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Academic literature on the topic 'Synthetic a priori knowledge'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Synthetic a priori knowledge"

1

Casullo, Albert. "Analyticity and the A Priori." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 18 (1992): 113–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1992.10717300.

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The analytic/synthetic distinction has played a central role in discussions of a priori knowledge throughout the twentieth century. One of the primary reasons for the prominence of this distinction is the widespread influence of the tradition of logical empiricism which endorsed the following principles:(LEl) All analytic propositions are knowable a prioriand(LE2) All propositions knowable a priori are analytic.Hence, proponents of the a priori often argue in support of the contention that the propositions of a particular discipline, say mathematics or logic, are knowable a priori by arguing that it consists solely of analytic propositions. On the other hand, detractors of the a priori often reject such knowledge on the grounds that the analytic/synthetic distinction is not cogent. My primary goal in this paper is to challenge the prevalent acceptance of (LE1).

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Fugate, Courtney David. "‘With a Philosophical Eye’: the role of mathematical beauty in Kant’s intellectual development." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 44, no. 5-6 (December 2014): 759–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2014.974468.

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This paper shows that Kant’s investigation into mathematical purposiveness was central to the development of his understanding of synthetic a priori knowledge. Specifically, it provides a clear historical explanation as to why Kant points to mathematics as an exemplary case of the synthetic a priori, argues that his early analysis of mathematical purposiveness provides a clue to the metaphysical context and motives from which his understanding of synthetic a-priori knowledge emerged, and provides an analysis of the underlying structure of mathematical purposiveness itself, which can be described as unintentional, but also as objective and unlimited.

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Katsur, Ira. "From Monism to Pluralism: Cassirer’s Interpretation of Kant." RUDN Journal of Philosophy 27, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2023-27-3-556-567.

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Kant’s theory of cognition aimed to explain the possibility of scientific knowledge. Aesthetics and life science were not considered by Kant in the context of cognition. By contrast, Cassirer set himself a philosophical task to extend Kant’s theory of cognition to all forms of culture, including pre-scientific knowledge and aesthetics. The present study demonstrates how Cassirer explained the possibility of different objective forms, named symbolic, by employing and transforming Kant’s theory of cognition. For this goal, Cassirer took the following steps: modified the definitions of a priori synthesis (the act of understanding) and pure intuition (the forms of space and time) - main building blocks of Kant’s cognition; indicated the necessary correlation of intuition and synthesis; characterized a priori synthesis and the intuition as notions which include contradicted meanings. Cassirer called this contradiction “twofold oppositions” as characteristic of a priori synthesis. The first argument of the article is that the possibility of various synthetic acts is rooted in the nature of a priori synthesis which carries together two different meanings: the act of uniting elements and the initial unity. One synthetic act forms the world of nature and is connected to scientific space and time, and the other is the product of immediate perceptional space and time, from which the world of myth and aesthetics appears. Thus, Cassirer expanded the scope of “pure” synthesis. The second argument is that Cassirer specified a priori synthesis and pure intuition as a functional concept. The functional concept belongs to the model of concept as-relation that Cassirer has elaborated. It includes moments that are separated and united simultaneously. This definition of concept breaks the rules of consistency. The concept of as-relation justifies the contradictory characteristics of a priori synthesis and pure intuition, which include both the combination of moments in a synthesizing act and the initial unity of intuition.

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Brook, J. A. "Kant’s A Priori Methods For Recognizing Necessary Truths." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 18 (1992): 215–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1992.10717304.

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In the second edition, Kant summarized the question behind the Critique of Pure Reason this way: ‘How are a priori synthetic judgments possible?’ (B19) We can easily understand his interest in synthetic judgments; he thought that analytic ones could not tell us anything new (A5-6=B9). There are only two ways to get judgments that are analytic: by drawing out what is contained in our concepts and by combining the resulting propositions inferentially into arguments. Neither could ever tell us anything not already ‘thought in [the concepts we have used], though confusedly’ (A7=B10-ll), and even if either could, it could not give us anything against which to test it for truth or falsity. ‘In the mere concept of a thing no mark of its existence is to be found’ (A225=B272; cf. Bxvii-xviii). In the search for knowledge, analytic judgments get us nowhere.

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Nedeljković, Mitar. "The problem of justifying inductive reasoning." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, no. 2 (2021): 387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp51-30620.

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In this paper, the author considers the classical strategies of defense from Hume's argument against induction, and assesses the extent to which they were found to be successful. Synthetic, linguistic, a priori, pragmatic, and inductive strategies of defending induction are considered, as well as the question of the extent to which the justification of induction is a problem for grounding scientific knowledge. A new argument is introduced for the a priori justification of induction, as well as a critique of the synthetic and inductive defenses of induction by Black and Jacquette.

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Barrotta, Pierluigi. "A Neo-Kantian Critique of Von Mises's Epistemology." Economics and Philosophy 12, no. 1 (April 1996): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100003710.

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More than many other Austrians, Mises tried to found aprioristic methodology on a well defined and developed epistemology. Although references to Kant are scattered rather unsystematically throughout his works, he nevertheless used an unequivocal Kantian terminology. He explicitly defended the existence of ‘a priori knowledge’, ‘synthetic a priori propositions’, ‘the category of action’, and so forth.

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Levin, Georgy. "Anti-realistic and Non-classical Theories of Analysis and Synthesis." Philosophical anthropology 7, no. 2 (2021): 188–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2414-3715-2021-7-2-188-210.

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The article shows that three antirealistic theories of classical analysis and synthesis are logically possible: presentationistic, solipsistic and Kantian, but only the latter is actually being developed. Revealed its specific features and features shared with other, logically possible antirealistic theories. The correlation of the Kantian theory of analysis and synthesis of knowledge with his theory of analysis and synthesis of subjects of knowledge is analyzed. Gnoseological problems that forced Kant to assert that new knowledge is provided only by the synthesis of knowledge, and analysis only clarifies the results of synthesis, are characterized. The Kantian solution to these problems is correlated with their realistic solution. The role that the Kantian "Copernican revolution in philosophy" plays in his interpretation of the analysis and synthesis of subjects of knowledge is investigated. The Kantian theory of analytical and synthetic judgments is considered. It is shown that the Kantian question "how are synthetic judgments a priori possible?" is essentially a question about the nature of theoretical knowledge, which was historically formed in ancient geometry precisely as the unity of analysis and synthesis. A qualitative difference is shown between classical and geometric (by origin) analysis and synthesis. Three historical stages of their formation are described. The assertion of I. Newton that the natural science experiment arose as a result of the extension of the method of geometric analysis and synthesis to the natural sciences is investigated.

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Ullah, AMM Sharif. "Fundamental Issues of Concept Mapping Relevant to Discipline-Based Education: A Perspective of Manufacturing Engineering." Education Sciences 9, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030228.

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This article addresses some fundamental issues of concept mapping relevant to discipline-based education. The focus is on manufacturing knowledge representation from the viewpoints of both human and machine learning. The concept of new-generation manufacturing (Industry 4.0, smart manufacturing, and connected factory) necessitates learning factory (human learning) and human-cyber-physical systems (machine learning). Both learning factory and human-cyber-physical systems require semantic web-embedded dynamic knowledge bases, which are subjected to syntax (machine-to-machine communication), semantics (the meaning of the contents), and pragmatics (the preferences of individuals involved). This article argues that knowledge-aware concept mapping is a solution to create and analyze the semantic web-embedded dynamic knowledge bases for both human and machine learning. Accordingly, this article defines five types of knowledge, namely, analytic a priori knowledge, synthetic a priori knowledge, synthetic a posteriori knowledge, meaningful knowledge, and skeptic knowledge. These types of knowledge help find some rules and guidelines to create and analyze concept maps for the purposes human and machine learning. The presence of these types of knowledge is elucidated using a real-life manufacturing knowledge representation case. Their implications in learning manufacturing knowledge are also described. The outcomes of this article help install knowledge-aware concept maps for discipline-based education.

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de Boer, Karin. "Kant’s Response to Hume’s Critique of Pure Reason." Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 101, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 376–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agph-2019-3003.

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Abstract In this article I argue that Kant considered Hume’s account of causality in the Enquiry to be primarily relevant because it undermines proofs for the existence of God and, moreover, that this interpretation is plausible and text-based. What the Prolegomena calls ‘Hume’s problem’ is, I claim, the more general question as to whether metaphysics can achieve synthetic a priori knowledge of objects at all. Whereas Hume denied this possibility, I show how the solution Kant develops in the Critique of Pure Reason is in agreement with Hume’s critique of dogmatic metaphysics, but salvages the synthetic a priori principles he takes to be constitutive of empirical cognition.

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Castillo, Jesus Martinez del. "Linguistics as a Theory of Knowledge." Education and Linguistics Research 1, no. 2 (September 27, 2015): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v1i2.8368.

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<p>A theory of knowledge is the explanation of things in terms of the possibilities and capabilities of the human way of knowing. The human knowledge is the representation of the things apprehended sensitively either through the senses or intuition. A theory of knowledge concludes about the reality of the things studied. As such it is <em>a priori</em> speculation, based on synthetic <em>a priori</em> statements. Its conclusions constitute interpretation, that is, hermeneutics. Linguistics as the science studying real language, that is, the language spoken, reverts to human subjects in as much as they speak, say and know. Language thus must be studied as a theory of knowledge.</p><p>This article deals with the study of language as the human activity of speaking, saying and knowing. It analyzes the possibilities of a scientific theory, its characteristics and pre-requisites to see if language can be studied. The fact of language reverting to the individual speaking subject makes linguists to consider the peculiarities of language study as a human science. Since human subjects are free, creative and absolute, human facts cannot be but interpreted. This article concludes about the character of linguistics and the key points it must study and be based on.</p>

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Synthetic a priori knowledge"

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Bhowal, Nabanita. "Kants notion of synthetic a priori judgement and some later developments on it." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2019. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4042.

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Serin, Ismail. "The Quiddity Of Knowledge In Kant&#039." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605758/index.pdf.

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In this thesis the quiddity of knowledge in Kant'
s critical philosophy has been investigated within the historical context of the problem. In order to illustrate the origins of the subject-matter of the dissertation, the historical background of Kant'
s views on the theory of knowledge has been researched too. As a result of this research, it is concluded that Kant did not invent a new philosophical problem, but he tried to improve a decisive solution for one of the oldest question of history of philosophy i.e., &ldquo
How is synthetic a priori knowledge is possible?&rdquo
The theoretical dimension of Kant'
s theory of knowledge is reserved for this purpose. The above mentioned question is not new neither for us nor for Kant, but his answer and his philosophical stand have clearly revolutionary meaning both for us and for him. This thesis claims that his stand-point not only leads to an original epoch for the theory of knowledge, but creates a serious possibility for a new ontology explicating the quiddity of knowledge.

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Zhou, Hao. "La chute du "triangle d'or" : apriorité, analyticité, nécessité : de l'équivalence à l'indépendance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H204.

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Les trois concepts d’apriorité, d’analyticité et de nécessité, qui ont longtemps été considérés comme équivalents, constituent ce que l’on peut appeler le « triangle d’or » ou « triangle d’équivalence ». Or, la conception kantienne du synthétique a priori et les conceptions kripkéennes du contingent a priori et du nécessaire a posteriori représentent des critiques décisives contre ce triangle d’équivalence. Héritant, de manière critique, des idées révolutionnaires de Kant et de Kripke, un nouveau schéma épistémologique intitulé « sujet-connaissance-monde » est ici systématiquement construit. Ce schéma rend totalement caduc le triangle d’or. Les concepts d’apriorité, d’analyticité et de nécessité deviennent indépendants les uns des autres. On aboutit ainsi à un nouvel espace des catégories de la connaissance, issu du libre entre croisement des trois distinctions a priori-a posteriori, analytique-synthétique et nécessaire-contingent. Ces catégories de la connaissance, dont certaines sont nouvelles, s’appliquent aux sciences exclusivement et exhaustivement
The three concepts of apriority, analyticity and necessity, which have long been considered equivalent, constitute whatcould be called the “golden triangle” or “triangle of equivalence”. Yet, the Kantian conception of the synthetic a priori and the Kripkean conceptions of the contingent a priori and the necessary a posteriori represent decisive criticismsagainst this triangle of equivalence. Inheriting critically these revolutionary thoughts from Kant and Kripke, a newepistemological schema entitled “subject-knowledge-world” is here systematically constructed. This schema renders thegolden triangle totally obsolete. The concepts of apriority, analyticity and necessity become independent of each other.This leads to a new space of knowledge categories, resulting from the free intersecting of the three distinctions a priori-aposteriori, analytic-synthetic and necessary-contingent. These knowledge categories, some of which are new, apply to science exclusively and exhaustively

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Barin, Ozlem. "The Role Of Imagination In Kant&#039." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1110089/index.pdf.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the role of imagination in Immanuel Kant&
#8217
s Critique of Pure Reason by means of a detailed textual analysis and interpretation. In my systematic reading of the Kantian text, I analyse how the power of imagination comes to the foreground of Kant&
#8217
s investigation into the transcendental conditions of knowledge. This is to explain the mediating function of imagination between the two distinct faculties of the subject
between sensibility and understanding. Imagination achieves its mediating function between sensibility and understanding through its activity of synthesis. By means of exploring the features of the activity of synthesis I attempt to display that imagination provides the ground of the unification of sensibility and understanding. The argument of this study resides in the claim that the power of imagination, through its transcendental synthesis, provides the ground of the possibility of all knowledge and experience. This is to announce imagination as the building block of Kant&
#8217
s Copernican Revolution that grounds the objectivity of knowledge in its subjective conditions. Therefore, the goal of this study is to display imagination as a distinctive human capacity that provides the relation of our knowledge to the objects.

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Kroedel, Thomas. "A priori knowledge of modal truths." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440706.

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Midelfart, Herman. "Knowledge discovery from cDNA microarrays and a priori knowledge." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-912.

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Microarray technology has recently attracted a lot of attention. This technology can measure the behavior (i.e., RNA abundance) of thousands of genes simultaneously, while previous methods have only allowed measurements of single genes. By enabling studies on a genome-wide scale, microarray technology is currently revolutionizing biological research and creating a wide range of research opportunities. However, the technology generates a vast amount of data that cannot be handled manually. Computational analysis is thus a prerequisite for the success of this technology, and research and development of computational tools for microarray analysis are of great importance. This thesis develops supervised learning methods based on Rough Set Theory (RST) for analyzing microarray data together with prior knowledge. Two kinds of microarray studies are considered. The first is cancer studies where supervised learning may be used for predicting tumor subtypes and clinical parameters. We introduce a general RST approach for classification of tumor samples analyzed by microarrays. This includes a feature selection method for selecting genes that discriminate significantly between a set of classes. RST classifiers are then learned from the selected genes. The approach is applied to a data set of gastric tumors. Classifiers for six clinical parameters are developed and demonstrate that these parameters can be predicted from the expression profile of gastric tumors. Moreover, the performance of the feature selection method as well as several learning and discretization methods implemented in ROSETTA are examined and compared to the performance of linear and quadratic discrimination analysis. The classifiers are also biologically validated. One of the best classifiers is selected for each clinical parameter, and the connection between the genes used in these classifiers and the parameters are compared to the established knowledge in the biomedical literature. Many of these genes have no previously known connection to gastric cancer and provide interesting targets for further biological research. The second kind of study is prediction of gene function from expression profiles measured with microarrays. A serious problem in this case is that functional classes, which are assigned to genes, are typically organized in an ontology where the classes may be related to each other. One example is the Gene Ontology where the classes form a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Standard learning methods such as RST assume, however, that the classes are unrelated, and cannot deal with this problem directly. This thesis gives a solution by introducing an extended RST framework and two novel algorithms for learning in a DAG. The DAG also constitutes a problem when a classifier is to be evaluated since standard performance measures such as accuracy or AUC do not recognize the structure of the DAG. Therefore, several new performance measures are introduced. The algorithms are first tested on a data set that was created from human fibroblast cells by the means of microarrays. They are then applied on artificial data in order to obtain a better understanding of their behavior, and their weaknesses and strengths are identified.

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Lane, Ashley Alexander. "A critique of a priori moral knowledge." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2018. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/368/.

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Many ethicists believe that if it is possible to know a true moral proposition, it is always possible to ascertain a priori the normative content of that proposition. I argue that this is wrong; the only way to ascertain the normative content of some moral propositions requires the use of a posteriori information. I examine what I call determinate core moral propositions. I assume that some of these propositions are true and that actual agents are able to know them. Ethicists whom I call coreapriorists believe that it is always possible to ascertain a priori the normative content of such propositions. Core-aposteriorists believe that this is false, and that sometimes a posteriori information must be used to ascertain that normative content. I develop what I call the a posteriori strategy to show that core-apriorists are likely to be wrong, and so core-aposteriorists are correct. The strategy examines the details of particular core-apriorist theories and then shows that the theories have one of two problems: either some of the knowable determinate core moral propositions in the theories are not knowable a priori, or some of the propositions are not determinate, so they cannot perform the epistemological work required of them. Therefore, some knowable determinate core moral propositions are only knowable with the aid of a posteriori information. I apply the strategy to four different core-apriorist theories. The first is Henry Sidgwick's theory of self-evident moral axioms, as recently developed by Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek and Peter Singer. The second is Matthew Kramer's moral realism. I then examine Michael Smith's moral realism, and Frank Jackson and Philip Pettit's moral functionalism. The a posteriori strategy shows that there are serious difficulties with all four theories. I conclude that it provides good evidence that the core-apriorist is mistaken, and that the core-aposteriorist is right.

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Kai, Li. "Neuroanatomical segmentation in MRI exploiting a priori knowledge /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400964181&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-158). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Lynch, Timothy J. "Aquinas, Lonergan, and the a priori." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343058.

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Tozer, Geoffrey D. N. "The nature of synthetic judgements a priori and the categorical imperative." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25966.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Synthetic a priori knowledge"

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1957-, Moser Paul K., ed. A priori knowledge. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, 1987.

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Albert, Casullo, ed. A priori knowledge. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.

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L, Camp Joseph, ed. The epistemology of a priori knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Kant's theory of a priori knowledge. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001.

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P, Hanson Philip, and Hunter Bruce 1949-, eds. Return of the a priori. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1993.

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A priori. Durham, [England]: Acumen, 2011.

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Virone, Giacomo Maria. Synthetic a priori and mathematical account in Kant's philosophy. Milano: LED, 2012.

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Essays on a priori knowledge and justification. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

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1939-, Casey Edward S., ed. The notion of the a priori. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2009.

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Grondin, Jean. Kant et le problème de la philosophie: L'a priori. Paris: J. Vrin, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Synthetic a priori knowledge"

1

Perovich, Anthony N. "Genius, Scientific Method, and the Stability of Synthetic A Priori Principles." In Human Nature and Natural Knowledge, 327–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5349-9_17.

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Sun, Zengguo, and Xuejun Peng. "Maximum a Posteriori Despeckling Algorithm of Synthetic Aperture Radar Images with Exponential Prior Distribution." In Advances in Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 410–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70665-4_47.

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Mattei, Tobias Alécio. "Kant’s Epistemology and Neuroscience: The Biological Basis of the Synthethic and “A Priori” Character of Geometric Knowledge." In Law and Peace in Kant’s Philosophy, 655–66. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110210347.5.655.

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Lapointe, Sandra. "A priori Knowledge." In Bolzano's Theoretical Philosophy, 102–15. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230308640_9.

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Russell, David W. "A Priori Knowledge." In The BOXES Methodology Second Edition, 193–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86069-1_14.

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Wolniewicz, Bogusław. "On the Synthetic a Priori." In Philosophical Logic in Poland, 327–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8273-5_22.

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Benardete, José. "AI and The Synthetic A Priori." In Philosophy in Mind, 9–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1008-2_2.

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Waismann, F. "Is There a Priori Knowledge?" In The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy, 44–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25335-7_3.

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Chapman, Andrew, Addison Ellis, Robert Hanna, Tyler Hildebrand, and Henry W. Pickford. "What Is A Priori Knowledge?" In In Defense of Intuitions, 178–219. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137347954_9.

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Casullo, Albert. "Modality and a priori knowledge." In The Routledge Handbook of Modality, 198–207. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. |Includes bibliographical references and index.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315742144-23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Synthetic a priori knowledge"

1

Ma, Xinyin, Xinchao Wang, Gongfan Fang, Yongliang Shen, and Weiming Lu. "Prompting to Distill: Boosting Data-Free Knowledge Distillation via Reinforced Prompt." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/596.

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Data-free knowledge distillation (DFKD) conducts knowledge distillation via eliminating the dependence of original training data, and has recently achieved impressive results in accelerating pre-trained language models. At the heart of DFKD is to reconstruct a synthetic dataset by inverting the parameters of the uncompressed model. Prior DFKD approaches, however, have largely relied on hand-crafted priors of the target data distribution for the reconstruction, which can be inevitably biased and often incompetent to capture the intrinsic distributions. To address this problem, we propose a prompt-based method, termed as PromptDFD, that allows us to take advantage of learned language priors, which effectively harmonizes the synthetic sentences to be semantically and grammatically correct. Specifically, PromptDFD leverages a pre-trained generative model to provide language priors and introduces a reinforced topic prompter to control data synthesis, making the generated samples thematically relevant and semantically plausible, and thus friendly to downstream tasks. As shown in our experiments, the proposed method substantially improves the synthesis quality and achieves considerable improvements on distillation performance. In some cases, PromptDFD even gives rise to results on par with those from the data-driven knowledge distillation with access to the original training data.

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Paxman, R. G. "Superresolution with an Opacity Constraint." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.1989.pd1.

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The term superresolution can be defined as the use of a priori information to achieve resolution superior to the diffraction-limited resolution. In this paper we explore the use of a novel type of prior knowledge in the context of 3-D imaging. We wish to exploit knowledge that the object being imaged is confined to a 2-D manifold (surface) embedded in a 3-D space. Such prior knowledge is valid when the object is opaque to the illuminating radiation so that only secondary sources that lie in the outer surface of the object contribute to the reflected field.

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Hudson, Scott, and Demetri Psaltis. "New approach to inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.tua2.

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Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging is an extension of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging to cases where the synthetic aperture is produced by target motion (trajectory), as opposed to radar motion, and hence unknown a priori. In SAR knowledge of the motion is used to produce the image; lack of this knowledge causes the ISAR imaging problem to be underdetermined. Additional constraints are needed to obtain a solution. The typical constraint used, to assume that the target is effectively rotating at a constant angular velocity, can faithfully image the target only in those cases where the real trajectory is accurately described by this assumption. We show that ISAR imaging can be extended to include much more general trajectories by putting constraints on the image produced rather than on the trajectory. The work we present includes (1) a theoretical analysis of ISAR image formation with arbitrary trajectories, (2) computer verification of this analysis and simulation of our method, (3) sonar imaging of simple objects, and (4) an optical implementation of our method.

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Wilson, Hugh. "Constraints on possible visual experience." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.tud4.

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A recent philosophic trend has recognized that empirical findings in brain research may have important implications concerning the limitations and structure of human knowledge. In keeping with this naturalization of epistemology, this paper focuses on limitations on possible visual experience implied by contemporary vision research. Discussion centers on an example from depth perception, where it can be shown mathematically that the presence of only two disparate monocular views of the world fails to provide sufficient information for the visual reconstruction of the third dimension: a vast number of possible arrangements of objects are generally compatible with the available retinal information. Current work, such as that of Marr and Poggio, suggests that the visual system reconstructs the third dimension by imposing a constraint of the form: objects are bounded by opaque surfaces that vary smoothly and minimally in depth from point to point. It will be argued that such constraints are both a priori and synthetic and that they are closely related to Kantian a priori synthetic propositions.

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De Santis, P., F. Gori, G. Guattari, and C. Palma. "A Simple Method for Superresolution." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.1986.fa3.

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Since the invention of superresolving pupils by Toraldo di Francia in 1952 [1] , superresolution has attracted the attention of many authors. As it is well known, the possibility of superresolution rests on some "a priori" information about the object. In the case of superresolving pupils, the only prior information is that the object has a finite extent. Elegant as they are from the theoretical point of view, the superresolving pupils [2] seem difficult to fabricate. As a matter of fact, rather severe tolerance conditions should be met in the fabrication and, to our knowledge, no practical superresolving pupil has been produced so far.

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Schlaffer, Stefan, Markus Hollaus, Wolfgang Wagner, and Patrick Matgen. "Flood delineation from synthetic aperture radar data with the help of a priori knowledge from historical acquisitions and digital elevation models in support of near-real-time flood mapping." In SPIE Remote Sensing, edited by Ulrich Michel, Daniel L. Civco, Manfred Ehlers, Karsten Schulz, Konstantinos G. Nikolakopoulos, Shahid Habib, David Messinger, and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.974503.

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Kawata, S., O. Nakamura, and S. Minami. "Spatially Constrained 3-D Reconstruction from Limited-Angle Projections in Optical Microscope Tomography." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.1986.thd4.

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In earlier work, we invented a principle of optical microscope tomography and developed a prototype system to achieve tomographic microscope imaging of three-dimensional specimens [1,2]. In this paper we describe the principle of optical microscope tomography and the algorithm to reconstruct the 3-D distribution of the sample from the obtained images. Since the system is angularly band-limited, we have to constrain the inverse equation of the system by some a priori information to lead to a unique solution. We use the information of the knowledge of the spatial outer boundary of the object to truncate the projection system function. The outer boundary of the object is easily measured. Since this constraining preserves the linearity of the system, reconstruction can be simply performed by a linear-system solving method.

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Yanik, Arcan, Unal Aldemir, and Mehmet Bakioglu. "Time Delay Consideration on a New Active Control Algorithm." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46091.

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In the area of active control of structures, time delay consideration is an important parameter which must be taken into consideration for realistic numerical models. In this research, the performance of a new active control algorithm for several time delays under two different earthquake excitations was investigated numerically. The proposed performance index does not require a priori knowledge of seismic input and the solution of the nonlinear matrix Riccati equation to apply the control forces [1,2]. The proposed control introduces the seismic energy term into the performance index so that the mechanical energy of the structure, the control and the seismic energies are considered simultaneously in the minimization procedure, which yields cross terms in the performance index. A two story shear frame was modelled in Matlab-Simulink considering time-delay. A fully active tendon controller system is implemented to the system. 0–50 ms time delay was considered in the dynamic analysis. The change in the time delay steps was 5 ms. The effect of time-delay was investigated under synthetic and Erzincan NS (1995;95 Erzincan station) earthquakes. Kanai-Tajimi power spectral density function was used to generate synthetic earthquake motion. The behavior of the proposed control with time delay considerations is compared with the uncontrolled conventional structure.

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Müller, Detlef, Albert Ansmann, Ulla Wandinger, and Dietrich Althausen. "Retrieval of Physical Properties of Atmospheric Particles by Inversion via Regularization in the Limit of a Small Optical Data Set." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.1998.sthc.4.

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Atmospheric aerosols, although only a minor constituent of the earth’s atmosphere, play an important role in many atmospheric processes. Due to their appreciable influence on the earth’s radiation budget, air quality, clouds and precipitation as well as the chemistry of the troposphere and stratosphere it is necessary to gather detailed information on their optical and physical properties. A multiple-wavelength lidar as well as a Raman lidar at the Institute provide optical particle information in terms of six backscatter coefficients and two extinction coefficients in the wavelength range from 0.355 to 1.064 μm on a vertical scale. A data-evaluation algorithm that uses the method of inversion via regularization has been specifically designed to retrieve physical properties from the given optical information. The physical parameters can be described by, e.g., the particle size distributions, the mean sizes derived from it, like the effective radius, the volume, surface-area, and number concentrations as well as the complex refractive index. Due to the low amount of available a priori information on the particle properties in combination with the small number of optical information that additionally include large measurement errors the main focus had been on the retrieval of the mean values. To control the quality of the regularization under these difficult conditions the method of generalized cross-validation is used as it does not require the knowledge of the underlying measurement errors nor the knowledge of the specific shape of the particle size distributions.

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Cheng, Chih-Hong, Rongjie Yan, Harald Ruess, and Saddek Bensalem. "Distributed priority synthesis using knowledge." In the 2nd edition. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2414639.2414656.

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Reports on the topic "Synthetic a priori knowledge"

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Klumpp, John, Sara de Souza Zanotta Dumit, and Guthrie Miller. Biokinetic Models Estimating Rapid Diffusion Using a Priori Knowledge of Flow Rates and Compartment Volumes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1785472.

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Bauer, Andrew, Jennifer Abras, and Nathan Hariharan. In situ and post-processing volume rendering with with Cinema. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40502.

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We present a new batch volume rendering technique which alleviates the time and expertise needed by the domain scientist in order to produce quality volume rendered results. This process can be done both in situ and as a post-processing step. The advantage of performing this as an in situ process is that the user is not required to have a priori knowledge of the exact physics and how best to create a transfer function to volume render that physics during the in situ run. For the post-processing use case, the user has the ability to easily examine a wide variety of transfer functions without the tedious work of manually generating each one.

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Burchett, Helen, Sally Griffin, Malica de Melo, Joelma Joaquim Picardo, Dylan Kneale, and Rebecca French. Structural interventions aiming to enable adolescent use of contraception in low- and middle-income countries - Final project report. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cswp5.

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Reducing adolescent pregnancy is a global public health priority and enabling contraceptive use is one way to achieve this. Broader determinants of contraceptive use, such as poverty, education and social norms, can affect knowledge, attitudes, motivation and ability to access and use contraception. Structural interventions aim to address these broader determinants and include cash transfer interventions, interventions to encourage participation in school, empowerment interventions and interventions aiming to change social norms. We conducted an evidence synthesis to explore a) what structural interventions have been evaluated for their effect on adolescent contraceptive use in low- and middle-income countries and b) how such interventions may work.

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Oliver, Sandy, David Gough, and James Copestake. Approaches to evidence synthesis in international development. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cpip3.

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This paper discusses the spectrum of synthesis methods available to generate, explore and test theory, their value to the field of international development and innovations required to make better use of the primary research available. It goes further than setting substantive priorities for international development impact and learning. It addresses current advances and priority gaps in the methods for research before considering the substantive and methodological direction of evidence synthesis for impact evaluation in international development, particularly as this relates to the work of CEDIL. This scope encompasses methods for all stages in the process, from setting the question to appraising and synthesising the findings. It describes existing methods for synthesis, including how methods vary and the guidance and standards available. It then considers how well existing methods match the field of international development and the latest innovations emerging or required before providing a research agenda for advancing synthesis methods. In particular, it argues for clearer distinctions between syntheses produced as public goods, and those tailored to specific circumstances; and strengthening knowledge systems through greater use of maps to navigate existing and missing evidence, harmonised outcomes and measures, and advances in automation technologies. Improved methods and guidance are required for synthesising formative research and investigating contextual factors. Engaging stakeholders and working across academic disciplines support the production of policy-relevant syntheses and inspire methods development.

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Barash, Itamar, J. Mina Bissell, Alexander Faerman, and Moshe Shani. Modification of Milk Composition via Transgenesis: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Regulating Transgene Expression. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570558.bard.

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Altering milk composition via transgenesis depends on three main factors. (1) The availability of an efficient regulatory sequences for targeting transgene(s) to the mammary gland; (2) a reliable in vitro model to test the expression of transgenes prior to their introduction to the animal genome; and (3) better understanding of the major factors which determine the rate of gene expression and protein synthesis. The current studies provide the necessary means and knowledge to alter milk protein composition via transgenesis. The following specific goals were achieved: a: Identifying regulatory regions in the b-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene and the cross-talk between elements which enabled us to construct an efficient vector for the expression of desirable cDNA's in the mammary gland. b: The establishment of a sheep mammary cell line that serves as a model for the analysis of endogenous and exogenous milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland of livestock. c: An accurate comparison of the potency of the 5' regulatory sequences from the BLG and whey acidic protein (WAP) promoters in directing the expression of human serum albumin (HSA) to the mammary gland in vitro and in vivo. In this study we have also shown that sequences within the coding region may determine a specific pattern of expression for the transgene, distinct from that of the native milk protein genes. d: Characterizing the dominant role of ECM in transgene expression in mammary epithelial cells. e: Further characterization of the BCE-1 enhancer element in the promoter of the b-casein gene as a binding site for the c/EBP-b and Stat5. Identifying its interaction with chromatin and its up regulation by inhibitors of histone deacetylation. f: Identifying a mechanism of translational control as a mediator for the synergistic effect of insulin and prolactin on protein synthesis in the mammary gland.

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Kolodziejczyk, Bart. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles. SAE International, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021003.

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While hydrogen is emerging as a clean alternative automotive fuel and energy storage medium, there are still numerous challenges to implementation, such as the economy of hydrogen production and deployment, expensive storage materials, energy intensive compression or liquefaction processes, and limited trial applications. Synthetic ammonia production, on the other hand, has been available on an industrial scale for nearly a century. Ammonia is one of the most-traded commodities globally and the second most-produced synthetic chemical after sulfuric acid. As an energy carrier, it enables effective hydrogen storage in chemical form by binding hydrogen atoms to atmospheric nitrogen. While ammonia as a fuel is still in its infancy, its unique properties render it as a potentially viable candidate for decarbonizing the automotive industry. Yet, lack of regulation and standards for automotive applications, technology readiness, and reliance on natural gas for both hydrogen feedstocks to generate the ammonia and facilitate hydrogen and nitrogen conversion into liquid ammonia add extra uncertainty to use scenarios. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles brings together collected knowledge on current and future prospects for the application of ammonia in ground vehicles, including the technological and regulatory challenges for this new type of clean fuel.

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Katan, Jaacov, and Michael E. Stanghellini. Clinical (Major) and Subclinical (Minor) Root-Infecting Pathogens in Plant Growth Substrates, and Integrated Strategies for their Control. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568089.bard.

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In intensive agriculture, harmful soilborne biotic agents, cause severe damage. These include both typical soilborne (clinical) major pathogens which destroy plants (e.g. Fusarium and Phytophthora pathogens), and subclinical ("minor") pathogens (e.g. Olpidium and Pythium). The latter cause growth retardation and yield decline. The objectives of this study were: (1) To study the behavior of clinical (major) and subclinical (minor) pathogens in plant growth substrate, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi, such as Pythium, Olipidium and Polymyxa. (2) To study the interaction between subclinical pathogens and plants, and those aspects of Pythium biology which are relevant to these systems. (3) To adopt a holistic-integrated approach for control that includes both eradicative and protective measures, based on a knowledge of the pathogens' biology. Zoospores were demonstrated as the primary, if not the sole propagule, responsible for pathogen spread in a recirculating hydroponic cultural system, as verified with P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici. P. aphanidermatum, in contrast to Phytophthora capsici, can also spread by hyphae from plant-to-plant. Synthetic surfactants, when added to the recirculating nutrient solutions provided 100% control of root rot of peppers by these fungi without any detrimental effects on plant growth or yield. A bacterium which produced a biosurfactant was proved as efficacious as synthetic surfactants in the control of zoosporic plant pathogens in the recirculating hydroponic cultural system. The biosurfactant was identified as a rhamnolipid. Olpidium and Polymyxa are widespread and were determined as subclinical pathogens since they cause growth retardation but no plant mortality. Pythium can induce both phenomena and is an occasional subclinical pathogen. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of the interaction between Olpidium and melon plants showed that this pathogen is not destructive but affects root hairs, respiration and plant nutrition. The infected roots constitute an amplified sink competing with the shoots and eventually leading to growth retardation. Space solarization, by solar heating of the greenhouse, is effective in the sanitation of the greenhouse from residual inoculum and should be used as a component in disease management, along with other strategies.

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Allen, Kathy, Andy Nadeau, and Andy Robertston. Natural resource condition assessment: Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293613.

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The Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program aims to provide documentation about the current conditions of important park natural resources through a spatially explicit, multi-disciplinary synthesis of existing scientific data and knowledge. Findings from the NRCA will help Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument (SAPU) managers to develop near-term management priorities, engage in watershed or landscape scale partnership and education efforts, conduct park planning, and report program performance (e.g., Department of the Interior’s Strategic Plan “land health” goals, Government Performance and Results Act). The objectives of this assessment are to evaluate and report on current conditions of key park resources, to evaluate critical data and knowledge gaps, and to highlight selected existing stressors and emerging threats to resources or processes. For the purpose of this NRCA, staff from the National Park Service (NPS) and Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota – GeoSpatial Services (SMUMN GSS) identified key resources, referred to as “components” in the project. The selected components include natural resources and processes that are currently of the greatest concern to park management at SAPU. The final project framework contains nine resource components, each featuring discussions of measures, stressors, and reference conditions. This study involved reviewing existing literature and, where appropriate, analyzing data for each natural resource component in the framework to provide summaries of current condition and trends in selected resources. When possible, existing data for the established measures of each component were analyzed and compared to designated reference conditions. A weighted scoring system was applied to calculate the current condition of each component. Weighted Condition Scores, ranging from zero to one, were divided into three categories of condition: low concern, moderate concern, and significant concern. These scores help to determine the current overall condition of each resource. The discussions for each component, found in Chapter 4 of this report, represent a comprehensive summary of current available data and information for these resources, including unpublished park information and perspectives of park resource managers, and present a current condition designation when appropriate. Each component assessment was reviewed by SAPU resource managers, NPS Southern Colorado Plateau Network (SCPN) staff, or outside experts. Existing literature, short- and long-term datasets, and input from NPS and other outside agency scientists support condition designations for components in this assessment. However, in some cases, data were unavailable or insufficient for several of the measures of the featured components. In other instances, data establishing reference condition were limited or unavailable for components, making comparisons with current information inappropriate or invalid. In these cases, it was not possible to assign condition for the components. Current condition was not able to be determined for six of the ten components due to these data gaps. For those components with sufficient available data, the overall condition varied. Two components were determined to be in good condition: dark night skies and paleontological resources. However, both were at the edge of the good condition range, and any small decline in conditions could shift them into the moderate concern range. Of the components in good condition, a trend could not be assigned for paleontological resources and dark night skies is considered stable. Two components (wetland and riparian communities and viewshed) were of moderate concern, with no trend assigned for wetland and riparian communities and a stable trend for viewshed. Detailed discussion of these designations is presented in Chapters 4 and 5 of this report. Several park-wide threats and stressors influence the condition of priority resources in SAPU...

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Mykhayliv, Natalya. THE SUBJECT OF OF “VOGUE” AND “HARPER’S BAZAAR” MAGAZINES. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11066.

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In the article according to the theory of the subject, patterns of the existence and genesis of the subject of “Vogue” and “Harper’s Bazaar” (USA) magazines was analysed, perspective of the emergence of new subjects was established, classification of the current subjects into universal and synthetic was suggested and some regularities of authorial creation of new subjects was examined. The main objective of the study is to identify patterns of existence of actual and formation of new topics in the Means of Mass Communication on the example of “Vogue” and “Harper’s Bazaar” magazines. In studying of the empiric basis of the research the method of observation is applied; in finding common themes for both publications – a comparative method was used. The method of analysis was used in the decomposition of topics into separate topics; in isolation from the features of the topic, uncharacteristic of a journalistic work – abstraction was applied. The elucidation that the subject appears as a formal verbal expression of a set of homogeneous topics was done by applying the method of formalization. The main results of the research are: obtaining the new classification of topics of “Vogue” and “Harper’s Bazaar” magazines; identification of a significant manifestation of universal themes on the pages of publications; establishment of the basic subjective (deontological) bases of formation of new subjects. A theoretical level of their knowledge will enrich science, equip practice, promote individual and world harmony.

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Kerber, Steve. Impact of Ventilation on Fire Behavior in Legacy and Contemporary Residential Construction. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gieq2593.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes and increased synthetic fuel loads. This series of experiments examine this change in fire behavior and the impact on firefighter ventilation tactics. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the fire behavior associated with these scenarios and result in immediately developing the necessary firefighting ventilation practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first of two houses constructed was a one-story, 1200 ft, 3 bedroom, bathroom house with 8 total rooms. The second house was a two-story 3200 ft, 4 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom house with 12 total rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two- story great room and open foyer. Fifteen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door only, opening the front door and a window near and remote from the seat of the fire, opening a window only and ventilating a higher opening in the two-story house. One scenario in each house was conducted in triplicate to examine repeatability. The results of these experiments provide knowledge for the fire service for them to examine their thought processes, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of changes that can be adopted based on a departments current strategies and tactics.

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