on Taiwan economic and trade predicament if that helps. 3. Situation analysis of the global polyester industry. 4. Taiwan's polyester industry, by marketing literature to explore for South Korea after the signing of free trade agreements, target market selection and formulation of business strategy. Due to Taiwan's special status, the international only 23 countries and Taiwan have diplomatic relations in right now, and almost are small countries, even if signed the FTA with diplomatic countries for Taiwan's international trade do not help so much. But if it is with the economic powerful countries signed, limited in international relationship can be said obstacles. How to overcome difficulties, from this research study, can be roughly sketched out an outline. The differential products are a must go the way, but the cost of control is also of paramount importance. How to differentiation and cost control link, this study also lists some of the practices. Furthermore, from this study that the polyester industry not only suffered the FTA impacted, and it gets to have also been the ECFA effect. Polyester industry faces to such a hostile environment, business transformation is necessary. In the past, mass production patterns need to make changes. Combination upstream and downstream, it is also the direction of future efforts. In addition, the choice of target market, it need to understand the region's consumer behavior too, the right products to the right place to be able to generate greater synergy. Face to environment unfavorable circumstances, the uncompetitive products and disadvantaged businesses, will gradually retreat from the market. In order to avoid becoming the next to be eliminated objects, future industry resilience needs to be more sensitive and rapid to be able to keep in trend. Keywords: Free Trade Agreement, Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, Polyester Industry
Books on the topic "Synthetic fibers industry – Italy"
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Shelton, Linda C. Manmade fibers. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1995.
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Shelton, Linda C. Manmade fibers. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1995.
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Shelton, Linda C. Manmade fibers. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1995.
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Commission, United States International Trade. Aramid fiber formed of poly para-phenylene terephthalamide from the Netherlands. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1993.
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United States International Trade Commission. Aramid fiber formed of poly para-phenylene terephthalamide from the Netherlands. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1994.
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The U.S. man-made fiber industry: Its structure and organization since 1948. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1992.
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Mexicana, Comisión Petroquímica, ed. La industria de las fibras químicas en México. [México]: Secretaría de Energía, Minas e Industria Paraestatal, Comisión Petroquímica Mexicana, 1990.
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India. Bureau of Industrial Costs & Prices., ed. Report on techno-economic study of viscose filament yarn, February 1993. New Delhi: Bureau of Industrial Costs & Prices, Ministry of Industry, 1996.
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Kenis, Patrick. The social construction of an industry: A world of chemical fibres. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 1992.
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Davies, Stanley. The man-made fibre industry in Japan. London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Synthetic fibers industry – Italy"
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Singh, Sudarshan, and Warangkana Chunglok. "Potential Application of Biopolymers in the Textile Industry." In Biopolymers Towards Green and Sustainable Development, 153–67. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815079302122010010.
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Textile configurations are derived from two major sources such as ancient handicraft and modern scientific inventions. Textile fabrication using polymeric fiber is one of the fastest-growing sectors since the 19th century and is currently the secondlargest manufacturing industry after information technology. Although polymers are predominantly used in the development of dosage forms, however recent devolvement in natural polymer chemistry reflects its association with the production of plastics, fibers, elastomers, etc. Innovation using natural polymer fibers-based textile could serve as an alternative capable of replacing synthetic polymer-based fibers. Polymers, especially fibers contribute significantly to the manufacturing of textiles. Moreover, copolymerization of fabrics fibers with excipients demonstrated potential for the development of materials useful in various biomedical applications. Furthermore, to understand the fundamental characteristics of polymeric fibers including structural composition, morphological features such as crystallinity, and orientation, a comprehensive skill is necessary. This chapter discusses the basic materials used in the fabrication of textile products, with emphasizes on bio-based polymers as an alternative to synthetic polymers in the production of fabrics.
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Han, Chang Dae. "Fiber Spinning." In Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 2: Polymer Processing. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187830.003.0011.
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Fiber spinning is one of the oldest polymer processing operations that have contributed significantly to our society, especially after the commercialization of polyamide (nylon) synthetic fibers in the 1940s by DuPont Company. Subsequent commercialization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyacrylonitrile fibers in the 1950s made the synthetic fiber industry very prosperous. For a given fiber-forming polymer, different spinning techniques can produce fibers possessing markedly different physical and/or mechanical properties. Thus, the fiber industry made continuous efforts through the 1960s and 1970s to modify existing processes and develop new ones. One very important breakthrough from such efforts emerged in the late 1970s, enabling one to melt spin at exceedingly high take-up speeds, widely known today as “high-speed melt spinning.” While the fiber manufacturers carefully guarded their spinning techniques, the commercial developments were documented in numerous patents. Beginning in the early 1960s, some fundamental studies on fiber spinning were reported in the open literature, and they are summarized in the three-volume monograph edited by Mark et al. (1967). An understanding of fiber spinning requires knowledge of momentum, energy, and/or mass transport. In addition, knowledge of macromolecular behavior under deformation (i.e., stretching) is also necessary for understanding such complicated problems as molecular orientation under stretching, crystallization kinetics under cooling, and fiber morphology as affected by spinning conditions. In the late 1950s, and the early 1960s, Ziabicki and coworkers (Ziabicki 1959, 1961; Ziabicki and Kedzierska 1959, 1960a, 1960b, 1962a, 1962b) made seminal contributions to a fundamental understanding of fiber-spinning processes, and their efforts were summarized in Ziabicki’s monograph (1976a). In the 1970s, a new class of synthetic fibers, known as “high-modulus wholly aromatic fibers,” was developed (Bair and Morgan 1972; Daniels et al. 1971; Frazer 1972; Kwolek 1971; Logullo 1971; Morgan et al. 1974) and subsequently commercialized with the trade name of Kevlar by DuPont (Kwolek 1971). The chemical structure of such synthetic fibers consists of rigid rodlike molecules that orient easily along the stretching direction during spinning, giving rise to high modulus in the spun fibers. The chemical structure and mechanical properties of the wholly aromatic fibers are well documented in the monograph edited by Black and Preston (1973).
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Baby, Ruksana, Kavita Mathur, and Emiel DenHartog. "Non-destructive Characterizations of Natural Yarns and Fabrics." In Natural Fiber [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102587.
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Textiles, next to skin, are an integral part of our lives, govern the skin microclimate, and contribute to our comfort and health. Over the years, natural and synthetic textiles have dominated the industry in diverse application areas. However, when it comes to the sustainability of the raw materials or products, processes, and the environment, the natural polymers or fibers will always dominate the preference. One of the many natural fibers, cotton fiber is the most popular and widely used one, leading to many fundamental researches in the fields of polymers, fibers, fabrics, their manufacturing processes and finishing, as well as in product characterizations and performance evaluations. To-date, most textile-characterization techniques involve processes which compromise the morphology of the textiles being tested, and are mostly destructive. In this chapter, a few novel non-destructive characterizations of textiles, made from natural fibers (specifically cotton), will be discussed which involve X-ray micro-computed tomographic (XRM-CT) three-dimensional (3D) image analysis. Tomographic characterizations allow the investigation of both the surface profiles and the inner construction of the textiles without compromising the morphology. The findings discussed in this chapter will assist in non-destructive characterizations and performance evaluations of other diverse material classes as well.
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Kovac, Jeffrey. "Introduction." In The Ethical Chemist. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190668648.003.0005.
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The chemist is “both a craftsman and a philosopher” (Knight 1992, 13). Chemistry traces its origins to such ancient crafts as metalworking, dyeing, tanning, and ceramics, and also to the ancient philosophers’ speculations about the nature of matter. As a unique combination of the theoretical and the practical, the practice of chemistry raises interesting ethical questions. Chemistry has transformed the modern world with amazing new materials, powerful drugs, agricultural products that have increased farm productivity, new and better explosives that can be used for both construction and destruction, synthetic textile fibers, brilliantly colored dyes, and countless others. With these advances have come unfortunate effects like environmental pollution. As a result, moral questions concerning the relationship between chemistry and society have become increasingly urgent (Hoffmann 1997). The remarkable scientific successes during World War II, such as the Manhattan Project and the development of radar, changed the practice of science. Science, including chemistry, was no longer a leisurely activity conducted primarily by university faculty with the assistance of a few graduate students and minimal financial support. Government funding, epitomized by the founding of the National Science Foundation, along with increased private foundation and industry support stimulated the growth of research programs in universities, national laboratories, and private research institutions. Scientific research has become high profile and high pressure; the rewards for success can be significant in both prestige and money. Although scientists have always been competitive, the culture of the community has changed in recent years, straining the bonds of collegiality and bringing questions of professional ethics to the forefront. Over the past few decades, the number of working scientists has increased significantly. Research groups have become larger and research has become more collaborative, more interdisciplinary, and more international. The Internet makes communication and collaborations between research groups at different universities or in different countries easy. As a result, researchers are able to address increasingly complex problems in large interdisciplinary teams. The single-author article is disappearing; instead, author lists of five to ten are quite common. Although these changes have led to important scientific advances, they have also made it harder to ensure research integrity.
Conference papers on the topic "Synthetic fibers industry – Italy"
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Cioffi, Elena, and Barbara Pizzicato. "Design and tools for the transformation and valorisation of agro-industrial waste for Made in Italy industries." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002019.
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Responding to a sustainable production is an imperative that is gaining more and more relevance in the definition of specific programs and strategies at national and international level. This urgency leads towards zero waste and circular models and processes that minimize the extraction of resources from the biosphere and do not create waste; instead, when the waste of natural or anthropogenic transformations cannot be avoided, their valorization as resources must be carried out. The development of integrated supply chains, knowledge transfer between different disciplines and the dialogue between research and industry becomes fundamental for the achievement of these objectives. Existing studies in the literature regarding the agri-food production chain in Italy show that the sector, whose environmental impacts are by no means marginal, is fragmented in many small production companies; an interesting and critical aspect at the same time since the generation of waste is not accompanied by an appropriate dissemination of data at a quantitative-qualitative level and there is no clear regulatory framework available on alternative management and valorisation methods. Design, given its natural inclination to transversality, allows to trace scenarios in which to configure, through interdisciplinary approaches, the sustainability models that are intended to be covered in this contribution. Moreover, its methods and tools allow to develop a critical thinking starting from the very early designing phase. The paper addresses the valorisation of agro-industrial waste in a circular and systemic perspective through the presentation of a review of case studies from the textile supply chain, which is one of the most relevant for Italian industry.Due to its disastrous environmental impact, the global textile industry is today the subject of extensive research aimed at the development of innovative materials and processes in order to overcome the traditional linearity of the textile supply chain. The negative impacts of the textile industry are distributed along the entire value chain and are mainly attributable to greenhouse gas emissions -for which the textile industry represents the fifth manufacturing sector- consumption and pollution of water resources and the production of textile waste. In particular, the production of synthetic fibers, which is estimated to be almost two thirds of the global fiber production, is associated with a high use of non-renewable resources and emissions, which derives from the extraction of fossil fuels. In this sense, the valorisation of agro-industrial waste as secondary raw materials and new sustainable inputs for the textile supply chain, represents an opportunity not yet fully explored, in particular as regards the development of a new generation of fibers, yarns and eco-compatible fabrics alternative to the materials currently in use. Bio-based wastes and by-products from agri-food industry could as well present enormous potential for valorisation in the textile finish due to their intrinsic properties (antimicrobial, prebiotic, antioxidant activity, among others). At present, nevertheless, textiles from agro-residues do not completely meet the requirements to make them an attractive replacement for conventional fibre sources. Future research should therefore focus on identifying new agro-residue based blends that offer both performance and sustainability, adopting a systemic design approach based on interdisciplinary and interconnections as a strategy for innovation.
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THANKI, NIDHI M., ABIGAIL HENDERSON, JOE FEHRENBACH, CHAD ULVEN, and ALI AMIRI. "ANALYZING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMOPLASTIC REINFORCED WITH NATURAL FIBERS." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35904.
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Synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon, etc., are used as reinforcement in polymer composites due to their high strength and modulus. However, synthetic fibers contribute to high costs and have a significant environmental impact. To overcome this challenge, various natural fibers, including banana, kenaf, coir, bamboo, hemp, and sisal fiber, as reinforced in a polymer matrix are investigated for mechanical properties. In this study, biocomposites with natural fibers as reinforced are developed and characterized. Treated and untreated natural fibers such as flax, maple, and pine as reinforced in thermoplastic, in this study, polypropylene (PP), are investigated for the mechanical properties, including tensile, flexural, and impact test. Mechanical test results exhibited that adding the natural fibers enhanced the tensile, flexural, and impact properties. It can be inferred that these biocomposites can be used as potential materials for the automobile industry.
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Sancaktar, Erol, and Satilmis Basan. "Excimer Laser Treatment of Nylon Fibers for Improved Adhesion to Vulcanized Natural Rubber." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22435.
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Abstract Cords made of steel, nylon or polyester are important reinforcement components used in tire industry. The bond strength between the cords and the rubber matrix is closely related to the surface properties of the cord fibers. Previous research revealed Ultraviolet (UV) laser-induced characteristic topography on synthetic fibers after irradiation, which is considered by us as an advantageous factor in developing bonding strength between fiber-rubber composites. We applied various UV laser treatments on the surfaces of nylon fibers in order to obtain similar topographic features. Adhesion is affected by the valleys and peaks that form on the surface of the fibers by laser radiation. In this study, nylon cords were irradiated with different number of UV pulses using an excimer laser to understand the effect of the laser beam on nylon fiber-rubber adhesion. A fiber pull-out test method developed by our research group for bonding strength of nylon cord fibers to carbon black filled and vulcanized natural rubber was utilized in pull-out configuration. The results showed that the maximum pull-out load was reached at 300 laser pulses and then decreased.
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LANGHORST,, AMY, ELISA HARRISON, ANSHUL SINGHAL, MIHAELA BANU, and ALAN TAUB. "REINFORCEMENT OF NATURAL FIBERS VIA SUPERCRITICAL FLUID INFILTRATION OF NANOPARTICLES." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36411.
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In recent years, consumer products have been increasingly utilizing sustainable materials to attempt to reduce the product’s carbon footprint. For example, the automotive industry has incorporated a variety of natural fiber polymer composites on vehicles in the last 20 years, including wheat straw in the Ford Flex and flax fibers on the Polestar Precept and the Porsche Cayman GT4 Clubsport. However, natural fibers exhibit lower strength and stiffness in comparison to synthetic reinforcing agents, such as glass fiber. In this work, the authors are developing a technique to improve the mechanical performance of flax fibers for use in structural composites. Supercritical fluids, including supercritical-carbon dioxide (scCO2), have been shown to swell and plasticize amorphous polymers, resulting in increased mass transport and absorption of additives. The weak intercellular region within flax fibers, commonly called the middle lamella, consists mainly of amorphous pectin. In this work, the authors hypothesize that scCO2 could be used to swell amorphous polymers in a fiber’s structure (e.g. pectin) and enable reinforcement with nanoparticles, resulting in fiber performance enhancement. Pectin films were created for proof-of-concept experiments and treated with scCO2 at pressures ranging from 1200-4000psi in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2). TiO2 nanoparticles were shown to be able to enter pectin films upon treatment with scCO2 for 24 hours. The same treatment process was used on dew retted, mechanically extracted flax fibers and after treatment for 24 hours, the average tensile strength of the fibers was improved by over 40%. Overall, this method of incorporation of nanoparticles within natural fibers could enable development of low-density, low-carbon footprint polymeric composites for use in structural industrial applications.
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Menezes, Pradeep L., Pradeep K. Rohatgi, and Michael R. Lovell. "Tribology of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites." In ASME/STLE 2011 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2011-61221.
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In recent years, significant academic and industrial research and development has explored novel methods of creating green and environmentally friendly materials for commercial applications. Natural fibers offer the potential to develop lower cost products with better performance, sustainability, and renewability characteristics than traditional materials, particularly in the automotive industry. In this respect, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have emerged as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective option to synthetic fiber reinforced composites. Hence, in this study, a review of the tribological behavior of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites has been undertaken to better understand their usability for various automotive applications.
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Barman, Manik, Corey Crick, and Thomas Burnham. "Behavior of Ultra-thin and Thin Fiber-Reinforced Pavements on Granular Base." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/2ph40dv3.
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With the increasing application of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) in rigid pavements, the paving industry is now keen to construct thin FRC concrete pavements directly on the granular base layer for low volume roads. In order to understand the feasibility of such thin FRC pavements and to understand the structural responses and distress patterns, experimental test sections were built at the Minnesota Road Research facility (MnROAD) during the summer and fall of 2017. Six different cells were constructed varying in slab thickness, fiber dosage, and base layer thickness. All six of the cells were equipped with various sensors for measuring temperature gradient, dynamic and environmental load responses, as well as joint movement. Periodical distress surveys were conducted to quantify distresses. The joint performance was tested and analyzed for different seasons. The structural responses and distress patterns observed during the first year of the evaluation are presented in this paper. The early age contribution of synthetic structural fibers in reducing joint faulting, fatigue cracking and spalling are assessed based on the comparative performance of the test cells.