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Academic literature on the topic 'Synthesis of REA'

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Published: 30 May 2022
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Journal articles on the topic "Synthesis of REA"

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Zemmelink, H. J., J. WH Dacey, and E. J. Hintsa. "Direct measurements of biogenic dimethylsulphide fluxes from the oceans: a synthesis." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 836–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-047.

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This paper provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art of techniques that are currently used for field measurements of trace gas fluxes and the subsequent derivation of gas transfer rates over the oceans. Special attention is given to the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) and gradient flux (GF) techniques, which rely on empirical functions thus far mainly validated over land. The universality of these functions and their application at sea have not yet been fully evaluated. New experiments have shown that the emission of dimethylsulphide (DMS) can be measured by the REA and GF techniques. Moreover, these measurements have provided parameterizations of gas exchange rates that are within the range of relationships between wind speed and gas transfer that have recently been derived from eddy correlation (EC) and deliberate tracer measurements. Using DMS as a model, gas is potentially a powerful approach to intercalibrate the REA, GF, and EC techniques, test their applicability in the marine environment, and investigate processes that determine trace gas exchange across the ocean surface.
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Xu, Wei Ping, Li Ming Ke, and Li Xing. "The Rotational Extrusion Alloying Al-Ti Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.92.

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The Rotating Extrusion Alloying (REA) is a process which combined friction stir welding process and extrusion technology. In the REA process, dissimilar metals are mixed, cracked, and subjected to high speed, severe pressing deformation, and therefore rapidly alloy at a low temperature. The Al-Ti alloy has been prepared by REA. The result shows that during REA process, the original materials and the products after synthesis present high energy ball mill and from sintering the compound are avoided, and the contamination to the compound due to the contact with the surrounding atmosphere and high energy balls disappear. REA technology can be alloyed Al-Ti material. Its phases are mainly composed of Al and Al3Ti, which are distributed more evenly in the aluminum. After heat treatment, its phases’ types and pole figures have no significant change, but there is a trend of transition to the non-equilibrium stable phase. Small-angle grain boundaries decrease or even disappear.
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Sutton, M. A., E. Nemitz, C. Milford, C. Campbell, J. W. Erisman, A. Hensen, P. Cellier, et al. "Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland: synthesis of results and conclusions of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2009): 1121–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-1121-2009.

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Abstract. Improved data on biosphere-atmosphere exchange are fundamental to understanding the production and fate of ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere. The GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment combined novel measurement and modelling approaches to provide the most comprehensive analysis of the interactions to date. Major inter-comparisons of micrometeorological parameters and NH3 flux measurements using the aerodynamic gradient method and relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) were conducted. These showed close agreement, though the REA systems proved insufficiently precise to investigate vertical flux divergence. Grassland management had a large effect on fluxes: Emissions increased after grass cutting (−50 to 700 ng m−2 s−1 NH3) and after N-fertilization (0 to 3800 ng m−2 s
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Yadav, Amar, and Vinod Pandey. "Multistep organic synthesis leading to the formation of triazinothiazoloquinoxalines involving cost effective rea-gents." International Journal of Scientific World 5, no. 2 (September 5, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v5i2.6154.

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A simple and efficient chemical method has been attempted for the synthesis of biologically and commercially important 2-aryl [-s-] triazino [1], [3], [5] thiazolo [6], [5-b] quinoxalin -4- thiones in moderate to excellent yields through cyclization reaction of o-phenylenediamino using readily available and fewer costly reagents viz. oxalic acid, PCl5thiourea, aromatic aldehydes and ammonium thiocyanate at an ambient temperature.
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Kleijnen, Sarah, Iris Pasternack, Piia Rannanheimo, Jenni M. Vuola, Marc Van de Casteele, Anna Bucsics, Isabelle Zahra Pulis, et al. "PILOTING INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION OF RAPID RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENTS OF PHARMACEUTICALS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 30, no. 5 (November 2014): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462314000622.

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Background: This article describes the lessons learned from an international pilot assessment using the first version of the HTA Core Model® and Guidelines for rapid Relative Effectiveness Assessment (REA) of pharmaceuticals based on input from three different perspectives: the assessors, the users (health technology assessment organisations) and the marketing authorisation holder.Methods: A pilot assessment was performed of pazopanib for the treatment of advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma for which 54 individuals from 22 EUnetHTA member organisations from 16 European countries gave their contribution. The work was divided in eight domain teams. Subsequently, results of these domain teams were synthesised in one pilot report. Feedback on the outcomes of the pilot was gathered throughout the project and through structured surveys.Results: The first version of the assessment was produced in six months and consisted of 55 question and answer pairs, 8 domain reports and a synthesis section that combined the results from the different domains. The organisation of the pilot required intense coordination. Main points of criticism on the assessment were the lengthiness of the document and overlap of information throughout the assessment.Conclusions: A reduction in the number of authoring organisations and individuals participating is necessary to avoid information overlap and increase efficiency in undertaking the assessment. Involving several organisations (e.g. five) in an in-depth review could still ensure the benefit of broad participation from various countries. The focus of a rapid REA should be on the first four domains of the Model.
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Sutton, M. A., E. Nemitz, C. Milford, C. Campbell, J. W. Erisman, A. Hensen, P. Cellier, et al. "Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland: synthesis of results and conclusions of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment." Biogeosciences 6, no. 12 (December 10, 2009): 2907–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2907-2009.

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Abstract. Improved data on biosphere-atmosphere exchange are fundamental to understanding the production and fate of ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere. The GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment combined novel measurement and modelling approaches to provide the most comprehensive analysis of the interactions to date. Major inter-comparisons of micrometeorological parameters and NH3 flux measurements using the aerodynamic gradient method and relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) were conducted. These showed close agreement, though the REA systems proved insufficiently precise to investigate vertical flux divergence. Grassland management had a large effect on fluxes: emissions increased after grass cutting (−50 to 700 ng m−2 s−1 NH3) and after N-fertilization (0 to 3800 ng m−2 s−1) compared with before the cut (−60 to 40 ng m−2 s−1). Effects of advection and air chemistry were investigated using horizontal NH3 profiles, acid gas and particle flux measurements. Inverse modelling of NH3 emission from an experimental farm agreed closely with inventory estimates, while advection errors were used to correct measured grassland fluxes. Advection effects were caused both by the farm and by emissions from the field, with an inverse dispersion-deposition model providing a reliable new approach to estimate net NH3 fluxes. Effects of aerosol chemistry on net NH3 fluxes were small, while the measurements allowed NH3-induced particle growth rates to be calculated and aerosol fluxes to be corrected. Bioassays estimated the emission potential Γ = [NH4+]/[H+] for different plant pools, with the apoplast having the smallest values (30–1000). The main within-canopy sources of NH3 emission appeared to be leaf litter and the soil surface, with Γ up to 3 million and 300 000, respectively. Cuvette and within-canopy analyses confirmed the role of leaf litter NH3 emission, which, prior to cutting, was mostly recaptured within the canopy. Measured ammonia fluxes were compared with three models: an ecosystem model (PaSim), a soil vegetation atmosphere transfer model (SURFATM-NH3) and a dynamic leaf chemistry model (DCC model). The different models each reproduced the main temporal dynamics in the flux, highlighting the importance of canopy temperature dynamics (Surfatm-NH3), interactions with ecosystem nitrogen cycling (PaSim) and the role of leaf surface chemistry (DCC model). Overall, net above-canopy fluxes were mostly determined by stomatal and cuticular uptake (before the cut), leaf litter emissions (after the cut) and fertilizer and litter emissions (after fertilization). The dynamics of ammonia emission from leaf litter are identified as a priority for future research.
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Antoniou, Antony Nicodemus, Izabela Lenart, Janos Kriston-Vizi, Takao Iwawaki, Mark Turmaine, Kirsty McHugh, Sadfer Ali, et al. "Salmonella exploits HLA-B27 and host unfolded protein responses to promote intracellular replication." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 78, no. 1 (October 24, 2018): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213532.

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ObjectiveSalmonella enterica infections can lead to Reactive Arthritis (ReA), which can exhibit an association with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B*27:05, a molecule prone to misfolding and initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). This study examined how HLA-B*27:05 expression and the UPR affect the Salmonella life-cycle within epithelial cells.MethodsIsogenic epithelial cell lines expressing two copies of either HLA-B*27:05 and a control HLA-B*35:01 heavy chain (HC) were generated to determine the effect on the Salmonella infection life-cycle. A cell line expressing HLA-B*27:05.HC physically linked to the light chain beta-2-microglobulin and a specific peptide (referred to as a single chain trimer, SCT) was also generated to determine the effects of HLA-B27 folding status on S.enterica life-cycle. XBP-1 venus and AMP dependent Transcription Factor (ATF6)-FLAG reporters were used to monitor UPR activation in infected cells. Triacin C was used to inhibit de novo lipid synthesis during UPR, and confocal imaging of ER tracker stained membrane allowed quantification of glibenclamide-associated membrane.ResultsS.enterica demonstrated enhanced replication with an altered cellular localisation in the presence of HLA-B*27:05.HC but not in the presence of HLA-B*27:05.SCT or HLA-B*35:01. HLA-B*27:05.HC altered the threshold for UPR induction. Salmonella activated the UPR and required XBP-1 for replication, which was associated with endoreticular membrane expansion and lipid metabolism.ConclusionsHLA-B27 misfolding and a UPR cellular environment are associated with enhanced Salmonella replication, while Salmonella itself can activate XBP-1 and ATF6. These data provide a potential mechanism linking the life-cycle of Salmonella with the physicochemical properties of HLA-B27 and cellular events that may contribute to ReA pathogenesis. Our observations suggest that the UPR pathway maybe targeted for future therapeutic intervention.
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Larionov, A. S., L. V. Chekushina, and E. E. Suslov. "Development and Investigation of High-Strength Neutron-Absorbing Composite Coatings Based on Borides of Metals." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.660.

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At present, structural materials capable of absorbing thermal neutrons are used for long-term, compacted storage of spent nuclear fuel. This is necessary to prevent the occurrence of a fission reaction in clusters of nuclear materials. A promising direction in this area is the use of neutron-absorbing coatings. In this paper, it is proposed to use coatings of the B-Ti system for this purpose. The model calculations carried out using the MCU-REA program show the sufficient effectiveness of such coatings. The average path length of the neutron in the coating is ~ 90 μm. The dependence of the degree of attenuation of the neutron flux on the thickness of the coating is shown. Calculations show that the main role is played not by the thickness of the coating, but by the boron concentration in the material. For the synthesis of coatings, the method of magnetron sputtering is considered. Аn experimental magnetron boron-containing target for a four-channel magnetron installation VUP-5M was fabricated.
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Chabanenko, A. V., V. O. Smirnova, G. V. Getmanova, and S. A. Nazarevich. "QUALITY ASSURANCE OF ADDITIVE PRODUCTION THROUGH SYSTEM OF TOLERANCES OF TEMPERATURE MODES OF PRINTING." Issues of radio electronics 1, no. 7 (July 11, 2019): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2019-7-31-34.

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Now, an increase in productivity due to computer-aided manufacturing using digital prototypes is reflected in the formation and development of additive manufacturing technologies, also known as «Layer Synthesis». The use of additive technologies allows us to provide individualization of production, reduce material-intensive costs, increase the economic efficiency and effectiveness of the production of body elements of electronic equipment (REA), as well as improve the quality of the body elements produced. In additive manufacturing, it is necessary to consider many parameters and characteristics incorporated in the installation. To ensure the quality of additive production, it is very important to observe the required temperature conditions depending on the material used. The article deals with the issues of setting the temperature regimes and controlling the additive system. A comprehensive indicator of product quality is proposed, taking into account the safety parameters and identification indicators of the properties of polymers used in additive manufacturing.
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Mojsovska, Silvana. "The Western Balkans on its path to the European Union." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, no. 4 (December 2019): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.4.1.

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EU membership has been a compelling goal for the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia), related to the bloc’s stability, economic prosperity and higher standard of living. Each of these countries pursues its own process of EU accession while being also a part of the regional initiatives under the auspices of the EU. This paper provides an overview of the EU accession process of the Western Balkan countries, focusing on their individual achievements and challenges, as well as common features and problems. Also, the content andprospects of regional integration of the Western Balkans through the Regional Economic Area (REA) programme, along with the role of the EU in supporting the regional perspective are discussed. The parallel Western Balkans engagement in both processes supports arguments for the prioritisation of the individual countries’ accession to the EU over Western Balkans regional integration, distinguishing also the challenges of both processes. The methodology for the elaboration of this paper includes methods of analysis and synthesis, based on extensive desk research of available materials.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Synthesis of REA"

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Синотин, А. М. "Автоматизация расчётов нестационарных тепловых режимов при проектировании одноблочных радиоэлектронных аппаратов." Thesis, ХНУРЕ, 2008. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/6863.

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Thesis is devoted to the research of heat exchange character in radio electronic vehicles which function in an air environment at normal atmospheric pressure; the development of calculation method of the non-stationary temperature fields of REA with the arbitrary law of change of the power dispersed elements from a temperature and time; the research of influence of structural parameters of vehicle taking into account the anisotropy of the heated areas on a heat-conducting on a general temperature condition. First, on the basis of the conducted analytical and experimental researches, the algorithm of the thermophysical planning of onesectional radio electronic vehicles is got that allows to provide the set temperature condition on the initial stages of constructing parallell with development of electric chart and choice of element base. It considerably promotes economic efficiency of developments and eliminates the necessity of substantial changes for a construction on results checking calculations and temperature tests.
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Rodrigues, ?dila Priscilla Gomes. "S?ntese e caracteriza??o de ferritas de n?quel dopadas com cobalto e efeito da substitui??o nas suas propriedades magn?ticas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17766.

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The ferrite composition Ni1 - xCoxFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) were obtained by the method of microwave assisted synthesis and had their structural and magnetic properties evaluated due to the effect of the substitution of Ni by Co. The compounds were prepared: according to the concept of chemical propellants and heated in the microwave oven with power 7000kw. The synthesized material was characterized by absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FTIR), Xray diffraction (XRD) using the Rietveld refinement, specific surface area (BET) , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with aid of energy dispersive analysis (EDS) and magnetic measurements (MAV). The results obtained from these techniques confirmed the feasibility of the method of synthesis employed to obtain the desired spinel structure, the ferrite, nickel ferrite as for nickel doped with cobalt. The results from XRD refinement ally showed the formation of secondary phases concerning stages α - Fe2O3, FeO, (FeCo)O e Ni0. On the other hand, there is an increase in crystallite size with the increase of cobalt in systems, resulting in an increased crystallinity. The results showed that the BET systems showed a reduction in specific surface area with the increase of cobalt and from the SEM, the formation of irregular porous blocks and that the concentration of cobalt decreased the agglomerative state of the system. The magnetic ferrites studied showed different characteristics according to the amount of dopant used, ranging from a very soft magnetic material (easy magnetization and demagnetization ) - for the system without cobalt - a magnetic material with a little stiffer behavior - for systems containing cobalt. The values of the coercive field increased with the increasing growth of cobalt, and the values of saturation magnetization and remanence increased up to x = 0,25 and then reduced. The different magnetic characteristics presented by the systems according to the amount of dopant used, allows the use of these materials as intermediates magnetic
As ferritas de composi??o Ni1−xCoxFe2O4 (0≤x≤0,75) foram obtidas atrav?s do m?todo de s?ntese assistida por microondas e tiveram suas propriedades estruturais e magn?ticas avaliadas em fun??o do efeito da substitui??o do Ni pelo Co. Os compostos foram preparados de acordo com o conceito da qu?mica dos propelentes e aquecidos em forno micro-ondas com pot?ncia 7000kw. O material sintetizado foi caracterizado por espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho (FTIR), difra??o de raios X (DRX), com o uso do refinamento pelo m?todo de Rietveld, ?rea superficial espec?fica (BET), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) com aux?lio de an?lise por dispers?o de energia (EDS) e medidas magn?ticas (MAV). Os resultados obtidos, a partir destas t?cnicas confirmaram a viabilidade do m?todo de s?ntese empregado para a obten??o da estrutura espin?lio desejada, tanto para a ferrita de n?quel quanto para as ferritas de n?quel dopadas com cobalto. Os resultados do DRX, aliado ao refinamento, mostraram a forma??o de fases secund?rias tais como as fases α - Fe2O3, FeO, (FeCo)O e Ni0. Por outro lado, observou-se um aumento no tamanho do cristalito com o incremento do cobalto nos sistemas, implicando em um aumento da cristalinidade. Os resultados do BET mostraram que os sistemas apresentaram uma redu??o da ?rea superficial espec?fica com o incremento do cobalto e a partir do MEV observou-se a forma??o de blocos porosos irregulares e que o aumento da concentra??o de cobalto dimunuiu o estado de aglomera??o dos sistemas. As ferritas estudadas apresentaram caracter?sticas magn?ticas diferenciadas de acordo com a quantidade do dopante utilizado, variando de um material magn?tico bastante mole (f?cil magnetiza??o e desmagnetiza??o) - para o sistema sem cobalto - a um material magn?tico com comportamento um pouco mais duro - para os sistemas contendo cobalto. Os valores do campo coercitivo aumentaram com o crescente incremento do cobalto, e os valores de magnetiza??o de satura??o e reman?ncia aumentaram at? x=0,25 e depois reduziram. As caracter?sticas magn?ticas diferenciadas apresentadas pelos sistemas, de acordo com a quantidade de dopante utilizado, permite o uso desses materiais como magn?ticos intermedi?rios
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Pedrosa, Anne Michelle Garrido. "Desenvolvimento de catalisadores bifuncionais de ?xido de zirc?nio modificado por ?xidos de tungst?nio e molibd?nio contendo platina para a rea??o de isomeriza??o de n-parafinas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17802.

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Bifunctional catalysts based on zircon oxide modified by tungsten (W = 10, 15 and 20 %) and by molybdenum oxide (Mo= 10, 15 e 20 %) containg platinum (Pt = 1%) were prepared by the polymeric precursor method. For comparison, catalysts the tungsten base was also prepared by the impregnation method. After calcinations at 600, 700 and 800 ?C, the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. The profile of metals reduction was determined by temperature programmed reduction. The synthesized catalysts were tested in n-heptane isomerization. X-ray diffractogram of the Pt/WOx-ZrO2 and Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts revealed the presence of tetragonal ZrO2 and platinum metallic phases in all calcined samples. Diffraction peaks due WO3 and ZrO2 monoclinic also were observed in some samples of the Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts. In the Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts also were observed diffraction peaks due ZrO2 monoclinic and Zr(MoO4)2 oxide. These phases contained on Pt/WOx-ZrO2 and Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts varied in accordance with the W or Mo loading and in accordance with the calcination temperature. The infrared spectra showed absorption bands due O-W-O and W=O bonds in the Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts and due O-Mo-O, Mo=O and Mo-O bonds in the Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts. Specific surface area for Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts varied from 30-160 m2 g-1 and for the Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts varied from 10-120 m2 g-1. The metals loading (W or Mo) and the calcination temperature influence directly in the specific surface area of the samples. The reduction profile of Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts showed two peaks at lower temperatures, which are attributed to platinum reduction. The reduction of WOx species was evidenced by two reduction peak at high temperatures. In the case of Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts, the reduction profile showed three reduction events, which are attributed to reduction of MoOx species deposited on the support and in some samples one of the peak is related to the reduction of Zr(MoO4)2 oxide. Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts were active in the n-heptane isomerization with high selectivity to 3-methyl-hexane, 2,3- dimethyl-pentane, 2-methyl-hexane among other branched hydrocarbons. The Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts practically didn't present activity for the n-heptane isomerization, generating mainly products originating from the catalytic cracking
Catalisadores bifuncionais a base de ?xido de zirc?nio modificado por ?xidos de tungst?nio (W = 10, 15 e 20 %) ou molibd?nio (Mo= 10, 15 e 20 %) contendo platina (Pt = 1 %) foram preparados pelo m?todo dos precursores polim?ricos. Por compara??o, catalisadores a base de tungst?nio tamb?m foram preparados pelo m?todo de impregna??o. Ap?s calcina??es a 600, 700 e 800 ?C, os catalisadores foram caracterizados por difra??o de raios-X, espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho, an?lise termogravim?trica, an?lise t?rmica diferencial, adsor??o de nitrog?nio e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Os perfis de redu??o dos metais foram determinados por redu??o a temperatura programada. Os catalisadores sintetizados foram testados na isomeriza??o do n-heptano. Os difratogramas de raios-X dos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 e Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 revelaram a presen?a do ZrO2 tetragonal e da platina met?lica em todas as amostras calcinadas. Picos de difra??o referentes ao WO3 e ao ZrO2 monocl?nico tamb?m foram observados em algumas das amostras dos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2. Nos catalisadores do tipo Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 tamb?m foram observados picos de difra??o referente ao ZrO2 monocl?nico e ao ?xido Zr(MoO4)2. O aparecimento destas outras fases contidas nos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 e Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 variaram de acordo com o teor de W ou Mo e de acordo com a temperatura de calcina??o. Os espectros de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho exibiram bandas de absor??o referentes as liga??es O-W-O e W=O nos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 e referentes as liga??es O-Mo-O, Mo=O e Mo-O nos catalisadores Pt/MoOx-ZrO2. A ?rea superficial espec?fica dos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 variou de 30-160 m2 g-1 e para os catalisadores do tipo Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 variou de 10-120 m2 g-1. O teor de metais (W ou Mo) e a temperatura de calcina??o exercem uma influ?ncia direta no valor da ?rea superficial espec?fica das amostras. Os perfis de redu??o dos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 exibiram dois picos a baixas temperaturas, os quais s?o atribu?dos a redu??o da platina. A redu??o das esp?cies WOx foi evidenciada por dois picos de redu??o a altas temperaturas. No caso dos catalisadores Pt/MoOx-ZrO2, os perfis de redu??o mostram tr?s eventos de redu??o, os quais s?o atribu?dos a redu??o das esp?cies MoOx depositadas no suporte e em algumas amostras um dos picos ? relacionado com a redu??o do ?xido Zr(MoO4)2. Os catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 foram ativos para a isomeriza??o do n-heptano com alta seletividade a 3-metil-hexano, 2,3-dimetil-pentano e 2-metil-hexano entre outros hidrocarbonetos ramificados. Os catalisadores Pt/MoOx- ZrO2 praticamente n?o apresentaram atividade para a isomeriza??o do n-heptano, gerando principalmente produtos oriundos do craqueamento catalitico
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Brookes, Timothy Sean. "A real-time auditory spectograph." Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337653.

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Benkrid, A. "Real time TLM vocal tract modelling." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.352958.

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Chand, G. "Real-time digital synthesis of transient waveforms : Complex transient sound waveforms are analysed for subsequent real-time synthesis with variable parameters." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376681.

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Holloway, Matthew. "Experimental study of REE carbonate and fluorocarbonate synthesis as a basis for understanding hydrothermal REE mineralisation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31162.

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Many of the world's economic rare earth element (REE) deposits are formed from, or have been subsequently upgraded by, hydrothermal fluids. Some of the most important REE minerals are the light REE (LREE) enriched fluorocarbonates and carbonates, which are commonly found in carbonatites. Textural and mineralogical evidence from these and other sites point towards wall rock composition as a major control on the observed REE mineralisation, with the supply of carbonate, and possibly fluoride, thought to be the limiting factor. Despite theoretical and experimental studies focussed on REE speciation in hydrothermal fluids, and a few on REE mineral solubility, there remains a lack of understanding of the processes occurring at the uid-rock interface during REE carbonate and fluorocarbonate mineralisation. Many of the issues surrounding this topic stem from the difficulty of working at elevated temperatures, low REE concentrations, and with the corrosive fluoride ion. The synthesis of REE carbonates under simple, low temperature conditions is a useful starting point for understanding REE mineralisation, and as such has been the focus of research for decades. Despite this, cross-series trends are rarely assessed together under the same conditions, and multi-REE-bearing systems - useful for assessing REE fractionation - have scarcely been explored. Furthermore, wall rock experiments, whereby REE-rich fluids are reacted directly with carbonate rocks, are absent from the literature. The same is true for systems containing fluoride, necessary for studying the formation of fluorocarbonates. A fuller understanding of REE mineralisation cannot be achieved until empirical experimental results can be compared with theoretical data and field observations. This thesis documents the laboratory synthesis of single- and multiple-REE-bearing carbonates and fluorocarbonates, and compares the findings with a mineralogical and textural study of two REE-bearing carbonatite deposits. The REEs La, Nd, Gd, Er and Yb were investigated as representatives of the entire series. The experiments constituted titrations of REE chloride solutions with sodium carbonate, and `wall rock reactions' of REE chloride with dolomite, or dolomite plus fluorite. Batch and flow-through setups were used, and the experiments were performed, or the products aged, at temperatures ranging from ambient to 200 °C. Products were characterised by techniques such as PXRD and SEM to document their structure and morphology as a function of temperature, and assess the influence of single vs multiple REE on the final material (whether mixed or separate phases formed). Results showed that in titration experiments, the LREEs crystallised easily and at low temperatures (as low as room temperature), HREEs either do not crystallise (in some cases even at 200 °C) or are more diffcult to crystallise, and mixed LREE + HREE precipitates behaved more like HREE-only examples. The HREEs and LREEs + HREEs mostly produced X-ray amorphous materials, identified as carbonates using FTIR. These were analysed by XAS (XANES and EXAFS) to assess whether they possessed the same short-range structure as the crystalline phase into which are known to form, thus adding to the non-classical nucleation pathway argument as previously suggested for these materials. Results suggested the short-range order of most phases analysed were similar to known bulk phases, but that these were probably different to the earlier precipitates formed in solution. Additionally, in the mixed LREE + HREE systems (Nd+Er), REEs were well dispersed (as opposed to Nd- and Er-rich clusters). In contrast to the titration results were those of wall rock reactions, in which excellent crystallisation was observed for almost every REE configuration (single- or up to five- REE mix), or ageing duration. All but three of the phases produced were previously described natural or synthetic minerals. When fluorite was included in batch reactions the results were more varied: REE carbonates, fluorides and fluorocarbonates were all observed, but never together in the same sample (except in one example). A textural and mineralogical assessment of two carbonatite deposits, Bayan Obo, China and Tundulu, Malawi, which were analysed by EMPA, revealed multiple stages of hydrothermal activity, some of which related to REE fluorocarbonate mineralisation. REE fluorocarbonates, identified at both sites, were typically LREE enriched. No REE carbonates or fluorides were observed, despite the presence of fluorite (REE-barren) and carbonates at Bayan Obo, and carbonates (low REE content) at Tundulu. However, at both sites apatite contained considerable REE. The REE fluorocarbonates were not solely associated with carbonate wall rocks, although the Ca-REE fluorocarbonate synchysite was only observed in the significantly more carbonate-rock-rich Tundulu samples. At Bayan Obo, bastnasite and huanghoite (Ba-REE fluorocarbonate) were observed, the latter of which is reportedly replacing earlier Ca-REE fluorocarbonates. The results demonstrate the varying behaviour of REEs during precipitation under different conditions, and highlights the influence of dissolved carbonate supply rate to morphology, structure and crystallinity of the products. The occurrence of only one class of REE mineral (carbonate, fluoride or fluorocarbonate) in the synthetic experiments with fluoride may help explain the lack of natural REE carbonates and fluorides - and predominance of REE fluorocarbonates - in hydrothermal systems, as was observed in the natural samples studied. In addition, the lack (absence?) of naturally occurring HREE carbonates and fluorocarbonates in the studied carbonatites (and the literature) is suggested to result not from factors such as structural constraints, but instead from the relative crustal abundances of the individual REEs. It is shown that HREE carbonates and fluorocarbonates are valid species under certain conditions, but that these are not likely to occur naturally.
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Zita, Andreas. "Computational Real-Time Sound Synthesis of Rain." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1830.

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Real-time sound synthesis in computer games using physical modeling is an area with great potential. To date, most sounds are pre-recorded to match a certain event. Instead by using a model to describe the sound producing event, a number of problems encountered when using pre-recorded sounds can be avoided. This thesis will introduce these problems and present a solution. The thesis will also evaluate one such physical model, for rain sound, and implement a real- time simulation to demonstrate the advantages of the method.

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Sorensen, Matthew J. "Real-time Image Enhancement Using Texture Synthesis." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd595.pdf.

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Jenkins, Mark Daniel. "Synthesis and alternating automata over real time." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f37ccc5f-8ed6-4b00-b9e3-28c4bb4ec60a.

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Alternating timed automata are a powerful extension of classical Alur-Dill timed automata that are closed under all Boolean operations. They have played a key role, among others, in providing verification algorithms for prominent specification formalisms such as Metric Temporal Logic. Unfortunately, when interpreted over an infinite dense time domain (such as the reals), alternating timed automata have an undecidable language emptiness problem. In this thesis we consider restrictions on this model that restore the decidability of the language emptiness problem. We consider the restricted class of safety alternating timed automata, which can encode a corresponding Safety fragment of Metric Temporal Logic. This thesis connects these two formalisms with insertion channel machines, a model of faulty communication, and demonstrates that the three formalisms are interreducible. We thus prove a non-elementary lower bound for the language emptiness problem for 1-clock safety alternating timed automata and further obtain a new proof of decidability for this problem. Complementing the restriction to safety properties, we consider interpreting the automata over bounded dense time domains. We prove that the time-bounded language emptiness problem is decidable but non-elementary for unrestricted alternating timed automata. The language emptiness problem for alternating timed automata is a special case of a much more general and abstract logical problem: Church's synthesis problem. Given a logical specification S(I,O), Church's problem is to determine whether there exists an operator F that implements the specification in the sense that S(I,F(I)) holds for all inputs I. It is a classical result that the synthesis problem is decidable in the case that the specification and implementation are given in monadic second-order logic over the naturals. We prove that this decidability extends to MSO over the reals with order and furthermore to MSO over every fixed bounded interval of the reals with order and the +1 relation.
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Books on the topic "Synthesis of REA"

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Jiayin, Li, ed. Real-time embedded systems: Optimization, synthesis, and networking. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011.

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Pop, Paul, Petru Eles, and Zebo Peng. Analysis and Synthesis of Distributed Real-Time Embedded Systems. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2873-1.

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Vanhoof, Jan, Karl Rompaey, Ivo Bolsens, Gert Goossens, and Hugo Man. High-Level Synthesis for Real-Time Digital Signal Processing. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2222-2.

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Vanhoof, Jan. High-Level Synthesis for Real-Time Digital Signal Processing. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993.

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Battacharyya, Shuvra S. Software synthesis from dataflow graphs. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

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Battacharyya, Shuvra S. Software Synthesis from Dataflow Graphs. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996.

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Greisen, Pierre. Hardware architectures for real-time video processing and view synthesis. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre Verlag, 2013.

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Geier, Atrid. Lille: A synthesis of Los Angeles : the real modern city. London: University of East London, 2000.

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Ali, Md Ganjer. Real-time systems for analysis and synthesis of complex waveforms. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1994.

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Auditory perception: A new synthesis. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Synthesis of REA"

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Costea, Andreea, Amy Zhu, Nadia Polikarpova, and Ilya Sergey. "Concise Read-Only Specifications for Better Synthesis of Programs with Pointers." In Programming Languages and Systems, 141–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_6.

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AbstractIn program synthesis there is a well-known trade-off between concise and strong specifications: if a specification is too verbose, it might be harder to write than the program; if it is too weak, the synthesised program might not match the user’s intent. In this work we explore the use of annotations for restricting memory access permissions in program synthesis, and show that they can make specifications much stronger while remaining surprisingly concise. Specifically, we enhance Synthetic Separation Logic (SSL), a framework for synthesis of heap-manipulating programs, with the logical mechanism of read-only borrows.We observe that this minimalistic and conservative SSL extension benefits the synthesis in several ways, making it more (a) expressive (stronger correctness guarantees are achieved with a modest annotation overhead), (b) effective (it produces more concise and easier-to-read programs), (c) efficient (faster synthesis), and (d) robust (synthesis efficiency is less affected by the choice of the search heuristic). We explain the intuition and provide formal treatment for read-only borrows. We substantiate the claims (a)–(d) by describing our quantitative evaluation of the borrowing-aware synthesis implementation on a series of standard benchmark specifications for various heap-manipulating programs.
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Thorin, M. "Synthesis Example." In Real-time Transaction Processing, 133–46. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12409-1_4.

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Newell, Lyman C., R. N. Maxson, M. H. Filson, and W. C. Fernelius. "Red Mercuric Sulfide." In Inorganic Syntheses, 19–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132326.ch7.

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Beckert, Bertrand, and Benoît Masquida. "Synthesis of RNA by In Vitro Transcription." In RNA, 29–41. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-248-9_3.

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Hansen, Casper Storm. "Real Analysis." In Synthese Library, 169–223. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88534-2_9.

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Longo, John M., Paul C. Donohue, Donald A. Batson, D. P. Kelly, and A. W. Sleight. "Cadmium Rhenium(V) Oxide, Cd2 Re2 O7." In Inorganic Syntheses, 146–48. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132456.ch30.

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Engels, Joachim W., Dalibor Odadzic, Romualdas Smicius, and Jens Haas. "Chemical Synthesis of 2′-O-Alkylated siRNAs." In RNA Interference, 155–70. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-588-0_10.

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Lygeros, John, Claire Tomlin, and Shankar Sastry. "Multiobjective hybrid controller synthesis." In Hybrid and Real-Time Systems, 109–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0014720.

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Dixon, Wheeler Winston. "Synthetic Cinema: Leaving the Real World." In Synthetic Cinema, 1–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12571-4_1.

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Lee, Jaehyung, Andrew C. Keates, and Chiang J. Li. "Synthetic Biology and Bacteria-Based." In RNA Scaffolds, 267–80. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1499-0_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Synthesis of REA"

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Ventura, Ignacio, Isaias Sanmartín, Ana Lloret, Francisco Revert, and Jesús Ángel Prieto. "La Biología Sintética; reto biotecnológico y bioético en las Ciencias de la Vida." In IN-RED 2020: VI Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inred2020.2020.12013.

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Synthetic biology represents a scientific and bioethical challenge for the future, both at the environmental level, as well as in the human and other species improvement. Therefore, the work will mainly address two aspects. The synthesis in the laboratory of artificial cells for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical active principle and, on the other hand, the bioethical reflection on the potential of these techniques, noting the difference in the limits of the synthesis of life and creation of life. Currently, there are an estimated 1.7 million known species out of the estimated 14 million in the wild. In the last 10 years, more than 3,000 patents have been generated for genetically modified organisms. We have advanced in the fields of bioengineering for the improvement of beer-producing species, bakeries, etc. provide to the advancement of molecular biology.
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Liu, Juan, and Xin Li. "Complex amplitude modulation in real time holographic computation." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.2014.sm4f.1.

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Dragone, Paolo, Stefano Teso, and Andrea Passerini. "Pyconstruct: Constraint Programming Meets Structured Prediction." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/850.

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Constructive learning is the task of learning to synthesize structured objects from data. Examples range from classical sequence labeling to layout synthesis and drug design. Learning in these scenarios involves repeatedly synthesizing candidates subject to feasibility constraints and adapting the model based on the observed loss. Many synthesis problems of interest are non-standard: they involve discrete and continuous variables as well as arbitrary constraints among them. In these cases, widespread formalisms (like linear programming) can not be applied, and the developer is left with writing her own ad-hoc solver. This can be very time consuming and error prone. We introduce Pyconstruct, a Python library tailored for solving real-world constructive problems with minimal effort. The library leverages max-margin approaches to decouple learning from synthesis and constraint programming as a generic framework for synthesis. Pyconstruct enables easy prototyping of working solutions, allowing developers to write complex synthesis problems in a declarative fashion in few lines of code. The library is available at: http://bit.ly/2st8nt3
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Tahtali, Murat, and Andrew Lambert. "Near Real-Time Restoration of Non-Uniformly Warped Images from a Dynamic Scenery." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.2011.smc5.

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Almagor, Shaull, Orna Kupferman, and Giuseppe Perelli. "Synthesis of Controllable Nash Equilibria in Quantitative Objective Game." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/5.

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In Rational Synthesis, we consider a multi-agent system in which some of the agents are controllable and some are not. All agents have objectives, and the goal is to synthesize strategies for the controllable agents so that their objectives are satisfied, assuming rationality of the uncontrollable agents. Previous work on rational synthesis considers objectives in LTL, namely ones that describe on-going behaviors, and in Objective-LTL, which allows ranking of LTL formulas. In this paper, we extend rational synthesis to LTL[F] -- an extension of LTL by quality operators. The satisfaction value of an LTL[F] formula is a real value in [0,1], where the higher the value is, the higher is the quality in which the computation satisfies the specification. The extension significantly strengthens the framework of rational synthesis and enables a study its game- and social-choice theoretic aspects. In particular, we study the price of stability and price of anarchy of the rational-synthesis game and use them to explain the cooperative and non-cooperative settings of rational synthesis. Our algorithms make use of strategy logic and decision procedures for it. Thus, we are able to handle the richer quantitative setting using existing tools. In particular, we show that the cooperative and non-cooperative versions of quantitative rational synthesis are 2EXPTIME-complete and in 3EXPTIME, respectively -- not harder than the complexity known for their Boolean analogues.
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Su, Hai-Jun, and J. Michael McCarthy. "Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms With Specified Equilibrium Positions." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85085.

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This paper presents a synthesis procedure for a compliant four-bar linkage with three specified equilibrium configurations. The finite position synthesis equations are combined with equilibrium constraints at the flexure pivots to form design equations. These equations are simplified by modeling the joint angle variables in the equilibrium equations using sine and cosine functions. Solutions to these design equations were computed using a polynomial homotopy solver. In order to provide a design specification, we first compute the six equilibrium configurations of a known compliant four-bar mechanism. We use these results as design requirements to synthesize a compliant four-bar. The solver obtained eight real solutions which we refined using a Newton-Raphson technique. A numerical example is provided to verify the design methodology.
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Oura, Keiichiro, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Kei Hashimoto, Yoshihiko Nankaku, and Keiichi Tokuda. "Deep neural network based real-time speech vocoder with periodic and aperiodic inputs." In 10th ISCA Speech Synthesis Workshop. ISCA: ISCA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/ssw.2019-3.

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Dion, Jean-Luc, Fatma Abid, Gaël Chevallier, Hugo Festjens, Nicolas Peyret, Franck Renaud, Moustafa Seifeddine, and Cyrille Stephan. "Compact Model Synthesis for Partially Observed Operational Systems." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12111.

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This work proposes a Compact Model Synthesis (CMS) for Partially Observed Operational Systems (POOS) without using the complete knowledge of models. Series of “grey boxes” fed with partial observations are built in order to synthesize target variables with compact models. The recursive process for real time computation is based on Kalman Filters (KF). This stochastic approach allows to converge in line toward deterministic models with estimated uncertainties and without intrusion on the complete model process. Mathematical context is described first and illustrated secondly with two examples.
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Fox, K. Michael, Jeremy Stewart, and Rob Hamilton. "madBPM: Musical and Auditory Display for Biological Predictive Modeling." In The 23rd International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2017.045.

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The modeling of biological data can be carried out using structured sound and musical process in conjunction with integrated visualizations. With a future goal of improving the speed and accuracy of techniques currently in use for the production of synthetic high value chemicals through the greater understanding of data sets, the madBPM project couples real-time audio synthesis and visual rendering with a highly flexible data-ingestion engine. Each component of the madBPM system is modular, allowing for customization of audio, visual and data-based processing.
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Wang, Wei. "Modified Carbon Dots with Lowered Retention and Improved Colloidal Stability for Application in Harsh Reservoir Condition." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204833-ms.

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Abstract Tracer technology has been increasingly used in inter-well tests to investigate reservoir performance, reservoir connectivity and residual oil saturation for providing useful information to improve decision making in reservoir management. Stable nanoparticle tracers with high-sensitive real-time detectability are highly desired, and as one of the nanoparticles tracers, carbon dots (C-dots) have been studied and tested as nano-agent tracer in field trial for reservoir monitoring. In this research, we report a modified method to synthesize fluorescent C-dots and fluorinated, sulfonated or zwitterionic functional groups were incoprtated into the C-dots. The synthesis reaction occurs at hydrothermal conditions with inexpensive starting materials and is readily to scale up for industrial application. Optical properties of the synthesized colloidal C-dots were studied by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. Colloidal stability was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, and retention of the C-dots in porous medium was evaluated by adsorption experiment with limestone rock. The synthesized C-dots are readily dispersible in freshwater and synthetic brines and exhibit improved colloidal stability in hot brine and lowered retention in reservoir rocks. In comparison with those C-dots reported in literatures, our results suggest that the synthesized C-dots using the modified procedure have excellent fluorescence properties, improved thermal stability, photostability, and water dispersibility, enabling their use as optically detectable nano-agent tracer in oil field application.
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Reports on the topic "Synthesis of REA"

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Rosenschein, Stanley J., and Leslie P. Kaelbling. The Synthesis of Intelligent Real-Time Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada230751.

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Soell, D. [The first steps of chlorophyll synthesis: RNA involvement and regulation]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6528189.

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Dill, David. Automatic Verification and Synthesis of Finite-State Hard Real-Time Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada291279.

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Weiderman, Nelson. Hartstone: Synthetic Benchmark Requirements for Hard Real-Time Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada219326.

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Bierens, L. H. A Real-Time Synthetic Aperture Radar Processor: Introduction and Project Description (Een Real-Time Synthetic Aperture Radar Processor: Introductie en Project Beschrijving). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada245370.

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Nilsson, Emil. Synthesis of Sulfamoyl??Aminoacyl Adenylate Analogs for use in Protein?RNA Structure Determination. Portland State University Library, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.28.

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Baudais, Virginie, Annelies Hickendorff, Jaïr van der Lijn, Igor Acko, Souleymane Maiga, and Hussein Yusuf Ali. EU Military Training Missions: A Synthesis Report. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lfle9658.

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This paper draws overarching conclusions based on a synthesis of previously published case studies that examined the impact of EU military training missions (EUTMs) in Somalia (EUTM Somalia, 2010–), Mali (EUTM Mali, 2013–), the Central African Republic (CAR) (EUTM RCA, 2016–). It concludes that EUTMs are relevant niche operations. Despite difficult circumstances beyond the control of the missions, EUTM training and advisory efforts have increased the effectiveness of partner armed forces. While these gains have been marginal in CAR and Somalia, they have been a bit more pronounced in Mali. Yet, broader security sector reform and defence sector reform efforts to improve the accountability and governance of defence and security sectors have become bogged down. The main challenge is that EUTMs are generally mandated to implement largely technical and tactical agendas in contexts where the ongoing armed conflict and the politics of the security sector are not conducive to building professional national security forces. As a consequence EUTMs find themselves caught up in interlinked and partially overlapping dilemmas. This study concludes with seven partly overlapping recommendations to EU member states and to EUTMs to address the main limitations that are restricting the impact of the missions.
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Grafi, Gideon, and Brian Larkins. Endoreduplication in Maize Endosperm: An Approach for Increasing Crop Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575285.bard.

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The focus of this research project is to investigate the role of endoreduplication in maize endosperm development and the extent to which this process contributes to high levels of starch and storage protein synthesis. Although endoreduplication has been widely observed in many cells and tissues, especially those with high levels of metabolic activity, the molecular mechanisms through which the cell cycle is altered to produce consecutive cycles of S-phase without an intervening M-phase are unknown. Our previous research has shown that changes in the expression of several cell cycle regulatory genes coincide with the onset of endoreduplication. During this process, there is a sharp reduction in the activity of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and activation of the S-phase CDK. It appears the M-phase CDK is stable, but its activity is blocked by a proteinaceous inhibitor. Coincidentally, the S-phase checkpoint protein, retinoblastoma (ZmRb), becomes phosphorylated, presumably releasing an E2F-type transcriptional regulator which promotes the expression of genes responsible for DNA synthesis. To investigate the role of these cell cycle proteins in endoreduplication, we have created transgenic maize plants that express various genes in an endosperm-specific manner using a storage protein (g-zein) promoter. During the first year of the grant, we constructed point mutations of the maize M-phase kinase, p34cdc2. One alteration replaced aspartic acid at position 146 with asparagine (p3630-CdcD146N), while another changed threonine 161 to alanine (p3630-CdcT161A). These mutations abolish the activity of the CDK. We hypothesized that expression of the mutant forms of p34cdc2 in endoreduplicating endosperm, compared to a control p34cdc2, would lead to extra cycles of DNA synthesis. We also fused the gene encoding the regulatory subunit of the M- phase kinase, cyclin B, under the g-zein promoter. Normally, cyclin B is expected to be destroyed prior to the onset of endoreduplication. By producing high levels of this protein in developing endosperm, we hypothesized that the M-phase would be extended, potentially reducing the number of cycles of endoreduplication. Finally, we genetically engineered the wheat dwarf virus RepA protein for endosperm-specific expression. RepA binds to the maize retinoblastoma protein and presumably releases E2F-like transcription factors that activate DNA synthesis. We anticipated that inactivation of ZmRb by RepA would lead to additional cycles of DNA synthesis.
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Walker, Richard T. Synthesis of Nucleoside Analogues with Potential Antiviral Activity against Negative Strand RNA Virus Targets. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229411.

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Anderson, Colin, Anderson, Colin, Rosie McGee, Niranjan Nampoothiri, John Gaventa, Salvador Forquilha, Zikora Ibeh, Victoria Ibezim-Ohaeri, et al. Navigating Civic Space in a Time of Covid: Synthesis Report. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/a4ea.2021.002.

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Since long before the Covid-19 pandemic emerged in 2020, civic space has been changing all over the globe, generally becoming more restricted and hazardous. The pandemic brought the suspension of many fundamental freedoms in the name of the public good, providing cover for a deepening of authoritarian tendencies but also spurring widespread civic activism on issues suddenly all the more important, ranging from emergency relief to economic impacts. Research partners in the Action for Empowerment and Accountability (A4EA)'s Navigating Civic Space in a Time of Covid project have explored these dynamics through real-time research embedded in civil society in Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan, grounded in a close review of global trends.
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