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Wolf, Christopher Alexander. "Case Histories and Analyses of Synthetic Economies: Implications for Experiments, Game Design, Monetization, and Revenue Maximization." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1368095911.
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Shao, Na. "Development of eco-compatible transformations and their synthetic applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0305.
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Les fragments de polycétides sont omniprésents dans une large gamme de médicaments et de produits naturels conférant une excellente bioactivité à ces molécules organiques. En conséquence, les chimistes organiciens doivent développer de nouvelles stratégies remplissant les principes d’éco-compatibilité pour construire ces échafaudages d’intérêts. Dans cette thèse, nous avons récemment développé différentes cascades éco-compatibles évitant les étapes inutiles pour accéder aux fragments de polycétides et à des analogues fluorés. Nous avons d'abord réalisé une cascade multi-catalytique impliquant une fluorination-aldolization décarboxylante suivie d’un dédoublement cinétique générant des 1,3-diols énantiopurs présentant un stéréocentre fluoré tétrasubstitué difficile d’accès. Nous avons ensuite combiné une réaction de type aldol-Tishchenko avec un dédoublement cinétique organocatalysé pour produire un large éventail de 1,3-diols fluorés avec trois stéréocentres contigus et d'excellentes énantiosélectivités. Afin d’obtenir des économies d’étapes redox, nous avons également développé une aldolisation redox-neutre d'alcool favorisée par une base directement à partir du niveau d'oxydation de l'alcool pour donner une série d'anti 1,3-diols difluorés. Enfin, nous avons conçu une stratégie économique concise pour donner le motif polycétide clé de l'apratoxine A, un produit naturel avec des niveaux élevés d'activité cytotoxique. Cette séquence en seulement 6 étapes est bien plus rapide que les précédentes nécessitant de 12 à 20 étapesPolyketides fragments are ubiquitous in a wide range of drugs and natural products conferring excellent bioactivity to these organic molecules. As a consequence, organic chemists must develop novel strategies fulfilling at the best the different concepts of synthetic economies to construct such valuable scaffolds. During this PhD, we developed different eco-compatible cascades avoiding unnecessary steps to access different polyketides fragments and fluorinated analogues. At first, we developed a multi-catalytic enantioselective fluorination-decarboxylative aldolization followed by a kinetic resolution to generate enantiopure 1,3-diols featuring challenging tetrasubstituted fluorinated stereocenters. Subsequently, we realized the synthesis of a complementary type of fluorinated structure by combining an aldol-Tishchenko reaction with a Kinetic Resolution, producing a wide array of fluorinated 1,3-diols possessing three contiguous stereocenters with excellent levels of enantiocontrol. These reactions provide concise routes to useful 1,3-diols but consume stoichiometric reagents to induce change in the oxidation state from the starting materials to the final products. In order to obtain better redox-economies, we also developed a base-promoted redox-neutral alcohol-aldolization starting from the alcohol oxidation level to directly afford a series of difluorinated anti 1,3-diols. Finally, we designed a concise and redox-economical 6-step strategy providing a key polyketide fragment of apratoxin A, a natural product showing high levels of cytotoxic activity. This route is much shorter than the previously reported 12-20 steps sequences required to access this scaffold
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Togati, Teodoro Dario. "A critical assessment of the Neoclassical Synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333382.
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Kirby, Timothy Joel. "Women's Suffrage in the United States: A Synthesis of the Contributing Factors in Suffrage Extension." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596119821783093.
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Leal, José Jorge Cabral Pinto. "Multiparameter evidence synthesis in economic evaluation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558531.
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This thesis explores the methodological and practical issues involved with synthesising the evidence required by economic decision models. Decision models represent a useful means of comparing alternative healthcare interventions in terms of their relative costs and effects. Cost-effectiveness estimates derived from these models along with the uncertainty around these estimates provide valuable information to guide decision makers when considering the implementation of interventions. Hence, care is required to ensure that these decisions are accurately represented by including all the relevant evidence in the model. This thesis demonstrates that decision modelling guidelines provide limited advice on how to synthesise evidence for the non-effectiveness parameters of a decision model. Furthermore, it is common to find a number of sources of evidence to inform these model parameters. Conversely, evidence may be unavailable or if it exists it may inform functions of these parameters rather than the individual model parameters. Hence, guidance is required on the best approaches to take account of these situations. Bayesian multi-parameter evidence synthesis (MPES) has recently been proposed as a method that can be used to synthesise evidence and address these issues. The thesis reviews the MPES, model fitting and evidence consistency methodologies. Two case studies are used to assess the value and generalisability of using MPES for decision analytic models; the focus is on the elicitation of expert opinion, meta-regression models and complex synthesis models. The advantages of MPES over traditional approaches for informing decision models are identified and discussed. The use of MPES methods for the purpose of decision modelling results in a valid and credible model, based on all available evidence, formally synthesised, systematically calibrated and checked for consistency and model fit. The thesis illustrates that these methods can be applied across very different disease areas. However, a caveat to their use is the time, resources and cross-discipline expertise required to build a MPES model as part of the economic evaluation. Interdisciplinary teams are a requirement to ensure the general adoption of these methods in health economics. Finally, it is recommended that MPES should be considered as one of the stages when developing a decision model.
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Zarebanadkoki, Samane. "Essays on Health Economics Using Big Data." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/82.
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This dissertation consists of three essays addressing different topics in health economics. In the first essay, we perform a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles examining consumer preference for the main electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) attributes namely flavor, nicotine strength, and type. The search resulted in a pool of 12,933 articles; 66 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Current literature suggests consumers preferred flavored e-cigarettes, and such preference varies with age groups and smoking status. Consumer preference for nicotine strength and types depend on smoking status, e-cigarette use history, and gender. Adolescents consider flavor the most important factor trying e-cigarettes and were more likely to initiate vaping through flavored e-cigarettes. Young adults prefer sweet, menthol, and cherry flavors, while non-smokers, in particular, prefer coffee and menthol flavors. Adults in general also prefer sweet flavors (though smokers like tobacco flavor the most) and dislike flavors that elicit bitterness or harshness. Non-smokers and inexperienced e-cigarettes users tend to prefer no nicotine or low nicotine e-cigarettes while smokers and experienced e-cigarettes users prefer medium and high nicotine e-cigarettes. Weak evidence exists regarding a positive interaction between menthol flavor and nicotine strength.
In the second essay, we investigate U.S. adult consumer preference for three key e-cigarette attributes––flavor, nicotine strength, and type––by applying a discrete choice model to the Nielsen scanner data (Consumer Panel data combined with retail data) for 2013 through 2017, generating novel findings as well as complementing the large literature on the topic using focus groups, surveys, and experiments. We found that (adult) vapers prefer tobacco flavor, medium nicotine strength, and disposables, and such preference can vary over cigarette smoking status, purchase frequency, gender, race, and age. In particular, smokers prefer tobacco flavor, non-smokers or female vapers prefer medium strength, and infrequent vapers prefer disposables. Vapers also display loyalty (inertia) to e-cigarette brands, flavor, and nicotine strength. One key policy implication is that a flavor ban will likely have a relatively larger impact on adolescents and young adults than adults.
The third essay employs a machine learning algorithm, particularly a random forest, to identify the importance of BMI information during kindergarten on predicting children most likely to be obese by the 4th grade. We use the Arkansas BMI screening program dataset. The potential value of BMI information during early childhood to predict the likelihood of obesity later in life is one of the main benefits of a BMI screening program. This study identifies the value of this information by comparing the results of two random forests trained with and without kindergarten BMI information to assess the ability of BMI screening to improve a predictive model beyond personal, demographic, and socioeconomic measures that are typically used to identify children at high risk of excess weight gain. The BMI z-score from kindergarten is the most important variable and increases the accuracy of the prediction by 14%. The ability of BMI screening programs to identify children at greatest risk of becoming obese is an important but neglected dimension that should be used in evaluating the overall utility.
In the last essay, we use Nielson retail scanner dataset and apply a difference-in-differences (DID) approach and synthetic control method, and we test whether consumers in Utah reduced beef purchases after the 2009 Salmonella outbreak of ground beef products. The result of DID approach indicates that the Salmonella event reduced ground beef purchases in Utah by 17% in four weeks after the recall. Price elasticity of demand is also estimated to be -2.04; therefore, the reduction in ground beef purchases as a result of recall is comparable to almost 8.3% increase in the price of this product. Using the synthetic control method that allows us to use all of the control states to produce synthetic Utah, we found the effect of this event minimal compared to the DID effect.
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Moreno, Moreno Ahuitzotl Héctor. "Long run economic mobility." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E004/document.
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La mobilité économique est une des aspirations de toute société moderne, mais comment peut-on savoir la véritable évolution de la mobilité sociale ? C’est-à-dire : 1) peut-on mesurer la mobilité sociale avec les données ou la technologie disponibles aujourd’hui? 2) Quelles sont les tendances de la mobilité sociale qui a traversées la génération actuelle? Ou encore 3) à quel point la société actuelle est-elle mobile par rapport aux anciennes générations? Ce sont les trois questions à la base de cette thèse. Nous soutenons ici que c’est possible de connaître encore plus sur l’évolution de la mobilité sociale en restreignant son analyse à quelques dimensions dans le champ de l’économie : le revenu et l’éducation. Le première article s’attaque au problème du manque des données nécessaires pour l’analyse des dynamiques du revenu à l’intérieur d’une génération. Il est avéré que les données longitudinales sont rares et très peu disponibles dans la plupart des pays, ce qui est vrai même pour les pays développés ! Nous avons essayé d’assembler ce casse-tête par des approches méthodologiques récentes, telles que les «panels synthétiques», une méthodologie normalement utilisée pour l’analyse des dynamiques de la pauvreté. Les articles deux et trois décrivent, plus spécifiquement, les tendances à long terme de la mobilité économique pour le revenu et pour l’éducation, respectivement. Le deuxième papier s’occupe de la mobilité intra-générationnelle, tandis que le troisième est dédié à la mobilité intergénérationnelle. Tous les deux répondent aux questions deux et trois posées plus en haut, en cherchant d’améliorer la façon dont la dimension temporaire est incluse dans l’analyse du bien-être économique, ceci avec pour but de reproduire l’effet d’un film fait avec plusieurs clichés. Cette thèse cherche à élargir le savoir expérimental sur la mobilité économique, vu que la plupart des études ne prennent en compte que quelques années de mobilité intra-générationnelle ou à peine quelque génération. En outre, la plupart des résultats des expériences existantes font référence aux pays scandinaves ou à des pays fortement industrialisés. Pour cette thèse nous avons donc pris l’exemple du Mexique, mais les approches et les principes méthodologiques utilisés pourront être appliqués à n’importe quel autre pays. Les chemins de nos vies sont dans un mouvement perpétuel : par monts et par vaux. Dans une société démocratique, il semble utile de savoir si notre appartenance sociale nous permet de nous en sortir malgré nos origines, ou si au contraire, notre destin est voué à l’échec à cause d’elles. Il nous faut en effet, des résultats empiriques pour répondre à ces délibérations. Cette thèse est peut-être une invitation osée à mettre en marche cette conversationEconomic mobility constitutes a social aspiration in many modern societies however do we really know the actual evolution of social mobility? In other words: 1) how can we measure economic mobility with the data available or with the technology at hand? 2) What are the trends of economic mobility experienced by the current generation? Moreover 3) how mobile is a society relative to previous generations? These questions motivate this dissertation. The complexity of these issues may derive in some sort of paralysis but it is claimed here that it may be possible to learn something about its evolution by restricting analysis to a couple of key dimensions within the economic discipline: income and education. This is the scope followed by this research. The first paper in this dissertation is devoted to deal with the lack of the required data to examine the income dynamics within one generation. It is well known that longitudinal data is often scarce and is seldom available in many countries. This is the case even in well-developed countries! This conundrum has been partially addressed through recent methodological approaches by the so-called synthetic panels. The second part of this dissertation is entirely devoted to applied research. More specifically, the second and third papers describe long run trends of economic mobility in income and education respectively. The former is devoted to intra-generational mobility while the later is devoted to inter-generational mobility. Each of them address the second and third interrogations referred above. In a way this dissertation attempts to improve the addition of the time dimension in the analysis of economic wellbeing. It attempts to produce the effect of a motion picture by the use multiple snapshots. The trends contained herein are far from being perfect and complete but they are based on the use of extensive data and multiple methods covering three decades and the same number of generations in each case. This research expects to expand our knowledge on the empirics of economic mobility as most of the studies refer to few years of intra-generational mobility or to a couple of generations only. Furthermore, most of the empirical evidence available refers to Nordic and highly industrialized countries. Mexico is the canvas of this work but the approaches and principles followed here could be easily mimicked elsewhere. The roads of our lives are constantly moving: rising and falling. In a democratic context, it is useful to know, whether our society provides the chance to get ahead regardless of our origins, or whether this chance is ruled or doomed by them. Empirical evidence is needed to foster these deliberations. This dissertation may well be an invitation to sustain this kind conversation
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Valero, Rafael. "Essays on Sparse-Grids and Statistical-Learning Methods in Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/71368.
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Compuesta por tres capítulos: El primero es un estudio sobre la implementación the Sparse Grid métodos para es el estudio de modelos económicos con muchas dimensiones. Llevado a cabo mediante aplicaciones noveles del método de Smolyak con el objetivo de favorecer la tratabilidad y obtener resultados preciso. Los resultados muestran mejoras en la eficiencia de la implementación de modelos con múltiples agentes. El segundo capítulo introduce una nueva metodología para la evaluación de políticas económicas, llamada Synthetic Control with Statistical Learning, todo ello aplicado a políticas particulares: a) reducción del número de horas laborales en Portugal en 1996 y b) reducción del coste del despido en España en 2010. La metodología funciona y se erige como alternativa a previos métodos. En términos empíricos se muestra que tras la implementación de la política se produjo una reducción efectiva del desempleo y en el caso de España un incremento del mismo. El tercer capítulo utiliza la metodología utiliza en el segundo capítulo y la aplica para evaluar la implementación del Tercer Programa Europeo para la Seguridad Vial (Third European Road Safety Action Program) entre otras metodologías. Los resultados muestran que la coordinación a nivel europeo de la seguridad vial a supuesto una ayuda complementaria. En el año 2010 se estima una reducción de víctimas mortales de entre 13900 y 19400 personal en toda Europa.
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Edlund, Alan. "Synthetic Spider Silk Sustainability Verification by Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analysis." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5150.
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Major ampullate spider silk represents a promising biomaterial with diverse commercial potential ranging from textiles to medical devices due to the excellent physical and thermal properties from the protein structure. Recent advancements in synthetic biology have facilitated the development of recombinant spider silk proteins from Escherichia coli (E. coli), alfalfa, and goats. This study specifically investigates the economic feasibility and environmental impact of synthetic spider silk manufacturing. Pilot scale data was used to validate an engineering process model that includes all of the required sub-processing steps for synthetic fiber manufacture: production, harvesting, purification, drying, and spinning. Modeling was constructed modularly to support assessment of alternative protein production methods (alfalfa and goats) as well as alternative down-stream processing technologies. The techno-economic analysis indicates a minimum sale price from pioneer and optimized E. coli plants at $761 kg-1 and $23 kg-1 with greenhouse gas emissions of 572 kg CO2-eq. kg-1 and 55 kg CO2-eq. kg-1, respectively. Spider silk sale price estimates from goat pioneer and optimized results are $730 kg-1 and $54 kg-1, respectively, with pioneer and optimized alfalfa plants are $207 kg-1 and $9.22 kg-1 respectively. Elevated costs and emissions from the pioneer plant can be directly tied to the high material consumption and low protein yield. Decreased production costs associated with the optimized plants include improved protein yield, process optimization, and an Nth plant assumption. Discussion focuses on the commercial potential of spider silk, the production performance requirements for commercialization, and impact of alternative technologies on the sustainability of the system.
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Bergström, Balder. "The Swedish payroll tax reduction for young workers : - A study of effects found using publicly available aggregated (macro) data." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-166606.
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In 2007, the Swedish payroll tax was reduced for youths in an attempt to suppress the perceived high unemployment among Swedish youths. The reform was rolled back later in 2016. For this period there is a rich supply of publicly available aggregated (macro) data. This thesis aims to examine: first, if the aggregated data is suitable for policy evaluation of the reform, and second, the effects of the reform introduction and repeal. This has been done by using both a conventional fixed effects model and a more unorthodox synthetic control method. Neither of the two methods could show any unbiased and consistent significant result of the treatment effects of the reform. Instead, the results of this thesis suggest that the publicly available aggregated data doesn’t contain enough information to evaluate such reforms.
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Aït, Benhamou Zouhaïr. "Macroeconomic fluctuations in emerging and developing economies." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100106/document.
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Les fluctuations macroéconomiques dans les pays émergents sont plus prononcées que celles observées pour les pays développés. On explique cet écart par des imperfections de marché plus importantes dans ce groupe de pays, sous la forme de rigidités nominales comme c’est le cas dans le modèle Néo-Keynésien standard. On y ajoute également des rigidités réelles, ce qui rend les réactions des agents économiques à des chocs exogènes sous-optimales, en comparaison avec le cadre de la théorie des cycles réels. A ces imperfections de marché s’ajoutent des imperfections institutionnelles, où le rôle du secteur public est modélisé suivant une relation d’agence entre ce dernier comme agent fournisseur du bien public, et les ménages qui sont les principaux, demandeurs de ce bien. Les préférences endogènes du planificateur social entraînent également des distorsions entraînant une exacerbation du cycle économiqueMacroeconomic fluctuations in small, open emerging economies 5 have only recently been of interest to the literature. This is due to a host of issues, ranging from data reliability and quality, to the relevance of the business cycle concept when applied to those economies. Nonetheless, this dissertation presents general equilibrium model applications to emerging economies. The central theme of this dissertation is that imperfect market and institutional structures can account for the excess volatility in macroeconomic fluctuations, as compared against developed economies. We extend the New Keynesian Synthesis framework to accommodate the distinctive features and stylised facts compiled for emerging economies
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Lokesh, Kadambari. "Techno-economic environmental risk analysis of advanced biofuels for civil aviation." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9243.
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Commercial aviation has demonstrated its ability to be a key driver of global socio-economic growth to this date. This growth, resulting from an ever increasing need for air-travel, has been observed to be environmentally unsustainable. Any technological enhancements to the upcoming fleet of aircraft or operational improvements have been overshadowed by this very demand for air-travel. Any further investigation into innovative concepts and optimisation approaches bring in trade-off difficulties due to limitations in current technology. This creates a constraint on design space exploration. The need to mitigate civil aviation’s environmental impact has necessitated this sector to expand its frontier and seek radical technologies. Among a range of other technologies, advanced biofuels for civil jet engines have been claimed to be one of the most promising solutions. “Techno-economic Environmental Risk Analysis (TERA) of Advanced Biofuels for Civil Aviation” is a study that contributes to knowledge through conception plus application of quantitative/ qualitative approaches to assess the technical viability, financial feasibility and environmental competence of 2nd and 3rd generation biojet fuels, through their application into the existing scenario of civil aviation, against that of the fossil-derived conventional jet fuel (Conv.Jet fuel). TERA of advanced biofuels aims to accomplish the aforementioned through a holistic, multi-disciplinary study entailing life cycle studies, carbon-foot printing, sustainability analysis, fuel chemistry, virtual studies comprising combustion thermodynamic, engine/aircraft performance and emission prediction, economic studies entailing biofuel price prediction and business case analysis as opposed to earlier studies. TERA of Advanced biofuels study entails development of elaborate life cycle models, ALCEmB (Assessment of Life Cycle Emissions of Biofuels) and ALCCoB (Assessment of Life Cycle Cost of Biofuels) to predict life cycle emissions and costs, respectively, of the advanced biofuels from the point of raw material generation to the point of finished product consumption (a “cradle-grave” approach). A virtual experiment, to assess the impact of the “performance” properties of the advanced biofuels on a representative twin-shaft turbofan/airframe combination, relative to that of Conv.Jet fuel, was also undertaken through numerical modelling and simulation.Evaluation through ALCEmB revealed that Camelina-SPK, Microalgae-SPK and Jatropha-SPK delivered 70%, 58% and 64% savings in life cycle emission, relative to Conv.Jet fuel. The Net Energy Ratio (NER) analysis indicates that current technology for the biofuel processing is energy efficient and technically feasible. An elaborate post-combustion gas property evaluation infers that the Bio-SPKs exhibit improved thermodynamic behaviour. This thermodynamic effect has a positive impact on mission-level fuel consumption which reflected as fuel savings in the range of 3 - 3.8% and, therefore, emission savings of 5.8-6.3% in CO2 and 7.1-8.3% in LTO NOx, relative to that of Jet-A1. An economic feasibility analysis which entails prediction of hypothetical biofuel price prediction and its impact on direct operating cost (DOC) of an aircraft which infers that Bio-SPKs, over a user-defined medium-range mission profile, costs an additional 95-100% in terms of aircraft DOC, relative to that operated with conventional Jet-fuel, within short (2020) and medium (2020). However, the advanced biofuels are able to exhibit financial competence from 2020 onwards, relative to that of Conv.Jet fuel. However, the Bio-SPKs exhibit this economic feasibility only against a backdrop of persistent Conv.Jet fuel price volatility and severe environmental taxation between the analysis periods (2020-2075).
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Ferreira, Carlos Eduardo Martins. "Performativity and pluralities of biodiversity offsetting experiments : towards a synthesis of economy as instituted process and economy as performativity." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/performativity-and-pluralities-of-biodiversity-offsetting-experiments-towards-a-synthesis-of-economy-as-instituted-process-and-economy-asperformativity(420f27c6-55a4-480d-813f-f58c1d1f11e7).html.
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Development and land use change diminish the quantity of natural habitat, impacting negatively on the number of animal and plant species – biodiversity. Concern about the consequences of these losses has led to calls for mechanisms which allow development to proceed only when no net loss of biodiversity can be assured, such as biodiversity offsets. Markets for biodiversity offsets are being tried as mechanisms for achieving this societal objective in the most efficient manner possible. Theoretically, this thesis develops a framework connecting the Polanyi-inspired notion of the economy as an instituted process, and concepts developed by Callon and colleagues in the Social Studies of Finance literature. This framework is used to analyse the emergence, development and expansion of markets for biodiversity offsets. Using qualitative methodologies, the research examines in detail three existent biodiversity offset markets: Species Banking (United States), Impact Mitigation Regulations (Germany) and Biodiversity Offsets (England). The emergence of markets for biodiversity offsets is shown to be the result of performativity of economics. Changing representations of biodiversity, anchored on economic sciences, lead to policies which create economic experiments, such as markets for biodiversity offsets. Because these markets are historical and geographically contingent, the economic experiments emerge in the context of preexisting regulations and traditions, resulting in variety of forms of organising biodiversityoffset markets. To bring biodiversity to the market involves measuring and quantifying externalities. This requires the creation and development of market agencements – assemblages of agents and market devices – to commodify biodiversity. These agencements constitute the technical infrastructures upon which the markets are built, but they too are contingent of pre-market practice. This creates tensions between the role of agents and the role of devices inside the market infrastructure. Biodiversity offsets are shown to not maintain their commodity status beyond certain geographical and geopolitical boundaries. The result is the creation of mutually exclusive market nodes, between which no trade takes place. Despite common origins and infrastructures, the local markets do not exchange between themselves. This thesis contributes a framework for the analysis of market emergence, in which two literatures are used to complement each other’s limitations. As a result, the thesis is able to conceptualise how a common generative mechanism results in variety of economic organisation. It also demonstrates that it is possible for markets to share a regulatory and technical infrastructure, but not exchange between themselves and expand.
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Gannavarapu, Chandrasekhar. "Economic assessment on the synthesis of optimising control schemes." Phd thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5995.
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Malebo, Uhuru. "Evaluating the Impact of Economic Sanctions on South Africa: A Synthetic Control Approach." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32792.
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This research paper applies the synthetic control method to measure the economic cost of sanctions imposed on South Africa between 1985 and 1994. The economic sanctions imposed on South Africa between 1985 and 1994 by the United Nations, the United States of America, and the European Community negatively affected the economy. This negative effect on the economy, measured by the gross domestic product per capita, continued until 1998 despite the sanctions having ended four years earlier. Using the synthetic control method, this research paper measures the economic cost by estimating the difference in the gross domestic product per capita between the treated country (South Africa) and the counterfactual (synthetic South Africa). Synthetic South Africa represents South Africa without undergoing treatment (sanctions). What would have happened if sanctions were not imposed? The results indicate that the economic cost is most pronounced after the sanctions ended, indicating a substantial lag effect. South Africa's gross domestic product per capita is 30% lower than synthetic South Africa by 1998. This potentially indicates that the sanctions had a long-lasting effect. The results are not sensitive to the composition of the donor pool. Furthermore, the placebo tests reveal that the results are statistically significant at the 10% threshold with only one country (Philippines) having a treatment effect that is larger than South Africa's and a better fit. For target nations, it means that policy makers should acknowledge that a policy that leads to sanctions may have a severe and long-lasting impact on the economy. Potential areas for future investigation include estimating the humanitarian effect of the sanctions imposed on South Africa and applying the synthetic control method approach to other sanctions episodes in the past.
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Amponsah, William Appiah. "A synthesis of agricultural trade and macroeconomic policy performance of selected Sub-Saharan African countries /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487687959966279.
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Sahin, Kemal Hunkar. "COMBINED SAFETY AND ECONOMIC OPTIMALITY IN CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin973708026.
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Garcia-Gutierrez, Pelayo. "Carbon Capture and Utilisation processes : a techno-economic assessment of synthetic fuel production from CO2." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14369/.
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Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) is seen globally as one of the available technologies that can contribute to avoiding the effects of global warming while securing energy supply by utilising CO2 as a carbon source for chemical and fuel production. This thesis has measured the technical and economic performance of seven Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) process designs (Base Case Models) based on best available technology. This was the first attempt to compare different routes of similar Technology Readiness Level to manufacture a liquid fuel from CO2. In addition, this thesis also examines the techno-economic feasibility of selective CO2 capture processes from biogas streams using ionic liquids as physical absorbents to assess the potential improvements that this developing technology could have on process performance. The selected Base Case Models were modelled using the process simulation software Aspen Plus to determine mass and energy balances. In addition, an economic assessment was developed using Aspen Plus Economic Analyzer (APEA) and MS Excel to determine capital, operating and production costs. The results revealed that the synthetic route based on CO2 capture and steam methane reforming was the most promising CO2-to-fuels route since it was able to achieve the highest overall plant energy efficiency (17.9%) and the lowest fuel production costs (£95.46 per GJ [LHV]); however this process cannot currently compete commercially with conventional fossil fuels. Further research in the specific areas suggested in this work is encouraged in order to bring fuel production costs down. It was also demonstrated that the evaluated ionic liquids cannot compete with MEA in terms of bio-methane production costs; however, the simulation methodology developed in this study can be used as a basis for further work in the area since it allows consideration of ionic liquids made of any combination of cation and anion as well as different gas streams.
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Cytrynowicz, Eduardo. "Crise brasileira de 2014: causas locais ou resposta ao cenário internacional?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18706.
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Empregamos o método de controle sintético para realizar um estudo de caso visando avaliar se o encolhimento econômico do Brasil durante o governo da presidente Dilma Rousseff foi causado por fatores domésticos ou internacionais. O estudo comparou os resultados da economia brasileira ao longo de toda duração desse governo em comparação com o potencial crescimento para o país. Estimamos esse contrafactual através de dados de países não afetados pelas políticas locais. Os resultados empíricos sugerem que, caso a economia brasileira tivesse seguido as mesmas tendências dos demais países, provavelmente teria experimentado um crescimento sustentável, muito diferente do que realmente ocorreu.
We use the synthetic control method to perform a case study to understand if the economic shrinking of Brazil during the government of President Dilma Rousseff was caused by domestic or international factors. The study compared the outcomes of the Brazilian economy under the entire government as opposed to what would have been the potential outcomes defined through a counterfactual estimated through foreign countries, thus unaffected by the local policies. The empirical results suggest that was Brazil to follow the same trends that the rest of the countries experienced, it would probably have experienced a sustainable growth, much different from what has actually happened.
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Pan, Jia Hua. "Economic efficiency and environmental sustainability : a synthetic approach with a case study of nitrate pollution control." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386249.
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Schubeis, Jonatan. "Can Good Institutions Avert the Resource Curse?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415515.
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To establish the economic impact of petroleum in the UK, this paper uses the synthetic control method. By constructing an artificial UK economy without oil, from the donor pool of OECD economies, it establishes the counterfactual time path of capital stock the UK would have had if it lacked the petroleum endowment. Comparing the observed time path of capital stock with its counterfactual, one can witness that the petroleum extraction has reduced the UK’s capital stock with an average of 17 % since 1970, despite the UK having arguably the best quality of institutions. Dose-response tests suggest that it is possible to attribute the impact to the petroleum production. Performed robustness and sensitivity tests together with several falsification tests show that the result is robust to alternations in the donor pool, the predictor variables and alternative explanations. The finding raises a question regarding the quality of institutions, advanced by Mehlum, Moene and Torvik and claimed that the resource curse only occurs in economies with low quality of institutions.
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Eriksson, Angelica. "Shame to cool? : An empirical study on how Flygskam has affected demand for domestic flights in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446351.
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Throughout the last few years, Flygskam, a norm against air travel, has grown steadily in Sweden due to its emissions. Flygskam is a Swedish word referring to the shame that follows air travel since it runs counter to the norm behavior. This thesis investigates the effect of Flygskam on demand for domestic flights in Sweden using synthetic control and panel data for 2003-2019. The results indicate that Flygskam seems to affect the domestic passengers in Sweden, estimated to be approximately 22% lower in 2019 than the counterfactual, significant on a 1% level.
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Chan, Ho Fai. "The economics of awards, status and performance: the John Bates Clark Medal and the Fellowship of the Econometric Society." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60799/1/Ho_Fai_Chan_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis investigates whether receiving an important award in academia raises recipients’ subsequent research productivity and status compared to a synthetic control group of non-recipient scholars with similar previous research performance. It examines the case of being awarded the John Bates Clark Medal and becoming a Fellow of the Econometric Society finding evidence of positive incentive and status effects that raise both productivity and citation levels.
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Ahn, Jae-Wan. "Three Essays on Housing Markets, Urban Land Use, and the Environment." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555457869257077.
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Koch, David. "Syngas, mixed alcohol and diesel synthesis from forest residues via gasification - an economic analysis." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28131.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Realff, Matthew; Committee Member: DeMartini, Nikolai; Committee Member: Muzzy, John; Committee Member: Sievers, Carsten.
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Guyot, Patricia Danielle Marie. "Expected survival time as a summary statistic in economic analysis and evidence synthesis." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.664979.
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The objective of this thesis was to explore and contribute to improve the use of studies reporting survival outcomes in cost-effectiveness analysis and evidence syntheses. A review of the literature was undertaken to compare and contrast methods commonly used to assess effectiveness and cost-effectiveness for survival outcomes. A method that re-creates sufficient statistics from published Kaplan-Meier curves was developed to allow re-analysis of published survival results. Finally, a new approach to modelling that allows external information on various different survival metrics to be combined with trial data were developed and illustrated with an example. The literature review highlighted that in numerous health technology assessments, survival outcomes were not analysed in a single, coherent analysis, but instead by two separate models: a parametric model was fitted to the standard treatment and a hazard ratio estimated from another model was then applied to this baseline in order to generate the treatment arm. To improve this current state of methodology, we found that KM data for each arm of the RCT could be reliably reconstructed from the published survival curves, by using a simple algorithm based on the inverted KM equations and the information on numbers at risk reported alongside KM curves and/or the total number of events reported. The KM data of one RCT on patients with head and neck cancer were re-created and then used to illustrate the new methods developed for the extrapolation of RCT data using external data. A US cancer database (SEER), mortality statistics from the general population and expert opinion were used to impose constraints on overall survival, conditional survival, and hazard ratio. We obtained fitted survival curves consistent with both the RCT and external evidence, therefore increasing our confidence in the extrapolations and resulting estimated mean survival differences between the arms.
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McCarron, Kevin M. "The rise of the Marburg phoenix: Karl Vorlaender's Kantian/Marxian synthesis as key in the debate over capitalism vs. economic democracy." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 1996. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/McCarronKM1996.pdf.
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Cole, Lisa Marsio. "The economic organization of southern Canaan in the Late Bronze Age: A synthesis of the textual and archaeological data." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290060.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to consider a decentralized model, as opposed to the traditional centralized model, to explain the economic organization of the Late Bronze Age. The goals of this study are threefold: (1) to examine the internal economic organization of southern Canaan during the Late Bronze Age through a comparison of the textual and archaeological data and by comparison to neighboring cultures, (2) to examine and test the applicability of the "city-state" and the "dendritic-trade" model to Late Bronze Age southern Canaan, and (3) to suggest that a system of wealth finance, based on the distribution of imported pottery, was used to encourage villagers to participate in the trade networks. Chapter Two reviews the history of both social and economic theory pertaining to the Late Bronze Age in Syria-Palestine. Chapter Three describes the neighboring economic systems of Mycenaean Greece, Crete, Cyprus and Ugarit. Chapter Four is a database of all archaeological material used in this study. Chapter Five considers the relevant textual information. Chapter Six is a synthesis of the archaeological and textual material by which potential dendritic trade routes are modeled. Chapter Seven presents two case studies on Megiddo and Yavneh-Yam that provide further support for the Dendritic-Trade network Model.
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Oetterli, Linn. "The Battle of Steel - Impact of U.S. steel tariffs on Swedish steel exports : A synthetic control group approach." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-434749.
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The aim of this study is to examine whether the 2018 U.S. steel tariffs have negatively impacted Swedish steel exports to the U.S, given that the U.S. is Swedish steel industry’s second most important foreign market and the majority of Swedish steel exports to the U.S. are subject to the tariffs. The theoretical foundation for this study is the standard trade model, which predicts a decline in quantity traded due to tariffs. With monthly export value data for January 2015 to January 2020, the synthetic control method (SCM) is used to create a counterfactual to the steel products subject to tariffs. The study encountered several data limitations which complicated the use of the SCM, but the overall results suggest that in the absence of tariffs, Swedish monthly export value for steel to the U.S. would have higher than it has been with the tariffs.
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Mason, Brenden James. "The Effects of Options Markets on the Underlying Markets: Quasi-Experimental Evidence." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/503097.
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EconomicsPh.D.
This dissertation consists of three essays in applied financial economics. The unifying theme is the use of financial regulation as quasi-experiments to understand the interrelationship between derivatives and the underlying assets. The first two essays use different quasi-experimental econometric techniques to answer the same research question: how does option listing affect the return volatility of the underlying stock? This question is difficult to answer empirically because being listed on an options exchange is not random. Volatility is one of the dimensions along which the options exchanges make their listing decisions. This selection bias confounds any causal effect that option listing may have. What is more, the options exchanges may list along unobservable dimensions. Such omitted variable bias can also confound any causal effect of option listing. My first essay overcomes these two biases by exploiting the exogenous variation in option listing that is created by the SEC-imposed option listing standards. Specifically, the SEC mandates that a stock must meet certain criteria in the underlying market before it can trade on an options exchange. For example, a stock needs to trade a total of 2.4 million shares over the previous 12 months before it can be listed. Since 2.4 million is an arbitrary number, stocks that are “just above” the 2.4 million threshold will be identical to stocks that are “just below” it, the sole difference being their probability of option listing. Accordingly, I use the 2.4 million threshold as an instrument for option listing in a fuzzy regression discontinuity design. I find that option listing causes a modest decrease in underlying volatility, a result that corroborates many previous empirical studies. My second essay attempts to estimate the effect of option listing for stocks that are “far away from” the 2.4 million threshold. I overcome the aforementioned omitted variable bias by fully exploiting the panel nature of the data. I control for the unobserved heterogeneity across stocks by implementing a two-way fixed effects model. Unlike most previous studies, I control for individual-level fixed effects at the firm level rather than at the industry level. My results show that option listing is associated with a decrease in volatility. Importantly, these results are only statistically significant in a model with firm-level fixed effects; they are insignificant with industry-level fixed effects. My third essay is a policy evaluation of the SEC’s Penny Pilot Program, a mandated decrease of the option tick size for various equity options classes. Several financial professionals claimed that this decrease would drive institutional investors out of the exchange-traded options market, channeling them into the opaque, over-the-counter (OTC) options market. I empirically test an implication of this hypothesis: if institutional investors have fled the exchange-traded options market for the OTC market, then it may take longer for information to be impounded into a stock’s price. Using the `price delay’ measure of Hou and Moskowitz (2005), I test whether stocks become less price efficient as a result of being included in the Penny Pilot Program. I perform this test using firm-level fixed effects on all classes that were included in the program. I confirm these results with synthetic control experiments for the classes included in Phase I of the Penny Pilot Program. Generally, I find no change in price efficiency of the underlying stocks, which suggests that the decrease in option tick size did not materially erode the price discovery that takes place in the exchange-traded equity options market. I also find evidence that the decrease in option tick size caused an increase in short selling for the piloted stocks.
Temple University--Theses
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Jaw, Yi-Long. "Exchange rate dynamics : a synthesis of the asset approach and central bank operations." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269525644.
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Goldemberg, Diana. "Financiamento público à indústria de exibição cinematográfica: um estudo de caso no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11975.
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This study aims to evaluate the impact of new credit lines to Brazilian movie exhibition industry, one of the existing forms of government support for this sector. The evaluated disbursements, conducted by the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), from 2007 to 2012, consist of long-term credit for opening new screens, with below-market interest rates and a flexible collateral structure. The econometric methodology used is the Synthetic Control Method, as formalized by Abadie et al. (2010). Under this method, it was not possible to identify any positive contribution of the credit policy after comparing the individual performance of the exhibitors who received the credit versus their synthetic controls, nor on the evolution of the number of screens nor on admissions. Furthermore, a possible aggregate effect was tested, considering the evolution of the Brazilian number of admissions per capita, also with no positive contribution of the policy being identified.
O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o impacto da criação de linhas de financiamento ao parque exibidor cinematográfico brasileiro, uma das formas existentes de incentivo governamental ao setor. Os desembolsos avaliados, realizados pelo BNDES com recursos do Procult e do FSA de 2007 a 2012, consistem em crédito de longo prazo para a criação de salas de cinema, com juros abaixo do mercado e estrutura de garantias flexível. A metodologia econométrica utilizada é o controle sintético, tal como formalizada por Abadie et al. (2010). Sob esse método, não foi possível identificar contribuição positiva da política de crédito quando se confronta o desempenho individual dos exibidores beneficiados versus seus respectivos controles sintéticos, medido pela evolução das variáveis número de salas e público. Ademais, testou-se um possível efeito agregado, considerando a evolução do número de ingressos per capita no Brasil, também não sendo possível identificar contribuição positiva da política sobre tal indicador.
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Sule, Kevin. "Is the euro the right way? : A study on the effect of implementing the euro on domestic unemployment." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448879.
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This paper aims to investigate how the domestic unemployment rate of a nation is affected by joining the European currency union and converting to the euro. This is done through the use of a synthetic control method, as well as an augmented version of the model, where I define the Euro Area countries as the treatment group, and conversion to euro as treatment. In line with the predictions of previous related theoretical frameworks such as the optimum currency area theory, the gravity theory and Matusz’s equilibrium model, the findings in this paper suggests that conversion to the euro leads to a short-term decrease in domestic unemployment. The effect is likely due to the short-term increase in trade, specifically within-union trade, that arises from joining the EMU.
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Nascimento, Talita de Sousa. "UMA ANÁLISE MULTIDIMENSIONAL DA POBREZA NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO NOS ANOS 2000 E 2010: construção do Índice de Pobreza Municipal para o Maranhão (IPMM)." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/864.
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Previous issue date: 2013-05-16Multidimensional analysis of poverty in the state of Maranhão. The data source is the Census of 2000 and 2010. In order to further investigate the phenomenon, we proceeded to the elaboration of an indicator called multidimensional Municipal Poverty Index for Maranhão (IPMM). First, we proceeded to the survey of the main explanatory approaches of the phenomenon of poverty and the main forms of measurement. It was then decided by multidimensional approach to poverty measurement purposes of the phenomenon, but without compromising the structural approach to understand their decisions and ways of overcoming. We decided to choose a multidimensional indicator due to the fact that it takes into account a larger number of indicators. Then, we described the methodology of the Index and the results have been described for both the index and for the six dimensions that comprise it. The main conclusions that came with the construction of IPMM were: a) there was a reduction in poverty both in the state of Maranhão as in all other cities, as we compare the years 2000 and 2010, b) the performance of municipalities was not homogeneous, c) the degree of poverty seems to be more intense at the municipal level than at state d) the most advanced dimensions were: access to the knowledge, child development and housing needs, whereas the least advanced were: access to work and lack of resources. Thus, the evolution of poverty in the municipalities of Maranhão in the first decade of the 2000s was not the result of endogenous factors to the growth pattern exhibited by the economy of Maranhão in this period.
Análise multidimensional da pobreza no estado do Maranhão. A fonte de dados foi o Censo Demográfico dos anos 2000 e 2010. Para melhor apurar o fenômeno procedeu-se à elaboração de um indicador sintético denominado Índice de Pobreza Municipal para o Maranhão (IPMM). Primeiro, procedeu-se ao levantamento das principais abordagens explicativas do fenômeno da pobreza e das principais formas de medição. Optou-se então pela abordagem multidimensional da pobreza para fins de mensuração do fenômeno sem, contudo, abrir mão da abordagem estrutural para compreender suas determinações e formas de superação. Decidiu-se, por um indicador sintético por ele levar em conta um maior número de indicadores. Em seguida, fez-se uma descrição da metodologia do Índice e foram explanadosos resultados obtidos tanto para o Índice como para as seis dimensões que o compõem. As principais conclusões que se chegaram coma construção do IPMM foram: a) houve uma redução pobreza tanto no estado do Maranhão como em todos os municípios, quando comparados os anos 2000 e 2010; b) o desempenho dos municípios não foi homogêneo; c) que o grau de pobreza mostra-se mais intenso na escala municipal do que na estadual; d) as dimensões que mais avançaram foram acesso ao conhecimento, desenvolvimento infantil e carências habitacionais e as que menos avançaram foram acesso ao trabalho e escassez de recursos. Logo, a evolução da pobreza nos municípios do Maranhão na primeira década dos anos 2000 não decorreu de fatores endógenos ao padrão de crescimento exibido pela economia maranhense nesse período.
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Valente, Marica. "Essays on Applied Microeconomics." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22184.
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In der ökonomischen Forschung wird eine Vielzahl von Strategien verwendet, um zu versuchen kausale Schlussfolgerungen aus Beobachtungsdaten zu ziehen. Neue Strömungen in der Literatur zu kausaler Inferenz konzentrieren sich auf die Kombination von Methoden zur Vorhersage und kausalen Fragestellungen. Diese neuen Methoden ermöglichen es neue Forschungsfragen zu beantworten und bieten die Möglichkeit bestehende Forschungsfragen in der Literatur neu zu adressieren. Diese Dissertation umfasst empirische Arbeiten in den Bereichen (i) Umweltökonomie: Ich evaluiere die Preispolitik für Abfälle mithilfe der “synthetic control” Methode und Methoden des maschinellen Lernens; (ii) Arbeits- und Migrationsökonomie: Ich identifiziere und quantifiziere nicht gemeldete landwirtschaftliche Arbeitsleistung, die durch einen plötzlichen Migrationszustrom verursacht wird; (iii) Konfliktökonomie: Ich analysiere die wirtschaftlichen Kosten eines hybriden Krieges, des Donbass-Krieges in der Ukraine. Der Beitrag dieser Dissertation zur bestehenden Literatur ist dreifach. Erstens kombiniere ich neuartige Datenquellen und stelle neue Datensätze bereit. Zweitens verwende ich moderne Evaluierungsmethoden und passe sie an, um politisch relevante kausale Parameter in verschiedenen Bereichen der ökonomischen Forschung abzuschätzen. Drittens vergleiche ich neuere mit traditionellen ökonometrischen Ansätzen, die zuvor in der Literatur verwendet wurden. Meine Dissertation zeigt, dass moderne ökonometrische Techniken vielversprechend sind, um die Genauigkeit und Glaubwürdigkeit von kausalen Schlussfolgerungen und die Evaluierung von Politikmassnahmen zu verbessern.In economics, researchers use a wide variety of strategies for attempting to draw causal inference from observational data. New developments in the causal inference literature focus on the combination of predictive methods and causal questions. These methods allow researchers to answer new research questions as well as provide new opportunities to address older research question in the literature. This dissertation entails empirical work in the fields of (i) environmental economics: I evaluate waste pricing policies using synthetic controls and machine learning methods; (ii) labor and migration economics: I identify and quantify unreported farm labor induced by a sudden migrant inflow; (iii) conflict economics: I evaluate the economic costs of an hybrid war, namely, the Donbass war in Ukraine. The contribution of this dissertation is threefold. First, I combine novel data sources and provide unique datasets. Second, I apply and tailor modern evaluation methods to the estimation of policy-relevant causal parameters in various fields of economics. Third, I compare recent versus traditional econometric approaches previously employed by the literature. My dissertation shows that modern econometric techniques hold great promise for improving the accuracy and credibility of causal inference and policy evaluation.
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Diallo, Aliou Baguissa. "Evaluation of the economic impact of geographical indications : three case studies." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAD003/document.
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Cette thèse évalue l'impact économique des politiques de qualité liée à l'origine en mobilisant des méthodes d'évaluation que nous adaptons à la spécificité des démarches de certification, notamment à leur dimension spatiale. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l'effet de l'adoption d’une Appellation d’Origine Protégée (AOP) sur le prix ainsi que sur les coûts de production des producteurs de lait AOP en Franche-Comté, en exploitant la discontinuité géographique à la frontière (Geographic Regression Discontinuity). Dans un second temps, nous utilisons les méthodes d'appariement statistique pour analyser les hétérogénéités régionales en termes de prix et de coûts de production entre les régions Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes et Franche-Comté avant de nous intéresser aux effets à une échelle nationale. Enfin, nous évaluons l'effet de l'adoption d'une Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP) sur les prix payés aux producteurs de Café de Colombie à l'aide des méthodes comparatives (synthetic control methods). En moyenne, les résultats montrent un effet positif de l'adoption de l'indication géographique sur la performance économique des exploitations. Cependant, cet effet est hétérogène entre les filières et les régions d'origine des produitsThis thesis evaluates the economic impact of quality-related-to-origin policies using evaluation methods adapted to the specificity of such certifications, in particular, the spatial dimension. First, we analyze the effect of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) adoption on price and production costs of PDO milk producers in Franche-Comté using a Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) design. Secondly, we use propensity matching methods to analyze regional heterogeneity in Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes, and Franche-Comté before focusing on the effect of the PDO adoption at a national level. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the adoption of a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) on prices paid to Colombian coffee producers using synthetic control methods. Overall, we find that PDO and/or PGI adoption is associated with positive effects on farmers' economic performances. However, these effects are not homogeneously distributed
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Yang, Ting. "Evaluating development projects : exploring a synthesis model of the logical framework approach and outcome mapping." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79800/.
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Under the current results-driven development agenda, sound evaluation, and a corresponding evaluation toolkit, need to be in place to examine whether and to what extent development interventions have achieved their targeted objectives and results, and to generate lessons for further development learning and improvement. My review of the literature shows that innovative and appropriate evaluation approaches are needed to address key challenges in evaluation such as the tension between learning and accountability objectives, the need to unpack the mechanisms linking outputs and outcomes or goal, and to add an actor perspective. Irrespective of project type, the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) is often a standard requirement of major official donor agencies on projects they fund, so as to fulfil bureaucratic imperatives. However, it is often considered inadequate in addressing key challenges in development evaluation. Given the dominant status of the LFA with such strong support from donors, it is helpful to seek a ‘middle way': a combination of the LFA with other approaches in order to address some of its inadequacies, while satisfying donor agencies' requirements. A synthesis of the LFA and Outcome Mapping (OM) is one such option. This thesis explores the practical value and usefulness of a synthesis model empirically. Applying the model in two case study aid projects, I found that it serves well as a theory-based evaluation tool with a double-stranded (actor strand and results chain) theory of change. The model helps reconcile learning and accountability and add explanatory power and an explicit actor perspective. It also helps establish causation and enable attribution claims at various results levels with its different elements. The model has some limitations but my results suggest it can be usefully adopted. The choice of its application depends on project evaluation context and purpose in specific cases.
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Lee, Soo Jin. "Process simulation, economic analysis and synthesis of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil using supercritical methanol." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27722.
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Biodiesel production using supercritical methanol received attention as an alternative method to replace the conventional alkali-catalyzed method being practiced in industry. Due to its flexibility to feedstock compared to the conventional method, the supercritical method for waste vegetable oil conversion appears to be promising in environmental and economical points of views. Four industrial-scale biodiesel production processes were simulated using Hysys. Each process used either the conventional or the supercritical method. The first model simulated the alkali-catalyzed process using fresh vegetable oil. The second process model resembled the first one as it uses sodium hydroxide catalyst in transesterification, but pre-treatment process of waste vegetable oil was included. The third and fourth models were supercritical biodiesel production processes using waste vegetable oil. Fourth model had differences from the third one in terms of the amount of methanol being introduced to a plug flow reactor and the way of recovering methanol from reaction products, both of which can reduce energy consumption of the process. To improve the accuracy of the process simulations, properties of a model compound (triolein) of the vegetable oils were examined via thermogravimetric analysis, and the experimental data were incorporated into the simulation models. Economical aspects of the developed simulation models were then assessed using Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator. The economic assessment revealed that supercritical processes using waste vegetable oil were competitive to the conventional process based on their better profitability indicators such as discounted payback period and net present value. The net present value prediction formulas were derived for the four processes via statistical analysis of the vegetable oil price, biodiesel selling price, by-product selling price and interest rate that were found to most strongly affect the profitability of the biodiesel production processes by sensitive analysis. Experiments of biodiesel synthesis from waste canola oil were conducted using supercritical methanol. High methyl ester yields over 96% were achieved after 45 min of reaction time at 270°C/10 MPa with methanol to oil ratios of 1:1 and 2:1. Side reactions such as glycerol decomposition and glycerol methanolysis were confirmed by water content measurement using Karl-Fischer titration and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
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Chiuta, Steven. "The potential utilization of nuclear hydrogen for synthetic fuels production at a coal–to–liquid facility / Steven Chiuta." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4840.
Full textAbstract:
The production of synthetic fuels (synfuels) in coal–to–liquids (CTL) facilities has contributed
to global warming due to the huge CO2 emissions of the process. This corresponds to
inefficient carbon conversion, a problem growing in importance particularly given the limited
lifespan of coal reserves. These simultaneous challenges of environmental sustainability and
energy security associated with CTL facilities have been defined in earlier studies. To reduce
the environmental impact and improve the carbon conversion of existing CTL facilities, this
paper proposes the concept of a nuclear–assisted CTL plant where a hybrid sulphur (HyS)
plant powered by 10 modules of the high temperature nuclear reactor (HTR) splits water to
produce hydrogen (nuclear hydrogen) and oxygen, which are in turn utilised in the CTL
plant. A synthesis gas (syngas) plant mass–analysis model described in this paper
demonstrates that the water–gas shift (WGS) and combustion reactions occurring in
hypothetical gasifiers contribute 67% and 33% to the CO2 emissions, respectively. The
nuclear–assisted CTL plant concept that we have developed is entirely based on the
elimination of the WGS reaction, and the consequent benefits are investigated. In this kind of
plant, the nuclear hydrogen is mixed with the outlet stream of the Rectisol unit and the
oxygen forms part of the feed to the gasifier. The significant potential benefits include a 75%
reduction in CO2 emissions, a 40% reduction in the coal requirement for the gasification
plant and a 50% reduction in installed syngas plant costs, all to achieve the same syngas
output. In addition, we have developed a financial model for use as a strategic decision
analysis (SDA) tool that compares the relative syngas manufacturing costs for conventional
and nuclear–assisted syngas plants. Our model predicts that syngas manufactured in the
nuclear–assisted CTL plant would cost 21% more than that produced in the conventional
CTL plant when the average cost of producing nuclear hydrogen is US$3/kg H2. The model
also evaluates the cost of CO2 avoided as $58/t CO2. Sensitivity analyses performed on the
costing model reveal, however, that the cost of CO2 avoided is zero at a hydrogen
production cost of US$2/kg H2 or at a delivered coal cost of US$128/t coal. The economic
advantages of the nuclear–assisted plant are lost above the threshold cost of $100/t CO2.
However, the cost of CO2 avoided in our model works out to below this threshold for the
range of critical assumptions considered in the sensitivity analyses. Consequently, this paper
demonstrates the practicality, feasibility and economic attractiveness of the nuclear–assisted
CTL plant.Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Jiang, Yingquan. "Banking reform and economic development in post-1978 China : towards a synthesis of competing theoretical perspectives." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2015. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20336/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents a detailed analysis of China's banking reforms and their interactive relationship with economic development, starting in 1978. Developing a synthesized analytical framework, this thesis examines and verifies the applicability and feasibility of several competing theoretical perspectives within the Chinese context. These include the aspects of monetization, financial liberalization, allocative efficiency view of finance (according to the neoclassical doctrine), and productive efficiency view of finance (from the Keynesian-Schumpeterian view of endogenous credits creation). This thesis argues that these perspectives consider only one dimension of China's financial development, and that such a generalized view is unsuitable. Additionally, as China's transitional economy still has strong market-supplanting attributes, studying China's financial development and its interactive role with real sector development post-1978 from a purely neoliberal, market-criteria lead to bias and distortion. This thesis investigates China's evolving financial reform primarily from the aspects of monetization, financial liberalization, and functional view of finance. It emphasizes the interactions between the function of resources allocation, which draws on the existence of market frictions found in the mainstream doctrine, and the function of credit creation, found in the post-Keynesian endogenous finance theory of development. This thesis undertakes both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of China's financial sector. This thesis finds that it is the complementarity of the productive efficiency and the allocative efficiency that explains the seemingly confusing phenomenon that an inefficient financial system, according to purely commercial criteria, has successfully supported China's economic development over the last 30 years.
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Feher, Dennis Claudy. "A synthesis of Behavioural Economics and Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis: An agent-based simulation exploration of satisficing behaviours in a complex financial economy." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21804.
Full textAbstract:
A review of the economics and finance literature from the early 1900’s until the current period shows a struggle to articulate the role of human behaviours within complex financial systems. Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis (FIH) has been identified as providing the most plausible foundation for articulating the unstable behaviours driven by individuals, capitalists and financial institutions. However, inasmuch as Minsky has provided a means to identify the macro phenomena, a key missing link is modelling the behaviours of the economic agents that make up the FIH: how such agents engage in decision making, and the transmission of desires across the population that in turn drive the macro outcomes articulated by Minsky. This thesis draws upon the domain of behavioural economics developed by Kahneman & Tversky of System 1 (rapid) and System 2 (deeper) thinking and decision making, and is based on the interplay of information, experience, history, and the competition between the two systems. System 1 is an instantaneous reaction, whilst System 2 is a measured approach drawing upon knowledge and experience. Herbert A. Simon contributes the concept of “Bounded Rationality”: the ability to make decisions based on limited information and the speed at which such information needs to be processed. The key aim of this thesis is to arrive at a synthesis between behavioural economics and Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis creating a behavioural framework containing both theoretical spheres (noted as the FIHB, a behavioural augmentation of the FIH). The FIHB will be illustrated in the context of Agent Based Modelling (ABM), which allows for conclusions that may not have been thought of within its original economic context. ABM methodology allows for insights on how agents adapt to their environment, and observe how changes in behaviours and influences on the economic agents (through system or population behaviours) feedback to overall environment changes. Through varying the initial conditions of the agent population for leverage, asset, consumption, employment and population conditions, we are able to observe changes to Minsky’s definitions of investment and consumption demand (and ultimately effective demand), through the functions of System 1 and System 2 behaviours.
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Ramirez-Faria, C. B. "The origins of economic inequality between nations : an historical synthesis of Western theories on development and underdevelopment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1093/.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines Western views on the relations between the West and the rest of the world in order to discover explanations for the origins of the economic inequalities between nations as manifested in the contemporary division between the developed and the underdeveloped countries. This research is focussed on three distinct chronological and intellectual phases: 1) "perception of differences" (from classical Antiquity to the 18th century); 2) Eurocentrism and the anti-imperialist reaction (19th century and up to World War II); and 3) capitalist "developmentalism" and the Marxist general theory of economic imperialism (after WWII), The first two phases trace the sources and the evolution of the concepts underlying the theories analysed in the third part, which is the principal and most extensive of the three. The third phase also includes an investigation of the most recent reactions within the developmentalist and the Marxist camps against, respectively, the so-called orthodoxy of development economics and dependency theory. It synthesizes contemporary research on the development of West European capitalism insofar as it sheds light on long-term influences on the appearance of underdevelopment. Aside from the systematic discussion and criticism of the theories themselves, the research yields a "unified field" approach to the problems and issues of underdevelopment, and it further allows a summatory evaluation of the general question of the possibilities of over-all Third World economic development.
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Roussety, Antoine Maurice. "An Integrated Economic Model for the Evaluation of Franchise Systems: A Synthesis of Agency and Finance Theories." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365354.
Full textAbstract:
The fundamental approach to measuring goodwill in franchisee-operated businesses is the same for any other business models. However, the difference lies in the methodology, more particularly in the calculation of a risk premium, the identification of cash-flows, and the evaluation of the franchise system.
Franchisees are common law agents and are not free agents, unlike their counterparts that operate independent businesses. They are prescriptively created, governed, and terminated by contracts that are determined and controlled by their principal. As principals, franchisors rely on franchisees to do that which they cannot do themselves with equal efficiency. In order to facilitate this arrangement, they enter detailed contracts that express their reciprocal intentions and expectations. These include such things as performance standard, revenue sharing, risk allocation, operational protocol, and intellectual property rights. In fact, franchisors insist on retaining proprietary rights to all intellectual property and instead grants to the franchisee a contractual right to use it for a limited period. During that period, franchisees have to mobilise their financial and intellectual capital to leverage the intellectual property for cash-flow generation. This process often generates valuable goodwill. Arguably, goodwill exists, where the total value of cash-flows generated from the business exceeds the opportunity cost of net tangible assets employed in the business.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Seabra, Joaquim Eugênio Abel 1981. "Avaliação tecnico-economica de opções para o aproveitamento integral da biomassa de cana no Brasil." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265245.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Isaias de Carvalho MacedoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar, no cenário prospectivo, as opções tecnológicas que deverão permitir o melhor aproveitamento da biomassa da cana e suas possíveis implicações no contexto das usinas. Além das possibilidades envolvendo o uso mais diversificado da sacarose, este estudo investigou o aproveitamento do bagaço e palha da cana considerando quatro tecnologias: geração de. energia elétrica através da cogeração com ciclos a vapor (opção atualmente comercial); produção de etanol através da hidrólise (opções para curto, médio e longo prazo); geração de energia elétrica a partir da gasificação da biomassa integrada a ciclos combinados (BIG/GT -C C) (opções para médio-longo prazo); e a produção de combustíveis de síntese a partir da gasificação da biomassa (opções para médio-longo prazo). Para cada uma destas opções, foram discutidos os aspectos tecnológicos mais importantes e estimados os rendimentos e custos de sistemas integradps a uma usina de cana, além de terem sido avaliados seus efeitos nos balanços de energia e emissões de GEE. Neste trabalho ficou evidenciado o grande benefício econômico que pode representar o uso diversificado dos açúcares da cana para a produção de produtos de maior valor agregado, como aminoácidos, por exemplo. No caso da fibra da cana, foi avaliado que opções atualmente comerciais já propiciariam a geração de excedentes de energia elétrica superiores a 140 kWh/tc, com custos em tomo de 100 R$/MWh, para os casos de cogeração com alta pressão e uso de alguma palha em conjunto com o bagaço. Para o futuro, sistemas de cogeração com ciclos combinados deverão permitir que os níveis de excedentes ultrapassem os 200 kWh/tc, mas com custos também superiores (> 140 R$/MWh). Pensando na produção de combustíveis, as opções de curto prazo para a conversão bioquímica do bagaço possibilitariam um aumento na produção de etanol de cerca de 20 L/tc (a um custo de ~680 R$/m
Abstract: The objective of the present work was to investigate, in the prospective scenario, the technology options that might lead to a better use of sugar cane biomass and their possible implications in the mills' context. Besides the possibilities involving the diversified use of cane's sugars, this study evaluated the use of bagasse and cane trash considering four technologies: power generation with c~nventional steam cycles (current options); ethanol production through biomass hydrolysis (options for short, middle and long term); power generation through biomass gasification integrated to combined cycles (BIG/GT -CC) (options for middle-Iong term); and the production of synthetic fuels through biomass gasification (options for middle-Iong term). For each one of these options, were discussed the main technological aspects and estimated the yields and costs for systems integrated to cane mills; their effects over energy and GHG emission balances were assessed as well. In this work was evidenced the great economical benefit which would represent the díversífied use of cane's sugars for the production of higher value products, such as amino acids, for example. For the fiber fraction, it was concluded that current commercial options could already lead to electricity surpluses as high as 140 kWh/tc, with costs around 100 R$/MWh, for those configurations with high pressure boilers and using some amount of trash in addition to bagasse. For the future, combined cycles systems might lead to electricity surpluses higher than 200 kWh/tc, but also with higher costs (> 140 R$/MWh). Regarding fuels production, the short term options for biochemical conversion would allow 20 L/tc ethanol production increasing (produced at ~680 R$/m3), while the long term yields could reach 40 L/tc, with costs at 270 R$/m3. For thermochemical conversion, in the middle-Iong term, Fischer- Tropsch liquids, for instance, could be produced with yields closed to 490 MJ/tc, at costs around 30 R$/GJ. As for energy and GHG emission balances, for the current situation the energy ratio of ethanol production was evaluated as 9.4, with a life cycle net avoided emission of 1.8 t C02eq/m3 anhydrous. But for 2020, considering the expectations about the evolution on cane production and the availability of advanced technologies for biomass use, the energy ratio might rise to 14.2, while net avoided emissions would reach 2.9 t C02eq/m3 anhydrous, based on the adoption ofBIG/GT-CC systems for biomass use. Bearing all these aspects in mind, a broader comparison of the effects of these technology options utilization on the overall mill performance is presented in the end of the study, pointing out their implications for the establishment of the future sugar cane bio-refineries
Doutorado
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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BEDIN, ELISA. "THE DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD: EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION WITH A SYNTHETIC CONTROL APPROACH." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/232571.
Full textAbstract:
The food security issue is becoming more and more centre-stage in the political and social debate. Especially after the world food crisis of 2007-2008 and the consequent price spikes, it reached the top of the international agenda. The problems of accessibility, disposability and utilization of food, both in developing and poor countries, now draws the attention of policymakers and researchers. Of course, this dynamic and complex problem is influenced and determined by many ‘macro’ factors, analyzed with a case-study econometric approach. The focus of this thesis is to test whether trade liberalization could have a role on the increasing, or decreasing, of the under five mortality rate (WDI, World Bank), used as a proxy for food security. The statistical sample considered is composed of 80 developing countries, 39 of which have experienced an episode of trade liberalization, between 1960 and 2010. The 41 residuals countries are included as a counterfactual in the econometric approach: the Synthetic Control Method (SCM). What was particularly challenging at the beginning of this investigation concerned the isolation of the effect of commercial liberalization on child mortality, and, as a consequence, on the level of food security in each country. As for the methodological approach, what was defined firstly were the covariates: the variables implemented for the synthetic control. They were chosen as a function of their influence on the outcome variable. Above all, we included the level of development and economic growth, the presence of wars or conflicts, the population growth, the percentage of rural population and food supply (measured as the amount of kilo calories available per capita). As already mentioned above with reference to the statistical and the econometric approach, it was developed by Abadie and Garzeabal (2003; 2010), and called SCM. The underlying hypothesis is that it is possible to construct a weighted combination of potential control countries – the synthetic control – that approximate the most relevant characteristics of the country affected by the intervention. In our study, the ‘treated’ country is the one which experienced a trade reform – ‘treatment’. The situation which happened after the treatment (economic openness) can be estimated by the SCM. The SCM is able to calculate a counterfactual circumstance of the ‘treated’ country, in the absence of trade liberalization. The consequential result of the ‘treatment’ can be verified by looking at the outcome trend of the synthetic control. More precisely, the synthetic control algorithm estimates the missing counterfactual as a weighted average of the outcomes of potential controls. The weights are chosen so that the pretreatment outcome and the covariates of the synthetic control are, on average, very similar to those of the ‘treated’ country. Although this methodology is more flexible and transparent than others, there is a limitation regarding the inferential techniques. This is mainly due to the fact that the number of observations in the control pool and the number of periods covered by the sample are usually quite small in comparative case studies, like this. This is why, following the suggestions of the inventors, we implemented the placebo tests, based on permutation techniques. This means that the synthetic algorithm was sequentially applied to every country in the pool of potential controls and then used to compare the placebo with the baseline results. To sum up, we evaluated the dynamic of the under five mortality rate in a ‘treated’ country (which experienced an episode of trade liberalization in the decades considered), with the situation in a sample of control (the synthetic control), composed by a group of very similar countries to the one ‘treated’, but in which there was not any trade reform. It is important to notice that the synthetic control is chosen taking into account the covariates mentioned above; besides, the weight of each country of the synthetic control is selected in order to minimize the difference with the ‘treated’ country, in the pre-treatment period. With respect to the results, we decided to select a pre-treatment period of twenty years, and a post-treatment period of ten years. This is mainly because after a decade from the openness to trade, the effect of this phenomenon of child mortality tend to be very difficult to isolate and identify. The preliminary results obtained, show that the impacts of trade liberalization on under five mortality rate is, on average, positive. Moreover, in a few developing countries political and economic reforms happened simultaneously; so that, this overlapping may not permit the correct identification of the real effect of commercial openness on the outcome variable.
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Ismail, Aymen, and Emina Dedic. "Synthesis and evaluation of key factors for successful software development projects : An industrial study." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-17503.
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Context: Numerous studies have demonstrated that information technology (IT) projects are more complex than other types of projects and suffer more from budget overruns and frank project failures. The software industry is becoming ever complex, despite efforts to introduce higher-level programming languages and object-oriented programming. In particular, constant specification and requirements changes, which are typical of any software project, make completion and completion on budget difficult. In order to provide quality products and meet customer needs, methods to accommodate this are required. As an alternative to the traditional “waterfall” methods, which required specifications freezing in order to work, agile methods were developed. These methods accommodate changes in all phases of the project. Even with such methods, the ratio of failed to successful projects remains high.Objectives: To determine which factors affect the success of a project using agile methods, and to identify those factors that are priorities for ensuring project success.Method: A literature search was conducted, and a number of interviews were conducted at three different companies. Along with the interviews and the literature research, a technical analysis was also made with the help of Visual Studio and NDepend. After the literature search and the data collection were complete, an evaluation and synthesis of the various factors was done.Result: There are 21 different factors that affect the success of a software project.Conclusion: According to the literature, there are four factors that dominate over the other 17: project management, project scope, time, and budget. According to the interviews conducted, 11 of the 21 factors are critical, and two of them, project management and project scope, were also identified in the literature as critical. As these two were identified in both the literature and the interviews as critical, they should be accorded highest priority, while also taking the other 19 factors into account.
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Mew, Timothy. "An economic and social review of the preferred bidders under the small projects IPP procurement programme: a cross-case synthesis." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30981.
Full textAbstract:
The literature on the economic and social impacts of infrastructure projects, such as renewable energy projects, largely point towards these projects having positive direct and indirect benefits for the local economy, especially if the ownership, components, construction, and operation are sourced from local enterprises. The recipients of project expenditure, the location of their employees and to whom the profits accrue are essentially the factors that determine how much local economic benefit these renewable energy projects have. With this in mind, the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) was structured in such a way that gave additional weighting to socioeconomic criteria such as job creation, local content, local ownership, Socioeconomic Development (SED) funding, and Enterprise Development (ED) funding among others. The structuring of the REIPPPP in this way highlights the overarching policy objectives in the energy sector and how these renewable energy projects have been identified by the government as a means to achieve these socioeconomic objectives. The REIPPPP formed the foundation upon which the Small Projects Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme (SP-IPPPP) was based. The SP-IPPPP was created by the government to further localise the renewable energy industry in South Africa and give local developers and suppliers better access into this emerging sector. This research sought to compare Small Projects under the SP-IPPPP with projects of the same technology under the REIPPPP (in bid window 3 and 4) in a cross-case synthesis. Using an embedded, multiple-case study design the commitments made by Preferred Bidders in each programme were compiled and contrasted. Following this, the results for the Small Projects were scaled-up to identify how justified the additional costs associated with the Small Projects are, given their co-benefits to the South African economy. The findings suggest that the impact of the Small Projects on the overall price of renewable energy from the chosen cases would be negligible; and therefore, the co-benefits from these projects could justify this price premium. Even when scaled-up to the 400 MW allocated to Small Projects, the impact on the overall cost of renewables from BW3 and BW4 could be argued to have been justified by the co-benefits afforded by these Small Projects. The impact on the electricity price from projects in the scenario and BW3 and BW4 was not substantial; however, the job creation, local (national) expenditure, and community (within 50km of the project site) benefit were substantial, which may vi incentivise policy makers to go ahead with the procurement in order to meet these soci oeconomic objectives. In terms of the best technology option for the SP-IPPPP, the findings suggest that solar PV and biomass (in particular) are better suited to this capacity and offer improved socioeconomic benefits without a drastic price premium. Wind energy on the other hand, appeared to have a notable price premium over the Large Projects without proportionate socioeconomic benefits and would perhaps be better left to the REIPPPP.
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ANDREOLI, MASSIMILIANO. "Highly Atom-Economic and Eco-Compatible Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Enantioselective Cyclization Reaction for the Total Synthesis of Saturated Heterocycles." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1408655.
Full textAbstract:
The studies carried out in this thesis deal with the construction of substituted saturated heterocycles, which represent fundamental building blocks in several biologically active molecules, with a particular attention pointed towards the principles of eco-compatibility and atom-economy.
This project examines Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective heterofunctionalization of allenes performing a complete methodological study to comprehend the mechanistic features of these reactions. Thanks to the results obtained, we developed new chiral ligands in order to achieve a broader substrate applicability and improvements in both yield and stereoselectivity.
Furthermore, we explored Gold(I)-catalyzed cyclizations on ene-ynes and monoallylic diols. Both these transformations represent promising tools for the production of different saturated heterocycles, broadening Gold(I)-catalysis applications towards the total synthesis of biologically relevant molecules.The studies carried out in this thesis deal with the construction of substituted saturated heterocycles, which represent fundamental building blocks in several biologically active molecules, with a particular attention pointed towards the principles of eco-compatibility and atom-economy. This project examines Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective heterofunctionalization of allenes performing a complete methodological study to comprehend the mechanistic features of these reactions. Thanks to the results obtained, we developed new chiral ligands in order to achieve a broader substrate applicability and improvements in both yield and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, we explored Gold(I)-catalyzed cyclizations on ene-ynes and monoallylic diols. Both these transformations represent promising tools for the production of different saturated heterocycles, broadening Gold(I)-catalysis applications towards the total synthesis of biologically relevant molecules.
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SALOMONE, FABIO. "Addressing the challenges of the Power-to-Fuel technologies from a catalyst development and techno-economic point of view." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2907012.
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Santos, Flavio Arantes dos 1984. "A nova síntese neoclássica frente à crise econômica mundial = a volta da política fiscal?" [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286048.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Antonio Carlos Macedo e SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Este trabalho examina a convergência que o pensamento macroeconômico mainstream tem vivenciado há pelo menos duas décadas. Novos Clássicos e Novos Keynesianos passaram a dividir as mesmas premissas teóricas e a propor os mesmos tipos de política econômica, formando um consenso ao qual se convencionou chamar de Nova Síntese Neoclássica ou Novo Consenso em Macroeconomia. A principal expressão do Novo Consenso é execução da política monetária, na forma do ajuste da taxa de juros de referência da economia, enquanto único instrumento de política macroeconômica. Nesse processo, a política fiscal é deixada em segundo plano, sem o papel ativo de política de ajuste, e com o objetivo de manter a estabilidade da dívida pública, no intuito de garantir os "fundamentos da economia". Entretanto, com a crise econômica de 2008, a política fiscal volta à tona tanto no ajuste macroeconômico quanto no debate acadêmico mainstream. Neste sentido, o trabalho também examina em que medida o episódio da crise representa uma mudança no pensamento macroeconômico dominante atual com relação ao papel da política fiscal
Abstract: This thesis examines the convergence mainstream macroeconomics thought experienced in the last two decades. New Classicals and New Keynesians have been sharing the same theoretical assumptions and proposing the same kind of economic policy in a consensus which has been called New Neoclassical Synthesis or New Macroeconomics Consensus. The main characteristic of the New Consensus is the execution of monetary policy, by adjusting the benchmark interest rate, as the only macroeconomic policy tool. In this process, fiscal policy is set aside, concerned only with keeping public debt in a stable path to ensure the "economic fundamentals", but with no active role on macroeconomic adjustment policy. However, with 2008 global economic crisis, fiscal policy comes back to the mainstream policy and academic debates. Therefore, this thesis also examines in which sense the crisis presents a change in the prevailing macroeconomic thought with respect to fiscal policy
Mestrado
Ciências Economicas
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas