Journal articles: 'SYNTHESIS OF ACRYLAMIDE'

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Chauhan, Ghanshyam S., Anita Kumari, and Rakesh Sharma. "Synthesis and Characterization of Starch and Acrylamides Based Hydrogels." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 2 (February 2005): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300204.

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In order to synthesize a wide spectrum of hydrogels for drug delivery and environmental management technologies, starch was graft copolymerized with three acrylamides, viz: acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and N-isopropyl acrylamide. The synthesis was carried out at two different temperatures, including the gelatinization temperature of starch (70 °C). A redox system, comprising of ammonium persulfate and ferrous ammonium sulfate (APS: FAS = 2.185 mM: 0.255 mM) was used to initiate the polymerization reactions. Using the same reaction conditions that were used to obtain graft copolymers, crosslinked networks of all three acrylamides and starch were also synthesized in the presence of various concentrations of N, N-methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinker, also at two different temperatures. The hydrogels were characterized by FT-IR and thermal studies to ascertain some of their structural aspects, and also to obtain evidence of network formation. Water uptake by hydrogels was studied as a function of time, temperature and pH. Some of the hydrogels were very good absorber of water and it was observed that the synthetic conditions affected their structure; hence their water uptake was also affected. The hydrogels were environment-sensitive and they showed significant volume transitions when small changes were made in their environment.

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Jiang, Shan Quan, Xiang Wei Sun, Zhao Xia Xie, and Long Qin. "Study on Synthesis and Property of Anti-Salt Super Absorbent Resin." Advanced Materials Research 873 (December 2013): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.873.683.

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The maleic acid ( MA )2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylamide (PAMPS/AM/MA) superabsorbent copolymer was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization with ammonium persulfate as initiator,N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide ( NMBA) as crosslinking agent. The influence of pH,mass ratio of AMPS to acrylamide ( AM) ,the amount of crosslinking agent and initiator,and reaction temperature on the absorption capability of water and salt solution were investigated. The results show that the water absorbency of the superabsorbent polymer prepared at the optimum condition in deionized water and in 0.9% NaCl solution is about 235 and 132g/g,respectively,and under the same conditions,the sample has more excellent water absorption and salt-resistance.

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Ren, Huanhuan, Zhankui Mei, Yangyang Chen, Shaojun Chen, Zaochuan Ge, and Jinlian Hu. "Synthesis of zwitterionic acrylamide copolymers for biocompatible applications." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 33, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911517707776.

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In order to prepare acrylamide copolymers with non-toxicity for environment-friendly materials, a series of zwitterionic acrylamide copolymers with varying acrylamide content were synthesized with DMAPS (3-dimethyl (methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate) and acrylamide via free radical polymerization. The structural properties and cytotoxicity are carefully investigated. The results demonstrate that DMAPS- co-acrylamide copolymers contain DMAPS and acrylamide segments that form a matrix consisting of strong electrostatic interactions as well as strong hydrogen bonding. DMAPS segments exhibit negligible influence on the glass phase transition behavior, yet affect the composite’s water-contact angle. The optimum hydrophilic properties are obtained by adjusting the acrylamide content to 50 wt%. All DMAPS- co-acrylamide copolymers are measured to be non-toxic. The DMAPS segments allow for suitable contribution to the biocompatibility of the synthesized copolymer, in which copolymers containing higher DMAPS content demonstrate better biocompatibility.

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Lin, Weiquan W., Larry R. Johnson, Marvin A. Friedman, and Mohamed B. Abou-Donia. "In Vitro Studies of Acrylamide Neurotoxicity in Rat Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Cells." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24, no. 3 (June 1996): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299602400309.

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This review discusses our studies on molecular mechanisms of acrylamide neurotoxicity by using the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line. The results showed that: a) acrylamide altered the gross morphology of PC12 cells; b) acrylamide induced neurofilament accumulation in PC12 cells; c) the effects of acrylamide on PC12 cells are consistent with its neurotoxicity in vivo; d) acrylamide stimulated neurofilament protein synthesis in PC12 cells; e) acrylamide did not act via nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor gp140trk to regulate neurofilament synthesis in PC12 cells; f) dexamethasone antagonised NGF and/or acrylamide-induced neurofilament protein synthesis and expression; and g) acrylamide differentially regulated the mRNA levels of three neurofilament subunit genes in PC12 cells. These molecular studies provide the first evidence that: a) there are distinctive and convergent signalling pathways for NGF-regulated and acrylamide-regulated neurofilament expression; b) acrylamide may differentially regulate the expression of each subunit, resulting in aberrant accumulation of neurofilament proteins; and c) there is a dexamethasone-sensitive signalling step common to NGF and acrylamide. These results could partially explain the mechanisms of neurofilament accumulation in distal axonal swellings, a pathognomonic feature of acrylamide neurotoxicity.

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Lei, Lei, Qi Zhang, Shuxian Shi, and Shiping Zhu. "Oxygen-switchable thermo-responsive random copolymers." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 34 (2016): 5456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01145d.

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In this paper, we report the synthesis of oxygen (O₂)-switchable thermo-responsive random copolymers based on fluorinated acrylamide monomer homologues: N-(2-fluoroethyl)acrylamide (F1EA), N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)acrylamide (F2EA), and N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)acrylamide (F3EA).

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Taşar, Şeyda, and Ramazan Orhan. "Temperature-responsive Poly(acrylamide-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide) Hydrogel: Synthesis, Characterization, and Sorption Application." Polymer Korea 44, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2020.44.1.49.

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Wang, Jilong, Junhua Wei, and Jingjing Qiu. "Facile Synthesis of Tough Double Network Hydrogel." MRS Advances 1, no. 27 (2016): 1953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.127.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper, a facile and novel method was developed to fabricate high toughness and stiffness double network hydrogels made of ionical-linked natural hydrogel and synthetic hydrogel. The synthetic hydrogel network is formed firstly, and then the gel is soaked in the ionic solution to build second network to form double network hydrogel with high toughness and stiffness. Two different natural polymers, alginate and chitosan, are employed to build rigid and brittle network and poly(acrylamide) is used as soft network in double network hydrogel. The compressive strength of Calcium alginate/poly(acrylamide) double network hydrogels is increased twice than that of poly(acrylamide) single network hydrogels, and the Ca2+ ionically cross-linked alginate is the key to improve the compressive property of double network hydrogels as a sacrificial bond. However, the chitosan/poly(acrylamide) double network hydrogels exhibit no enhancement of compressive strength comparing to poly(acrylamide) single network hydrogels.

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Wang, Rui Jie, Lian Wei Yang, Han Dan Zhang, and Tie Jun Geng. "Synthesis of Super Absorbent Resin from Starch/Bentonite." Advanced Materials Research 873 (December 2013): 708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.873.708.

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The compound super absorbent resin was synthesized by starch, bentonite, acrylic acid and acrylamide, using microwave irradiation. Some key factors affecting the solution absorbency of the polymer such as the amount of bentonite, acrylamide, initiator and cross-linking agent have been discussed. The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions of cross-linking agent, initiator, neutralization degree, bentonite, phosphate starch are 0.045%, 0.32%, 70%, 10%, 3% when the weight ratio of acrylic acid and acrylamide was 2:1, the microwave power was 800W, the radiation time was 15min. Under the conditions, the pure water absorption rate of super absorbent resin was up to 796g/g. when the weight ratio of acrylic acid and acrylamide was 1:1, the absorption rate of 0.9% NaCl was 95g/g.

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Salin, Alexey V., and Rashid Z. Musin. "Synthesis of 2-d -acrylamide." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 61, no. 8 (March 6, 2018): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.3603.

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Czarnecka, Elżbieta, and Jacek Nowaczyk. "Synthesis and Characterization Superabsorbent Polymers Made of Starch, Acrylic Acid, Acrylamide, Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane Sulfonic Acid." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 4325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094325.

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Three polymers with excellent absorption properties were synthesized by graft polymerization: soluble starch-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol)/potato starch-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), poly(vinyl alcohol)/potato starch-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid). Ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate were used as initiators, while N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide was used as the crosslinking agent. The molecular structure of potato and soluble starch grafted by synthetic polymers was characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology of the resulting materials was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermal stability was tested by thermogravimetric measurements. The absorption properties of the obtained biopolymers were tested in deionized water, sodium chroma solutions of various concentrations and in buffer solutions of various pH.

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Li, Ting Xi, Na Kong, Su Su Gao, Peng Sui, Yu Hua Zhao, and Cheng Qian Yuan. "Synthesis and Water Absorbency of Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.695.

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A new type of poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) was synthesized by copolymerization method using acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) as monomer. Synthesis technology was as follow: the acrylamide and acrylic acid molar ratio was 0.3-0.4, the temperature was 55-60°C, the degree of neutralization of AA was 70%, the potassium persulfate and monomer mass ratio was 0.2%-0.3%, the aluminum hydroxide and monomer mass radio was 0.03%-0.05%. The water absorption was more than thousands of times.

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Xie, Yue Sheng, Wei Wang, and Wei Li. "Synthesis and Characterization of Gomuti-Graft-Polyacrylamide Flocculants." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1272.

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The copolymerization reaction between gomuti starch and acrylamide was initiated using (NH4)2S2O8 as initiator under microwaves heating at 60~80 . The analysis of the Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy showed that the product is gomuti-graft-polyacrylamide. The productivity of graft copolymer and the conversion rate of acrylamide vary with the weight ratio of acrylamide and gomuti starch (AM/GOM). They reach maximum value when AM/GOM≈2.5. The flocculating test showed that in water of yellow mud , the turbidity removal rate of gomuti-graft-polyacrylamide is better than that of polyacrylamide.

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Li, Ting Xi, Na Kong, Sha Sha Wu, Su Su Gao, Peng Sui, and Shan Ting Li. "Synthesis and Performance of Super Absorbent Resin with Acrylic Acid-Acrylamide." Materials Science Forum 687 (June 2011): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.687.523.

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Super absorbent resin acrylic acid-acrylamide (P (AA-AM)) was synthesized by water solution copolymerization method using acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) as monomer, potassium persulfate as initiator, aluminum hydroxide as crosslinking agent. The effects of mole ratio of acrylamide (AM) to acrylic acid (AA), degree of neutralization of AA, the amount of crosslinking agent and initiator, and reaction temperature on absorbing water performance influence was inspected.

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14

Erizal, Erizal. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CROSSLINKED POLYACRYLAMIDE (PAAM)-CARRAGEENAN HYDROGELS SUPERBASORBENT PREPARED BY GAMMA RADIATION." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 1 (June 21, 2010): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21474.

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A series of superabsorbent hydrogels were prepared from acrylamide and carrageenan by gamma irradiation at room temperature. Carrageenan solutions with different concentration (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) have been blended with 5% of acrylamide and irradiated at doses 20-40 kGy. The properties of the prepared hydrogel were evaluated in terms of the gel fraction and the kinetics swelling was studied. It was found that the incorporation only 2% carrageenan (kappa) with 5% acrylamide can produces an elastic hydrogel when irradiated with gamma rays up to 40 kGy. Under optimum conditions, poly(acrylamide)-carrageenan hydrogels with gel fraction ~ 60% and optimum swelling 250 g/g were prepared gamma radiolyticcally from aqueous solution containing 5% acrylamide and 2% carrageenan at the doses 20-40 kGy. The FT-IR spectra indicated that network of irradiated PAAM-carrageenan hydrogel was in the semi IPN structure. The hydrogels were also found to be sensitive to ionic strength of the medium, pH and temperature. Keywords: carrageenan, acrylamide, irradiation, superbasorbent, crosslinking

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Xue, Juan Qin, Yu Jie Wang, Ye Wei Du, Yun Feng Xue, and Dan Dan Wen. "Synthesis and Characterization of Modified Chitosan by Graft Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2843.

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In this study, chitosan was modified by acrylamide and acrylonitrile when NaHSO3-K2S2O8as initiator under N2. Chitosan-acrylamide-acrylonitrile ternary graft copolymer was synthesized on the use of radical polymerization mechanism. The optimal experimental conditions for the preparation are obtained by orthogonal experiments: the reaction temperature 65°C, the reaction time 6.5h, the concentration of NaHSO33mmol/L, the concentration of K2S2O84.5mmol/L, and the ratio of m(chitosan):m(acrylamide):m(acrylonitrile) was 1:6:4. Under such conditions, the average graft ratio and the graft efficiency could achieve 852.455% and 85.260% respectively. Chitosan and chitosan-acrylamide-acrylonitrile ternary graft copolymer were then characterized by means of XRD and SEM, and the graft mechanism was explored preliminary as well. The results showed that chitosan was modified successfully by graft polymerization, and the surface property and the strength of the product were also improved obviously.

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Xie, Yue Sheng, Wei Wang, and Wen Bo Tan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Glucose and Acrylamide Copolymer." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1913.

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The copolymerization reaction between glucose and acrylamide was initiated using Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6 as initiator under microwaves heating at 60~80°C. The product is glucose-acrylamide copolymer. The synthesis experiment shows that the copolymerization was initiated quickly when the dosage of glucose is 2~30%. When the optimal dosage of glucose is 20%, the average rate of acrylamide and glucose is 10∶1 in the long chain of the copolymer molecule; the average molecular weight of the copolymer is 3.61×108. The flocculating test showed the water-solubility of the copolymer is better than polyacrylamide, and with the same flocculating effect. The copolymer will easy to be biodegraded because that with amount of the glucose in its long chain molecules.

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Hennig, Kathleen, and Wolfdietrich Meyer. "Synthesis and Characterization of Catechol-Containing Polyacrylamides with Adhesive Properties." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 4027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134027.

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In this study, a row of four analogous dopamine acryl- and methacrylamide derivatives, namely N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyethyl) acrylamide, N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyethyl) meth acrylamide, N-phenethyl methacrylamide, N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl) methacrylamide were synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, followed by further solvent-based radical polymerization with N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide. All copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, dynamic differential calorimetry, and gel permeation chromatography. The dependency of the used comonomer ratios to the molecular mass of the corresponding copolymers has been described. The synthesis of the various polymers serves as a feasibility study and provides important data for a future biometric application in the medical field. We synthesized N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyethyl) acrylamide copolymer up to 80 mol% by free radical polymerization without using any protecting groups. All polymers show identical perfect adhesive properties by a simple scratch test. Further, the monomers were used as a photo reactive glue formulation to test its adherence to a medical titanium surface sample by tensile shear test.

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Chen, Deheng, Dexiang Guo, Ziqin Yan, and Yujun Zhao. "Allenamide as a bioisostere of acrylamide in the design and synthesis of targeted covalent inhibitors." MedChemComm 9, no. 2 (2018): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7md00571g.

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Dasgupta, Arnab, and Swaminathan Sivaram. "Synthesis and Polymerization of N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acrylamide: A protected Acrylamide." Macromolecules 27, no. 6 (November 1994): 1665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00084a062.

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Eliza, Eliza, Desnelli Desnelli, Ady Mara, and Fahma Riyanti. "Study of Effect of Weight Ratio on Copolymerization of Chitosan and Acrylamide." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 6, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v6.i3.96.

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In this research, chitosan copolymer synthesis with acrylamide has been carried out by varying weight of chitosan and acrylamide, namely 2:3, 3:2 and 1:1 using a microwave oven. The copolymers characterization was carried out using FTIR, XRD, SEM and TGA/DTA. The results of the synthesis of chitosan copolymer with acrylamide were obtained the largest percentage of grafting at a ratio of 2:3. From the results of FTIR analysis showed that the copolymer had been successfully synthesized. XRD analysis showed that the copolymers synthesized have amorphous properties compared to chitosan. The results of SEM analysis, the copolymers had a porous structure. Thermal analysis showed that the copolymers have better thermal stability than chitosan. The swelling ability of the CA23 copolymer was higher than that of the CA32 and CA11 copolymers. The chitosan-acrylamide copolymer which was synthesized in a ratio of 2:3 has better properties

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Wang, Yu Jie, Juan Qin Xue, Wei Bo Mao, Ming Wu, and Jing Xian Li. "Synthesis of Chitosan Grafted Ternary Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1816.

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In this study, the graft copolymerization of acryalmide and acrylonitrile onto chitosan with K2S2O8-NaHSO3 initiator under N2 interaction is studied and the mechanism is discussed. Compared to the chitosan graft of acrylamide or acrylonitrile, the graft yield and graft efficiency of ternary polymerization increase significantly. The stability and reproducibility are also improved obviously. To be specific, the reaction time, the reaction temperature, the effect of the amount of materials, the concentration of K2S2O8, and the concentration of NaHSO3 on the graft yield and graft efficiency is investigated respectively. The C=C of acrylamide and the acrylonitrile react respectively with -NH2 and C6-OH of chitosan initiated by SO4-•. The experimental results show that the optimal synthesis conditions are given as follows: the reaction time is 6h, the reaction temperature is 60°C, the ratio of m(chitosan):m(acrylamide):m(acrylonitrile) is 1:7:5, the concentration of K2S2O8 is 4.5mmol/L, and the concentration of NaHSO3 is about 2.6mmol/L. Under such conditions the graft yield and graft efficiency can be up to 839.52% and 70.00%, respectively.

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Tian, Jing, Qing Zhang, Man Yuan, Xiao Yan Zhou, Hui Fen Guo, and Hong Kai Wang. "Polymerization of Acrylamide Photo Initiated by Ferroferric Oxide Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 901 (February 2014): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.901.35.

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In this investigation, nanoparticles of ferroferric oxide were synthesized and used as the photo initiator in the polymerization of acrylamide. The influences of different factors, including reaction time, light intensity, the content of ferroferric oxide nanoparticles, and the concentration of acrylamide monomer on the synthesis of polyacrylamide were discussed. The possible mechanisms of the photopolymerization irritated by Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and the photoinitiation stage with the participantion of the acrylamide radicals were also proposed. The results show that the ferroferric oxide nanoparticles could be successfully applied in the photopolymerization. The optimum conditions of the photopolymerization of acrylamide, which include acrylamide monomer content of 30wt%, reaction time of 30 mins, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles concentrations of 1.2 mmol/l, and the light intensity of 8.0 mW/cm2.

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Swantomo, Deni, Rochmadi, Kris Tri Basuki, and Rahman Sudiyo. "Synthesis of Smart Biodegradable Hydrogels Cellulose-Acrylamide Using Radiation as Controlled Release Fertilizers." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.296.

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Smart biopolymer-based hydrogels was synthesized by graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto the rice straw cellulose backbones using simultaneous graft copolymerization by gamma radiation as initiator. Evidence of grafting was obtained from comparison of FTIR of the cellulose and grafted cellulose. The effect of acrylamide monomer concentration on grafting efficiency, gel fraction, swelling degree, crosslink density, molecular weight between crosslink (Mc), network mesh size (ξ) and Young Modulus were examined. It was found that grafting efficiency, gel fraction, crosslink density, and Young Modulus increases with increasing acrylamide concentration. Swelling degree, molecular weight between crosslink, and network mesh sizes decreases with the increasing acrylamide concentration. Furthermore, controlled release fertilizers from loaded hydrogels was analyzed in water. The urea fertilizer release mechanism from the hydrogels were Fickian diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of urea closely related to its crosslink density and network mesh sizes.

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Borovlev, Ivan, Oleg Demidov, Gulminat Amangasieva, and Elena Avakyan. "Nucleophilic Addition of Amides to 10-Alkylacridinium Cations: A Case of Double N-Nucleophilicity of Some Monoamides." Synthesis 49, no. 16 (April 18, 2017): 3710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588786.

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An effective synthesis of N-(10-alkyl-9,10-dihydroacridin-9-yl) derivatives of amides, ureas, and urethanes has been developed. Additionally, the spatially overloaded molecules of N,N-bis(10-alkyl-9,10-dihydroacridin-9-yl)acrylamide were obtained in the case of formamide and acrylamide.

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Chauhan, Ghanshyam S., Lalit Guleria, and Harinder Lal. "Synthesis of Graft Copolymers of Acrylamide and Comonomers on to Cellulose: A Study of the Effect of Comonomer on Polymer Yields, Structure and Properties." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 1 (January 2003): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100103.

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Cellulose extracted from pine needles was graft copolymerized with acrylamide using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Following a novel synthetic strategy and using the optimum reaction conditions evaluated for the grafting of acrylamide, some comonomers viz: glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile have been grafted along with acrylamide using five different concentrations of the comonomers. SEM, FT-IR and thermal studies of graft copolymers were carried to obtain evidence of the incorporation of acrylamide and comonomers into cellulose. Reactivity of acrylamide in grafting reactions alone and in the presence of comonomers has been studied. The molar ratio of acrylamide and comonomers, and hence the structure of the graft chain remains independent of the comonomer concentration in the feed. It has also been observed that compared to acrylamide, less acrylonitrile was incorporated while far higher amount of the methacrylates were incorporated in the graft chain.

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Awadallah-F, Ahmed, Soad Y. Abd El-Wahab, and H. I. Al-Shafey. "Controlled synthesis and characterization of nanohydrogels formed from copolymer (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid/acrylamide)." e-Polymers 16, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0263.

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AbstractNanohydrogels were prepared from copolymer 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS)/acrylamide (AAm) in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) followed by γ-ray exposure. Different molar ratios of AMPS to AAm, 100:0 to 0:100, were investigated. The particle sizes of nanohydrogels were examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The effects of different comonomer composition and pH on swelling (%) and gelation (%) were studied. The characterization of nanohydrogels was performed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersion X-ray (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that particle sizes ranged from ~9.5 to ~39 nm.

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Nikolić, Valentina, Slađana Žilić, Marijana Simić, Natalija Kravić, Vesna Kandić, Milan Brankov, and Marko Vasić. "Cereal grain with low acrylamide formation potential as a raw material for safer cereal-based food products in Serbia." Selekcija i semenarstvo 28, no. 2 (2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/selsem2202013n.

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The presence of acrylamide, a mutagen and a Group 2A carcinogen, in food, is a health concern that might raise cancer risk. Acrylamide is mainly formed in the Maillard reaction between free asparagine and reducing sugars, during industrial thermal food processing or home cooking, at a temperature over 120°C. The European Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2158 established mitigation measures and benchmarks for acrylamide levels in some food categories, which were incorporated into the Serbian regulation. Research shows that cereal-based products may bring about 20-60% of acrylamide intake. In Serbia, there are no guidelines for the cultivation of cereals with a reduced potential for acrylamide formation. Knowing that the amount of free asparagine is proportional to the formation of acrylamide in the majority of food products, one of the key approaches is to select the ingredients with a lower level of asparagine. Studies indicate that applying foliar fertilizers with increased sulfur content in some cereals influences the decrease of free asparagine synthesis in grain, lowering the acrylamide potential in cereal-based foods. Furthermore, the choice of the appropriate raw material and production parameters can significantly influence the formation of acrylamide in food products. This review aims to provide insight into current strategies for the mitigation of acrylamide in cereal-based foods, as the status of acrylamide in Serbian regulations.

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Wampler, David A., and Scott A. Ensign. "Photoheterotrophic Metabolism of Acrylamide by a Newly Isolated Strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 5850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.5850-5857.2005.

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ABSTRACT Acrylamide, a neurotoxin and suspected carcinogen, is produced by industrial processes and during the heating of foods. In this study, the microbial diversity of acrylamide metabolism has been expanded through the isolation and characterization of a new strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris capable of growth with acrylamide under photoheterotrophic conditions. The newly isolated strain grew rapidly with acrylamide under photoheterotrophic conditions (doubling time of 10 to 12 h) but poorly under anaerobic dark or aerobic conditions. Acrylamide was rapidly deamidated to acrylate by strain Ac1, and the subsequent degradation of acrylate was the rate-limiting reaction in cell growth. Acrylamide metabolism by succinate-grown cultures occurred only after a lag period, and the induction of acrylamide-degrading activity was prevented by the presence of protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of [1,2,3-13C]acrylamide metabolism by actively growing cultures confirmed the rapid conversion of acrylamide to acrylate but failed to detect any subsequent intermediates of acrylate degradation. Using concentrated cell suspensions containing natural abundance succinate as an additional carbon source, [13C]acrylate consumption occurred with the production and then degradation of [13C]propionate. Although R. palustris strain Ac1 grew well and with comparable doubling times for each of acrylamide, acrylate, and propionate, R. palustris strain CGA009 was incapable of significant acrylamide- or acrylate-dependent growth over the same time course, but grew comparably with propionate. These results provide the first demonstration of anaerobic photoheterotrophic bacterial acrylamide catabolism and provide evidence for a new pathway for acrylate catabolism involving propionate as an intermediate.

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Zang, Qingda, and Zhuomei Li. "Synthesis of a new cationic acrylamide-dicyanodiamide macromer and its copolymerization with acrylamide." Macromolecules 27, no. 2 (March 1994): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00080a029.

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Durmaz, S., and O. Okay. "Acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt-based hydrogels: synthesis and characterization." Polymer 41, no. 10 (May 2000): 3693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00558-3.

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Liu, Yang, Jian-Jun Xie, and Xin-Ying Zhang. "Synthesis and properties of the copolymer of acrylamide with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 90, no. 13 (October 21, 2003): 3481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.13003.

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32

Akhmetzhan, Ayatzhan, Nurgeldi Abeu, Sotirios Nik Longinos, Ayezkhan Tashenov, Nurbala Myrzakhmetova, Nurgul Amangeldi, Zhanar Kuanyshova, Zhanar Ospanova, and Zhexenbek Toktarbay. "Synthesis and Heavy-Metal Sorption Studies of N,N-Dimethylacrylamide-Based Hydrogels." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 3084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183084.

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In this work, a hydrogel system was produced via radical polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid in the presence of N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. Parameters that impact the conversion of copolymerization (such as initial concentration of monomers, temperature, initiator dose, and time) were studied. The swelling degree of the hydrogel was investigated with the addition of a crosslinker and initiator at different pH levels. A hydrogel with high conversion and high swelling degree was selected to investigate their ability for adsorption of Pb(II) ions from solutions. Adsorption behavior of Pb(II) ions in a hydrogel was examined as a function of reaction time and concentration of lead ions from a solution of Pb(II) ions.

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33

Bakangura, Erigene, Zhong Yu Luo, Guang Kai Wang, Yang Bin, Yan Ping Yue, and Xiao Dan Lin. "Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylamide Based Benzoxazine." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.11.

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Novel benzoxazine monomers, acrylamide based benzoxazine, have been prepared from direct condensation of phenols with acrylamide and formaldehyde. 1H NMR and FT-IR, DSC and TGA were used to analysis the structure, compositions and investigate the curing behaviour and thermal stability, respectively. Solvent effects were studied. Solventless method is good for higher formation ratio of benzoxazine to the corresponding phenolic resin. The ratio for P-AA is 36.4% by solventless method, while it’s about 26% by toluene solvent; and 44% and 20% for B-AA, respectively. The monomers mixtures exhibit curing temperature (ca.187oC) without catalysts lower than their related allyl-benzoxazine. The FT-IR of different curing temperature shows the disappearance of double bond absorption at 1668 cm-1 and oxazine ring at 1232 cm-1 and appearance of hydroxyl group at 3446 cm-1. Thermal stability of cured benzoxazine show good char residues compared with traditional benzoxazine of aniline.

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34

Aramendia, M. A., V. Borau, C. Jimenez, J. M. Marinas, M. E. Sempere, and F. J. Urbano. "A comparative study of the liquid-phase reduction of acrylamide and methacrylamide with cyclohexene and with molecular hydrogen over sepiolite-supported catalysts." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-014.

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This paper deals with the optimization of the variables involved in the synthesis of Pd/sepiolite catalysts used in the individual and competitive reduction of acrylamide and methacrylamide with molecular hydrogen and by hydrogen transfer with cyclohexene as donor. From the reaction profiles of the acrylamide/methacrylamide pair were determined the relative reactivities and relative coefficients of adsorption corresponding to the competitive liquid-phase reductions with molecular hydrogen obtained for different catalysts, solvents, and temperatures. A similar study on the competitive hydrogen transfer reduction of both amides was rendered unfeasible by the fact that acrylamide was strongly adsorbed on the same types of sites as cyclohexene. This completely hindered cyclohexene adsorption and, as a result, inhibited the reaction altogether. Keywords: reduction, acrylamide, methacrylamide, Pd/sepiolite, hydrogen transfer

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35

Wang, Ji Hui, Fei Dong, and Shu Ping Ren. "Synthesis and Humidity Controlling Behaviors of Sepiolite/Poly (Sodium Acrylate-Acrylamide) Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1448.

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Sepiolite/poly (sodium acrylate-acrylamide) composite was synthesized by using inverse suspending polymerization method under different dispersant content, neutralization degree and ratio of monomer with orthogonal experiments. The surface morphology, structure and humidity controlling properties of composite were observed and determined. The results show that sepiolite/ poly (sodium acrylate-acrylamide) composite is in a fine particle with rough surface. During the polymerization process, acrylate and acrylamide monomer is grafted with hydroxyl on the surface of sepiolite and then intercalated successfully into the silica layers of sepiolite. The impact of three factors on the humidity controlling behavior of composites increases by the order of dispersant content, ratio of monomer and neutralization degree. The optimum preparation parameters are dispersant content of 10%, neutralization degree of 85% and ratio of monomer 2:1.

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36

Wang, Ji Hui, Fei Dong, Shu Ping Ren, and Meng Jie Guo. "Synthesis and Humidity Controlling Properties of Hydrotalcite/poly (sodium acrylate-acrylamide) Composite." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1420.

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Hydrotalcite/poly(sodium acrylate-acrylamide) composite was synthesized by using inverse suspension polymerization method under different hydrotalcite content, neutralization degree and ratio of monomer with orthogonal experiments. The surface morphology, structure and humidity controlling properties of composite were observed and determined. The results show that hydrotalcite/poly (sodium acrylate-acrylamide) composite is in an irregular block like structure with different size. During the polymerization process, acrylate and acrylamide monomers are successfully intercalated into the interlayer of hydrotalcite, and the distance of (003) hydrotalcite plane is increased from 0.766nm to 1.146nm. The impact of three factors on the humidity controlling behavior of composites increases by the order of ratio of monomer, hydrotalcite content and neutralization degree. The optimum preparation parameters are hydrotalcite content of 4%, neutralization degree of 90% and ratio of monomer in 9:1.

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Qin, Xiaoping, Sheng Zhu, Qionglin Shi, and Cuixia Li. "Synthesis and Properties of a Dendrimer Amphiphilic Polymer as Enhanced Oil Recovery Chemical." Journal of Chemistry 2023 (June 13, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4271446.

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A dendrimer amphiphilic polymer (A-D-HPAM) was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization of acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS), hydrophobic monomer of cetyl dimethyl allyl ammonium chloride (DMCAAC-16), and skeleton monomer of GA1.0, using ammonium persulfate and sodium bisulfite as initiators. The chemical structure of A-D-HPAM was, respectively, analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tackifying property, the resistance of shear, temperature and salt, the interfacial tension, and the oil displacement performance of A-D-HPAM were determined. Compared with solutions of HPAM (hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) and HPAM-SDBS (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate), A-D-PAM exhibits the optimal properties, especially achieving the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of 15.1%.

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38

Souza, Ana Maria Alves, Simone Torres Pádua Walfrido, Lúcia Fernanda Costa Leite, Maria Carmo Alves Lima, Suely Lins Galdino, Ivan Rocha Pitta, José Maria Barbosa Filho, Carlos Alberto De Simone, and Javier Alcides Ellena. "Efficient synthesis of benzothiazine and acrylamide compounds." Química Nova 33, no. 3 (2010): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422010000300013.

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Carvalho, B. M. A., S. L. Da Silva, L. H. M. Da Silva, V. P. R. Minim, M. C. H. Da Silva, L. M. Carvalho, and L. A. Minim. "Cryogel Poly(acrylamide): Synthesis, Structure and Applications." Separation & Purification Reviews 43, no. 3 (August 14, 2013): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2013.795902.

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40

Salaklang, Jatuporn, Erika Mertens, Veronique Maes, Rudy Dams, Wim Dermaut, and Tanja Junkers. "Telescoped continuous flow synthesis of phenyl acrylamide." Journal of Flow Chemistry 10, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41981-020-00113-6.

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41

Matějíček, Alois, and Jaroslav Černý. "Synthesis of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide in an aqueous solution." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 8 (1986): 1656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19861656.

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The paper deals with a reaction between acrylamide and formaldehyde leading to the synthesis of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide. The reaction was carried out in the temperature range 303.2 to 333.2 K, pH 9.2-10.35, at the methanol concentration 0-6.5239 mol l-1 at the constant molar ratio of acrylamide to formaldehyde 1 : 1. The time dependence of the loss of formaldehyde in the reaction mixture was approximated by an empirical relation (cF)0 - cF = t/(A + Bt), which was used in the determination of the rate constants for a reaction leading to the synthesis of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide and for the reversible reaction, and of the equilibrium constant of the reaction. The measurements and calculations showed that the optimal conditions for the synthesis of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide were 313.2 K, methanol concentration 1.5 mol l-1 and pH 9.8-10.1.

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42

Delevic, Veselin, Refik Zejnilovic, Biljana Jancic-Stojanovic, Milica Zrnic-Ciric, Brizita Djordjevic, and Ivan Stankovic. "The effect of heat treatments on the synthesis of acrylamide and its quantification by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detetector." Chemical Industry 70, no. 1 (2016): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind141215009d.

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In this paper, the influence of thermal treatment (cooking, baking and frying) on the content of acrylamide in potato was followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen - phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Sample preparation was performed in the conventional manner, applying heat treatment as follows: in boiling water at 110 0C for 30 minutes, by baking in an oven for 30 minutes at 2200 C, and frying in oil for 15 minutes at 250 0C. Quantification of acrylamide are preceded: homogenization of the sample, extraction, and evaporation of the extract. The calibration is performed in the concentration range 0-10 mg/kg and obtained value for R2 was higher than 0,99. Llimit of detection and limit of quantification were determined and obtained values were 0,26 mg/kg and 0,41 mg/kg, respectively. Recovery values were ranged from 102% to 110% and confirmed that metod is accurate. The proposed GC-NPD method is simple, reliable, and accurate for determination of the content of acrylamide in food samples. Obtained results show that the content of acrylamide in potato prepared by heat-cooking were below LOD while for samples trathed by baking or frying were in range from 0,6 mg/kg to 2,7 mg/kg. By comparing the content of acrylamide in potato we concluded that heat treatment has a major impact on the synthesis of acrylamide and it would be desirable to develop a process for the preparation of French fries and potato chips with low or no acrylamide content with textured attractive for consummation.

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43

Nazmul Islam, A. B. M., and Md Anisul Islam. "Preparation and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) by Graft Polymerization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 70 (September 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.70.27.

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The synthesis of superabsorbent polymer with Carboxymethyl cellulose using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) initiated acrylamide (AA) monomer through a solution based graft copolymerization has been conducted. The characterizing studies were performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and swelling studies. FTIR spectra established crosslinked polymeric network structure of hydrogels through graft copolymerization reaction between CMC and acrylamide indicating incorporation of acrylamide monomer resulting the formation of carboxamide group (>C=O). AFM showed the surface morphology or properties of superabsorbent. The hydrophilic properties of the superabsorbent were identified by the swelling percentage or degree of swelling.

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44

Nazmul Islam, A. B. M., and Md Anisul Islam. "Preparation and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) by Graft Polymerization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 70 (September 29, 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-668q5y.

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The synthesis of superabsorbent polymer with Carboxymethyl cellulose using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) initiated acrylamide (AA) monomer through a solution based graft copolymerization has been conducted. The characterizing studies were performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and swelling studies. FTIR spectra established crosslinked polymeric network structure of hydrogels through graft copolymerization reaction between CMC and acrylamide indicating incorporation of acrylamide monomer resulting the formation of carboxamide group (>C=O). AFM showed the surface morphology or properties of superabsorbent. The hydrophilic properties of the superabsorbent were identified by the swelling percentage or degree of swelling.

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45

Liu, Xin Xin, Wen Fa Xiao, Qiang Xiao, and Li Tao Dong. "The Novel Fluid Loss Additive ANMG1305 for Oil Field Cementing." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.616.

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Fluid loss additive is the main component of the cementing fluid. This article use monomer the monomers of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulphonic acid (AMPS) and N, N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA) by the method of aqueous solution polymerization to synthesis the novel fluid loss additive ANMG1305. Discuss the amount of initiator, the molar ratio of monomer, reaction temperature, which the influence on the properties of the polymer. Through the infrared spectrum, thermo-gravimetric analyzer, viscometer, such as instrument on its microstructure and properties were characterized. We know that all the monomers are involved in the reaction and the polymer has an excellent thermal stability though the microstructural characterization and application performance of the novel fluid loss additive.

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46

Gomes, Dias, and Costa. "Static Light Scattering Monitoring and Kinetic Modeling of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Synthesis." Processes 7, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040237.

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A kinetic model describing aqueous acrylamide homopolymerization and copolymerization of acrylamide with methylene bisacrylamide, leading to hydrogel formation, is presented and applied in the simulation of these reaction processes. This modeling approach is based on population balances of generating functions and, besides the crosslinking mechanisms inherent to network formation, other specific kinetic steps important in acrylamide polymerization (e.g., branching due to backbiting) are considered in the simulation tool developed. The synthesis of acrylamide polymers and hydrogels was performed at 26 °C and at 40 °C using two different initiation systems. The formation of such materials was monitored using in-line static light scattering (SLS), and the spatial inhomogeneity of the final hydrogels was also measured using this experimental technique. It is shown that the simulations are helpful in describing information provided by SLS in-line monitoring, namely in the early stages of polymerization with the transition from dilute to semi-dilute regime. Indeed, it finds a plausible match between the critical overlap polymer concentration and gelation, this later leading to the observed spatial heterogeneity of the hydrogels. Usefulness of the kinetic model for defining operation conditions (initial composition, semi-batch feed policies, chain transfer, etc.) in making the shift from gelation to the semi-dilute regime is discussed, and the extension of this approach to processes enabling a higher control of gelation (e.g., controlled radical polymerization) is also prospected.

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Nagao, M., Y. Kurebayashi, H. Seto, T. Takahashi, T. Suzuki, Y. Hoshino, and Y. Miura. "Polyacrylamide backbones for polyvalent bioconjugates using “post-click” chemistry." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 38 (2016): 5920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00904b.

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48

Jamshidi, H., and A. Rabiee. "Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylamide-Based Anionic Copolymer and Investigation of Solution Properties." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/728675.

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The copolymer of acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) was synthesized through radical solution polymerization by potassium persulfate as initiator. By changing the AMPS feed ratio from 10 to 70%, and keeping other reaction conditions constant, different copolymers were synthesized. The techniques of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-13C-NMR) spectroscopy were used for identification of functional groups and confirmation of copolymers’ structure. Intrinsic and apparent viscosity of samples were measured in aqueous sodium chloride solution under standard conditions. The anionic degree of copolymers was determined by back titration method and by13C-NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weight of copolymers was determined by the Mark-Houwink relationship. The measured molecular weight of samples showed that we have acquired a high molecular weight product. The effect of different range of shear rates on solution viscosity was evaluated. The copolymer solutions showed non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. The performance of copolymers with respect to shear resistance and molecular weight was evaluated from industry application standpoint.

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49

Uenoyama, Satoshi, and Allan S. Hoffman. "Synthesis and characterization of acrylamide-N-isopropyl acrylamide copolymer grafts on silicone rubber substrates." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part C. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 32, no. 4 (January 1988): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0197(88)90072-0.

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50

Nikolic, Ljubisa, Vesna Nikolic, Miroslav Stankovic, Zoran Todorovic, and Zorica Vukovic. "Porous poly(methylmethacrylate) and poly(methylmethacrylate-co-acrylamide)." Chemical Industry 60, no. 11-12 (2006): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0612327n.

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The characteristics of two types of porous polymers: poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers of methyl methacrylate and acrylamide were investigated in this study. Poly(methyl methacrylate) was synthesized in suspension, using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking agent, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as the protective colloid, and benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide) was initiated in emulsion in the presence of dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt, followed by a sol-gel process, and completely reacted to the solid state. Potassium persulfate was used as the initiator, and tetramethylol glycoluril as the cross-linking agent. Both types of syntheses were carried out in the presence of ethyl acetate. The porosity, specific surface and distribution of the pore sizes of the obtained polymers were determined by mercury porosimetry. The polymers were used as inert carriers for the immobilization of enzymes and whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SYNTHESIS OF ACRYLAMIDE'

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