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1

Uchegbu, Nneka, Theresa Nnamocha, and Charles Ishiwu. "Natural Food Colourants Juxtaposed with Synthetic Food Colourant: A Review." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 19, no. 8 (July 15, 2020): 404–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2020.404.419.

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Yee, Low Pinn, Than Chin Ping, Lim Pek Kui, and Chan Sook Wah. "Application of red pitaya powder as a natural food colourant in fruit pastille." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.17863.

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Background: Confectionary products meet the important consumers’ need states of fun and enjoyment, especially among children. Synthetic colourant had been applied as a colouring agent in confectionery products for decades, however various adverse health effects have been reported after consumption. Hence, usage of natural colourant has increased enormously as it confers functional and nutraceutical benefits. Red pitaya, a common and popular fruit cultivated in South-east Asian countries. It is rich betacyanin content that gives the fruit a red-violet colour. Hence, red pitaya is a potential source of natural colorant as an alternative to the synthetic colorant.Objective: This research was aimed to produce fruit pastille with red pitaya powder applied as a natural colourant.Method: Production of red pitaya powder was achieved through spray drying process. Fruit pastille was prepared and subjected to antioxidant, stability and sensory analysis.Results: The Physicochemical study showed that pastille incorporated with red pitaya powder exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher antioxidant properties than the blank pastille (control). An eight weeks storage stability study revealed that betacyanin content of pastille incorporated with pitaya powder remained stable for the first four weeks of storage. Besides, no significant change was observed in redness (a*) of pastille throughout the storage study. Sensory study was carried out to assess the consumer preference on pastille incorporated with pitaya powder and synthetic colourant. Colour attribute of pastille incorporated with red pitaya powder has gained significantly (p<0.05) higher liking that the one added with synthetic colour.Conclusion: Red pitaya powder could be a potential natural colourant for gummy confectionery.
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Sirianuntapiboon, Suntud, and Weerapong Saengow. "Removal of Vat Dyes from Textile Wastewater Using Biosludge." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.038.

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Abstract Biosludge from a wastewater treatment plant was able to adsorb colourants, particularly vat dyes, from textile wastewater. Autoclaved and resting biosludge showed different adsorption abilities with different types of vat dyes. The adsorption ability of the biosludge increased with an increase in sludge age (solid retention time; SRT). Autoclaved biosludge showed the highest adsorption ability under acidic conditions (pH 3) while the resting biosludge showed the highest adsorption ability under neutral or weak alkaline conditions. The maximum colourant (Vat Black 25) adsorption capacities of autoclaved and resting biosludge with a sludge age of 24 days were 85.54 ± 0.5 and 37.59 ± 0.6 mg/g biosludge, respectively. Using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system, the biosludge was able to remove both organic matter and colourants from both textile and synthetic textile wastewaters. The removal efficiencies of the system increased with an increase in SRT of the system. The removal efficiency of the system with textile wastewater was lower than with synthetic textile wastewater. The BOD5 and colourant removal efficiency of the SBR system with textile and synthetic textile industrial wastewaters under a BOD5 loading of 0.13 kg BOD/m3-d were 70.1 ± 4.4% and 84.9 ± 2.0%, and 98.1 ± 1.5% and 87.5 ± 5.1%, respectively.
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Nithyananda Sastry, D., T. Prabhakar, and M. Lakshmi Narasu. "Studies on preparation of Bio-Paints using fungal bio-colors." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-02-2015-0022.

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Purpose – This paper aims to isolate fungal strains producing natural colours, explore their application as colourant in paints and develop cost-effective durable natural paints. Design/methodology/approach – Fungal strains producing natural colours of different shades were isolated. Colourant production was carried out by fermentation method. Natural lime, milk, oil-in-water emulsion paints using natural microbial colours and eco-friendly ingredients were prepared. Bio-paint applications were carried out and evaluated. Findings – Our results indicate that microbes in general and fungi in specific represent dependable source of variety of natural colours, and cost-effective durable natural paints can be prepared with commonly available natural ingredients using scientific information based on history of paints. Research limitations/implications – Natural colours are gaining importance because of their use in health, nutrition, pharmaceutical, textile and environmental applications. Nature is quite rich in several types of colourants. Chemical synthesis of synthetic dyes is complex and not environmental friendly. Microbial dyes manufactured can evade inherent environmental problems of synthetic dyes and offer significant opportunity as a colourant in paints. However, only generally regarded as safe microbial strains are to be considered for colour production. Practical implications – Choosing natural alternatives to protect the health and environment is the need of hour. Fungal colourants are relatively more stable and robust and offer significant opportunity as a colourant in paints. Cost-effective durable natural paints can be prepared using selected stable fungal colourants with commonly available natural ingredients. High diversity of rich and complex natural colourants can be obtained from microorganisms. With the available techniques of fermentation, natural colours can be produced in large quantities of on an economically viable scale and explored for their applications. Social implications – Bio-paints are eco-friendly natural paints, low volatile organic compounds (VOC) paints or organic paints alternate to conventional paints. Most of these natural paints are durable, breathable, prevent moisture problems, contribute to a positive room climate, use safer technology and are less energy-intensive than conventional latex paints to produce. These paints improve indoor air quality and reduce urban smog and offer beneficial characteristics such as low odour, excellent durability and a washable finish. Originality/value – Many of the old art works that still survive today are a tangible proof and evidence of beauty and durability of natural paints. Organic materials used in these paints include natural pigments of mineral, plant and animal origin and other raw biodegradable ingredients. Successful commercialisation of many microbial pigments for food and textile applications is reported in literature. Therefore, present research work aims at developing natural paints using microbial pigments and recipes that have been successfully used by people for years.
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Liu, Huwei, Tao Zhu, Yingnan Zhang, Shize Qi, Aijin Huang, and Yiliang Sun. "Determination of synthetic colourant food additives by capillary zone electrophoresis." Journal of Chromatography A 718, no. 2 (December 1995): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00682-6.

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6

KUMAR, PRAKASH. "Plantation science: improving natural indigo in colonial India, 1860–1913." British Journal for the History of Science 40, no. 4 (July 18, 2007): 537–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000027.

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AbstractThis paper explores the transition to synthetic dyestuffs through a principal focus on developments within the last major holdout of the natural-dye industry, the blue colourant indigo. It starts by looking closely at existing practices of cultivation and manufacture of the natural dye in colonial India in the second half of the nineteenth century. It also develops a case study based on targeted efforts scientifically to improve plant-derived indigo in laboratories and experiment stations in colonial India and imperial England. Experts attempted to increase yields and enhance the purity of the natural dye to meet the competition of the cheaper and purer synthetic indigo launched on the international market in 1897 by two German firms, BASF and Hoechst. The paper explains the patronage of science by European planters, the colonial state and the metropolitan government and analyses the nature of science that emerged in the colonial–imperial nexus.
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Kreit, Eric, Lydia M. Mäthger, Roger T. Hanlon, Patrick B. Dennis, Rajesh R. Naik, Eric Forsythe, and Jason Heikenfeld. "Biological versus electronic adaptive coloration: how can one inform the other?" Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 78 (January 6, 2013): 20120601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0601.

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Adaptive reflective surfaces have been a challenge for both electronic paper (e-paper) and biological organisms. Multiple colours, contrast, polarization, reflectance, diffusivity and texture must all be controlled simultaneously without optical losses in order to fully replicate the appearance of natural surfaces and vividly communicate information. This review merges the frontiers of knowledge for both biological adaptive coloration, with a focus on cephalopods, and synthetic reflective e-paper within a consistent framework of scientific metrics. Currently, the highest performance approach for both nature and technology uses colourant transposition. Three outcomes are envisioned from this review: reflective display engineers may gain new insights from millions of years of natural selection and evolution; biologists will benefit from understanding the types of mechanisms, characterization and metrics used in synthetic reflective e-paper; all scientists will gain a clearer picture of the long-term prospects for capabilities such as adaptive concealment and signalling.
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Zaremba, Małgorzata, Jerzy Trzciński, Magdalena Rogulska, Grzegorz Kaproń, Fabian Welc, and Anna Południkiewicz. "A Multiproxy Approach to the Reconstruction of an Ancient Manufacturing Technology: A Case Study of a Faience Ptolemaic Bowl from Tell Atrib (Nile Delta)." Minerals 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10090785.

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Faience objects produced from the fourth millennium BC in ancient Egypt are considered as the first high-tech ceramics in human history. Despite extensive studies on manufacturing technology, many aspects of this complex technology remain a mystery and there is no methodology in place to unravel the techniques of Egyptian faience object production. Detailed studies presented herein fill the gaps, verifying standing opinions and allowing certain aspects of faience manufacturing technology to be reconstructed. The object of this innovative investigation is a hemispherical faience bowl discovered by archaeologists excavating a Ptolemaic workshop district at the site of Tell Atrib in the southern Nile Delta. The multiproxy analysis included the application of specialised software and preparation techniques coupled with complementary methods of light and digital microscopy, SEM with EDS, XRD, STA with EGA, as well as image analysis. Sources of raw and accessory materials (mineral and organic binders, fluxes, colourants) used for preparing the silica paste and glaze slurry were determined. The results helped to reconstruct how the raw material was prepared and how faience vessels were made. The bowl was moulded by compression using a two-part mould. The moulded and dried bowl was then covered by glaze slurry using the application method. A synthetic colourant, Egyptian Blue, was probably used to colour the glaze. The item was fired once at a temperature of 1050–1150 °C. Oxidised conditions were maintained in the kiln during the firing process and firing at the maximal temperature was relatively short. Application of the multiproxy approach has shed light on the technological aspects of faience bowl manufacturing. The obtained results have confirmed the usefulness of the comprehensive methodology that was applied for the reconstruction of particular manufacturing stages of faience objects.
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Abdel-Moemin, Aly R. "Analysis of the content, colourants, fats, nitrate and nitrite in advertised foods and biological fluids of Egyptian children." British Food Journal 118, no. 11 (November 7, 2016): 2692–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2016-0125.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the content and some synthetic food colourants, total fats, nitrate and nitrite in both advertised foods (AF) and serum and urine samples of children (8 to 12 years) and their impact on childrens’ diet and health. Design/methodology/approach Analysis of the content of the AF was done by watching the three Egyptian children’s channels (ECC) for 38 hours. Amaranth, Indigo Carmine, Tartrazine, nitrate and nitrite were analysed in all AF and in serum and urine specimens of children. However, total fats were only analysed in the advertised processed meats and in the restaurant dishes. Lipid profile was also estimated in children. Findings The AF accounted for 46-54 per cent of the total advertisements presented. The advertised restaurant dishes were predominantly high in fats, 63 and 55 per cent in restaurant dishes and processed meats, respectively. Tartrazine was the only food colourant found in soft drinks and jelly powders measuring 0.2-15 µg/ml and 25-125 µg/g, respectively. The average levels of total nitrate and nitrite were higher than the acceptable daily intake of the Egyptian and WHO limits (125 mg/kg). Urinary Tartrazine and serum and urinary total nitrate and nitrite were significantly higher in the viewers’ children for the ECC and at borderline for lipid profile compared to non-viewers’ children. Research limitations/implications The most harmful effect of these advertisements is the cumulative effect of AF that undermines progress towards a healthy diet for children. AF may expose children to non-communicable disease in the future. Practical implications The local policy context requires action to set clear rules for children’s food advertising and monitor processed meat products to tackle exceeded levels of nitrate and nitrite. Originality/value This is one of the first studies to analyse colourants, fats, nitrate and nitrite in AF and in the serum and urine of children. This research shows a large number of AF (1,112) in the ECC for 38 hours with statistically significant increase of Tartrazine, nitrate and nitrite in AF (p<0.0001) and in biological fluids (p<0.05).
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Bhandari, Netra Lal, Jyoti Ghimire, Sunita Shrestha, Ganesh Bhandari, Sitaram Bhattarai, and Rameshwar Adhikari. "Green Extraction, Characterization, Applications and Antimicrobial Analysis of Natural Dye from Phyllanthus emblica." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 2 (2021): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23008.

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Global consciousness towards the organic value of eco-friendly products has attracted the interest of people towards the use of naturally dyed textiles and organic mordants. The present study has been focused not only on exploring the bio-colourant activity of Phyllanthus emblica (Amala) but also on the application of natural mordant for textile dyeing and analysis of its medicinal properties. It has been discovered from the investigation that biomordants like extract of Aloe vera’s as well as extract of mango’s bark extract were able to evince their characteristic colour ameliorate behaviour close to synthetic ones. Besides, the disparity in absorbance band in ultraviolet spectroscopy, distinction in functional groups and differences in surface morphology of two extracted dyes were observed that provided information on colour variation in the cotton fabrics. An eagle gray shade and brown-hued on the cotton fabric were noticed from water and ethanol extracted dyes, respectively. Further, it is confirmed that the natural dyes contain bioactive phytochemicals like tannins, phenols and flavonoids that provide a significant antibacterial activity which will help it to be beneficially utilized in protective medical clothing.
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Agrawal, Akshita, and Sheetal Chopra. "Sustainable dyeing of selected natural and synthetic fabrics using waste teak leaves (Tectona Grandis L.)." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 24, no. 4 (August 6, 2020): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-05-2020-0046.

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Purpose This paper aims to extract the dye colourant from teak leaves using different aqueous mediums (Alkaline, Neutral and Acidic); to characterize the dye in terms of yield %; ash content and moisture content; to standardize the conditions of application of dye extracted from teak leaves on selected natural and synthetic fabrics using selected natural and chemical mordants; to assess the colour value (K/S, L*, c*/ h*, a*, b*) and fastness properties of the dyed samples in terms of wash, rub, light and perspiration fastness; and to develop dyed and printed designs using combinations of mordant and extracted dye. Design/methodology/approach Stage 1 – Extraction of dye from teak leaves; and characterization of dye: yield% ash content and moisture content. Stage 2 – Preparation of fabrics for dyeing; optimization of mordanting parameters using pre mordanting method followed by post mordanting; and optimization of dyeing parameters. Stage 3 – Testing of dyed fabric – Colour Measurement; K/S L*a*b*/L*c*h*; fastness properties; wash fastness done in the Laundrometer using ISO 2 standard test method; crock fastness done by Crockmeter using AATCC 116–1995 test method; perspiration fastness tested by perspirometer using AATCC 15– 2007 test method; and light fastness assessment in Mercury Bulb Tungsten Filament (MBTF) light fastness tester using AATCC Test Method 16–2004. Findings The findings of the study show that waste teak leaves can be used as an effective dye for natural as well as synthetic fabrics giving a wide range of colours on wool, silk and nylon. The maximum relative colour strength of the extracted dye on unmordanted dyed samples was found to be at pH 5 on wool and silk and at pH 7 on nylon. A range of shades was obtained with the use of different mordants. The extracted dye showed moderate to good fastness properties in terms of light, wash, rub and perspiration on wool and silk and excellent on nylon. Fastness properties were found to improve with the application of mordants both as pre and post method. Various combinations of mordants and dye result in obtaining pleasing and harmonious colours which were used aesthetically for printing. Research limitations/implications Due to time constrains, extraction in an organic medium could not be done, which could be a further scope for study. Practical implications Dyeing using teak leaves is a step towards sustainability and effective waste utilization with promising potential for application on natural as well as synthetic fabrics. Good colour with added properties will provide excellent solutions for eco-friendly methods of dyeing. Social implications This paper demonstrates the new possibilities offered by innovative uses of by-products of the timber industry and open good prospects for alternatives to synthetic colourants and new markets for the textile industry. It offers a new tool for the development of slow fashion. Originality/value It is a common practice to prune the tree branches to improve wood quality; thus, leaves are easily available as by product from pruning and also from wood harvesting. In the present study, waste teak leaves (Tectona grandis L.) were used for the extraction of dye.
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Nakpathom, Monthon, Buppha Somboon, Nootsara Narumol, and Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit. "Fruit shells of Camellia oleifera Abel as natural colourants for pigment printing of cotton fabric." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-01-2016-0010.

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Purpose The present study aims to focus on the feasibility of using an aqueous extract from the fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel as a source of natural colourant in printing-paste preparation for pigment printing of cotton fabric. The effects of pre- and post-mordanting with three common metallic mordants, that is AlK(SO4)2, CuSO4 and FeSO4 on colour yield and colour fastness properties are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach The printing paste was prepared by mixing the concentrated Camellia oleifera Abel fruit shell extract solution with commercially available synthetic thickener and binder. The fabric sample was printed with the prepared printing paste using a flat-screen printing technique. To determine the effects of pre- and post-mordanting, AlK(SO4)2, CuSO4 and FeSO4 mordant aqueous solutions with various concentrations were applied using the pad-dry technique. Comparisons between printing with and without mordants were evaluated in terms of colour strength (K/S values) and colour fastness to washing, light, crocking and perspiration. Findings Without the mordants, the printed fabric had a yellowish brown shade with acceptable colour fastness properties, that is fair to good wash fastness, moderate light fastness, good to very good crocking fastness and fair to good perspiration fastness. The use of mordants, especially CuSO4 and FeSO4, not only enhanced colour strength but also imparted different colours to the fabric. Compared to the unmordanted fabrics, colour fastness properties were mostly comparable or improved in the mordanted fabrics depending on the type and concentration of mordants. Research limitations/implications Although in the case of CuSO4 the light fastness was increased to a good to very good level, it is recommended that the final print be produced with a concentration of less than 0.125 gL−1 to yield the print with the residual amount of Cu metal under the limit, that is less than 50 ppm as regulated by the Oeko-Tex® standard. Practical implications The obtained prints from Camellia oleifera Abel fruit shell extract provided shades with satisfactory colour fastness to washing, light, crocking and perspiration. The extract from Camellia oleifera Abel fruit shell has the potential to be used as an alternative to synthetic dye in the textile industry. Originality/value The use of Camellia oleifera Abel fruit shells, which are considered as abundant byproducts of tea seed oil production, as natural colouring agents for pigment printing of cotton fabric has been reported for the first time. It will minimise the environmental impact of this waste and create more valuable textile products.
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Saani, Mariya, and Reena Lawrence. "EVALUATION OF PIGMENTS AS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS FROM BETA VULGARIS LINN." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017.v9i3.18884.

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Objective: The work is aimed to evaluate the health beneficial properties of (Beta vulgaris) Beetroot. Beetroot ranks among the 10 most powerful vegetable as a natural antioxidant and has a potential source of natural food colourant. The present work is therefore organized to evaluate the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Antioxidant activity and Antibacterial activity of the Ethanolic and Methanolic extracts of Beetroot.Methods: In the present work the Total Phenolic Content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method of the Ethanolic and Methanolic extracts of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris). The antioxidant scavenging activity of these extracts was determined by applying three different assay methods: (1) (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) DPPH method, (2) Ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method and (3) Thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The antibacterial test was examined against gram positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus) and gram negative (E. coli, S. dysenteriae) bacterial strains.Results: In the present work the Methanolic extract showed greater TPC value 394.8 mg/g GAE than the Ethanolic extract 316.8 mg/g GAE. A correlation between antiradical capacities of the extracts with TPC value was clearly observed. The Methanolic extract was found to be most effective in all the methods. 50% scavenging power of the Methanolic and Ethanolic extracts were (0.129 mg/ml and 0.254 mg/ml) in DPPH method respectively. Moreover, in TBA and FTC method, both the extracts of Beetroot exhibited strong percentage inhibition ranging from 49%-62%. The results of the antibacterial test indicated that the Ethanolic and Methanolic extracts of Beetroot are significantly effective, both in Gram-negative (E. coli, S. dysenteriae) and in Gram-positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus) bacterium.Conclusion: Thus, from the above experimental observations, it can be clearly stated that the Beetroot is a promising source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent and definitely provides an alternative towards synthetic antioxidant because of its beneficial properties.
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Manuylov, Viktor, Tat'yana Tihonova, and Valeriya Kirillova. "ADSORPTION OF FOOD COLOURANTS." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2018, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2020-2018-1-26-26.

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EL-BELTAGI, Hossam S., and Emam A. ABDEL-RAHIM. "Biochemical Changes in Fatty Acids, Hydrocarbons and Sterols as well as Total Lipids of Albino Rats Ingested some Synthetic Colourants and Flavourants as Food Additives." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb919880.

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The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of ingested synthetic food colourants or flavourants on total lipids content feces. The feces of rats ingested synthetic food colourants or flavourants has more lipids than that of control feces. In treated rat feces some fatty acids were disappeared (C19) or appeared (C14) while the other were increased (C15, C20, C18:2) or decreased (C6) when compared with the control feces. Most of unsaturated fatty acids (un SFA) might bind with the synthetic food colourants or flavourants and secreted in feces, but less consumed than saturated fatty acids (SFA) which, observed on hydrocarbon components, but sterols including cholesterol were more secreted by synthetic food additives treatments. Generally, the increase of total lipids and lipid fractions in feces such as unsaturated fatty acids (un SFA), total sterols (TS) especially cholesterol maybe due to their abilities to bind with food additives and form complex which secreted in feces.
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Ali, Elrasheed Abdalla, Walaa Abdalateef Abdalla, and Mohanad Hassan Mohamed. "Food colouring additives in selected confectioneries in Khartoum state, Sudan." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172814.

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Background: The natural food colours extracted from plants are used to dye different foods do not change their properties when they are used. Therefore, most synthetic coloured additives are carcinogenic, teratogenic and cause impairment of vision, tooth decay. The aim of the study was to determine food colouring additives in confectioneries.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed and confectioneries samples include Cane, Ice-cream and Lollipop was randomly collected from venders around schools, transport stations and other places in Khartoum state through (May - June / 2014). E-number and types of colouring agents was carried by using planar chromatography technique and questionnaire data were analyzed using (SPSS) software.Results: The majority of participants 80.8% know that food colouring additives are harmful. The food colouring additives can cause cancer 32.6%, intestinal pain 9.8%, allergy 9.1% and hyperactivity 3.3%. Most food colouring agents were bought from local source 65.7% while 34.3% was imported. About 69.5% of the participants determined the quantity of food colouring agents according to the degree of the colour they required while 30.5% determined according to the weight of food stuff, and 76.2% mentioned that they usually do not abide to written dates on the pack of the food colouring additive and 60% of the samples contain the permitted synthetic food colouring additives.Conclusions: The majority of participants knew that food colouring additives are harmful, all confectioneries samples contained synthetic food colouring additives that have adverse effect on human health, strict preventive measures and health education are highly recommended.
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Zaki, Nurul Asyikin Md, and Junaidah Jai. "Plant-based pigments: Challenges and future perspective for natural food colourants." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v3i1.10939.

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Many synthetic food colourants have been developed to improve food products quality due to increasing demands. However, synthetic additives have been associated with numerous side effects and toxicity, allergic reactions, behavioural, and neurocognitive effects. Hence, consumer demands and their preferences for food colourants from natural origins have increased tremendously over the decades. With the growing interests for naturally derived and plant-based food ingredients to replace synthetic additives, many studies were done to provide safer and more effective food colourants. Among the highly explored plant-based pigments are anthocyanins, betacyanins, and carotenoids. Recently, there is also discovery on the newly found auronidins as potential pigment for future food application. This paper highlights on the features of plant-based pigments and its challenges, opportunities, and the way forward in food industry. Continuous research in this area is important for the development of more stable and intense pigments. Recent findings could be one of the ways to increase the stability of plant-based pigments to be applied in food industry.
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Huang, Rui, Kangni Shen, Teng Xu, and Yongjia Shen. "Synthesis and performances of extended conjugated stilbene fluorescent dye." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 4 (July 3, 2017): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2016-0037.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the optic performance of extended stilbene derivative. Design/methodology/approach Five steps were adopted to synthesise novel 4, 4′-bis (2-cyanostyryl) stilbene, which contained three vinyl units in the skeleton (S3E). The structure of S3E was characterised by 1H NMR and EI-MS. Its absorption and emission spectra were also given. Findings Compared to C.I. Fluorescent Brightener 199, which contains two vinyl units in the skeleton, S3E showed obvious bathochromic shifts in both UV-VIS and FL spectra. The maximum absorption wavelength and fluorescent wavelength were at 390 nm and 464 nm, respectively, with Stoke’s shift of 74 nm. The absolute fluorescence quantum yield was 0.42. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the weight loss of S3E was less than 5 per cent at 300 °C. Moreover, the light resistance test showed that S3E in PVC plate can keep the good fluorescent intensity for more than seven days exposed to xenon light. Therefore, it is believed that S3E could satisfy the requirements of colouring PVC as a fluorescent dye. Practical implications S3E can be used as a candidate of fluorescent dye in the development of thermoplastics. Originality/value The present paper designed and synthesised a new derivative of stilbene, which showed its preference to be a colourant of thermoplastics.
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Verma, Himani, Anita Rani, Manisha Gahlot, Alka Goel, and Anil Kumar Sharma. "Sustainable dyeing of wool fabric with Talaromyces purpurogenus." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i4.2179.

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Natural dyes had been used by human being since ancient times for colouring of various materials including textiles. These were replaced completely by synthetic dyes, continuous use of which created the problem of pollution and environmental degradation. With the development of green technology and increased awareness of sustainability, the use of non-allergic, non-toxic and eco-friendly natural dyes on textiles has become a matter of significant importance. Among the natural sources of colourants, microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi have gained interest in the field of textile coloration. In the present study, the pigment solution yielded from growth of Talaromyces purpurogenus sp. on organic waste was used for dyeing of wool fabric. Under the dyeing conditions i.e. 1:30 M:L ratio, pH 5, 80º C temperature and 45 minutes dyeing time, the percent absorption could reach 57 %, 32%, 36% and 49% respectively. The wool fabric samples dyed with the fungal dye exhibited very good to excellent washing and rubbing fastness properties. The colour pigment obtained from fungal thus offered an opportunity to reduce impact on plant resources for dye source exploration. So it can be concluded from the study that a natural fungal dye could help to sustain the environment and to minimize the over exploitation of natural resources.
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Karovicova, J., and J. Polonsky. "Determination of synthetic colourants by capillary isotachophore sis." Food / Nahrung 35, no. 4 (1991): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19910350423.

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Allevi, Pietro, Mario Anastasia, Steve Bingham, Pierangela Ciuffreda, Alberto Fiecchi, Giuliana Cighetti, Max Muir, Antonio Scala, and John Tyman. "Synthesis of carminic acid, the colourant principle of cochineal." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 3 (1998): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a705145j.

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22

Johnston, James H., and Kerstin A. Lucas. "Nanogold synthesis in wool fibres: novel colourants." Gold Bulletin 44, no. 2 (April 9, 2011): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13404-011-0012-y.

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23

Houghton, Alan, Ingo Appelhagen, and Cathie Martin. "Natural Blues: Structure Meets Function in Anthocyanins." Plants 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040726.

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Choices of blue food colourants are extremely limited, with only two options in the USA, synthetic blue no. 1 and no. 2, and a third available in Europe, patent blue V. The food industry is investing heavily in finding naturally derived replacements, with limited success to date. Here, we review the complex and multifold mechanisms whereby blue pigmentation by anthocyanins is achieved in nature. Our aim is to explain how structure determines the functionality of anthocyanin pigments, particularly their colour and their stability. Where possible, we describe the impact of progressive decorations on colour and stability, drawn from extensive but diverse physico-chemical studies. We also consider briefly how this understanding could be harnessed to develop blue food colourants on the basis of the understanding of how anthocyanins create blues in nature.
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Garcia-Lebron, Richard, David J. Myers, Shouhuai Xu, and Jie Sun. "Node diversification in complex networks by decentralized colouring." Journal of Complex Networks 7, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cny031.

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Abstract We develop a decentralized colouring approach to diversify the nodes in a complex network. The key is the introduction of a local conflict index (LCI) that measures the colour conflicts arising at each node which can be efficiently computed using only local information. We demonstrate via both synthetic and real-world networks that the proposed approach significantly outperforms random colouring as measured by the size of the largest colour-induced connected component. Interestingly, for scale-free networks further improvement of diversity can be achieved by tuning a degree-biasing weighting parameter in the LCI.
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Jaworska, Małgorzata, Zofia Szulińska, Małgorzata Wilk, and Elżbieta Anuszewska. "Separation of synthetic food colourants in the mixed micellar system." Journal of Chromatography A 1081, no. 1 (July 2005): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.045.

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Marounek, Milan, and Akhir Pebriansyah. "Use of carotenoids in feed mixtures for poultry: a review." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 51, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ats-2018-0011.

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Abstract Carotenoids are present in ingredients of feed for poultry. Their content can be further increased by supplementation of feed mixtures with synthetic or natural carotenoids. The present paper recapitulates knowledge on the use of carotenoids in broiler chickens and laying hens, and deals with synthetic or natural carotenoids derived from plants. The review describes effects of carotenoids on productive performance, oxidative stability of poultry products, colouring of yolks and accumulation of carotenoids in yolks. There are several alternatives to synthetic carotenoids which are usable in poultry diets and satisfy the interest of consumers in poultry products free of undesirable side effects.
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Marounek, Milan, and Akhir Pebriansyah. "Use of carotenoids in feed mixtures for poultry: a review." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 51, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2018-0011.

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Abstract Carotenoids are present in ingredients of feed for poultry. Their content can be further increased by supplementation of feed mixtures with synthetic or natural carotenoids. The present paper recapitulates knowledge on the use of carotenoids in broiler chickens and laying hens, and deals with synthetic or natural carotenoids derived from plants. The review describes effects of carotenoids on productive performance, oxidative stability of poultry products, colouring of yolks and accumulation of carotenoids in yolks. There are several alternatives to synthetic carotenoids which are usable in poultry diets and satisfy the interest of consumers in poultry products free of undesirable side effects.
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Oluwaniyi, O. O., O. O. Dosumu, G. V. Awolola, and A. F. Abdulrahee. "Nutritional Analysis and Stability Studies of Some Natural and Synthetic Food Colourants." American Journal of Food Technology 4, no. 5 (August 15, 2009): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2009.218.225.

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Tammaro, A., C. Abruzzese, A. Narcisi, G. Cortesi, F. R. Grippaudo, F. Persechino, F. R. Parisella, and S. Persechino. "Disperse Yellow Dye: An Emerging Professional Sensitizer in Contact Allergy Dermatitis." European Journal of Inflammation 10, no. 3 (September 2012): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1721727x1201000328.

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Disperse dyes are well known as common sensitizers in contact allergy dermatitis. Disperse yellow 3 is usually adopted in the textile industry for dying synthetic fibers, but is also used in hair dyes and for colouring plastic materials. We describe three cases of two males and one female patient, respectively a painter, an actor and a nursery-school teacher, who presented contact allergy dermatitis to disperse yellow 3 dye.
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Weng, Zhulin, Yaochen Zheng, Aijin Tang, and Chao Gao. "Synthesis, Dye Encapsulation, and Highly Efficient Colouring Application of Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polymers." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 1 (2014): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13353.

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A novel kind of amphiphilic hyperbranched polymer (AHP), poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-co-polystyrene (HPTAM-co-PS), was synthesized via the combination of reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization and self-condensing vinyl polymerization (RAFT-SCVP). HPTAM-co-PS was functionalized via the highly efficient Menschutkin click reaction, resulting in hyperbranched poly(propargyl quaternary ammonium methacrylate)-co-polystyrene (HPPrAM-co-PS) with a hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt core and hydrophobic PS shell. The average numbers of dye molecules trapped by each molecule of HPPrAM-co-PS (24.2 kDa) were 24.1 for methyl orange (MO), 22.0 for fluorescein sodium (FS), 24.2 for rose bengal (RB), and 238.4 for Congo red (CR). The polymer–dye complexes show excellent colouring effects for both PS and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) membranes; the colour of the membrane containing AHP is very stable and uniform. Our work opens an avenue for the design of efficient dye-colouring additives and for the application of hyperbranched polymers in the field of polymer colouring.
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Christopher, Varusha Sharon, Anitha Roy, and Shanmugam Rajeshkumar. "Turmeric Oil Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their Antioxidant Activity." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 8 (February 22, 2021): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/121.

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The number of medical applications of silver nanoparticles is constantly increasing due to their high bactericidal properties coupled with low toxicity towards living cells. Because of this expanding use of silver nanoparticles, novel methods of synthesis have been developed in order to achieve nanoparticles preparation through inexpensive and environmentally friendly process.1 Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles is an approach that meets those requirements. Nanoparticles are an intermediate between bulk materials and individual atoms with unique properties. Nanoparticles have been employed in various fields such as catalysis, ceramics, drug delivery and diagnostics and therapies of oncology.2 Several studies have described the controlled synthesis of metal nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes mediated by bio molecules, which is nontoxic and minimises environment damage. Antioxidants have been widely used as additive to provide protection against oxidative degradation of foods.3 Although many synthetic chemicals, such as phenolic compounds are found to be strong radical scavengers, they usually have serious side effects.4 In view of this, antioxidant substances obtained from natural sources will be great interest. Turmeric is extensively used as spice, as a colouring agent for textiles, pharmaceuticals, confectionary and cosmetics.5 In Indian system of medicine, turmeric is used in stomach-ache, as a blood purifier, carminative, appetiser and tonic.5,6 Turmeric is also used in drugs against cancer, dermatitis, AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome) and high cholesterol level.7 During the course of this study, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles using turmeric oil and characterised them using UV-vis spectroscopic analysis and checked for their antioxidant activity
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Shamsheer, Bushra, Tahira Aziz Mughal, Zubaida Yousaf, Nadia Riaz, Arusa Aftab, and Maria Zahoor. "Green Synthesis of Dyes and Appliance on Silk by Using Metamordating Technique." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 64, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.64.2.2021.116.125.

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The main idea of extracting dyes from plant (natural) sources is to avoid the environmental pollution. Natural dye from plants has been given much interest in recent years due to the threat and harmful effects are used by synthetic dyes and environmental awareness created by researchers. The drawback of synthetic dyes is that they are not durable as they do not completely fix on all kind of fabric and remaining dyestuff drained into rivers, becoming the cause of water pollution as well as they cause diseases in human being like cancer and allergies. On the other hand, natural dyes are eco-friendly and find use in the colouring of textiles, drugs and cosmetics etc. Owing to their non-toxic effects, they are also even used for colouring various food products. Mordents are used in natural dyes which enhance the colour of dye and stick it on fabric. Due to lack of availability of precise technical knowledge on the extracting and dyeing technique, it has not commercially succeeded like the synthetic dyes. Hence, the present study was planned to isolate eco-friendly dyes from the bark of the plants (Ziziphus jujube Mill., Albizialebbeck L., Cordia dichotoma G Forst., Ficus benghalensis L. and Cassia fistula L.) and the roots of Ficus benghalensis L. Later on the dyes were applied on silk fabric by using metamordating technique. Then fastness properties like rubbing, heating, washing and sunlight were evaluated by using gray scale. F. benghalensis showed excellent fastness properties. Z. jujube showed series of colour variations on silk. Therefore, the bark and root of these plants can be successfully used for dyeing of silk. Natural dyes worldwide should be increased to prevent us from pollution and other harmful effects.
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Choudhury, Prof Asim Kumar Roy, and Mr Suman Mitra. "Domestic Method of Silk Dyeing with Raw Natural Colours." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 19, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-19-03-2015-b005.

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Commercial natural dyes are quite costly as manufacturers are to follow multi-step extraction and purification procedures for standardisation purposes. Upon cost comparison, they lose in the market to synthetic dyes. However, in the handicraft sector, reproducibility may be of lesser importance against cost. In the present study, a domestic method of dyeing silk with the aqueous extract of raw plant/tree components (flower, leave, bark and root) by using a natural mordant and alum will be described. Good dyebath exhaustion and washing and light fastness are observed for some of the natural colouring matters.
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34

Okafor, Sunday N., Wilfred Obonga, and Mercy A. Ezeokonkwo. "Assessment of the Health implications of Synthetic and Natural Food Colourants – A Critical Review." UK Journal of Pharmaceutical Biosciences 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20510/ukjpb/4/i4/110639.

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35

Pal, Rashmi Saxena, Yogendra Pal, Ankita Wal, and Pranay Wal. "Current Review on Plant based Pharmaceutical Excipients." Open Medicine Journal 6, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874220301906010001.

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Background: Plants act as a major source of medicines and are used to formulate various pharmaceutical preparations. Apart from this, they act as excellent pharmaceutical aids as well as excipients. Objective: An effort has been made for the complete study of plants under different categories of plant-based thickeners, emulsifiers, suspenders, binders, etc. Materials and Methods: The herbs were differentiated on the basis of their role as flavoring, sweetening, colouring, gelling, thickening, emulsifying, suspending and binding agents. Results: The use of natural excipients to impart the goodness of natural bioactive agents has been hampered by synthetic materials. However, advantages offered by these natural excipients are enormous as being non-toxic, affordable and easily available. The activity of the excipients partly determines the quality of medicines. Conclusion: The herbal excipients act better in many ways when compared to their synthetic substitutes.
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36

Barros, Aquiles Ara�jo. "Differential-pulse polarographic determination of synthetic colouring matters in drugs and cosmetics." Analyst 112, no. 10 (1987): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9871201359.

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37

Nakpathom, Monthon, Buppha Somboon, Nootsara Narumol, and Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit. "High temperature dyeing of PET fabric with natural colourants extracted from annatto seeds." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-04-2018-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of dyeing polyester (PET) fabric with natural dye extracted from annatto seeds using high temperature dyeing method. Design/methodology/approach PET fabric was dyed with annatto extract by varying dyeing parameters (temperature, time, pH and dye concentration) to determine the optimum dyeing conditions. The influences of KAl(SO4)2, FeSO4, gallnut mordants or a commercial UV absorber on colour yield and fastness properties were further studied. Findings Optimum results were obtained when the fabric was dyed at 130°C for 30 min in a dyebath containing 15 per cent (owf) annatto dye at pH 6. The dyed fabric had an orange shade and exhibited good to excellent wash, crock, perspiration fastness and fair light fastness. Further dyeing with mordants or UV absorber mostly resulted in lower colour yield and similar fastness properties. Research limitations/implications Although the light fastness was slightly improved to moderate level for the sample with UV absorber, a noticeable colour staining on cotton portion of multi-fibre fabric occurred when subjected to standard washing test. Compared to C.I. Disperse Orange 73, the annatto dye exhibited comparable colour fastness but had inferior light fastness when dyed at approximately the same colour strength. Originality/value Natural colourants from annatto seeds can be used to dye PET fabric at high temperature without mordants, yielding deep orange shade and satisfactory fastness properties. This study provides a promising application to reduce the environmental impact of synthetic dyes.
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38

Lee, Hyun-Soo, and Byung-Ha Lee. "Colouring Effect of Malayaite Formation and Synthesis Sphene-Pink Pigment." Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 45, no. 3 (March 31, 2008): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4191/kcers.2008.45.3.172.

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39

Masár, Marián, Dušan Kaniansky, and Vlasta Madajová. "Separation of synthetic food colourants by capillary zone electrophoresis in a hydrodynamically closed separation compartment." Journal of Chromatography A 724, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00938-8.

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40

Santana, Marcos Diones Ferreira, Túlio Silva Lara, and Sheyla Regina Marques Couceiro. "Alternative and safe dyes for staining Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 11, no. 7 (August 10, 2020): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2020.007.0032.

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Several methodologies are available for the study of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AM). Most involving the colouring of typical symbiosis structures, with the use of dyes such as Trypan Blue, which can be harmful to users' health (e.g., carcinogens) and the environment (e.g., pollutants). In order to use safe alternatives for AM fungi studies, a comparison and analysis of the use of industrial organic food dyes (Arcólor®) in blue and red colours, organic dye based on Euterpe oleracea Mart. pulp (açaí) and the traditional Trypan Blue (control), all of them diluted in commercial vinegar, for observation and quantification of the typical structures of mycorrhizal infection in the roots of Vigna unguiculata L., Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke, Zea mays L. and Brachiaria sp. The results indicated that the organic dyes visually colour the structures of the AM fungi. However, blue food colouring is as effective as Trypan Blue, in addition to being a good option in teaching activities evolving AM fungi, mainly because it presents less risk to users' health. Thus, a good substitute for the Trypan Blue synthetic dye is presented, based on an effective, easily applicable, low cost and safe methodology for the study and teaching of AM fungi.
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41

Palanivel, C., L. D. Prabhakar, and M. Emayavaramban. "Comparative Study of Adsorption Phenomena of Direct Dye Black E by Palm Nut Shell Carbon and Treated Flyash Residue with Respect to Activated Charcoal Carbon." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 7 (September 2013): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.7.80.

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Many researchers aimed to study the removal of colouring matter from textile dyeing industrial effluent using the carbon derived from natural sources. Because adsorption of the dyes on carbon is easily, cost effective when comparing to the other techniques. Hence we aimed at the preparation and characterization of the carbon from the natural sources like palm nut shell and flyash. These carbons have been used for adsorption of direct dye Black E. The effect of pH, carbon dose and equilibration period were examined along within the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm studies. The application of these carbons was investigated on adsorption and colour removal from effluent and synthetic samples, which consists of commercial direct dye Black E.
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42

Ribeiro, Ana, W. Hajjaji, M. P. Seabra, and J. A. Labrincha. "Malayaite Ceramic Pigments Prepared from Industrial Wastes: Formulation and Characterization." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1371.

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In this work chrome-tin red malayaite pigments Ca(Cr,Sn)SiO5 were obtained from industrial wastes: a marble sawing sludge, a galvanizing sludge from the Cr/Ni process and a foundry sand. The pigments were prepared using the common solid state reaction process. The influence of Cr2O3/SnO2 ratio, calcination temperature and introduced sludges compositions, on its structural stability, was investigated by X-ray diffraction coupled with SEM/EDS. Standard formulations, obtained from commercial reagents, were also prepared and characterized for sake of comparison. CIELab colour measurements and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to evaluate the stability (thermal and chemical) and applicability of the synthesized pigments in colouring distinct ceramic matrixes fired at high temperatures (1050°C-1200°C). The pigment was added (1/20 wt. ratio) to a transparent and shining lead free glaze and to a porcelain stoneware body (1/10 wt. ratio). The incorporation of three industrial wastes, in the chrome-tin red malayaite pigment, was possible without a notorious change in terms of colouring effect allowing decreasing the synthesis temperature.
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43

Agustina, Tuty Emilia, Dedi Teguh, Yourdan Wijaya, Febrian Mermaliandi, Ahmad Bustomi, Jantan Manalaoon, Gita Theodora, and Tessa Rebecca. "STUDY OF SYNTHETIC DYE REMOVAL USING FENTON/TiO2, FENTON/UV, AND FENTON/TiO2/UV METHODS AND THE APPLICATION TO JUMPUTAN FABRIC WASTEWATER." Acta Polytechnica 59, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2019.59.0527.

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Synthetic dyes were commonly used in textile industries such as Jumputan fabric industries in South Sumatera. Most of these industries were categorized as a home industry without a wastewater treatment plant, so the wastewater is released directly into waterbody. In general, the wastewater contains synthetic dyes, which are harmful to the environment and human body. Therefore, the wastewater needs to be treated before its release into the environment. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) is one of important synthetic dyes usually applied for colouring textile materials such as Jumputan fabric. The RR2 was used as a pollutant model in this research. The objective of the study is to compare the removal of RR2 by using Fenton/TiO2, Fenton/UV, and Fenton/TiO2/UV methods. Furthermore, the optimum conditions obtained were applied for the treatment of wastewater from Jumputan fabric industry. As a conclusion, the highest RR2 degradation of 100% was reached by using the Fenton/TiO2/UV method after 5 minutes of reaction. It was discovered that the optimum conditions were found when using [Fe2+]/[H2O2] molar ratio of 1:80, pH of 3, and TiO2 concentration of 0.4% (w/v). However, the application of the condition to the Jumputan wastewater treatment leads to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal of 94% within 120 minutes of reaction.
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44

Kool, Lars, Floris Dekker, Anton Bunschoten, Glen J. Smales, Brian R. Pauw, Aldrik H. Velders, and Vittorio Saggiomo. "Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (January 2, 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.2.

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The Lycurgus cup is an ancient glass artefact that shows dichroism as it looks green when a white light is reflected on it and a red colouring appears when a white light is transmitted through it. This peculiar dichroic effect is due to silver and gold nanoparticles present in the glass. In this research we show the synthesis of dichroic silver nanoparticles and their embedding in a 3D printable nanocomposite. The addition of gold nanoparticles to the silver nanoparticle composite, gave a 3D printable nanocomposite with the same dichroism effect of the Lycurgus cup.
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45

Havlíček, Jiří, Karel Myška, Waldemar Tejchman, Natálie Karásková, Rafael Doležal, Nadezhda V. Maltsevskaya, and Karel Kolář. "Microwave synthesis of sulfanilic acid." Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 22, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2017): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdem-2017-0005.

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Abstract Sulfanilic acid represents an important substance, which is frequently utilized in the industry of azo dyes as well as in drug development of antimicrobials (e.g. of sulfonamides). Students can also meet with such type of compounds in chemistry labs, for example, when they estimate pH by methyl orange indicator or prepare Orange II for textile colouring. Both of these dyes are products of azo coupling of sulfanilic acid as diazonium salt with N,N-dimethylaniline or 2-naphthol, respectively. In the article, we focus on the synthesis of sulfanilic acid as a well-known experiment in the organic chemistry education. The synthesis was modified as the solvent free and microwave assisted experiment under semimicroscale conditions. That experiment is very convenient for the organic chemistry courses in the university or the high school teaching.
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46

Micó-Vicent, Bàrbara, Marina Ramos, Valentin Viqueira, Francesca Luzi, Franco Dominici, Andrea Terenzi, Etienne Maron, et al. "Anthocyanin Hybrid Nanopigments from Pomegranate Waste: Colour, Thermomechanical Stability and Environmental Impact of Polyester-Based Bionanocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121966.

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In the present work, anthocyanin (ACN) hybrid nanopigments were synthetized by using a natural pomegranate dye (PD) and calcined hydrotalcite (HT) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays. A wide colour gamut was obtained with MMT-based nanopigments ranging from reddish to bluish hues caused by structural transformations of ACNs at different pH values. However, a buffer effect was observed with HT obtaining samples a similar final colour regardless of the synthesis conditions. Nanopigments added with a biomordant extracted from pomegranate peels showed a different colour compared to the incorporation of a commercial mordant due to the intrinsic colouring properties of the pomegranate bioadditive. The developed nanopigments were incorporated at 7 wt% loading to produce novel polyester-based bionanocomposites which were characterized in terms of thermal, mechanical and colour properties. The encapsulation of PD into the nanoclays improved its thermal stability, in particular for MMT-based nanopigments. The pH changes observed during the nanofillers synthesis affected the final colour of the MMT-based nanocomposites, inducing a general increase in ∆E* and a decrease in gloss values. Slight improvements were obtained in terms of elastic modulus for MMT-based polymer samples confirming the applicability of the developed bionanocomposites as colouring and reinforcement materials. A very similar environmental profile was obtained for MMT and HT-based nanofillers showing MMT-based nanopigments a slightly better general behaviour. The results of the LCA study evidenced the suitability of the processes used in this work to the circular bioeconomy approach through sustainable food waste management and the production of bioplastics using waste substrates.
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47

Osman, Mohamed Y., Iman A. Sharaf, Wafaa M. Abd El-Rehim, and Awatef M. El-Sharkawi. "Synthetic organic hard capsule colouring agents: in vitro effect on human true and pseudo-cholinesterases." British Journal of Biomedical Science 59, no. 4 (January 2002): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09674845.2002.11783662.

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48

Osman, M. Y., I. A. Sharaf, H. M. Y. Osman, Z. A. El-Khouly, and E. I. Ahmed. "Synthetic organic food colouring agents and their degraded products: effects on human and rat cholinesterases." British Journal of Biomedical Science 61, no. 3 (January 2004): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09674845.2004.11732657.

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49

Kanezaki, E., T. Sakamoto, A. Ookubo, and K. Ooi. "Solid-state chemistry of thermally induced yellow colouring in synthetic hydrous titanium oxide from TiCl3." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 88, no. 24 (1992): 3583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9928803583.

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50

Figueiredo, M. O., T. Pereira da Silva, J. P. Veiga, C. Leal Gomes, and V. De Andrade. "The blue colouring of beryls from Licungo, Mozambique: an X-ray absorption spectroscopy study at the iron K-edge." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.175.

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AbstractThe colours of natural and synthetic beryl (ideally Be3Al2Si6O18) have been attributed either tothe presence of chromophore ions partially replacing Al and/or Be (Cr3+, Fe2+/3+, Mn2+) or to the occurrence of colour centres related to the presence of multi-atomic groups. However, no full explanation has been proposed for the blue colour in natural beryl gemstones (aquamarine) despite it being well established that bluish-green synthetic aquamarines containing Fe turn blue when heated for 1 h at 400°C.A X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) study at the Fe K-edge was performed on blue beryl crystals from Licungo pegmatite (Mozambique) to ascertain the speciation state of this colouring element, reported in blue sapphire (ideally Al2O3) as a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in octahedral coordination. The general trend of the spectra is the same when synchrotron radiation (SR) impinges along the c axis of the hexagonal crystal, as well as along the a axis with c vertical. Conversely, a shoulder in the absorption edge is noticed when the incident beam is perpendicular to c, with this axis horizontal in the polarization plane of the SR beam, a reverse in the relative intensities of the two post-edge features is simultaneously observed. Pre-edge features accounting for Fe speciation (valence plus coordination) are identical in all three situations. Considering previous approaches which account for polarization, an explanation is suggested for the special effects observed on the Fe K-edge XANES spectra of analysed blue beryl crystals. Ideas on the origin of the blue colour of this mineral are also presented.
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