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1
Murmann, Johann Peter. "Knowledge and Competitive Advantage in the Synthetic Dye Industry, 1850–1914: The Coevolution of Firms, Technology, and National Institutions in Great Britain, Germany, and the United States." Enterprise & Society 1, no. 4 (December 2000): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.4.699.
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It is London 1856. William Henry Perkin serendipitously invents the first synthetic dye while he is trying to synthesize quinine, a medicine for malaria. The nineteen-year-old Perkin leaves the Royal College of Chemistry and quickly commercializes his aniline purple dye, launching the synthetic dye industry. From that time on, the industry continues to dazzle the eye with ever new and appealing dye colors. Perkin, along with entrepreneurs from Britain and France, dominates the synthetic dye industry for the next eight years. During this period, British and French firms introduce most other innovative synthetic dyes onto the market, and they hold the largest global market share.
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Souza, Eduardo Garcia, and Elvis Silveira-Martins. "Weaving the gold thread: strategic resources in a fashion industry." REBRAE 10, no. 3 (August 23, 2017): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/rebrae.10.003.ao05.
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In the field of business strategy, the resource-based view demonstrates through the firm’s resources its ability to gain competitive advantage. This research had as objective identifying the resources that can be considered strategic in an industry of artisan fashion and thus to generate competitive advantage in this sector. The research method consists in a case study through a qualitative approach, where interviews were made with members of the organization and an external consultant. The data were analyzed through content analysis. The analyzed industry manufactures artisan fashion pieces with natural wool and demonstrates internal attributes that appear as differentials. Natural wool was once one of the great products of Rio Grande do Sul and had its decay with the emergence of synthetic fibers in the post-war period. Now another perspective emerges for the so-called 'White Gold' and its use as a competitive differential allied to the quality and sustainability of organic fibers and regional identity valued in this market.
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Oliari Garcez, Estela, Muhammad Ikramul Kabir, Alastair MacLeod, Mahbube Subhani, and Kazem Ghabraie. "Self-Compacting Concrete Reinforced with Twisted-Bundle Macro-Synthetic Fiber." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122543.
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The use of self-compacting concrete (SCC) reinforced with fibers has great potential in the precast concrete industry as the concrete can be delivered straight into the moulds, without any vibration or compacting effort. Similarly, it has the potential to replace traditional steel reinforcement depending on the design requirements. Novel synthetic fibers have recently become available in the market, but still, limited information is available on the performance of SCC reinforced with such fibers. This paper investigates the use of twisted-bundle macro-synthetic fiber in self-compacting concrete. Three different concrete mixtures with fiber dosage of 4, 6, and 8 kg/m3 were produced in large scale batches, and their performance was compared in terms of slump-flow, compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and flexural strength. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation of the post-cracking residual strength is presented. It was found that the mixture with 4 kg/m3 fiber content has the most satisfactory flowability, whereas 8 kg/m3 mixture achieved the highest residual flexural strength. Based on the observed post-cracking behavior, a simplified stress-crack opening constitutive law is proposed. Since the fiber dosage affects the residual flexural strength, a factor related to fiber content is recommended while determining the ultimate residual flexural strength.
4
Bahrami, Mohsen, Juana Abenojar, and Miguel Ángel Martínez. "Recent Progress in Hybrid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Flame Retardancy." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 5145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225145.
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Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials in which one of the matrix and reinforcement components or both are from bio-based origins. The biocomposite industry has recently drawn great attention for diverse applications, from household articles to automobiles. This is owing to their low cost, biodegradability, being lightweight, availability, and environmental concerns over synthetic and nonrenewable materials derived from limited resources like fossil fuel. The focus has slowly shifted from traditional biocomposite systems, including thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibers, to more advanced systems called hybrid biocomposites. Hybridization of bio-based fibers/matrices and synthetic ones offers a new strategy to overcome the shortcomings of purely natural fibers or matrices. By incorporating two or more reinforcement types into a single composite, it is possible to not only maintain the advantages of both types but also alleviate some disadvantages of one type of reinforcement by another one. This approach leads to improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of biocomposites for extensive applications. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of selecting the materials to manufacture hybrid biocomposite systems with improved strength properties, water, and burning resistance in recent years.
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Irwan Suriaman, Mardiyati, Jooned Hendrarsakti, and Ari Darmawan Pasek. "Potensi Pemanfaatan Serat Selulosa sebagai Material Bahan Baku dalam Sintesis Filter Udara Non-Woven sesuai Standar TAPPI T 205." Jurnal Teknologika 10, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51132/teknologika.v10i2.80.
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Industry 4.0 era materials used by entrepreneurs should be recycled, environmentally friendly, renewable with less chemical content. Indonesia as a tropical country has a large land area with the potential to produce the largest natural fiber in the world. One opportunity that can be applied to the utilization of natural fibers in air filters that currently use dominant materials is synthetic fibers. natural fiber has the advantage because it does not contain toxic chemicals, local raw materials, and is easily produced. This research will analyze the mechanical and morphological characteristics of biological fibers that have great potential as pre-filter raw material. Analysis of mechanical properties through tensile strength testing for single fibers and morphological analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile testing was the results are; palm oil has a tensile strength of 620 MPa; 998 MPa and 213 MPa flax coconut fiber. For the morphological test results from SEM analysis for ramie fiber, it looks solid without fiber holes; The fibers appear to be many small fibers bound to one another while coir fibers have many pore holes in one observed fiber.
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Serra, Albert, Ferran Serra-Parareda, Fabiola Vilaseca, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, Francesc X. Espinach, and Quim Tarrés. "Exploring the Potential of Cotton Industry Byproducts in the Plastic Composite Sector: Macro and Micromechanics Study of the Flexural Modulus." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 4787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174787.
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The textile sector produces yearly great quantities of cotton byproducts, and the major part is either incinerated or landfilled, resulting in serious environmental risks. The use of such byproducts in the composite sector presents an attractive opportunity to valorize the residue, reduce its environmental impact, and decrease the pressure on natural and synthetic resources. In this work, composite materials based on polypropylene and dyed cotton byproducts from the textile industry were manufactured. The competitiveness of the resulting composites was evaluated from the analyses, at macro and micro scales, of the flexural modulus. It was observed that the presence of dyes in cotton fibers, also a byproduct from the production of denim items, notably favored the dispersion of the phases in comparison with other cellulose-rich fibers. Further, the presence of a coupling agent, in this case, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, enhanced the interfacial adhesion of the composite. As a result, the flexural modulus of the composite at 50 wt.% of cotton fibers enhanced by 272% the modulus of the matrix. From the micromechanics analysis, using the Hirsch model, the intrinsic flexural modulus of cotton fibers was set at 20.9 GPa. Other relevant micromechanics factors were studied to evaluate the contribution and efficiency of the fibers to the flexural modulus of the composite. Overall, the work sheds light on the potential of cotton industry byproducts to contribute to a circular economy.
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Milosevic, Marko, Petr Valášek, and Alessandro Ruggiero. "Tribology of Natural Fibers Composite Materials: An Overview." Lubricants 8, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8040042.
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In the framework of green materials, in recent years, natural fiber composites attracted great attention of academia and industry. Their mechanical and tribological characteristics, such as high strength, elasticity, friction, and wear resistance, make them suitable for a wide range of industrial applications in which issues regarding a large amount of disposal are to be considered since their environmental friendliness gives them an advantage over conventional synthetic materials. Based on the recent and relevant investigations found in the scientific literature, an overview focused on the tribological characteristics of composite materials reinforced with different types of natural fibers is presented. The aim is to introduce the reader to the issues, exploring the actual knowledge of the friction and wear characteristics of the composites under the influence of different operating parameters, as well as the chemical treatment of fibers. The main experimental tribological techniques and the main used apparatus are also discussed, with the aim of highlighting the most appropriate future research directions to achieve a complete framework on the tribological behavior of many possible natural fiber composite materials.
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Peran, Jelena, and Sanja Ercegović Ražić. "Application of atmospheric pressure plasma technology for textile surface modification." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 9-10 (October 25, 2019): 1174–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519883954.
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This paper gives an overview of atmospheric pressure plasma types used in the textile industry and recent developments in plasma treatments of textiles. It investigates the topic of the influence of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on the surface properties of materials made from natural and synthetic fibers. Through plasma induced physical and chemical reactions occurring in the textile surface layer, significant modifications in micromorphology and reactivity can be achieved. In addition to cleaning, etching, and activation, great efforts have been made in the development of plasma polymerization processes under atmospheric pressure. Utilization of atmospheric pressure plasma technology in the textile industry offers a new perspective on surface modification and functionalization. This paper gives a summary of textile properties achieved using plasma and the underlying processes based on relevant findings obtained from prominent research.
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Moudood, Abdul, Anisur Rahman, Andreas Öchsner, Mainul Islam, and Gaston Francucci. "Flax fiber and its composites: An overview of water and moisture absorption impact on their performance." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 38, no. 7 (December 11, 2018): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418818893.
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Contemporary researchers have specified that natural flax fiber is comparable with synthetic fibers due to its unique physical and mechanical characteristics which have been recognized for decades. Flax fiber-reinforced composites have the potential for wide usage in sport and maritime industries, and as automotive accessories. In addition, this composite is in the development stages for future applications in the aeronautical industry. However, designing the flax composite parts is a challenging task due to the great variability in fiber properties. This is caused by many factors, including the plant origin and growth conditions, plant age, location in the stem, fibers extraction method, and the fact that there is often a non-uniform cross section of the fibers. Furthermore, the water and moisture absorption tendency of the flax fibers and their composites and the consequent detrimental effects on their mechanical performance are also major drawbacks. Fibers may soften and swell with absorbed water molecules, which could affect the performance of this bio-composite. Flax fibers’ moisture absorption propensity may lead to a deterioration of the fiber–matrix interface, weakening the interfacial strength and ultimately degrading the quality of the composite. This review represents a brief summary of the main findings of research into flax fiber reinforced composites, focusing on the challenges of its water and moisture absorption behavior on their performance.
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Dweik, Hassan. "The Plastic Industry worldwide and in Palestine." Al-Quds Journal for Academic Research 01, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47874/2021p9.
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A world without plastics or synthetic polymers can't be imagined today. The first synthetic plastics was produced in the beginning of the twentieth century, however industrial plastics production started in 1950. Production of plastic materials to day surpasses any other synthetic material with the exception of steel and cement. The share of plastics in municipal solid waste increased from 1% in the 1960 to more than 10% in 2005. Most monomers used today to make plastics such polyethylene (PE) or Polypropylene (PP), or polystyrene (PS) are produced from the petroleum industry and none is biodegradable, they accumulate in the environment and pose great threat and serious concern to humanity and to marine life. In 2010 approximately 8 Million Metric Ton (MT) of plastic waste entered the marine environment. Global production of polymers and fiber increased from 2 (MT) in 1960 to 380(MT) in 2015 a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.4% while the total production of polymers and fibers from 1960 – 2015 was estimated to be around 7800 (MT). China alone produces 28%, and 68% of world production of PP. Biodegradable plastics amount to only 4 (MT). Non fiber plastics production is (PE 36%, PP 21%), Polyvinylchloride PVC (12%) followed by polyethylene terphthalate PET, polyurethane, and polystyrene less than 10% each ,42% of plastics are used in packaging. Palestine show a fast-growing plastic industry though we import plastics worth 255 million US $ as reported in the United Nations International Trade Statistics (COMTRADE) in 2018, compared to US $200 Million imported in 2014. However, we were able to export to the world 66.3 million US $ worth of plastic materials added to that our export to Israel of plastic product worth 86 million US $, mostly packaging materials. Three important countries that export plastic materials to Palestine are Turkey. China and south Korea. Turkey alone in 2018 exported plastics worth 25 million $. The plastic industry in Palestine is among the largest industry. However, we still manufacture the traditional plastics for packaging. Our country needs to develop this industry and diversify the plastic products to meet the needs of the market such as automobile, electrical appliances, refrigerators, and many other industries.
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Venkatachalam, N., P. Navaneethakrishnan, R. Rajsekar, and S. Shankar. "Effect of Pretreatment Methods on Properties of Natural Fiber Composites: A Review." Polymers and Polymer Composites 24, no. 7 (September 2016): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111602400715.
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India as a tropical agricultural country has great potential to develop and use fiber derived from agricultural waste. Natural fibers are an important by-product of extraction process and they can be used as reinforcement in composite products. Composites are developed with unsaturated polyester resin as the matrix with natural fiber as the reinforcement. The results show decreased strength and modulus with increasing the fiber volume fraction. This indicates ineffective stress transfer between the fiber and matrix due to lower adhesion. It is necessary to bring a hydrophobic nature to the fibers by suitable chemical treatments in order to develop composites with improved mechanical properties. In these review papers, different types of natural fibers are subjected to a variety of physical and chemical treatments. The types of treatments studied in these papers include Physical treatments such as beating and heating, and chemical treatments like alkalization, silane, acetylation and benzoylation. The effects of these treatments on mechanical properties of the composites are analyzed. Fractures are analyzed by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis by FTIR and DMA showed that physico-chemical changes of surfaces of treated natural fibers. In general, treatments to the fibers can significantly improve adhesion and reduce water absorption, thereby improving mechanical properties of the composites. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the research work done on various pretreatments in the preparation of natural fiber reinforced composites and to highlight the potential use of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industry and its potential to replace the synthetic fiber composite and conventional materials in the future.
12
Di Credico, Barbara, Irene Tagliaro, Elkid Cobani, Lucia Conzatti, Massimiliano D’Arienzo, Luca Giannini, Simone Mascotto, Roberto Scotti, Paola Stagnaro, and Luciano Tadiello. "A Green Approach for Preparing High-Loaded Sepiolite/Polymer Biocomposites." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010046.
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Global industry is showing a great interest in the field of sustainability owing to the increased attention for ecological safety and utilization of renewable materials. For the scientific community, the challenge lies in the identification of greener synthetic approaches for reducing the environmental impact. In this context, we propose the preparation of novel biocomposites consisting of natural rubber latex (NRL) and sepiolite (Sep) fibers through the latex compounding technique (LCT), an ecofriendly approach where the filler is directly mixed with a stable elastomer colloid. This strategy favors a homogeneous dispersion of hydrophilic Sep fibers in the rubber matrix, allowing the production of high-loaded sepiolite/natural rubber (Sep/NR) without the use of surfactants. The main physicochemical parameters which control Sep aggregation processes in the aqueous medium were comprehensively investigated and a flocculation mechanism was proposed. The uniform Sep distribution in the rubber matrix, characteristic of the proposed LCT, and the percolative filler network improved the mechanical performances of Sep/NR biocomposites in comparison to those of analogous materials prepared by conventional melt-mixing. These outcomes indicate the suitability of the adopted sustainable procedure for the production of high-loaded clay–rubber nanocomposites with remarkable mechanical features.
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Utami, Herti, Veni Tri Agustin, Luthfiah Novirianti, Yuli Darni, Donny Lesmana, and Ryosuke Takagi. "The Leaching of Natural Dyes from Avocado (Persea Americana Mill) Seeds Using the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Method and Its Application to Cellulose Fibers." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 16, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v16i2.20140.
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The textile industry uses synthetic dyes because they are cheaper and easier to obtain. Moreover, the color availability is guaranteed and more varied. However, these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on health and the environment. The natural dye from avocado (Persea Americana Mill) seeds can become an alternative for synthetic dyes. Polyphenol compounds, such as tannins and flavonoids, are natural color sources found in avocado seeds. The extraction of natural dyes from avocado seeds is carried out by using a non-conventional method, namely ultrasonic-assisted extraction which has great efficiency and short operating time. In this study, researchers examined the parameters that affect the yield of dye extraction from avocado seeds, namely solvent concentration and extraction time. In addition, researchers also conducted qualitative analysis on the pigment content in the yield of extraction using UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and GC-MS tests. The results indicated that the highest yield obtained from avocado seeds was 16.6742% with 90 minutes extraction time using 70% ethanol solvent. Furthermore, if the dye is applied to cellulose fibers, such as the cotton cloth, the color will change depending on the fixator added. Based on the result of the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry test, the avocado seeds contain flavonoids. Meanwhile, from the result of the GC-MS test, the compound with the largest percentage detected in avocado seeds is the 13-Tetradecynoic acid, methyl ester (C15H26O2). The compound contains a chromophore, such as a carbonyl group (C = O) which is a common feature of flavonoids.
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Kumar, Praveen. "Experimental Study on the Behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Rebars." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 600–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38461.
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Abstract: As we know Plain Concrete has limited ductility, strength in tension as well as low cracking resistance. Micro cracks are present in concrete and these propagates at a great extent and results in extensive brittle fracture. Experiments in past and numerous researches in the last decade were focused merely on developing novel techniques of improving tensile strength of concrete. Among these mostly used is GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) is easily available, which is low in cost than CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer), and that’s why various studies is done to strengthening of concrete by using GFRP particularly in countries like India. GF is latest introduction cum revolution in production FRC. It overpowers all the synthetic fibers, due to its excellent strength, extreme durability, supreme wear-tear resistance and exceptional tensile and impact strength. At this time GFRC (Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete) excelled as a great remedy for civil engineers. Tensile strength of GFRC lies between 1024 and 4080 N/mm2 . It is the benefit of using glass fibers in reinforcement of concrete. Construction Industry is accelerating day-by-day. Today is the scenario of sky scrapping and complex infrastructures, which results in increasing demand of basic civil engineering material i.e. cement. Engineers are looking for alternative of expensive construction since long. Cement, binder in concrete, is an expensive and exorbitant civil engineering material and it increases the Constructional budget. Not only this, but also cement marks the highest consumption throughout the world after water. The carbon credits to the environment during cement production, is an alarming issue. If it keeps following the exact pace as today, it is probable to reach annual cement production up to about 600 metric tons by 2025 in India alone and the globe will change into hot air balloon. Cement industry alone contribute to 2.4% to the total carbon emissions round the globe. To eradicate this converse effect of cement industry on the environment, engineers are working hard to find efficient substitutes which are in-expensive, eco-friendly and can possess better cementing properties. Agricultural and commercial wastes are the best choice and have the characteristics favouring their utilization in concrete production. These by-products are complete waste and if re-used in any sort releases a huge burden from environment. Keywords: Glass Fiber, Workability, Compressive strength, Compaction factor, Slump test
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Vailati, Marco, Micaela Mercuri, Michele Angiolilli, and Amedeo Gregori. "Natural-Fibrous Lime-Based Mortar for the Rapid Retrofitting of Heritage Masonry Buildings." Fibers 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9110068.
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The present work aims to define the mechanical behavior of a new composite material for the preservation and enhancement of the vast historical and architectural heritage particularly vulnerable to environmental and seismic actions. The new composite represents a novelty in the landscape of the fibrous mortars and consists of natural hydraulic lime (NHL)-based mortar, strengthened by Sisal short fibers randomly oriented in the mortar matrix. The developed mortar ensures the chemical-physical compatibility with the original features of the historical masonry structures (especially in stone and clay) aiming to pursue the effectiveness and durability of the intervention. The use of vegetal fibers (i.e., the Sisal one) is an exciting challenge for the construction industry considering that they require a lower level of industrialization for their processing, and therefore, their costs are considerably lower, as compared to the most common synthetic/metal fibers. Samples of Sisal-composite are tested in three-point bending, aiming to estimate both their bending stress and fracture energy. Tensile and compressive tests were also performed on the composite samples, while water retention and slump test were performed on the fresh mix. At last, the tensile tests on the Sisal strand were performed to evaluate the tensile stress of both strand and wire. An original mechanical interpretation is proposed to explain two interesting phenomena that arose from the analysis of experimental data. The comparison among the performances of unreinforced and reinforced mortar suggests that the use of short fibers is recommendable as coating in the retrofitting interventions alternatively to the long uni or bi-directional fiber strands adopted in the classic fibrous reinforcement (i.e., FRCM). The proposed composite also ensures mix-independent great workability, excellent ductility, and strength, and it can be considered a promising alternative to the classic fiber-reinforcing systems. As final remarks, the use of fiber F1 (length of 24 mm) with respect to fiber F2 (length of 13 mm) is more recommendable in the retrofitting interventions of historical buildings, ensuring higher strength and/or ductility for the composite.
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Rabeeah Taj, Rabeeah Taj, Erum Pervaiz Erum Pervaiz, and Arshad Hussain Arshad Hussain. "Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of IM-5 Zeolite as Naphtha Cracking Catalyst for Light Olefins: A Review." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 2 (2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000637.
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Light olefins are the backbone of modern industrialization. Olefins are used as feedstock for production of various industrial products such as synthetic fibers, construction materials, textiles, rubber and other chemicals in the petrochemical industry. For more than a half-century, steam/thermal hydrocarbon cracking is considered as the main route and conventional process for light olefins yield. Few drawbacks of conventional steam cracking such as extensive energy consumption, requirements of high temperature and pressure conditions, the difficult selectivity of particular light olefins and excess emission of CO2 relate to this technology, which cannot accommodate further needs regarding the chemical process industry. Steam cracking also poses a threat to uncontrolled heat. Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons is highly appreciated as it is a less energy consuming (low temperature and pressure conditions) and an environment-friendly process for light olefins production. Catalytic cracking has been under consideration as a favorable alternative but still depends upon catalyst, its activity, and selectivity for a particular product. Catalytic cracking is quite beneficial for industrial scale. The present proficiency of refining and petro-chemistry to a great extent is based on highly active, selective, and durable catalysts. Various catalysts possess compositional diversity, surface area, and surface energy and hence provide a different pathway for the reaction to occur. Petroleum-extracted naphtha cracking technique now a days is the main process for light olefins yield. This review highlights the use of IM-5 zeoliteas an emerging catalyst for naphtha cracking process as compared to conventional catalysts in the last few decades. Structure, synthesis techniques and catalytic activity of IM-5 zeolite is reviewed. Different zeolites which can be used in naphtha cracking reactor and their applications in the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons have been studied. This review provides a significant insight into catalytic activity comparison between conventional zeolites and IM-5 zeolite.
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Rabeeah Taj, Rabeeah Taj, Erum Pervaiz Erum Pervaiz, and Arshad Hussain Arshad Hussain. "Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of IM-5 Zeolite as Naphtha Cracking Catalyst for Light Olefins: A Review." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 2 (2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000637/jcsp/42.02.2020.
Full textAbstract:
Light olefins are the backbone of modern industrialization. Olefins are used as feedstock for production of various industrial products such as synthetic fibers, construction materials, textiles, rubber and other chemicals in the petrochemical industry. For more than a half-century, steam/thermal hydrocarbon cracking is considered as the main route and conventional process for light olefins yield. Few drawbacks of conventional steam cracking such as extensive energy consumption, requirements of high temperature and pressure conditions, the difficult selectivity of particular light olefins and excess emission of CO2 relate to this technology, which cannot accommodate further needs regarding the chemical process industry. Steam cracking also poses a threat to uncontrolled heat. Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons is highly appreciated as it is a less energy consuming (low temperature and pressure conditions) and an environment-friendly process for light olefins production. Catalytic cracking has been under consideration as a favorable alternative but still depends upon catalyst, its activity, and selectivity for a particular product. Catalytic cracking is quite beneficial for industrial scale. The present proficiency of refining and petro-chemistry to a great extent is based on highly active, selective, and durable catalysts. Various catalysts possess compositional diversity, surface area, and surface energy and hence provide a different pathway for the reaction to occur. Petroleum-extracted naphtha cracking technique now a days is the main process for light olefins yield. This review highlights the use of IM-5 zeoliteas an emerging catalyst for naphtha cracking process as compared to conventional catalysts in the last few decades. Structure, synthesis techniques and catalytic activity of IM-5 zeolite is reviewed. Different zeolites which can be used in naphtha cracking reactor and their applications in the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons have been studied. This review provides a significant insight into catalytic activity comparison between conventional zeolites and IM-5 zeolite.
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Uysal, Serkan, Eva Bou-Belda, Marilés Bonet-Aracil, and Jaime Gisbert-Payá. "Pre, Post and Meta Mordanting Recycled Cotton with Chitosan." Materials Science Forum 1063 (June 10, 2022): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-p698nx.
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The textile processing industry has imposed strict ecological and economic restrictions on the chemicals used, including bans on certain consumer goods containing synthetic agents which are posing challenges to sustainability issues [1, 2]. The worldwide demand for the use of environmentally friendly products in the textile industry is nowadays of great interest, possibly because of increasing concern about the environment, ecology, and pollution control [3, 4].It is a fact that the textile industry has grown many times during the last decades to meet global and domestic demand. This tremendous growth has also led to a parallel growth in environmental problems, which remained unnoticed. Any industrial activity produces pollution in one form or the other, and the textile industry certainly released a wide spectrum of pollution into the environment.The textile manufacturing process is characterized by the high consumption of resources such as water, fuel and a variety of chemicals in a long process sequence which generates a significant amount of waste. The common practices of low process efficiency result in substantial wastage of resources and severe damage to the environment [5, 6].Recycling implies the breakdown of a thing into its unrefined materials with the end goal that the rough material can be recuperated and used as a piece of new items. On the other hand, recycle insinuates a present thing being used again inside a comparable creation chain. Textile material recycling is the strategy by which old pieces of clothing and diverse materials are recovered for recycle or material recovery. It is the explanation behind the material recycling industry. Material recycling may incorporate recouping pre-consumer waste or post-consumer misuse. There are different ways to deal with perceive the sorts of recycling possible inside the material [7].Pre-consumer waste is a material that was disposed of before it was prepared for customer utilize. Pre-consumer recycled materials can be separated and revamped into comparative or diverse materials or can be sold as such to outsider purchasers who at that point utilize those materials for buyer items. Pre-consumer material waste for the most part alludes to squander results from fiber, yarn, material, and clothing fabricating. It can be process closes, scraps, clippings, or merchandise harmed amid creation, and most is recovered and recycled as crude materials for the car, furniture, sleeping cushion, coarse yarn, home outfitting, paper, and different ventures. Pre-consumer squanders are produced all through the first phases of the inventory network. In the crude materials area (fiber and yarn creation), ginning squanders, opening squanders, checking squanders, comber noils, brushed waste yarns, meandering squanders, ring turning waste fibers, ring-spun squander yarns, open-end spinning waste fibers, and open-end spinning yarn squanders are usually gathered for recycling [8].The ground root of the madder plant, Rubia Tinctorum L., formerly cultivated in many parts of Europe and North and South of America. Was largely used for dyeing Turkey Red on cotton mordant with alum in presence of lime. Applied to wool on an alum- or chrome-cream of tartar mordent [9].Natural dyes with a few expectations are non-substantive and hence must be used in conjunction with mordants. Mordant is a chemical, which can fix itself on the fiber and combines with the dyestuff. The challenge before the natural dyers in application of natural colour is the necessity to us metallic mordants which themselves are pollutant and harmful. Due to the environmental hazard caused by metallic mordant while dyeing of textile fabric, dyers are always looking for safe natural mordant for natural dyes [10].The applications of chitosan for different applications in textiles are reported [11–12], but the application of such functional biopolymer as a mordant in natural dyeing has been quite rare in the literature. In the current work, chitosan extracted from waste shrimp shells [12] was utilized as a mordant for simultaneous natural dye printing and antibacterial finishing of cotton in comparison with commonly used metal mordants. The efficacy of chitosan as eco-friendly mordant and antibacterial finish has been studied.The paper discusses a comparison between different ways to mordant cotton with chitosan. This research as a first step of further experimental, provide us the optimum values and applications for the future research. As a result, we could conclude the mordanting process was more effective from the point of view of dyeing yield.
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J, Davarpanah. "Transgenic Cotton Plants Expressing Spidroin Gene Presenting Increased Fiber Quality." Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Affairs Journal 4, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/pdraj-16000125.
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Introduction: Spider silks are the strongest and most elastic fibers known in the nature. Cotton is also one of the most important crops in the world which increasing the quality of its fibers is of great importance in the textile industry, so the production of longer and stronger cotton fibers is of great importance. The aim of this study was to produce transgenic cotton fibers containing MaSp1 cobweb protein. Material and Methods: A synthetic construct was designed based on a selected fragment of Latrodectushesperus MaSp1 gene. The gene was then cloned twice inpCAMBIA1304 binary vector using different restriction enzymes (NcoI and NheI; EcoR1 and NheI). Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404strain was transformed by recombinant vectors which are used to transform cotton plants. The accuracy of the results was confirmed using PCR, hygromycin resistance gene and recombinant protein expression. Finally, the fiber strength of transgenic cotton was measured by two vectors. Result: MaSp1 synthetic gene was transferred to the plant meristem. The study of transgenic plants in the next generations confirmed the accuracy of gene transfer and expression of recombinant protein. Conclusion: Considering the economic role of cotton in the world and also having the third rank among the industrial plants of the country, this study succeeded in producing transgenic cotton plants expressing Masp1 protein with increased fiber quality.
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"Green Bio Composites for Food Packaging." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 2S4 (August 27, 2019): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b1088.0782s419.
Full textAbstract:
Petroleum-based synthetic polymers are mostly used for packaging materials for their advantageous features such as flexibility, lightness and transparency. However, the waste caused by the increasing usage has led to serious environmental impacts. There are many packaging products claimed as ‘green’ material in the market but, they are not fully from natural renewable resources. Most biocomposites materials comprised only either the matrix or fiber/filler from natural renewable resources, but still blended with another synthetic compound. Thus, green biocomposites which composed of fully biodegradable natural fibers and biopolymer matrix would be a great alternative. It can be naturally degraded and completely return to the environment safely after usage. The main shortcomings of biopolymer are their inadequate of mechanical and barrier properties in product application. Yet, the embedding reinforcing fibers or fillers would help in improving the final properties of the composites. The intention of this review is to present the latest development of green biocomposites research and its application for food packaging. It is also proposed to provide critical information that covers around properties of green biocomposites, types of available biopolymers and natural fibers, including their manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, the economic circumstances and forthcoming trend of these materials in food packaging industry would also be reviewed
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Boujelben, M., M. Abid, M. Kharrat, and M. Dammak. "Production and mechanical characterization of LLDPE biocomposite filled with almond shell powder." Polymers and Polymer Composites, March 24, 2020, 096739112091086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391120910869.
Full textAbstract:
Substitution of synthetic polymers by polymers prepared from renewable resources as well as synthetic fibers by natural fibers is a current research topic. They target various sectors of application such as the automotive industry, transport, packaging, building, and so on, that can offer a solution of lightness, great performance, and a minimum impact on the environment. In the present study, biocomposites based on linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) reinforced with nonchemically treated and noncompatibilized almond shell powder (ASP) particles were prepared by an elaboration process based on mixing polymer powder with ASP particles having similar density in solid state. For consolidation, thermocompression technique has been used. The mass ratio of ASP in the LLDPE/ASP composites varied from 10 wt% to 40 wt%. Effects of ASP wt% on the mechanical and structural properties of biocomposites have been explored through tensile and shore D hardness tests as well as microscopic observations. Homogenous repartition of ASP particles in the polymer matrix was observed for less than 20 wt% ASP. For more than 20 wt% ASP, agglomeration of fillers particles has been observed. Also, it has been found that elastic modulus of the biocomposites increases with ASP particles wt%, while tensile strength and ductility decrease when the ASP wt% increases.