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Academic literature on the topic 'Synthetic economies'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Synthetic economies"

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Nuti, D. Mario. "Kornai: Shortage versus surplus economies." Acta Oeconomica 68, s1 (January 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.s.7.

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The economics of institutions and comparative systems owes an enormous debt to János Kornai. This was well exemplified by Kornai (2014a), offering a synthetic characterization of socialism and capitalism, respectively, as shortage and surplus economies. I was very fortunate, over the last fifty years, to have had many opportunities to meet him and to talk to him, and to discuss these issues directly with him. János can be very persuasive, and over the years I have somewhat converged towards his views, but in this essay, I am going to rehearse one residual major disagreement on the shortage economy, and three reservations on capitalism as the surplus economy which, after discovering from talking to him that he was in basic sympathy with them, I have downgraded to qualifications.

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Stojković, Dejan, Marija Ivanov, and Ana Ćirić. "Synthetic and Natural Antifungals—Desirable and Hazardous Effects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 9608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179608.

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The increasing incidence of patients struggling with fungal infections, along with high losses in the production of different foods/crops due to fungal diseases presents a significant burden to healthcare, agronomy, and economies worldwide [...]

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Dworak, Edyta, and Maria Magdalena Grzelak. "The Innovation Gap of National Innovation Systems in the European Union." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 26, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.26.01.

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The main aim of the paper is to assess the innovation gap between the national innovation systems (NIS) of the European Union (EU) and the average level of innovation of EU economies. The study takes into account NIS identified in the literature, i.e., (a) developed systems and (b) developing systems. In the theoretical part of the paper, the literature in the fields of NIS and the innovation gap is reviewed, the definitions and selected classifications of NIS around the world are presented, and the concept of the innovation gap between countries is defined. In the empirical part, the level of innovation in EU economies is assessed using Hellwig’s synthetic development indicator. In order to measure the level of innovation in individual NISs, arithmetic means of national values of the synthetic measure of development (innovation) are used. The innovation gap is calculated as the quotient between the level of innovation of individual NISs analyzed in the study and the average level of innovation in EU economies. The study covered 2010 and 2021. The paper formulates the following research hypothesis: the level of innovation in EU economies is determined by the type of NIS. Consequently, developing system countries are less innovative and, thus, are characterized by an innovation gap in relation to the EU average. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis. The relationship between the innovation level of the EU economies and the type of NIS, as well as the assessment of the innovation gap between the national innovation systems of the EU and the average level of innovation of the EU economies, constitute the value‑added of the paper.

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Kasztelan, Armand. "How Circular Are the European Economies? A Taxonomic Analysis Based on the INEC (Index of National Economies’ Circularity)." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 7613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187613.

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In this paper, the aggregate index of national economies’ circularity (INEC) was proposed and empirically verified. For this purpose, the taxonomic linear ordering method was used, which is a multi-criteria decision-making procedure. This method replaces the analysis of the phenomenon described by a set of indicators with an analysis using one aggregate indicator: the so-called ‘synthetic metric’. Based on 14 circular economy indicators that are available in the Eurostat database, the circularity indexes were constructed for 24 EU countries (including the United Kingdom). This allowed the author, on the one hand, to create a ranking of the countries, and on the other, to assign them to four groups, which were characterized by a similar level of circularity. This paper attempts to answer the following questions: how circular are the European economies? What are the main challenges in achieving circularity in Europe? Taking into account the INEC range [0,1], it should be noted that the level of circularity in the analysed European countries is low (an average of 0.3021). Therefore, the paper indicates the areas requiring improvement in this respect.

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Baker, Michael J. "Marketing is Marketing—Everywhere!" Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 30, no. 3 (July 2005): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920050301.

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The theme of this paper is that in seeking to develop strategies for the future, we should not neglect or overlook hard-won lessons from the past. Learning through direct experience is almost invariably a process of experimentation or trial and error. It is uncertain, time-consuming, inefficient, and often risky. Accordingly, if we encounter a problem new to ourselves, our first reaction should be: “Has anyone encountered this problem before?” If so, then “What did they do, with what results?” Answers to these questions are to be found in the so-called secondary sources that record the knowledge gained by previous generations. Knowledge is distilled experience which has accumulated over time. It represents our current understanding of how the world works and, because it has been recorded, it is usually easily available and often free. Common sense dictates that we should start any problem-solving activity by establishing what we know already. To support this argument, this article reviews the processes of knowledge creation and ‘cumulativity’. Unless and until we have confirmed what is already known about a subject, any effort to solve a new problem can only be a hit-or-miss affair — a case of managerial myopia. Therefore, while addressing an important question such as the role of marketing in emerging economies, we should first define what we mean by ‘emerging economies’ and ‘marketing.’ Marketing is a synthetic discipline that integrates findings from other disciplines like economics, psychology, and sociology into a holistic explanation of commercial exchange behaviour. As for emerging economies, indeed, all the advanced economies were emerging economies once, and it is quite evident that as the Industrial Revolution that started in Great Britain in the 18th century spread through Europe and North America, so each newly indutrialized country, in turn, achieved take-off more quickly by learning from the experience of its predecessors. In conclusion, this paper cites three examples of robust ideas that have stood the test of time and offers important insights into marketing today: Ricardo's ‘Theory of Comparative Advantage’ which argues that countries should specialize in doing what they do best and exchange their surpluses with other countries Darwin‘s theory of evolution and its marketing derivative — the product life cycle Copeland's ‘classification of goods’ that first identified the importance of defining goods and services in terms of needs and benefits. The message is that our knowledge of marketing is universal. Marketing is marketing—everywhere.

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Zou, Huibin, Tongtong Zhang, Lei Li, Jingling Huang, Nan Zhang, Mengxun Shi, He Hao, and Mo Xian. "Systematic Engineering for Improved Carbon Economy in the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Isoprenoids." Materials 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081271.

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With the rapid development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, a broad range of biochemicals can be biosynthesized, which include polyhydroxyalkanoates and isoprenoids. However, some of the bio-approaches in chemical synthesis have just started to be applied outside of laboratory settings, and many require considerable efforts to achieve economies of scale. One of the often-seen barriers is the low yield and productivity, which leads to higher unit cost and unit capital investment for the bioconversion process. In general, higher carbon economy (less carbon wastes during conversion process from biomass to objective bio-based chemicals) will result in higher bioconversion yield, which results in less waste being generated during the process. To achieve this goal, diversified strategies have been applied; matured strategies include pathway engineering to block competitive pathways, enzyme engineering to enhance the activities of enzymes, and process optimization to improve biomass/carbon yield. In this review, we analyze the impact of carbon sources from different types of biomass on the yield of bio-based chemicals (especially for polyhydroxyalkanoates and isoprenoids). Moreover, we summarize the traditional strategies for improving carbon economy during the bioconversion process and introduce the updated techniques in building up non-natural carbon pathways, which demonstrate higher carbon economies than their natural counterparts.

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Muchová, Eva, and Agáta Šuláková. "The impact of EMU integration on GDP and productivity in the Baltic countries." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 9, no. 6 (December 3, 2022): 1095–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v9i6.1038.

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We examined the effect of the accession to the Eurozone using the method of synthetic control groups. This method enabled us to compare the performance of the Estonian, Lithuanian, and Latvian economies with a combination of countries that have not accessed the Eurozone yet. We constructed a synthetic Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia model as synthetic control units from a donor pool to evaluate the impact of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on macroeconomic performance through synthetic control groups. The donor pool in our model consisted of European countries that do not use the euro. We used annual data from 1990 to 2019 for models with GDP and productivity. The results indicate that deciding to enter the Eurozone could increase productivity – measured as GDP over employment. Or in other words - if these Baltic countries did not join the euro, their GDP per employer would be lower than the actual. Accession to the Eurozone or ERM II has not increased or decreased GDP in Baltic countries as much as productivity.

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Bałtowski, Maciej, and Marlena Gołębiowska. "Udział i charakterystyka największych przedsiębiorstw państwowych w gospodarkach wybranych krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, no. 1 (December 2019): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.1.9.

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The article aims to empirically indicate the share and industry characteristics of the largest state-owned enterprises in five selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, based on the analysis, an attempt is made to answer relevant research questions: Whether and to what extent after almost 30 years of transition have the economies of the analysed countries become similar to the economies of selected developed countries of Western Europe with regard to the scope of state ownership in the economy? If so, to what extend? Could the economies of the analysed countries be seen as an occurrence of growing importance of state-owned enterprises after the financial crisis of 2008–2009, referred to in the literature as the “return of state-owned enterprises”? The analysis of the scope of state ownership in the economy was made using the processed and completed source data contained in the Orbis database. The study consists of three parts. The first part presents methodological assumptions of the analysis, definitions, description of data sources and basic characteristics of the studied set of enterprises. The second part contains data on state-owned enterprises in the analysed countries, divided into the state-owned and statecontrolled with a minority shareholding also includes industry-specific analysis. The third part contains synthetic international comparisons and a retrospective analysis, including the status and characteristics of state-owned enterprises in the surveyed countries in 2009, 2013 and 2017. The conclusions contained in the summary indicate a significant diversification of the scope and importance of state enterprises in the economies of the analysed countries.

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Pérez, Yoya Betzabé Flores, Fany Margarita Aguilar Pichón, Franklin Elder Abanto Chavez, María Emma Zúñiga Vásquez, Soledad Jackeline Zegarra Ugarte, Mario José Vásquez-Pauca, Luz Herfilia Cruzado Saucedo, and Rigoberto Hernan Navarrete Flores. "The Solidarity Economy in the Families of Cascas (La Libertad) and San Agustín (Arequipa): A Comparative Study." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S-1 (September 15, 2023): 330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is-1.330.

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The present study was carried out with the objective of knowing, making visible and articulating how family enterprises are presented in two communities of Peru, one from the north: Cascas (La Libertad) and another from the South: San Agustín (Arequipa), allowing the construction of synergies with a territoriality criterion. The solidarity economy achieves the support of people, promotes the development of initiatives, becomes a generator of economic income, a source of skills development, creation of more community economies and extension of the middle class. The methods used are inductive - deductive and analytical - synthetic, which allowed an analysis of the content of family economies, using the techniques questionnaire of closed questions and in-depth interviews, with 100 families from each of the selected communities as the object of study. and autonomy of the family members, allows the equitable distribution and management of resources, bringing as a goal the well-being of these families.

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Dworak, Edyta, Maria Magdalena Grzelak, and Elżbieta Roszko-Wójtowicz. "Comparison of National Innovation Systems in the European Union Countries." Risks 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10010006.

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The effective operation of national innovation systems can be a source of many opportunities, but it cannot be forgotten that innovation in itself may mean limiting but also generating various types of risks for the functioning of the local market. The main aim of the article is to present the concept and classification of national innovation systems in the world and to try to answer whether the type of NIS determines the level of innovation of the economies of the European Union countries. The following research thesis was formulated in the study: the type of National Innovation System determines a certain level of innovation in the economy of an European Union country, i.e., in countries belonging to a developed NIS, the level of innovation of the economy is higher than in countries belonging to developing systems. The results of the analysis confirm the research thesis. In the empirical part, the level of innovation in the European Union countries was assessed using the synthetic measure of development (SMD) by Z. Hellwig. Based on the obtained values of the synthetic measure of development (innovation), a ranking of the innovation of the economies of the EU countries was compiled and groups of countries with a similar degree of innovation in the economy were distinguished. The developed ranking of the European Union countries was compared with the NSI classification presented in the theoretical part of the article. The study covered 2010 and 2019.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Synthetic economies"

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Wolf, Christopher Alexander. "Case Histories and Analyses of Synthetic Economies: Implications for Experiments, Game Design, Monetization, and Revenue Maximization." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1368095911.

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Shao, Na. "Development of eco-compatible transformations and their synthetic applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0305.

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Les fragments de polycétides sont omniprésents dans une large gamme de médicaments et de produits naturels conférant une excellente bioactivité à ces molécules organiques. En conséquence, les chimistes organiciens doivent développer de nouvelles stratégies remplissant les principes d’éco-compatibilité pour construire ces échafaudages d’intérêts. Dans cette thèse, nous avons récemment développé différentes cascades éco-compatibles évitant les étapes inutiles pour accéder aux fragments de polycétides et à des analogues fluorés. Nous avons d'abord réalisé une cascade multi-catalytique impliquant une fluorination-aldolization décarboxylante suivie d’un dédoublement cinétique générant des 1,3-diols énantiopurs présentant un stéréocentre fluoré tétrasubstitué difficile d’accès. Nous avons ensuite combiné une réaction de type aldol-Tishchenko avec un dédoublement cinétique organocatalysé pour produire un large éventail de 1,3-diols fluorés avec trois stéréocentres contigus et d'excellentes énantiosélectivités. Afin d’obtenir des économies d’étapes redox, nous avons également développé une aldolisation redox-neutre d'alcool favorisée par une base directement à partir du niveau d'oxydation de l'alcool pour donner une série d'anti 1,3-diols difluorés. Enfin, nous avons conçu une stratégie économique concise pour donner le motif polycétide clé de l'apratoxine A, un produit naturel avec des niveaux élevés d'activité cytotoxique. Cette séquence en seulement 6 étapes est bien plus rapide que les précédentes nécessitant de 12 à 20 étapes
Polyketides fragments are ubiquitous in a wide range of drugs and natural products conferring excellent bioactivity to these organic molecules. As a consequence, organic chemists must develop novel strategies fulfilling at the best the different concepts of synthetic economies to construct such valuable scaffolds. During this PhD, we developed different eco-compatible cascades avoiding unnecessary steps to access different polyketides fragments and fluorinated analogues. At first, we developed a multi-catalytic enantioselective fluorination-decarboxylative aldolization followed by a kinetic resolution to generate enantiopure 1,3-diols featuring challenging tetrasubstituted fluorinated stereocenters. Subsequently, we realized the synthesis of a complementary type of fluorinated structure by combining an aldol-Tishchenko reaction with a Kinetic Resolution, producing a wide array of fluorinated 1,3-diols possessing three contiguous stereocenters with excellent levels of enantiocontrol. These reactions provide concise routes to useful 1,3-diols but consume stoichiometric reagents to induce change in the oxidation state from the starting materials to the final products. In order to obtain better redox-economies, we also developed a base-promoted redox-neutral alcohol-aldolization starting from the alcohol oxidation level to directly afford a series of difluorinated anti 1,3-diols. Finally, we designed a concise and redox-economical 6-step strategy providing a key polyketide fragment of apratoxin A, a natural product showing high levels of cytotoxic activity. This route is much shorter than the previously reported 12-20 steps sequences required to access this scaffold

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Togati, Teodoro Dario. "A critical assessment of the Neoclassical Synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333382.

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Kirby, Timothy Joel. "Women's Suffrage in the United States: A Synthesis of the Contributing Factors in Suffrage Extension." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596119821783093.

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Leal, José Jorge Cabral Pinto. "Multiparameter evidence synthesis in economic evaluation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558531.

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This thesis explores the methodological and practical issues involved with synthesising the evidence required by economic decision models. Decision models represent a useful means of comparing alternative healthcare interventions in terms of their relative costs and effects. Cost-effectiveness estimates derived from these models along with the uncertainty around these estimates provide valuable information to guide decision makers when considering the implementation of interventions. Hence, care is required to ensure that these decisions are accurately represented by including all the relevant evidence in the model. This thesis demonstrates that decision modelling guidelines provide limited advice on how to synthesise evidence for the non-effectiveness parameters of a decision model. Furthermore, it is common to find a number of sources of evidence to inform these model parameters. Conversely, evidence may be unavailable or if it exists it may inform functions of these parameters rather than the individual model parameters. Hence, guidance is required on the best approaches to take account of these situations. Bayesian multi-parameter evidence synthesis (MPES) has recently been proposed as a method that can be used to synthesise evidence and address these issues. The thesis reviews the MPES, model fitting and evidence consistency methodologies. Two case studies are used to assess the value and generalisability of using MPES for decision analytic models; the focus is on the elicitation of expert opinion, meta-regression models and complex synthesis models. The advantages of MPES over traditional approaches for informing decision models are identified and discussed. The use of MPES methods for the purpose of decision modelling results in a valid and credible model, based on all available evidence, formally synthesised, systematically calibrated and checked for consistency and model fit. The thesis illustrates that these methods can be applied across very different disease areas. However, a caveat to their use is the time, resources and cross-discipline expertise required to build a MPES model as part of the economic evaluation. Interdisciplinary teams are a requirement to ensure the general adoption of these methods in health economics. Finally, it is recommended that MPES should be considered as one of the stages when developing a decision model.

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Zarebanadkoki, Samane. "Essays on Health Economics Using Big Data." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/82.

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This dissertation consists of three essays addressing different topics in health economics. In the first essay, we perform a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles examining consumer preference for the main electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) attributes namely flavor, nicotine strength, and type. The search resulted in a pool of 12,933 articles; 66 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Current literature suggests consumers preferred flavored e-cigarettes, and such preference varies with age groups and smoking status. Consumer preference for nicotine strength and types depend on smoking status, e-cigarette use history, and gender. Adolescents consider flavor the most important factor trying e-cigarettes and were more likely to initiate vaping through flavored e-cigarettes. Young adults prefer sweet, menthol, and cherry flavors, while non-smokers, in particular, prefer coffee and menthol flavors. Adults in general also prefer sweet flavors (though smokers like tobacco flavor the most) and dislike flavors that elicit bitterness or harshness. Non-smokers and inexperienced e-cigarettes users tend to prefer no nicotine or low nicotine e-cigarettes while smokers and experienced e-cigarettes users prefer medium and high nicotine e-cigarettes. Weak evidence exists regarding a positive interaction between menthol flavor and nicotine strength. In the second essay, we investigate U.S. adult consumer preference for three key e-cigarette attributes––flavor, nicotine strength, and type––by applying a discrete choice model to the Nielsen scanner data (Consumer Panel data combined with retail data) for 2013 through 2017, generating novel findings as well as complementing the large literature on the topic using focus groups, surveys, and experiments. We found that (adult) vapers prefer tobacco flavor, medium nicotine strength, and disposables, and such preference can vary over cigarette smoking status, purchase frequency, gender, race, and age. In particular, smokers prefer tobacco flavor, non-smokers or female vapers prefer medium strength, and infrequent vapers prefer disposables. Vapers also display loyalty (inertia) to e-cigarette brands, flavor, and nicotine strength. One key policy implication is that a flavor ban will likely have a relatively larger impact on adolescents and young adults than adults. The third essay employs a machine learning algorithm, particularly a random forest, to identify the importance of BMI information during kindergarten on predicting children most likely to be obese by the 4th grade. We use the Arkansas BMI screening program dataset. The potential value of BMI information during early childhood to predict the likelihood of obesity later in life is one of the main benefits of a BMI screening program. This study identifies the value of this information by comparing the results of two random forests trained with and without kindergarten BMI information to assess the ability of BMI screening to improve a predictive model beyond personal, demographic, and socioeconomic measures that are typically used to identify children at high risk of excess weight gain. The BMI z-score from kindergarten is the most important variable and increases the accuracy of the prediction by 14%. The ability of BMI screening programs to identify children at greatest risk of becoming obese is an important but neglected dimension that should be used in evaluating the overall utility. In the last essay, we use Nielson retail scanner dataset and apply a difference-in-differences (DID) approach and synthetic control method, and we test whether consumers in Utah reduced beef purchases after the 2009 Salmonella outbreak of ground beef products. The result of DID approach indicates that the Salmonella event reduced ground beef purchases in Utah by 17% in four weeks after the recall. Price elasticity of demand is also estimated to be -2.04; therefore, the reduction in ground beef purchases as a result of recall is comparable to almost 8.3% increase in the price of this product. Using the synthetic control method that allows us to use all of the control states to produce synthetic Utah, we found the effect of this event minimal compared to the DID effect.

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Moreno, Moreno Ahuitzotl Héctor. "Long run economic mobility." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E004/document.

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La mobilité économique est une des aspirations de toute société moderne, mais comment peut-on savoir la véritable évolution de la mobilité sociale ? C’est-à-dire : 1) peut-on mesurer la mobilité sociale avec les données ou la technologie disponibles aujourd’hui? 2) Quelles sont les tendances de la mobilité sociale qui a traversées la génération actuelle? Ou encore 3) à quel point la société actuelle est-elle mobile par rapport aux anciennes générations? Ce sont les trois questions à la base de cette thèse. Nous soutenons ici que c’est possible de connaître encore plus sur l’évolution de la mobilité sociale en restreignant son analyse à quelques dimensions dans le champ de l’économie : le revenu et l’éducation. Le première article s’attaque au problème du manque des données nécessaires pour l’analyse des dynamiques du revenu à l’intérieur d’une génération. Il est avéré que les données longitudinales sont rares et très peu disponibles dans la plupart des pays, ce qui est vrai même pour les pays développés ! Nous avons essayé d’assembler ce casse-tête par des approches méthodologiques récentes, telles que les «panels synthétiques», une méthodologie normalement utilisée pour l’analyse des dynamiques de la pauvreté. Les articles deux et trois décrivent, plus spécifiquement, les tendances à long terme de la mobilité économique pour le revenu et pour l’éducation, respectivement. Le deuxième papier s’occupe de la mobilité intra-générationnelle, tandis que le troisième est dédié à la mobilité intergénérationnelle. Tous les deux répondent aux questions deux et trois posées plus en haut, en cherchant d’améliorer la façon dont la dimension temporaire est incluse dans l’analyse du bien-être économique, ceci avec pour but de reproduire l’effet d’un film fait avec plusieurs clichés. Cette thèse cherche à élargir le savoir expérimental sur la mobilité économique, vu que la plupart des études ne prennent en compte que quelques années de mobilité intra-générationnelle ou à peine quelque génération. En outre, la plupart des résultats des expériences existantes font référence aux pays scandinaves ou à des pays fortement industrialisés. Pour cette thèse nous avons donc pris l’exemple du Mexique, mais les approches et les principes méthodologiques utilisés pourront être appliqués à n’importe quel autre pays. Les chemins de nos vies sont dans un mouvement perpétuel : par monts et par vaux. Dans une société démocratique, il semble utile de savoir si notre appartenance sociale nous permet de nous en sortir malgré nos origines, ou si au contraire, notre destin est voué à l’échec à cause d’elles. Il nous faut en effet, des résultats empiriques pour répondre à ces délibérations. Cette thèse est peut-être une invitation osée à mettre en marche cette conversation
Economic mobility constitutes a social aspiration in many modern societies however do we really know the actual evolution of social mobility? In other words: 1) how can we measure economic mobility with the data available or with the technology at hand? 2) What are the trends of economic mobility experienced by the current generation? Moreover 3) how mobile is a society relative to previous generations? These questions motivate this dissertation. The complexity of these issues may derive in some sort of paralysis but it is claimed here that it may be possible to learn something about its evolution by restricting analysis to a couple of key dimensions within the economic discipline: income and education. This is the scope followed by this research. The first paper in this dissertation is devoted to deal with the lack of the required data to examine the income dynamics within one generation. It is well known that longitudinal data is often scarce and is seldom available in many countries. This is the case even in well-developed countries! This conundrum has been partially addressed through recent methodological approaches by the so-called synthetic panels. The second part of this dissertation is entirely devoted to applied research. More specifically, the second and third papers describe long run trends of economic mobility in income and education respectively. The former is devoted to intra-generational mobility while the later is devoted to inter-generational mobility. Each of them address the second and third interrogations referred above. In a way this dissertation attempts to improve the addition of the time dimension in the analysis of economic wellbeing. It attempts to produce the effect of a motion picture by the use multiple snapshots. The trends contained herein are far from being perfect and complete but they are based on the use of extensive data and multiple methods covering three decades and the same number of generations in each case. This research expects to expand our knowledge on the empirics of economic mobility as most of the studies refer to few years of intra-generational mobility or to a couple of generations only. Furthermore, most of the empirical evidence available refers to Nordic and highly industrialized countries. Mexico is the canvas of this work but the approaches and principles followed here could be easily mimicked elsewhere. The roads of our lives are constantly moving: rising and falling. In a democratic context, it is useful to know, whether our society provides the chance to get ahead regardless of our origins, or whether this chance is ruled or doomed by them. Empirical evidence is needed to foster these deliberations. This dissertation may well be an invitation to sustain this kind conversation

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Valero, Rafael. "Essays on Sparse-Grids and Statistical-Learning Methods in Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/71368.

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Compuesta por tres capítulos: El primero es un estudio sobre la implementación the Sparse Grid métodos para es el estudio de modelos económicos con muchas dimensiones. Llevado a cabo mediante aplicaciones noveles del método de Smolyak con el objetivo de favorecer la tratabilidad y obtener resultados preciso. Los resultados muestran mejoras en la eficiencia de la implementación de modelos con múltiples agentes. El segundo capítulo introduce una nueva metodología para la evaluación de políticas económicas, llamada Synthetic Control with Statistical Learning, todo ello aplicado a políticas particulares: a) reducción del número de horas laborales en Portugal en 1996 y b) reducción del coste del despido en España en 2010. La metodología funciona y se erige como alternativa a previos métodos. En términos empíricos se muestra que tras la implementación de la política se produjo una reducción efectiva del desempleo y en el caso de España un incremento del mismo. El tercer capítulo utiliza la metodología utiliza en el segundo capítulo y la aplica para evaluar la implementación del Tercer Programa Europeo para la Seguridad Vial (Third European Road Safety Action Program) entre otras metodologías. Los resultados muestran que la coordinación a nivel europeo de la seguridad vial a supuesto una ayuda complementaria. En el año 2010 se estima una reducción de víctimas mortales de entre 13900 y 19400 personal en toda Europa.

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Edlund, Alan. "Synthetic Spider Silk Sustainability Verification by Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analysis." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5150.

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Major ampullate spider silk represents a promising biomaterial with diverse commercial potential ranging from textiles to medical devices due to the excellent physical and thermal properties from the protein structure. Recent advancements in synthetic biology have facilitated the development of recombinant spider silk proteins from Escherichia coli (E. coli), alfalfa, and goats. This study specifically investigates the economic feasibility and environmental impact of synthetic spider silk manufacturing. Pilot scale data was used to validate an engineering process model that includes all of the required sub-processing steps for synthetic fiber manufacture: production, harvesting, purification, drying, and spinning. Modeling was constructed modularly to support assessment of alternative protein production methods (alfalfa and goats) as well as alternative down-stream processing technologies. The techno-economic analysis indicates a minimum sale price from pioneer and optimized E. coli plants at $761 kg-1 and $23 kg-1 with greenhouse gas emissions of 572 kg CO2-eq. kg-1 and 55 kg CO2-eq. kg-1, respectively. Spider silk sale price estimates from goat pioneer and optimized results are $730 kg-1 and $54 kg-1, respectively, with pioneer and optimized alfalfa plants are $207 kg-1 and $9.22 kg-1 respectively. Elevated costs and emissions from the pioneer plant can be directly tied to the high material consumption and low protein yield. Decreased production costs associated with the optimized plants include improved protein yield, process optimization, and an Nth plant assumption. Discussion focuses on the commercial potential of spider silk, the production performance requirements for commercialization, and impact of alternative technologies on the sustainability of the system.

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Bergström, Balder. "The Swedish payroll tax reduction for young workers : - A study of effects found using publicly available aggregated (macro) data." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-166606.

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In 2007, the Swedish payroll tax was reduced for youths in an attempt to suppress the perceived high unemployment among Swedish youths. The reform was rolled back later in 2016. For this period there is a rich supply of publicly available aggregated (macro) data. This thesis aims to examine: first, if the aggregated data is suitable for policy evaluation of the reform, and second, the effects of the reform introduction and repeal. This has been done by using both a conventional fixed effects model and a more unorthodox synthetic control method. Neither of the two methods could show any unbiased and consistent significant result of the treatment effects of the reform. Instead, the results of this thesis suggest that the publicly available aggregated data doesn’t contain enough information to evaluate such reforms.

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Books on the topic "Synthetic economies"

1

Technical, Economics Synfuels and Coal Energy Symposium (1989 Houston Tex ). Technical Economics, Synfuels, and Coal Energy, 1989. New York, N.Y. (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989.

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Energy-Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition. (10th 1987 Dallas, Tex.). Technical economics, synfuels, and coal energy--1987. New York, N.Y. (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987.

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Castronova, Edward. Synthetic Worlds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.

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Adorjan, Kurucz, and Bencik Izsak, eds. Syngas production methods, post treatment, and economics. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Kurucz, Adorjan. Syngas production methods, post treatment, and economics. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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1929, Etzioni Amitai b., Lawrence Paul R, Harvard University. Graduate School of Business Administration., and International Conference on Socio-Economics (1st : 1989 : Harvard Business School), eds. Socio-economics: Toward a new synthesis. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1991.

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Amitai, Etzioni, Lawrence Paul R, Harvard University. Graduate School of Business Administration. Division of Research., and International Conference on Socio-Economics (1st : 1989 : Harvard Business School), eds. Socio-economics: Toward a new synthesis. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 1991.

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F, Chicarro A., ed. ERS synthetic aperture radar imaging of impact craters. Noordwijk: European Space Agency, 2003.

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Constantino, Renato. Synthetic culture and development. Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1985.

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Pietri-Tonelli, Alfonso de. Vilfredo Pareto: Neoclassical synthesis of economics and sociology. Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with the Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Napoli, Italy, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Synthetic economies"

1

Hovanov, N. V., J. W. Kolari, and M. V. Sokolov. "Synthetic Money." In Multidisciplinary Economics, 293–303. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26259-8_26.

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Traversa, Susanna, and Enrico Ivaldi. "The digitization of the private sector in the Italy. A non-aggregative method to monitor the NRRP agenda at macro-area level." In Proceedings e report, 209–14. Florence: Firenze University Press and Genova University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.37.

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Covid-19 emergency has produced within societies a strong impulse toward digitization policies, designed to mitigate the negative effects produced on national economies and to ensure a recovery of it. Among the objectives included by the Italian Government within the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) there is a boosting of investments in the 4.0 Transition with measures involving not only a strengthening of the digital infrastructure but also a greater diffusion of digital literacy among the population. Therefore, starting from the intervention forecasts contained within Mission 1, paragraph 2 "Digitization, innovation and competitiveness in the production system," four elementary indicators were selected from the I.Stat database in compliance with the requirements of data available from both a spatial and temporal standpoint. As a matter of fact, the study aims to trace and compare the performance obtained by the main Italian macro-areas from the point of view of digitization of the production system, considering the years preceding and concomitant to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the intrinsic complexity of the digitization phenomenon, the development of statistic measures to study it can be directed toward the construction of synthetic indices. Throughout the present study, a synthesis methodology has been adopted that takes advantage of a non-aggregative approach: the Partially ordered set (POSET). The study is divided into sections, in which the main opportunities related to the construction of an index that evaluates the performance of the policies presented in the RRP will be outlined, as well as the characteristics and implications attributable to the use of a non-aggregative approach such as the POSET in its declination for the temporal study of socio-economic phenomena, and lastly, a presentation will be made of the results obtained from the application of the index to the Italian context.

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Salamone, Sergio, Alessandro Faramondi, and Stefania Della Queva. "A composite indicator to measure regional investment policies on R&D and innovation." In Proceedings e report, 193–96. Florence: Firenze University Press and Genova University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.34.

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The aim of this work is to illustrate the application of a tool to monitor regional smart specialization strategies, a place-based european approach characterised by the identification of strategic areas for intervention on r&s and innovation as a driving factor for development and territorial competitiveness. Therefore a new classification of enterprises has been defined, that represents all the dimensions of smart specialization, such as innovation, r&s, human capital, business relations, environmental sustainability, ability to drive the territorial development. This work introduces the results of a composite indicator on the microdata of the italian business census 2019, integrated with Istat business registers, identifying a score for each individual enterprises, rather than on aggregates (e.g. territorial). The idea is to have a synthetic value on microdata in order to calculate indicators on aggregates, for example on economic activities of enterprises, defined with respect to new policy needs. The results provide indications of potentials and strategic development trajectories of regional economies. The methodology adopted offer different opportunities for analysis: it’s possible to evaluate the areas of smart specialization chosen by each Italian region for the coesion funds' 2021-2027 planning, which dimensions are stronger or weaker on each area, in order to give indications on investments and intervention priorities. It's possible to get an objective analysis of the region or country current situation in terms of research, innovation, industrial structures, skills and human capital. The output of this work is presented through different dashboards of outcome indicators for the Italian smart specialization areas at the regional or national level.

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Blanchard, Olivier Jean. "Neoclassical Synthesis." In The World of Economics, 504–10. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_66.

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Koslowski, Peter. "Ethical Economy as Synthesis of Economic and Ethical Theory." In Ethics in Economics, Business, and Economic Policy, 15–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77434-8_2.

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Richter, Marco, and Volker Stockrahm. "Scheduling of Synthetic Granulate." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 409–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55309-7_22.

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Cerulli, Giovanni. "Synthetic Control Method." In Econometric Evaluation of Socio-Economic Programs, 363–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65945-8_6.

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Mills, Edwin S. "Housing Economics: A Synthesis." In New Frontiers in Regional Science, 257–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10633-2_17.

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Gulati, Ashok, Shweta Saini, and Ranjana Roy. "Synthesis Chapter." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 9–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9335-2_2.

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AbstractAs stated in Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-9335-2_1, the study presented in this book has four pillars and each pillar builds up sequentially and progressively. It starts by evaluating the relation between per capita agricultural GDP and the twin problems of poverty and malnutrition.

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Blanchard, Olivier Jean. "Neoclassical Synthesis." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1218-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Synthetic economies"

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Lytvynenko, Volodymyr, Serhii Khomovyi, and Nadiia Tomilova-Yaremchuk. "Concept of accounting for transaction costs: problems and prospects." In 24th International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2023”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2023.57.044.

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Research in the field of institutional economics has proved the importance of transaction costs in economic governance. However, it is quite difficult to obtain reliable data about the a of the enterprise transaction costs because transaction costs are not reflected in the accounting as a separate item. The aim of this article is to explain the rationale of the concepts of accounting for transaction costs on the separate synthetic account and on the basis of analytical accounting data with the help of modern information systems. To achieve this goal, the authors reviewed existing approaches to the classification of transaction costs for the purpose of registration. The study analysed research works on the assessment of transaction costs’ proportion in the economies of selected countries and Ukraine. The authors estimated transaction costs of the investigated agricultural enterprises according to accounting data. The study reviewed research approaches to obtain the data about the transaction costs’ accounting in companies. As a result of the research, the authors developed the methods of the transaction costs’ accounting on the separate synthetic account and by the help of analytical data of ERP systems. Also, the authors proposed the classification of transaction costs, adapted for the opening of analytical accounts for accounting.

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Ipatyev, Ivan R., and Konstantin V. Krinichansky. "Actual problems of regulation of the release and circulation of structured financial products." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.pwgl5422.

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The market of structured financial products in emerging economies is a young phenomenon which carries a number of disadvantages. In more developed financial systems in the United States and Europe, it operates in conditions of clearly functioning mechanisms for protecting the rights of consumers of financial services. Despite the efforts made by the Bank of Russia, the system of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of investors, especially individuals, remains incomplete in Russia. There are problems regarding the operation of the information disclosure system, the facts of insider information abuse and market manipulation. Frequent changes in legislation, as well as continuing legislative gaps, create uncertainty. Despite significant discrepancies in the interpretation of the term “structural product”, the grounds for fixing it in legislation and making it “legal” have not yet developed. A structural product, as an artificial or synthetic phenomenon, will be regulated through the application to it of norms relating, respectively, to contracts or securities from which such a product is formed. Also, when purchasing securities on the exchange, the rules on clearing settlements must be observed, and in some cases – on settlements with the participation of a central counterparty, whose functions are traditionally performed by non-bank credit organizations licensed to carry out clearing activities. The task of improving the regulatory framework in order to regulate the issue and circulation of structured products in Russia is especially relevant due to the rapid growth in the number of retail investors.

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Čerović, Slobodan, Miroslav Knežević, Nataša Sekulović, Dragoljub Barjaktarović, and Filip Đoković. "THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS AND NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN ZLATIBOR." In Synthesis 2015. Belgrade, Serbia: Singidunum University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15308/synthesis-2015-771.

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Lot, Hasnor, Andrew Yeow, Anuar Buang@Mahmood, Badrul Hisyam Ismail, Muhamad Adib Zainal Abidin, and Wan Adli Wan Abdul Wahab. "Business Model of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects for High-CO2 Fields." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214359-ms.

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Abstract High-CO2 gas fields present a dilemma to Host Government wanting to both ensure security of supply and achieve net zero aspiration. While carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology holds promise of technical feasibility to unlock these fields, its commercial success ultimately hinges on the choice of an appropriate business model. This study compares the economics of the traditional business model i.e., CCS as part of the upstream petroleum operation dedicated to a Production Sharing Contract (PSC) vs. the alternative business model i.e., a regional CCS hub separately managed by a Special-Purpose Vehicle (SPV). To maximize the return on its investment in a gas value chain, Host Government aims to minimize the upstream cost of gas (COG), which in turn comprises the technical cost, fiscal/tax charge, and cost of capital components. Thus, in this paper, the business models are compared in terms of their COG, and the reasons for the differences are further analyzed by looking at the drivers affecting the components. To illustrate the comparison numerically, synthetic technical data based on several recent CCS projects are evaluated under Malaysian petroleum fiscal arrangement and tax regime. The scope of the CCS projects contemplated in this study is restricted to managing the CO2 inherent in upstream high-CO2 gas fields. The paper finds that the alternative business model outdoes the traditional in several ways. The economies of scale of a hub design optimize capital expenditure, while utilization by multiple users reduces hub operator’s risk, potentially lowering tariff. The SPV can better realize tax incentives and also benefit from a lower tax rate. In PSCs where cost recovery provisions prioritize operating expenditure over capital expenditure, upstream Contractors may prefer paying tariff per usage rather than building their own CCS facility up front. Access to cheaper financing from environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investors and government agencies, coupled with the perception of lower business risks, should also translate into a lower cost of capital. There are various spin-offs and qualitative benefits too. While the paper affirms the intuitive expectation that the alternative business model generally surpasses the traditional, it also cautions that the optimal choice may switch beyond certain thresholds (number of fields, distance between PSCs, volume of CO2, etc.). In addition to the between-model selection problem, the paper also discusses within-model fine tunings and optimization. This paper lays out important caveats and considerations that might be of interest to petroleum authority and government policymakers tasked with the development of business model for upstream CCS projects.

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Smith, A. R., and J. L. Dillon. "Gas Turbine Applications for Large Air Separation Units." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-321.

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Oxygen production rates of 10,000 to 20,000 tons per day from large, cryogenic air separation units are being studied by many alternative fuel project developers. These projects utilize oxygen to partially oxidize hydrocarbon materials, producing a clean synthesis gas that can be used as a fuel or for conversion into valuable chemical products. Specific market applications include natural gas or waste material conversion processes and multi-train integrated gasification combined cycle facilities. In an effort to reduce specific facility cost project developers increase facility output to obtain economies of scale, resulting in large oxygen requirements for the partial oxidation step. One of the challenges to provide cost effective oxygen is the economic supply of large quantities of compressed air for use in the cryogenic air separation process. To date, gas turbines have found limited application for use in air separation facilities due to their relatively high capital cost compared to traditional electric motor drives. The need for large, single train air separation units to support alternative fuel projects creates opportunities for the use of gas turbines. This paper explores the use of commercially available equipment, configured to integrate with air separation processes, to improve the economics of oxygen production. Long term developmental equipment configurations are presented to further improve the economics of these facilities.

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Abdikeev, Niyaz. "The synthetic character of systemic thinking and cognitive processes." In System analysis in economics – 2018. Prometheus publishing house, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33278/sae-2018.eng.110-115.

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Melnikas, Borisas. "CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ECONOMICS ENGINEERING: ECONOMIC GROWTH, DYNAMIC MANAGEMENT, AND TECHNOLOGICAL BREAK-THROUGHS." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.007.

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Purpose – to prepare, disseminate and implement the new concept of economics engineering, the essence of which is an integrated approach to the problems of economic growth, innovation activities, technological progress, and break-throughs. Research methodology – systematic analysis and synthesis of various scientific ideas and approaches, formulation and analysis of new insights. Findings – a new concept of economics engineering is prepared. This concept provides an integrated approach to the so-lution of the problems of economic growth, innovation activities, technological progress, and breakthroughs, as well as of the application of dynamic management tools. The implementation of this concept in the practice of the economic activ-ities and research creates various preconditions for anticipation and realization of new opportunities for economic devel-opment and technological breakthroughs under contemporary conditions of globalization, European integration and the creation of knowledge-based society and knowledge economy. Research limitations – the proposed concept is limited to the cases of the macroeconomic analysis and preparation of the strategic economic decisions. Practical implications – the proposed concept is usable in various cases of economic policy decisions making. Originality/Value – the new insights and perspective ideas provided for the priorities of the economics engineering sci-ence and of the application of the dynamic management tools, are described and analyzed. Orientation to these insights and ideas highlights new significant trends in the scientific research of economic profile

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Cirlan, Ana. "The role of financial engineering in banking." In 26th International Scientific Conference “Competitiveness and Innovation in the Knowledge Economy". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/cike2022.45.

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This article analyzes financial engineering from the point of view of its place and role in the development and optimization of the banking system from the perspective of increasing the efficiency of its activities. As a methodological basis, a set of general scientific logical and heuristic methods was used - analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, the principle of interdependence; as well as a comparative method that allows a synthetic study of economic concept of "financial engineering". Also, this article mentions the need to use financial engineering products and useful tools in banking, as they allow increasing of liquidity, reducing activity risks and attracting new customers. The impediments to the development of financial engineering in the banking system of the Republic of Moldova are analyzed.

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Dieter, Tamara, Andreas Weinmann, and Eva Brucherseifer. "Generating synthetic data for deep learning-based drone detection." In APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS IN ENGINEERING AND ECONOMICS (AMEE’22): Proceedings of the 48th International Conference “Applications of Mathematics in Engineering and Economics”. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0180345.

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Rajapova, Madina. "Analyzing the Situation and Development Mode of Electronic Commerce in China." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02152.

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Over the last decades, electronic commerce is changed the habits of the customers in the world especially in China, which show us opportunities and challenges of electronic commerce. In this article I will investigate and draw conclusion of using electronic commerce. Analyzing that models and experiences of electronic commerce gives overview, positive and negative sides of electronic commerce, organization aspects, security issues and other most important points of this field. Analysis and synthesis, comparison are methods of research which draw conclusions to e-commerce model in Chine. This paper emphasizes that only Chinese enterprises develop individuated ecommerce considering their practice conditions can they fit the individuating trend of consumption and ecommerce and puts forward the development mode of ecommerce in China.

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Reports on the topic "Synthetic economies"

1

Lee, Hyun-Hoon, Cyn-Young Park, and Ju Hyun Pyun. International Business Cycle Synchronization: A Synthetic Assessment. Asian Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220355-2.

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This paper presents findings from a study that synthetically assessed the three major transmission channels of international business cycles: trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and portfolio flows between economies with multiple fixed effects. Results showed that real and financial integration generates heterogeneous impacts on business cycle comovement. Trade integration and greenfield FDI lead business cycle comovements, likely due to deepening intra-industry trade and dense global value chains. Higher debt market integration is associated with more synchronized business cycle comovement, while equity integration leads to business cycle divergence.

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Li, Francis G. N., Christopher Bataille, and Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Net-Zero Industry: Options for Plastics, Textiles, Automobiles, and Fisheries in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005167.

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This report explores pathways to achieve carbon-neutral industrial production in three major Andean economies: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It examines options for achieving net-zero emissions in plastics, textiles, auto manufacturing, and fisheries four sectors that are likely to play key roles in the economies of the region in the future. The report analyzes the barriers and opportunities to achieve carbon-neutral manufacturing in these countries and sectors in light of existing industrial, energy, and environmental policies, and given the progress that has been achieved so far. The analysis argues that, despite the presence of multiple barriers and challenges to implementation, the prospects for establishing clean manufacturing at scale are promising. Making such transformative changes, however, will require the following conditions: (i) a strategic vision and the underpinning legal authority to champion and achieve a net-zero transition; (ii) vastly increased institutional coordination among diverse government departments to end fragmented policymaking practices; (iii) investments that leverage rapid technological change to build a zero-emissions power grid, and to use low-carbon, synthetic fuels (such as green hydrogen or green ammonia) in industry; (iv) foreign direct investment into the clean-energy-supply sector; (v) regulatory mandates and economic incentives for powerful oil and gas firms to pivot from fossil fuels to synthetic, zero-emission fuels; and (vi) vastly improved waste-management practices to enable a significantly more circular economy that re-uses and recycles materials.

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Zanoni, Wladimir, Emily Díaz, Jorge Paredes, Leandro Gaston Andrian, and Juan Lorenzo Maldonado. Emerging Markets Bond Index Performance and Sovereign Default: The Case of Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005676.

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This paper delves into the dynamic impact of Ecuador's 2008 sovereign debt default on the subsequent performance of the country's bonds, specifically as measured by the Emerging Markets Bond Index (EMBI). Through a blend of qualitative and quantitative analyses, the paper develops a framework for understanding the interplay between macroeconomic and political fundamentals, global liquidity dynamics, and investor behaviors. Employing a synthetic control method, the study assesses the default's impact on Ecuadors EMBI performance, revealing a dynamically heterogeneous influence that fluctuates with evolving macroeconomic and political landscapes. The findings highlight the importance of considering a broad spectrum of economic variables in sovereign risk assessment, especially for economies with significant exposure to volatile commodity markets. The study offers insights into the complex dynamics governing sovereign bond markets post default, emphasizing the roles of fiscal discipline, investor communication, and political stability in mitigating sovereign risk.

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González Rozada, Martín, and Hernán Ruffo. Do Trade Agreements Contribute to the Decline in Labor Share? Evidence from Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003790.

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In this paper, we explore the role of trade in the evolution of labor share in Latin American countries. We use trade agreements with large economies (the United States, the European Union, and China) to capture the effect of sharp changes in trade. In the last two decades, labor share has displayed a negative trend among those countries that signed trade agreements, while in other countries labor share increased, widening the gap by 7 percentage points. We apply synthetic control methods to estimate the average causal impact of trade agreements on labor share. While effects are heterogeneous in our eight case studies, the average impact is negative between 2 to 4 percentage points of GDP four years after the entry into force of the trade agreements. This result is robust to the specification used and to the set of countries in the donor pool. We also find that, after trade agreements, exports of manufactured goods and the share of industry in GDP increase on average, most notably in the case studies where negative effects on labor share are significant. A decomposition shows that all the reduction in labor share is explained by a negative impact on real wages.

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USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; economic uses fact sheet 05: NEPA and economics. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-20-v5.

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Galiani, Sebastián, Ilan Noy, Eduardo A. Cavallo, and Juan Pantano. Catastrophic Natural Disasters and Economic Growth. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010949.

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This paper examines the short and long-run average causal impact of catastrophic natural disasters on economic growth by combining information from comparative case studies. The counterfactual of the cases studied is assessed by constructing synthetic control groups, taking advantage of the fact that the timing of large sudden natural disasters is an exogenous event. It is found that only extremely large disasters have a negative effect on output, both in the short and long run. However, this result appears in two events where radical political revolutions followed the natural disasters. Once these political changes are controlled for, even extremely large disasters do not display any significant effect on economic growth. It is also found that smaller, but still very large natural disasters, have no discernible effect on output.

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Knighton, Lane, Lesley Snowden-Swan, Daniel Wendt, Jeromy Jenks, Charles Freeman, and Jalal Askander. Techno-Economic Analysis of Synthetic Fuels Pathways Integrated with Light Water Reactors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1692371.

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Knighton, L. Todd, Daniel Wendt, Lesley Snowden-Swan, Jeromy WJ Jenks, Shuyun Li, Steven Phillips, and Jalal Askander. Techno-Economic Analysis of Synthetic Fuels Pathways Integrated with Light Water Reactors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1777981.

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Campbell, Bryan, and Michel Magnan. Towards the new bioeconomy: Bio-manufacturing as a strategic economic development initiative for Quebec. CIRANO, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/aktj9050.

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Abstract:

Globally, the bioeconomy can be defined as the domain of the economy based on products, services and processes derived from biological resources. In this regard, synthetic biology refers to the characteristics of a field derived from biology that has developed over the past thirty years thanks to advances in applied genetics and bioengineering. Some predict that the future economy will primarily be a bioeconomy based on these emerging techniques, which are consistent with the decarbonization of our economy. We first describe the international reality of the "Bio Revolution" and then aim to assess Quebec's position. Next, we present some government policies following a top-down approach from different jurisdictions. A case study of a Montreal-based company allows us to highlight the problems it faced in attracting the financial capital needed for its growth. Another critical issue in the field is the scalability of production processes. We explore this issue further in agritech, a high potential sector but whose realization faces several socio-economic challenges. This analysis serves as a backdrop to our recommendations to develop a roadmap for government support for synthetic biology.

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Edison, Hali, Michael Klein, Luca Ricci, and Torsten Sloek. Capital Account Liberalization and Economic Performance: Survey and Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9100.

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