Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Synthèse de stratégies'
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Siby, Acetou. "Stratégies de synthèse d'azafenestradiènes et d'azacyclooctatriènes." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764452.
Full textKhaldi, Mustapha. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse d'alcaloïdes antitumoraux." Nancy 1, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1994_0226_KHALDI.pdf.
Full textZhang, Wei. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse des nanocarbones fluorés." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725236.
Full textZhang, Wei. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse des nanocarbones fluorés." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21960.
Full textGiovanelli, Emerson. "Stratégies alternatives pour la synthèse de la vinflunine." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112030.
Full textVinflunine is a fluorinated derivative of a dimeric Vinca alkaloid, which should be on the market soon, due to its outstanding anticancer properties. Its synthesis is carried out in three steps by Pierre Fabre Laboratories via biomimetic coupling of two monomeric subunits, catharanthine and vindoline, extracted from the Madagascan periwinkle; gem-difluorination in superacidic medium of the resulting dimer, anhydrovinblastine; and cycle contraction. Nevertheless, the superacidic medium is very hard to handle and causes the loss of half of anhydrovinblastine, which is a very highly-valued product. Noticing that only the part of the dimer originating from the catharanthine moiety is modified during superacidic fluorination, the biomimetic coupling between vindoline and the gem-difluorinated derivative of catharanthine has been envisaged as an alternative for the synthesis of vinflunine. Gem-difluorocatharanthine has been prepared by two methods, each based on various and unprecedented functionalizations of natural catharanthine. However, the study of the coupling between difluorocatharanthine and vindoline showed the concomitant hydrolysis of the fluorinated group. To prevent this and to access diverse fluorinated analogues of dimeric alkaloids, the synthesis and coupling of difluorocatharanthine derivatives have been performed. The results acquired, offer very promising prospects towards the preparation of vinflunine and other fluorinated dimers. Finally, the mechanism of superacidic fluorination has also been studied and better understood, using two dimers obtained through coupling between catharanthine derivatives and vindoline
Achmad, Sadijah. "Nouvelles stratégies permettant l'accès aux petits cyclopeptides." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20156.
Full textPotet, Marie-Laure. "Preuves et stratégies pour la synthèse déductive de programmes." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00329935.
Full textSidobre, Daniel. "Raisonnement géométrique et synthèse de stratégies d'assemblage en robotique." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30102.
Full textLaval, Gilles. "Stratégies et tactiques en synthèse stereoselectivede produits naturels : (-+) et (+)-cis-g-irone ; (+) et (-)-laurene." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30072.
Full textEvanno, Laurent. "Vers la synthèse totale asymétrique du norditerpène (+)-hainanolide : méthodologies et stratégies." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066330.
Full textHainanolide or harringtonolide is a cytotoxic norditerpene from Cephalotaxus. It presents a polycyclic cage-shaped structure whose absolute stereochemistry had been determined by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of a brominated derivative. This original structure contains four fused carbocycles, especially a tropone, and two lactone and ether transannular bridges. Our synthetic strategy contains four key steps. The tropone cycle will be obtained lately from a dienyne, whose dienic part will be formed by an enyne metathesis. A biomimetically inspired cascade would allow forming the lactone and ether bridges from an epoxyde intermediate. A pivotal asymmetric cyclohexene ring will be generated by a stereoselective intramolecular Diels-Alder precursor (IMDA) reaction. The Diels-Alder precursor will be constructed from D-erythose acetal which is derived from the chiral pool (D-glucose). In order to study the formation of tropone ring by an original [4+2+1] cyclization, the synthesis and use of a model compound was done. The model compound contains a diene part installed by PtCl2-catalyzed enyne reorganization, and a terminal alkyne introduced by the Corey-Fuchs methodology. Our first strategy to form the tropone cycle consisted in a [4+2+1] cyclization reaction. This key step being planned at the end of the synthesis, a methodological study was essential. The model compound can be considered as a simplification of a late synthetic intermediate of the total synthesis. It conserves a five-membered cycle, a dienic system and an aliphatic chain with a terminal alkyne necessary for the cyclization. Four methodologies have been explored based on Wender, Montgomery, Fischer or Heck conditions
Glinsky-Olivier, Nicolas. "Nouvelles stratégies pour la synthèse d'hétérocycles chiraux par catalyse à l’Au(I)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS564.
Full textTetrahydro-β-carbolines are moieties commonly found in many natural products. Most of them being chiral compounds, it is of high importance to be able to control the stereochemistry of the chiral center of the tetrahydro-β-carbolines. Enantioselective gold catalysis has been developping for a few years. In this PhD work, we report the development of an enantioselective Pictet-Spengler reaction using chiral Au(I) complexes. We were able to synthesize more than 40 enantioenriched tetrahydro-β-carbolines with enantiomeric excesses up to 95 %. It is surprising that a Au(I) complex is able to catalyse such a reaction. It hence process via an original mechanism including an auration step of the indole. In order to solve the mechanism of this reaction, we performed both experimental and computational studies. We then extented this new Au(I) reactivity to other Pictet-Spengler like reactions using analogs of tryptamines. At last, we have developed the synthesis of new indoloquinuclidines scaffolds. Those molecules were synthesized in an enantioselective manner using the combination of organocatalysis with chiral phosphoric acids and gold catalysis
Roué, Yvain. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse de clérodanes de type jodrelline à activité antiappétente." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EPXX0009.
Full textDumy, Pascal. "Stratégies de synthèse de phosphonopeptides analogues de l'état de transition : application à la synthèse de peptides en série phosphonamide." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON13503.
Full textMartin, Camille. "Stratégies innovantes de bioconjugaison pour des applications en thérapie ciblée et en imagerie." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR3306/document.
Full textThe use of targeted therapies in order to increase the therapeutic window of treatments, especially in oncology, is growing. Immunoconjugates are part of the arsenal of these targeted therapies. Indeed, they aim at delivering, thanks to an antibody directed against overexpressed cancer cell antigens, a highly cytotoxic molecule like auristatins derivatives. The resulting species is called an antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC). By doing so, efficacy of the compound is increased and potential side-effects are limited. Several technologies for grafting the cytotoxic agent to the antibody exist with different levels of homogeneity of the final compound and different levels of difficulty of implementation. Nowadays, technological breakthroughs permit the design of immunoconjugates (ADCs) displaying a controlled drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) in terms of quantity and position (site-specific)
Arzel, Laurence. "Nouvelle stratégie de synthèse de dimères ribonucléosidiques avec un lien amide à partir du D-xylose." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=f33f3a80-a4a1-4b48-bc34-2b4cf41683bc.
Full textNucleosides occur naturally and are building blocks for nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). Moreover, they also represent a family of synthetic compounds that have application in genetic therapy with the antisens and siRNA strategies. Chemical modifications are required in order to ensure resistance to nucleases, decreasing their ionic character, while keeping the affinity and specificity for the targeted messenger RNA. Various modifications have been envisaged in the literature including modification of the internucleic linkage, replacing the phosphodiester linkage with an amide is of particular interest as the amide perfectly mimics the phosphodiester moiety. Several synthetic approaches have been studied in the literature starting from nucleosides or ribosic derivatives but the peptide coupling to create this amide linkage always occurs between two nucleoside units. Here we present a strategy for innovative and efficient synthesis from an inexpensive precursor, the D-xylose. Our strategy includes backbone ribosidic dimers with an amide linkage, those one being judiciously protected to access by simple glycosylation to ribonucleosidic homodimers and ribonucleosidic heterodimers
Felpin, François-Xavier. "Synthèse totale de produits naturels actifs sur le SNC : nouvelles stratégies en série tétrahydropyridinique et application en synthèse totale." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2019.
Full textBriot, Anne. "Contribution à la chimie des flavonoi͏̈des : Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse par couplage organométallique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13230.
Full textThis work takes place in the course of our investigations towards new synthetic routes to flavonoids, in particular, towards organometallic methods using palladium and chromium chemistry. The growing interest for the synthesis of these substances and analogs relates to their potential therapeutic role. An original synthetic pathway has been validated offering access to two classes of flavonoids, the dihydrochalcones and the flavan-3-ols. The key step is a Heck-type coupling reaction between a polyphenolic aromatic halide and an allylic alcohol affording various substituted dihydrochalcones. The cyclization followed by the hydroboration of these substrates lead to the corresponding flavan-3-ol, as a result of an easy three steps procedure broad enough to obtain a collection of structures. A second synthetic route was developed using a Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi type-reaction. This coupling reaction allows quick access to linear C15 skeleton with adequate substitutions. Then these compounds were cyclized leading to functionnalizable 3-chloroflav-3-enes like intermediates. We showed that these intermediates could afford flavanes. During this project, we also developed a new protective group for phenols. We demonstrated that the benzylsulfonyl group exhibits required qualities for the synthesis of flavonoids. This protection is relatively flexible, because it can be introduced with good yields and its deprotection is easy by hydrogenolysis with Raney Nickel
Reyss, Olivier. "Stratégies de contrôle embarquables d'un groupe moto-propulseur hybride de type bi-mode." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345795.
Full textTrenque, Isabelle. "Synthèse et caractérisation d’oxydes métalliques ZnO au bénéfice de nouvelles stratégies d’élaboration d’absorbeurs IR." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14905/document.
Full textThanks to its absorption / reflexion properties limited to the UV and the IR range, n-doped zinc oxide is a promising candidate for the elaboration of transparent and insulating films in smart windows. Nanostructured particles of Ga-doped zinc oxide were elaborated by polyol process. Polyol process was used in order to control the size and the morphology of the particles. Both experimental and theoretical data show that a maximum of IR absorption efficiency is obtained for a doping rate of 2.6 molar percent. Colloidal suspensions with high transmission in the visible range combined with significant absorption of the near infrared range were obtained using two strategies. The first one is the encapsulation of the Ga-doped ZnO particles by a fluoride shells with an intermediate refractive index between ZnO and the dispersion medium. The second one is the optimization of the dispersion state of nano-colloidal suspensions thanks to the adsorption of thioalkanes on the Ga-doped ZnO crystallite surfaces
Trenque, Isabelle. "Synthèse et caractérisation d'oxydes métalliques ZnO au bénéfice de nouvelles stratégies d'élaboration d'absorbeurs IR." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017168.
Full textMhidia, Reda. "Développement de stratégies de synthèse peptidique, vectorisation de principes actifs et marquage de protéines." Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S054.
Full textDespite the considerable progress that the solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is known, the size of available peptides synthesized, remains relatively modest compared to the size of small proteins (more than 100 AA). New techniques for peptide synthesis known chemical ligation has been associated with SPPS to facilitate the synthesis, increase the yield and size of synthetic peptides. The aim of our work was to develop new strategies for synthesis of peptides or conjugates. This study has three components: the development of a new chemical ligation, a new strategy targeting active ingredient and also a method of labelling proteins. A new chemical called ligation ligation Asn has been developed. It is based on a coupling reaction between a peptide bearing an acyl azide on its C-terminus and a peptide bearing an thioacid on the side chain of aspartic acid placed on its N-terminal side. The coupling reaction led to the formation of an intermediate imide bond, an acyl transfer reaction of intramolecular, leading to the formation of a native peptide bond with an asparagine residue at the junction of the ligation. Then a new strategy of targeting of active ingredients called click-unclick has been developed. Indeed, an active ingredient on a group azidofomate chemoselectively was coupled in aqueous solution at acidic pH, a peptide vector thioacid C-terminal. The resulting peptide prodrug, a substrate specific enzyme, will be recognized and degraded by the enzyme in a controlled manner to release the drug in the targeted area. This innovative approach was used in our study using an enzyme called prostate specific antigen (PSA) overexpressed in prostate tumors. Finally, a new strategy for labelling proteins with peptides has been developed. This method is based on the use of the function N-succinimidyl carbamate (NSC) which was incorporated on the side chain of a lysine residue of the peptide marker. This feature allows NSC create a link between peptide and urea a free amine at the surface of the target protein. This new strategy has been developed for the study and identification of proteins in the retrograde secretory pathway
Dukhan, David. "Synthèse de 4'-thio-oligoribonucléotides (4'-S-ARN)." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20038.
Full textBissonnette, Steve. "Réforme éducative et stratégies d'enseignement : synthèse de recherches sur l'efficacité de l'enseignement et des écoles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25356/25356.pdf.
Full textJoussot, Jessie. "Stratégies de synthèse d’un nouvel antipsychotique potentiel : cascades réactionnelles palladocatalysées : un outil puissant pour la synthèse de structures polycycliques complexes et hautement fonctionnalisées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAF016/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis allowed us in the first part to develop different synthesic pathways to a new potential antipsychotic (F17464) invented by Pierre Fabre laboratories. Three strategies based on convergent syntheses are initiated. The key step of the first strategy is olefin cross metathesis. The second strategy rests on Sonogashira coupling and the third one involves a new methodology ofchromones alkylation in position 3. These methods allowed us access to novel synthetic intermediates, useful in the preparation of the F17464 molecule by following industrial confines.ln the second part, different types of polycyclic molecules were synthesized by palladium-catalyzed cascade reactions. A set of fused naphthalenes was prepared by palladium-catalyzed dominoreaction including cyclocarbopalladations followed by C(sp2)-H bond activation. Several types of fused seven-membered carbocycles were synthesized in a one-pot reaction from convenient substrates, via cascade reactions including cyclocarbopalladations followed by C(sp2 or sp3)-Hbond activation. Finally, cyclooctatrienes and fenestradienes were obtained also in a one-pot reaction from the same substrate via cascade reactions involving 4-exo-dig cyclocarbopalladation, followed by Stille coupling, alkyne addition onto a triple bond, finishing by electrocyclization reactions. Temperature is the only parameter that differs in the synthesis ôf the two complex polycycles starting from the same substrate
Lorillière, Marion. "Ingénierie de la transcétolase de Geobacillus stearothermophilus : nouvelles stratégies pour la synthèse enzymatique de cetoses rares." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC080/document.
Full textThermostable transketolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (TKgst, EC 2.2.1.1) catalyzes efficiently the synthesis of d-threo (3S, 4R) ketoses having 4, 5 and 6 carbon atoms, by the stereoselective formation of a new C-C bond, from short chain (2R)-α-hydroxylated aldehydes. The aim of this work is to use TKgst at 60°C, in order to increase reaction rates and to broad its substrate scope to new donors and acceptors by Directed Evolution, according to a semi-rationnal approach, based on site saturation mutagenesis. Thus, the screening of the libraries led to TKgst variants (L382D/D470S, L191I, L382F/F435Y, R521Y/H462N and R521V/S385D/H462S) having significantly improved specific activities towards (2S)-α-hydroxylated aldehydes and (2R)-α-hydroxylated aldehydes having a long polyhydroxylated chain (C5-C6), compared to wild type TKgst (3,3 to 5-fold increased activity). Wild-type TKgst as well as these TKgst variants were used, at 60°C, to obtain eleven, including nine l-erythro (3S, 4S) ketoses having 5 and 6 carbon atoms and d-threo (3S, 4R) ketoses having from 4 to 8 carbon atoms of biological interest, with good yields, four being inaccessible using common TK sources. Besides, other TKgst variants led to significantly improved activities towards hydrophobic aldehydes and towards a new donor substrate, pyruvic acid and derivatives, extending TKgst product scope to 1-deoxyketoses. In addition, a multienzymatic innovative and environmentally friendly process, in which TKgst substrates are generated through enzymatic pathways, using a transaminase or a d-aminoacid oxidase and an aldolase, from non-expensive and natural compounds was developed, in the presence of wild-type TKgst and will be able to be applied to TKgst variants, in order to synthesize efficiently and at lower cost, other highly valuable rare ketoses
Brosseau, Jean-Philippe. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse d'antagonistes de l'endothéline-1 et leurs caractérisations pharmacologiques in vitro et in vivo." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3837.
Full textGinisty, Maryon. "Stratégies de synthèse pour l'élaboration d'une chimiothèque d'analogues des liposidomycines, antibiotiques naturels dédiés à la translocase MraY." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S034.
Full textThe emergence of resistance to various antibiotics requires the study of new potential targets. It is the case of the MraY translocase, a protein playing a role in the biosynthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan, responsible for the maintenance of a defined cell shape. Several families of natural inhibitors of MraY were listed, like liposidomycins. The synthesis of components, whose structure is based on the various structural elements of liposidomycins, was thus considered, and in particular on the diazepanone heterocycle used as a scaffold. This work reports the study of the approaches of synthesis or ribosyl-diazepanones, whose access needs three key-steps : glycosylation of an amino-acid, L-serine, in anomeric position of a ribose, peptide coupling between this amino-acid and an amino-diol, and N-alkylation od L-serine by this amino-diol. The strategies tested were elaborated according to the order of sequence of these three steps
Fahsi, Karim. "Différentes stratégies d’auto-assemblage de dérivés diacétyléniques porteurs d’hétérocycles azotés aromatiques : application à la synthèse de matériaux." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20128/document.
Full textDiacetylenes (DA) are unusual molecules owing to their ability to polymerize in the solid state. Such a polymerization is triggered off thermally or photochemicaly, and leads to the formation of enyne structures. Since their discovery in 1969 by Wegner, polydiacetylenes (PDA) have been the focus of much attention. Initially, many studies were devoted to elucidating the mechanism of polymerization, then assessment of the diverse photophysical, optical, and electronic properties of the polymers became the main goal. Yet, the vast majority of the DA that were studied did not possess substituents that could be modified chemicallyThe first chapter describes the synthesis of new symmetrical diacetylenic molecules functionalized with azole substituents and the study of the polymerization of these compounds in the solid state. Then, we present the modification of the organization of these diacetylenes by the interaction with molecules capable of forming hydrogen bonds, and the use of these molecules as ligands for the synthesis of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF).The second chapter is devoted to the synthesis, characterization and crystallographic study of ionic diacetylenic compounds bearing triethylammonium, imidazolium and benzimidazolium groups. The photochemical and thermal behaviors of these DA have been tested.In the third chapter, we propose a straightforward route to N-doped graphitic carbon by direct pyrolysis of neutral diacetylenic precursors, and investigate the possibility of forming porous materials by adding a metal salt as a catalyst. Furthermore, another aspect of this chapter was to optimize the nitrogen content of these materials by using dicationic DA with N-rich anions, e.g. dicyanamide [dca] and tricyanomethide [tcm]
Dalençon, Sylvain. "Synthèse d'analogues de nucléosides à quatre et six chaînons et incorporation d'analogues cyclobutyliques dans un motif oligonucléotidique antisens : approche vers la synthèse de composés galactosyl-pyrrolo-pyridinones." Le Mans, 2010. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2010/2010LEMA1021.pdf.
Full textThis Ph. D thesis focused on the theme of nucleosides analogues. It was divided into three parts. First, the enantioselective synthesis of cyclobutyl nucleosides, and their incorporation into oligonucleotides chains, was performed. The preparation of new cyclohexenyl nucleosides derivatives was then accomplished. Finally, the approach toward the synthesis of galactosyl-pyrrolo pyridinones compounds was studied. In the first chapter we have highlighted the important role of nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in physiological processes. Furthermore, different structural modifications that led to the development of new nucleosides analogues have been described. The interest of oligonucleotides in gene therapy was then highlighted before outlining the synthesis methods and the different structural modifications performed on these compounds. In the second chapter, the enantioselective synthesis of cyclobutyl nucleosides analogues, using a strategy initially developed in our team, was accomplished. These derivatives, after conversion to nucleotides, allowed the preparation of new and originals oligonucleotides chains. The developpement of new cyclohexenyl nucleosides analogues was described in chapter three. A strategy involving, among others, an asymmetric [4 +2] cycloaddition and the construction of heterocyclic bases, allowed us access to cyclohexenyl derivatives. The structure of those compounds prefigures access to new constrained cyclohexanyl nucleosies analogues. The last chapter, in continuation of our work on nucleoside analogues, outlines the approach toward the synthesis of galactosyl-pyrrolo pyridinones compounds. -C-glycosyl acetylene derivatives were first prepared. Those key compounds in the synthesis should enable us to subsequently access to variously substituted pyrrolo-pyridinones via an inverse demand Diels Alder Reaction, the regression of pyridazine compounds and an intramolecular lactamization
Ahamada, Kadiria. "Stratégies biomimétiques en vue de la synthèse totale de deux substances naturelles polycycliques complexes : la bipléiophylline et l'haliclonine A." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114807/document.
Full textOur work deals in the first part with a biomimetic synthesis of bipleiophyllin, an indolomonoterpenic alkaloid. The bipleiophyllin is the result of a complex anchorage of two identical indolic subunits on an aromatic platform. A general strategy for the biomimetic synthesis of bipleiophyllin consisting of i) the synthesis of the indolic unit pleiocarpamin and ii) the oxidation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; was considered. Access to the complex skeleton of pleiocarpamin has been studied by different total synthesis strategies but also by hemisynthesis. Meanwhile this work, a study of the oxidation conditions of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid including by electrochemistry, helped identify and characterize its oxidation potential and develop the required conditions to obtain its oxidized form. The second part is devoted to the biomimetic synthesis of a model compound, mimic of the central core of haliclonin A, an alkaloid of the family of manzamins. The synthesis of several precursors and the study of the key step consisting in a double nucleophilic addition to a 5,6-dihydropyridinium were done
Vismara, Philippe. "Reconnaissance et représentation d'éléments structuraux pour la description d'objets complexes : application à l'élaboration de stratégies de synthèse en chimie organique." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20253.
Full textBarberis, Frédéric. "Recherche de stratégies de synthèse par ordinateur : le logiciel HOLOWin, étude de la connexion aux bases de réactions REACCS et ISI." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30063.
Full textPrevet, Hugues. "Conception et synthèse de molécules à visée anti-infectieuse selon deux stratégies : le criblage à haut débit et l’approche par fragments." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S037/document.
Full textThe discovery of drug candidates is based on the identification of hits with appropriated physico-chemical properties for further development. High throughput screening and fragment-based drug discovery approaches are two strategies commonly used for this identification. These strategies were applied during my PhD research work for identifying not only new modulators of the CD81/CLDN-1 complex to prevent entry of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) into hepatocytes but also inhibitors of the mycobacterial transcriptional repressor, called EthR2, to boost ethionamide antibacterial activity against resistant strains of M. tuberculosis.Firstly, a high throughput screening assay was developed to identify molecules bearing a thieno[2,3-c]pyrazole scaffold that modulate the CD81/CLDN-1 complex. The structure-activity relationships allowed us to design and synthesize one non-toxic compound that inhibits viral entry with an IC50 in the submicromolar range. This best analog will be used as pharmacological tool to understand the molecular mechanism involving the CD81/CLDN-1 interaction during virus entry.Secondary, we worked on the design and synthesis of a new generation of fragments called privileged fragments. We focused our interest on the 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione and spirohydantoin scaffolds and using microwave-assisted conditions 44 original privileged fragments have been synthesized. To further illustrate the potential of our privileged fragments, a virtual focused library has been generated and screened in silico on MDM2 protein. The in vitro evaluation of the identified hits will allow us to validate our approach and to show the potential of our privileged fragments for the discovery of new hits against protein-protein interactions.Finally, inhibitors of a new mycobacterial transcriptional repressor involved in the boosting of ethionamide activity have been developed. Screening of 960 fragments allowed us to identify a hit bearing a tropinone scaffold which was cocrystallized with EthR2. A rational design from this cocrystal structure led rapidly to more potent ligands
Daniel, Matthieu. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse d’hétérocycles polyazotés pour la conception de molécules énergétiques dérivées d’(aza)indazoles et de 1,3a,6a-triazapentalènes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3210.
Full textDue to their wide range of applications, the elaboration of original energetic materials represents an important part of research in organic chemistry. Besides, the stability and the high explosive performances of azaheterocycles, provided by their compact and nitrogen rich structures, make them promising candidates for energetic applications. Thus, the development of innovative methodologies is essential and remains very challenging. In this context, we aimed at developing new methodologies to access functionalized nitrogen rich heterocycles. For this purpose, we first investigated a recent strategy giving access to polynitrated (aza)indazoles via a Staudinger/aza-Wittig tandem reaction. A second part was dedicated to the development of an original way to synthesize tricyclic triazapentalene derivatives from non-hazardous and readily available precursors. The generation of electrophilic nitrogen, essential to achieve this transformation, was ensured by various heteroaryl amines in presence of hypervalent iodine in mild conditions.The last part of this work focused on the application of these strategies to access new energetic materials
Roux, Pierre. "Analyse statique de systèmes de contrôle commande : synthèse d'invariants non linéaires." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0046/document.
Full textCritical Systems such as flight commands may have disastrous results in case of failure. Hence the interest of both the industrial and theacademic communities in formal methods able to more or less automatically deliver mathematical proof of correctness. Among them, this thesis will particularly focus on abstract interpretation, an efficient method to automatically generate proofs of numerical properties which are essential in our context.It is well known from control theorists that linear controllers are stable if and only if they admit a quadratic invariant (geometrically speaking, an ellipsoid). They call these invariants quadratic Lyapunov functions and a first part offers to automatically compute such invariants for controllers given as a pair of matrices. This is done using semi-definite programming optimization tools. It is worth noting that floating point aspects are taken care of, whether they affectcomputations performed by the analyzed program or by the tools used for the analysis.However, the actual goal is to analyze programs implementing controllers (and not pairs of matrices), potentially including resets or saturations, hence not purely linears. The policy iteration technique is a recently developed static analysis techniques well suited to that purpose. However, it does not marry very easily with the classic abstract interpretation paradigm. The next part tries to offer a nice interface between the two worlds.Finally, the last part is a more prospective work on the use of polynomial global optimization based on Bernstein polynomials to compute polynomial invariants on polynomials systems
Dégoué, Émilie. "Contrôle de la toxicité dans la synthèse des polyuréthanes : optimisation des réactions et nouvelles stratégies de masquage par des composés à réactivité orthogonale." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0031/these.pdf.
Full textThis work deals with several ways to decrease the content of free diisocyanate monomer, often toxic, in polyurethane prepolymers obtained by polyaddition. Three paths were investigated: optimization of formulations and process, and capping with monofunctional agents or orthogonal reactivity compounds. The substitution of a symmetric diisocyanate with a totally asymmetric one, in which one of the two NCO functions is much more reactive, resulted in prepolymers with a monomer content lower than 1%. This way, however, was only efficient with polypropylene glycol oligomers. For the reaction with more reactive macrodiols, the difference in reactivity of the isocyanate groups decreases. For prepolymers with high short macrodiol content, chain interactions, through hydrogen bonds, seem to be easier which, in addition to a decrease in free monomer content, lead to an important increase in viscosity. Thus, for these formulations, the possible improvements through optimization of classical reactions seem to be limited. Finally, in a new approach, the capping of NCO groups by orthogonal reactivity compounds, such as glycerol carbonate, led to a non volatile and certainly less toxic free monomer. Moreover, these compounds are able to extend the capped chains by another reaction and thus limit the amount of plasticizer. Capping, however, involves a decrease in the amount of urea bonds which contribute to hard segments in materials, and a compromise is still necessary to obtain a high hardness
Raibaut, Laurent. "Conception de nouvelles méthodes de ligation peptidique native et mise au point de nouvelles stratégies d'assemblages séquentielles pour la synthèse totale de protéines." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S023.
Full textPeptides and proteins play a crucial role in all fundamental biological processes. Chemical methods have been developed for the production of peptide and proteins which allows understanding their structures, functions and the development of novel therapies. In particular, the introduction of the Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) by Merrifield in the 60s, followed by the emergence of peptide ligation methods in the 90s have opened the way to the preparation of synthetic proteins. Recently, the developments of sequential and convergent assembly methods give access to large synthetic proteins. However, the synthesis of high molecular weight proteins remains a challenging task. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel peptide ligation methods and assembly scheme strategies. Central to this PhD work is the recently developed bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amido (SEA) native peptide ligation method. The first part of this manuscript describes an efficient sequential assembly method in the N-to-C direction for protein synthesis in solution which was used for producing a functional N domain of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF). We next examined also a solid phase method for the sequential native ligation of unprotected peptide segments in the N-to-C direction to overcome the limitations in solution. The last part of the manuscript reports the chemicals properties of bis(2-selanylethyl)amido (SeEA) peptide segments and their usefulness for building novel peptide scaffolds
Bougel, Céline. "Stratégies de ré-analyse d'un essai de prévention du déclin des fonctions cognitives non concluant." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30192.
Full textContext: Clinical trials remain the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment, including in the area of prevention. An inconclusive trial often results in no treatment effect, while a non-optimal methodology may be involved. In this work, we discuss prevention trials, whose objective is to delay cognitive decline because the results of large trials in this area are unconvincing. We hypothesized that the specificities of these trials (repeated data, possible learning effect, long latency phase before being able to detect an effect, measurement uncertainty, heterogeneous population...) could be better understood at the time of analysis. Methods: For each methodological difficulty, specific analysis methods have been proposed to optimize the detection of a potential effect. The longitudinal nature of the data is a fundamental aspect that we take into account in the analyses, either by using the trajectory or by using parameters representative of its evolution (rate of change, transition between states). The heterogeneity of the population is explored by functional clustering methods based on the shape of the trajectory or methods requiring a synthesis parameter (hierarchical ascending classification, graphical semiology). Measurement uncertainty has been addressed by the analysis of responders subjects to the treatment or by hidden Markov models. A statistical reinforcement learning method was used to address the delayed effect of preventive treatment. Results: Different methods of analysis were applied to the real data from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial. Analyses indicated that the population did not evolve as clinically expected but had stable global cognitive levels during the 3-years follow-up. The composition of the evolution profiles differed according to the method used. The k-means for longitudinal data with trajectory shape recognition and responders analysis revealed a declining group during follow-up. Both hierarchical ascendancy classification and graphical semiology confirmed that the majority of subjects in the study were cognitively stable. Conclusion: In a prevention trial, the data can be re-analysed by methods not usually used. Some analyses may require pre-processing of the data. We have used methods that we felt were appropriate to better take into account certain methodological limitations, the aim being neither to achieve completeness nor to revisit the conclusion of the trial. In total, we did not identify a method to be used preferentially in a prevention trial because each method may have addressed one but not all methodological limitations. Further work is required to address all methodological particularities
Pierard, Frédéric. "Les Complexes du Ruthénium (II), Photosondes de l'ADN: Augmentation de l'Affinité par la Fonctionnalisation et Stratégies de Synthèse pour le Contrôle de la Stéréochimie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211559.
Full textVallée, Alexandre. "Stratégies de fidélisation des ressources humaines en contexte de vieillissement et de raréfaction de la main-d'oeuvre : une synthèse de la documentation empirique internationale." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2007. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/1955/1/030008493.pdf.
Full textGuéroux, Marie. "La Maladie d'Alzheimer et la place des polyphénols au sein des nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques : analyse multi-techniques des interactions "polyphénols-peptides Tau"." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14887/document.
Full textAlzheimer's disease is characterized by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles constituted by abnormally hyperphosphorylated and aggregated Tau protein. Many studies deal with potential therapeutic strategies based on the inhibition of this polymerization, and show the beneficial effects of some molecules like polyphenols, but the obtained so far results show a lack of data at the molecular level. Thus, after the synthesis of, a library of polyphenols with different structures, and 3 representative peptides of the P2 phosphorylation Tau region, by following a strategy combining NMR and molecular modeling, we have evaluated dynamic parameters of the formed complex. This project has provided us informations in terms of affinity, and structure / activity relationships, and leading us to a better understanding of the mechanisms led to better understand the mechanisms involved in the aggregation Tau inhibition phenomena by polyphenols
Sabil, Samia. "Stratégies dans l'élaboration et la cyclisation de précurseurs de cyclodepsipeptides naturels de la famille des destruxines." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20032.
Full textNowak, Benjamin. "Diminuer la dépendance aux engrais de synthèse par le recyclage local des éléments minéraux : analyse des stratégies d'approvisionnement en éléments minéraux des exploitations agricoles biologiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982802.
Full textCaspar, Yvan. "Recherche de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour le traitement de la tularémie : résistances bactériennes chez Francisella tularensis et développement de nouveaux antibiotiques bis-indoliques de synthèse." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV028/document.
Full textTularemia is a zoonosis caused by the highly pathogenic bacterium Francisella tularensis. The most virulent subspecies, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis, is found only in North America while the subspecies F. tularensis subsp. holarctica is present in the whole Northern hemisphere. In France, all strains belong to the biovar I of the subspecies holarctica and more specifically to the phylogenetic subclade B.FTNF002-00. Although tularemia is usually not a severe disease in France, many patients suffer from therapeutic failures despite receiving an appropriate treatment. These treatments failures are observed in up to 25% of patients treated with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin, and up to 35% if patients treated with doxycycline. The causes of those therapeutic failures remain poorly elucidated. Analysis of the literature and determination of the susceptibility of 59 French F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strains to 18 antibiotics confirmed that to date, no strain with acquired resistance to any of the first-line antibiotics used for treatment of tularemia have been isolated. The fluoroquinolones (in particular ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) exhibit the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations, compared to gentamicin and doxycycline. Data obtained in vitro and in animal models are concordant with human data concerning the efficacy of antibiotics and therapeutic failure rates. Thus, we advocate the use of ciprofloxacin as first-line treatment for mild form of tularemia, and the use of doxycyclin only as a second-line treatment in patients with contraindications to fluoroquinolones. Azithromycin and telithromycin may also be considered as potential therapeutic alternatives for tularemia cases caused by biovar I strains of the susbspecies holarctica, but only for patients with contraindications to first-line antibiotics. Further data in animal models are however required to consolidate our in vitro data. The in vitro selection of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of F. tularensis has been reported. This suggests that the in vivo selection of such resistant mutants may occur. In vitro, the main fluoroquinolone resistance mutations occur in the gyrA and gyrB genes that encode type II topoisomerases of F. tularensis. We have characterized the functional impact of such mutations in avirulent F. novicida strains, taken as a surrogate of F. tularensis. Supercoiling and DNA cleavage activity of GyrA/GyrB complexes reconstituted in vitro have been determined in the presence of fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolone resistance level was the highest in strains with a D87G/D87Y mutation in the GyrA subunit or +P466 mutation in the GyrB subunit. The mutation P43H located outside the GyrA Quinolone-Resistance-Determining-Region (QRDR) confered significant but lower fluoroquinolone resistance. The mutation D487R-∆K488 also outside GyrB QRDR did not cause fluoroquinolone resistance by itself, but increased the resistance level in case of concomitant D87G mutation. No mutation could be identified in vivo in the QRDR of gyrA and gyrB genes amplified from clinical samples collected in patients treated with a fluoroquinolone, although some of them experienced therapeutic failure. Finally, while searching for new antibiotic compounds, we identified new synthetic bis-indolic derivatives with antibacterial activity. Lead compounds were only bacteriostatic against F. tularensis but bactericidal against staphylococci including against multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MIC90 were measured at 2mg/L for F. tularensis and S. aureus strains for the most active compound. However, many developments are still required to improve their solubility in water, decrease their plasma proteins binding and elucidate their original mechanism of action
Delcourt, Vivian. "Développement de stratégies protéomiques pour la découverte de nouvelles protéines codées dans des séquences codantes non canoniques chez les eucaryotes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10166/document.
Full textThe traditional view of protein synthesis in eukaryotic species involves one messenger RNA (mRNA) bearing a single open reading frame (ORF). Thus, each eukaryotic coding gene may produce one canonical protein and possibly one or more of its isoforms. However, numerous experimental evidence report that eukaryotic proteomes may have been under-estimated and that cells are capable of synthetizing proteins which had not been predicted thus far. These novel proteins, termed “alternative proteins” (altProts) may be translated from non-canonical ORFs localized in mRNAs or from RNAs annotated as non-coding. These discoveries were made possible thanks to technical progresses in analytical chemistry in mass spectrometry-based proteomics. These analyses are based on two main strategies; the “bottom-up” approach is based on the peptidic products of enzymatic digestion of native proteins whereas the second and more recent approach, termed “top-down”, is based on the analysis of intact protein by mass spectrometry. The work described in this thesis is focused on the development of experimental strategies helping the discovery and characterization of altProts using bottom-up and top-down approaches. The findings are described in scientific publications which are included in the thesis. These publications include a review, two publications on the application of the top-down approach using micro-extractions on rat brain tissue and ovarian tumor biopsy and one publication related to the stoichiometry elucidation of a canonical and an alternative protein both encoded within the same gene
Berrah, Yacine. "Etude de différentes stratégies de modélisation de réactions complexes dans un réacteur fermé en synthèse organique : application à la réaction de cyanoéthylation du malonate de diméthyle." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10216.
Full textJost, Sylvie. "Nouvelles stratégies pour la synthèse des chaines latérales du Taxol(R)(paclitaxel) et du Taxotère(R)(docétaxel) : couplage imine, aldéhyde et couplage nitrone, acétal de cétène." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10265.
Full textPoulard, Cyril. "Ligands cyclopentadiényles fonctionnalisés : utilisation en série du tantalocène et accès à des structures hétérobimétalliquesComplexes (arène)chrome tricarbonyle optiquement actifs : recherche et mise en œuvre de différentes stratégies de synthèse." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS035.
Full textBOUVIER, Emmanuel. "Conception, synthèse et évaluations biologiques de prodrogues du paclitaxel et du docetaxel activées par voie enzymatique dans le cadre des stratégies de chimiothérapie anticancéreuse ADEPT et PMT." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009862.
Full textBien que très utilisés en clinique (cancers du sein, de l'ovaire, du poumon), ils présentent un inconvénient majeur pour leur emploi : leur grande toxicité et leur mode d'administration induisent de graves effets secondaires. De plus, des phénomènes de résistance apparaissent également.
Une méthode efficace d'amélioration de ces composés est de les transformer en prodrogues moins cytotoxiques et plus hydrosolubles. L'intérêt prépondérant de cette transformation apparaît dans la possibilité de délivrer ces produits de manière mieux ciblée, plus spécifique des tumeurs. Elles pourront alors être utilisés dans le cadre du concept PMT (Prodrug Mono Therapy) ou dans une stratégie immunociblée de type ADEPT (Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy).
Dans cette optique, des prodrogues glucuronylées du paclitaxel et du docetaxel ont été conçues et synthétisées. L'espaceur employé est un espaceur double, reliant un carbamate de p-hydroxybenzyle à une chaîne diamine. Ces prodrogues ont été évaluées biologiquement (stabilité, cytotoxicité, hydrolyse enzymatique) pour valider cette approche. L'utilisation du nouvel espaceur a donné des résultats satisfaisants, en particulier pour les hydrolyses enzymatiques qui ont été améliorées par rapport à celles des prodrogues décrites précédemment. La conception et la synthèse de différents espaceurs applicables à la préparation d'autres prodrogues sont également présentées.
Bouvier, Emmanuel. "Conception, synthèse et évaluations biologiques de prodrogues du paclitaxel et du docetaxel activées par voie enzymatique dans le cadre des stratégies de chimiothérapie anticancéreuse ADEPT et PMT." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P623.
Full textPaclitaxel (Taxol®) and its semisynthetic analogue docetaxel (Taxotere®) belong to a family of efficient antitumor drugs and have been approved for the treatment of various cancers (ovarian, breast, lung). Their clinical use brings about severe side-effects due to their innate toxicity and formulation. Their transformation in less cytotoxic and more hydrophylic prodrugs is a way to improve their clinical use. Moreover a selective delivery to tumors in PMT or ADEPT strategies is then possible. To reach this goal, some glucuronylated paclitaxel and docetaxel prodrugs with a double spacer (p-hydroxybenzyl linked to a diamine tether by means of a carbamate) have been synthesized. This approach was shown efficient by the good results of the biological studies (stability, cytotoxicity, enzymatic hydrolysis). The conception and the synthesis of spacers useful for the preparation of other prodrugs are also presented