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Pinto, José Emilio Nunes, and Matthieu de Boisséson. "Synthèse sur le Nouveau Droit de lArbitrage." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 8, Issue 32 (December 1, 2011): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2011050.
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ABSTRACT: The new decree that modifies the terms of the French Code of Civil Procedure regarding arbitration law was published in January 2011 and came into force in May 2011, representing significant changes to arbitration provisions. This article explains the new modifications in the main provisions that will affect the stages of arbitral proceedings, the drafting of the arbitration convention, the Arbitral Tribunal, and the execution of the award. The present article introduces as well the notion of the "juge d'appui", which in France is the President of the higher Court, and has the role of a supporting judge.
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Boulanger, Marc. "Justice et absolutisme : la Grande Ordonnance d'août 1670." Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 47, no. 1 (2000): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhmc.2000.1999.
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Nouveau Justinien, Louis XIV a chargé depuis 1665 une quarantaine de juristes confirmés de préparer un monumental ouvrage de synthèse, un code de procédure criminelle. Quelle place donner à l'être humain dans l'édifice pénal ? Comment réglementer la peine de mort ? quels privilèges judiciaires faut-il préserver ? Comment créer une administration irréprochable ? Déchirée entre tradition et modernité, la grande ordonnance criminelle d'août 1670 est le fruit de débats passionnés... Mais l'œuvre peut-elle suffire à répondre aux attentes d'une France saturée de violences, d'injustices et de criminalité ?
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Boyé, Marc. "La géographie est-elle une science? Introduction aux problèmes de codification dans le traitement automatique de l’information géographique." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 14, no. 32 (April 12, 2005): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020907ar.
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Le présent article est à la fois une introduction épistémologique à la géographie et une approche sémantique du langage, fort complexe, qu'emploient les géographes. Son but est d'inviter à la réflexion sur les problèmes que pose la codification de l'information géographique pour un traitement automatique. Comme toutes les disciplines chargées de gérer et de présenter un « corps de savoir », la géographie est aujourd'hui confrontée à l'accumulation accélérée de la masse documentaire qu'elle utilise. Les éléments qui composent son corps de savoir viennent pour la plupart d'autres sciences et d'autres disciplines, d'un degré de complexité moindre, qui lui fournissent des informations concernant la Terre et les Hommes. Le rôle du géographe est de synthétiser ces apports en vue de rendre compte de la répartition des faits physiques ou humains considérés à la surface du globe et d'en produire une expression cartographique ; son point de vue est celui d'un généraliste. Toutefois, la géographie ne s'intéresse pas aux faits sur le seul plan statistique ; elle considère encore leurs rapports et leur genèse, voire leur devenir en ce qu'ils sont, eux aussi, susceptibles de représentation cartographique. Il n'y a donc pas, à proprement parler, d'information géographique, mais une manière géographique de dresser la synthèse d'informations de provenances diverses. Or, chaque source d'information a son langage propre, de sorte que le langage géographique procède pour une grande part d'emprunts et ne dispose d'un langage spécifique qu'à partir d'un certain degré de synthèse. Il en résulte que, n'étant ni une science ni une discipline scientifique, même lorsqu'elle s'équipe de méthodes pour « percevoir et pénétrer » du nouveau, la géographie ne peut pas se plier à une codification unique, sous la forme d'un thésaurus de mots-clés. Il lui faut au moins trois ordres de codes aptes à un jeu de combinaisons : 1 — Un code géographique, pour la localisation à la surface du globe ; un système de coordonnées par exemple ; 2 — Un code taxonomique, c'est-à-dire un vocabulaire des « maîtres-mots » qui portent l'esprit même de la préoccupation géographique et constituent la classification typologique propre à la discipline ; 3 — Un code syntaxique, où notamment les emprunts faits à d'autres langages seraient à faire jouer comme des données grammaticales. Par la logique même de l'argumentation, des notions comme science, discipline, connaissance, corps de savoir ont trouvé l'occasion d'être précisées.
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Colas, Maxime, and Michel Deloizy. "Le Model Based Design pour l’apprentissage par conception guidée." J3eA 22 (2023): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/j3ea/20231009.
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Cet article présente une démarche d’apprentissage par conception guidée reposant sur des techniques de prototypage rapide dans le domaine mécatronique. La pédagogie développée se veut intégrative et auto-contenue : elle ne nécessite pas de prérequis et apporte au fur et à mesure des besoins, l’ensemble des connaissances et compétences pluridisciplinaires nécessaires à la progression cohérente du projet de conception, tant d’un point de vue mécanique, programmation, qu’en termes de technique de contrôle-commande, le tout dans un volume horaire contraint. La ligne directrice employée vise à confronter de façon permanente, progressive et itérative, modèle simulé et système réel dans un objectif de dimensionnement de partie opérative, de validation de modèle et d’algorithmes de commande en tirant partie d’outils logiciels de contrôle/commande temps-réel, de synthèse de code et de simulation multiphysique.
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Gunputh, Rajendra Parsad. "Les limites d’adaptation-interprétation du Code civil français dans la synthèse du droit mixte mauricien - Coexistence et influence dans les Mascareignes." Revue internationale de droit comparé 60, no. 4 (2008): 885–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ridc.2008.19721.
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Popovici, Adrian. "Libres propos sur la culture juridique québécoise dans un monde qui rétrécit." McGill Law Journal 54, no. 2 (December 3, 2009): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038652ar.
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Résumé L’auteur appréhende la culture juridique québécoise par une brève présentation de ses caractéristiques, des grands thèmes qui la traversent, de ses institutions, de ses influences et de son évolution. Il retrace d’abord les origines hybrides du droit civil québécois, imprégné des traditions juridiques du droit civil et du common law, dont les règles ont longtemps été métissées par les jugements uniformisateurs du Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé et de la Cour suprême du Canada. L’élite intellectuelle du monde juridique québécois a toutefois contré ce phénomène en dénonçant cette uniformisation du droit québécois avec le common law et a également jeté les bases de la culture juridique québécoise moderne. Celle-ci a par la suite connu une transformation rapide et désordonnée, marquée par l’adoption du Code civil du Québec, à la fois symbole de continuité et de nouveauté. L’auteur reprend ensuite son analyse à travers le prisme des «ismes», qui forment ensemble une synthèse originale de la culture juridique québécoise.
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Boulanger, Marc. "Justice et absolutisme: la Grande Ordonnance criminelle d'août 1670." Revue d’histoire moderne & contemporaine 47-1, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhmc.g2000.47n1.0009.
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Résumé Nouveau Justinien, Louis XIV a chargé depuis 1665 une quarantaine de juristes confirmés de préparer un monumental ouvrage de synthèse, un code de procédure criminelle. Quelle place donner à l'être humain dans l'édifice pénal ? Comment réglementer la peine de mort ? quels privilèges judiciaires faut-il préserver ? Comment créer une administration irréprochable ? Déchirée entre tradition et modernité, la grande ordonnance criminelle d'août 1670 est le fruit de débats passionnés... Mais l'oeuvre peut-elle suffire à répondre aux attentes d'une France saturée de violences, d'injustices et de criminalité ? Posing as a New Justinian, Louis the XlVth requested a bunch of forty highly skilled jurists to prépare a huge synthesis about criminal procédures. What status can the pénal structure offer to the human being ? How cah be improved the régulations about death penalty ? about légal privilèges ? How can be created a stainless administration ? Torn between tradition and modernity, the great criminal régulation, August 1670, is the fruit of impassioned debates... May this work,however, be enough to live up to the French' expectations, in thèse days full of violence, injustice and criminality ?
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Carayol, Cécile. "La Ligne rouge de Hans Zimmer. Matrice d’un « nouvel Hollywood » électro-minimaliste et contemplatif." Revue musicale OICRM 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1054148ar.
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À travers une étude comparative de plusieurs films au contexte narratif contemplatif comme La Ligne Rouge (Terrence Malick, 1998), partition-matrice qui a marqué une nette évolution dans l’esthétique zimmerienne, Hannibal (Ridley Scott, 2001), Da Vinci Code (de Ron Howard, 2006) « synthèse la plus raffinée des influences du minimalisme » (Berthomieu 2013, p. 698), jusqu’à des partitions que Hans Zimmer a composées pour Christopher Nolan comme Inception (2010) et Interstellar (2014), cet article montre de quelle manière Zimmer parvient pleinement à imposer un nouveau courant musical à Hollywood en intégrant une écriture épurée imprégnée notamment par le minimalisme d’Arvo Pärt à des boucles élaborées par des synthétiseurs ou des sons électroniques : si les hommages ciblés à des oeuvres d’Arvo Pärt sont propices à souligner le tourment intérieur ou le recueillement sombre, Zimmer reprend également des principes plus généraux de cette forme de minimalisme – souvent une oscillation immuable et répétée à l’infini autour d’un accord parfait mineur – presque systématiquement mêlés à cette énergie créative de timbres hybrides, afin de créer une autre temporalité apportant une forme d’inéluctable à l’image tout en maintenant empathie et synchronisme discret comme soutiens à l’action (La Ligne rouge, Batman Begins, Da Vinci Code, Inception). La quinte – seule, en ostinato ou répétée sur un motif – quintessence du tintinnabuli zimmerien (au-delà de l’accord parfait pärtien), souligne l’instant suspendu (La Ligne rouge, Hannibal, Interstellar), tandis qu’une forme de radicalisation de ce minimalisme qui va parfois jusqu’à la négation de toute mélodie, remplacée par une note unique, devenue texture abstraite, ou par un cluster diatonique en blend mode (Da Vinci Code, Interstellar), évoque le désespoir, la mort, ou le néant. Loin d’être un « monde » qui « se réduit alors au vide d’un présent sans rêve » (Berthomieu 2004, p. 75), l’écriture électro-minimaliste et contemplative de Zimmer, marquée par une cohérence narrative forte, est connectée au programme esthétique des films auxquels elle se destine.
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Hesketh, John E., and Stéphane Villette. "Intracellular trafficking of micronutrients: from gene regulation to nutrient requirements." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 4 (November 2002): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002176.
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RésuméLa distribution intracellulaire des micronutriments ainsi que leur absorption sont importantes pour les fonctions cellulaires. Dans certains cas la distribution des micronutriments ou des protéines associées est déterminée par des mécanismes liés à l'expression des gènes. La région 3' non traduite (3'UTR) de l'ARNm de la métallothioneine-1 détermine la localisation de ce message et, par conséquent, la localisation intracellulaire de la protéine qu'il code. En utilisant des cellules transfectées nous avons montré que la métallothioneine-1 est transportée vers le noyau ou elle exerce un rôle dans la protection contre le stress oxydant et les dommages causés à l'ADN. Quand l'apport nutritionnel en Se est limité, l'expression des sélénoproteines est altérée. Toutefois celle-ci n'est pas affectée de fac¸on identique pour toutes les sélénoproteines; le Se disponible étant utilisé de fac¸on prioritaire pour la synthèse de certaines d'entre elles. Cet ordre de priorité met en jeu des différences dans la traduction et la stabilité de leur ARNm qui sont sous le controle de séquences dans la région 3' non traduite. Potentiellement, des variations génétiques affectant ces mécanismes régulateurs peuvent moduler les besoins en nutriments. Des polymorphismes génétiques ont été décrits dans le 3'UTR des ARNm de deux sélénoproteines; l'un d'entre eux affectant la synthèse de la sélénoproteine correspondante. Ces exemples illustrent comment des approches moléculaires peuvent contribuer à accroître notre compréhension du métabolisme et des besoins en nutriments à différents niveaux. Premièrement, elles permettent d'étudier les effets régulateurs des gènes et de leurs produits. Ensuite, la compréhension de ces effets peut fournir un modèle pour étudier le métabolisme des nutriments au niveau cellulaire. Ainsi, lorsque des effets essentiels sont identifiés, la connaissance du génome humain et les bases de données sur les polymorphismes génétiques constituent des outils complémentaires pour définir l'étendue de la variation génétique des gènes revêtant une importance nutritionnelle. Enfin, la fonctionnalité de ces variations peut être définie et des sous-groupes de la population, possédant des besoins nutritionnels différents, peuvent etre identifiés.
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Fekih-Mrissa, N., A. Sayeh, C. B. Cheikh, A. Oumaya, and S. Galleli. "Contribution de la mutation C677T dans la persistance des signes négatifs dans la schizophrénie en Tunisie." European Psychiatry 28, S2 (November 2013): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.09.069.
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IntroductionLe trouble schizophrénique se subdivise, en signes positifs et négatifs. Les symptômes négatifs (S−) sont hétérogènes, reflétant à la fois les symptômes intrinsèques à la schizophrénie, des symptômes résultant d’une dépression concomitante ou distraction en raison des symptômes positifs. Récemment, certains facteurs de risque génétiques impliqués dans la persistance des (S−) sont étudiés, notamment la mutation C677T du gène MTHFR. Patients et méthodesNotre étude a porté sur 60 patients schizophrènes recrutés au service de psychiatrie à l’hôpital militaire principal d’instruction de Tunis. La mutation C677T du gène MTHFR a été étudiée par la technique PCR-RFLP. La digestion enzymatique a été effectuée avec Hinf1.Résultats et discussionNotre étude a révélé que le génotype CT est statistiquement significatif (Δ2 = 15,15, p = 0,001). Ainsi, le génotype CT semble prédisposer à la persistance des (S−) chez les schizophrènes. Ceci peut être expliqué par le rôle que joue le gène MTHFR qui code pour l’enzyme indispensable à la réduction de l’acide folique afin d’être métaboliquement actif. Le folate actif étant impliqué dans la synthèse des neurotransmetteurs notamment la sérotonine, son déficit induit la persistance des (S−).ConclusionLa mutation C677T semble jouer un rôle dans l’étiopathologie de la schizophrénie. Il est nécessaire de mieux l’appréhender afin de mettre en place de nouvelles stratégies de prise en charge de la maladie.
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Diesse, François. "La situation juridique de l’enfant à naître en droit français : entre pile et face." Question d’actualité en droit de la famille comparé 30, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 607–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027762ar.
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Traditionnellement enfermé depuis le droit romain dans une fiction juridique qui fait de lui un être (humain!) à la fois juridiquement inexistant, faute de personnalité juridique, et paradoxalement apte à acquérir des droits, le sort de l’enfant conçu fait l’objet, en doctrine comme en jurisprudence, d’un chassé-croisé perpétuel entre catégories juridiques différentes et opposées. Face aux apories juridiques qu’engendre une telle situation et au traitement pour le moins « dégradant et inhumain » infligé à cet être au commencement de sa vie humaine, le présent article propose modestement, après une synthèse des différentes théories en discussion, que notre droit dirige son regard, non plus vers le passé de notre système juridique, mais vers le « devenir » de l’enfant à naître en lui conférant un statut : quitte, à l’instar des articles 725 et 906 du Code civil qui suspendent jusqu’à la naissance l’effectivité des droits acquis par l’enfant conçu, à atténuer les effets de l’éventuelle personnalité juridique à lui reconnue; quitte aussi à revisiter le sens et la portée des concepts traditionnels. Pour sûr, l’éternel silence du législateur sur cette question remet en cause les vertus et la cohérence de notre système juridique en ouvrant, qui plus est, la voie à la division de la jurisprudence et au déchirement de la doctrine partagée entre les conceptions puristes, voire intransigeantes, et humanistes de notre droit.
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Gauthier, Geneviève, Simonne Couture, and Christina St-Onge. "Jugement évaluatif : confrontation d’un modèle conceptuel à des données empiriques." Pédagogie Médicale 19, no. 1 (February 2018): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/pmed/2019002.
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Contexte : Le recours au jugement des évaluateurs est de plus en plus présent en contexte d’utilisation d’une approche de formation par compétences ; toutefois sa subjectivité a souvent été critiquée. Plus récemment, les perspectives variées des évaluateurs ont commencé à être traitées comme source d’information importante et les recherches sur le jugement évaluatif (rater cognition) se sont multipliées. Lors d’une synthèse d’études empiriques sur le sujet, Gauthier et al. ont proposé un modèle conceptuel englobant une série de résultats concourants. Objectif : Dans le cadre de cette étude à devis mixte concomitant imbriqué (quan/QUAL), nous confrontons ce modèle théorique à des données empiriques issues d’entrevues semi-dirigées d’évaluateurs hors pair. Cette analyse vise à valider le modèle théorique et déterminer son utilité pour mieux comprendre le jugement évaluatif. Méthodes : Les verbatim d’entrevues audio-enregistrées de 11 participants observant et jugeant la vidéo d’une résidente lors d’une consultation avec un patient standardisé ont été codés en utilisant le modèle théorique comme arbre de codage. Les données quantitatives portant sur l’occurrence et la co-occurrence de chaque code, en général et par individu, ont été extraites et analysées. Résultats : Les données corroborent que l’ensemble des neuf mécanismes du modèle conceptuel sont bien représentés dans le discours des évaluateurs. Toutefois, les résultats suggèrent que le modèle avec ses neuf mécanismes indépendants ne rend pas justice à la complexité des interactions entre certains mécanismes et qu’un des mécanismes, le concept personnel de compétence, semble soutenir une grande partie des autres mécanismes.
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GEORGOUDI, Stella. "Vêtements et insignes des agents cultuels dans les cités grecques : une esquisse." Archimède. Archéologie et histoire ancienne Archimède n° 9 (December 2022): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47245/archimede.0009.ds1.14.
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Résumé L’article propose quelques réflexions sur l’habillage et les insignes du personnel cultuel dans les cités grecques, en mettant surtout l’accent sur les règles vestimentaires concernant les prêtres et les prêtresses. Il ne vise pas à une synthèse “encyclopédique” de ce sujet, mais à l’examen de certains thèmes qui, par le biais des habits, des attributs ou, plus généralement, de la parure des agents de culte, permettent de s’interroger principalement sur deux aspects : les relations qui se créent, voire la connivence qui s’établit parfois entre la puissance divine et ses serviteurs ; et, surtout, les éventuelles différences ou similitudes de la tenue “réglementaire” de ces hommes et femmes qui côtoient le divin. Abstract Title: Clothes and the insignia of the cultic agents in Greek cities : a sketch The paper offers some reflections on the dress-code and insignia of the cult personnel in Greek cities, emphasizing especially the regulations about the clothing of priests and priestesses. It does not aim at an “encyclopedic” synthesis of this subject, but at the examination of certain themes which, from the angle of the costumes, the attributes or, more generally, of the finery of the cult agents, allow us to question mainly on two aspects: the relationships, even the connivance established between the divinity and its servants; and, above all, the potential differences or similarities in the “regulatory” attire of these men and women who keep close to divine.
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GEORGOUDI, Stella. "Vêtements et insignes des agents cultuels dans les cités grecques : une esquisse." Archimède. Archéologie et histoire ancienne Archimède n° 9 (December 2022): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47245/archimede.0009.ds1.08.
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Résumé L’article propose quelques réflexions sur l’habillage et les insignes du personnel cultuel dans les cités grecques, en mettant surtout l’accent sur les règles vestimentaires concernant les prêtres et les prêtresses. Il ne vise pas à une synthèse “encyclopédique” de ce sujet, mais à l’examen de certains thèmes qui, par le biais des habits, des attributs ou, plus généralement, de la parure des agents de culte, permettent de s’interroger principalement sur deux aspects : les relations qui se créent, voire la connivence qui s’établit parfois entre la puissance divine et ses serviteurs ; et, surtout, les éventuelles différences ou similitudes de la tenue “réglementaire” de ces hommes et femmes qui côtoient le divin. Abstract Title: Clothes and the insignia of the cultic agents in Greek cities : a sketch The paper offers some reflections on the dress-code and insignia of the cult personnel in Greek cities, emphasizing especially the regulations about the clothing of priests and priestesses. It does not aim at an “encyclopedic” synthesis of this subject, but at the examination of certain themes which, from the angle of the costumes, the attributes or, more generally, of the finery of the cult agents, allow us to question mainly on two aspects: the relationships, even the connivance established between the divinity and its servants; and, above all, the potential differences or similarities in the “regulatory” attire of these men and women who keep close to divine.
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Loke, Paxton, and Tiow-Suan Sim. "Molecular cloning, heterologous expression, and functional characterisation of a malate synthase gene fromStreptomyces coelicolorA3(2)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-044.
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With the rapid generation of genetic information from the Streptomyces coelicolor genome project, deciphering the relevant gene products is critical for understanding the genetics of this model streptomycete. A putative malate synthase gene (aceB) from S. coelicolor A3(2) was identified by homology-based analysis, cloned by polymerase chain reaction, and fully sequenced on both strands. The putative malate synthase from S. coelicolor has an amino acid identity of 77% with the malate synthase of S. clavuligerus, and possesses an open reading frame which codes for a protein of 540 amino acids. In order to establish the identity of this gene, the putative aceB clones were subcloned into the expression vector pET24a, and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Soluble cell-free extracts containing the recombinant putative malate synthase exhibited a specific activity of 1623 (nmol·mg-1·min-1), which is an increment of 92-fold compared to the non-recombinant control. Thus, the gene product was confirmed to be a malate synthase. Interestingly, the specific activity of S. coelicolor malate synthase was found to be almost 8-fold higher than the specific activity of S. clavuligerus malate synthase under similar expression conditions. Furthermore, the genomic organisation of the three Streptomyces aceB genes cloned thus far is different from that of other bacterial malate synthases, and warrants further investigation.Key words: primary metabolism, polymerase chain reaction, glyoxylate pathway.
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Prouvez, Valentine. "La mémoire « normative » : synthèse et réécriture du sens de l’expérience." Le Coq-héron N° 246, no. 3 (August 19, 2021): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cohe.246.0109.
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Maillé, Chantal. "La citoyenneté politique des femmes." Canadian Journal of Political Science 37, no. 3 (September 2004): 765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423904380108.
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La citoyenneté politique des femmes, Bérengère Marques-Pereira, Paris : Armand Colin, 2003, 215 pages.La littérature sur la citoyenneté politique des femmes s'enrichit d'une synthèse originale avec la publication de cet ouvrage. S'inspirant du droit, de la philosophie et des sciences politiques, l'étude se veut également comparative, et présente un regard croisé sur les parcours vers la citoyenneté des femmes en France, en Belgique et en Argentine. L'objectif que se donne l'auteure avec cet ouvrage est d'offrir, autour de la problématique de la citoyenneté, un outil de travail qui brosse un panorama sur l'émergence et sur la situation présente de la citoyenneté politique des femmes. (6) Mais c'est avant tout à une réflexion théorique que nous convie l'auteure, qui relate, dans la première partie du livre, les fondements théoriques et les parcours historiques de la citoyenneté politique des femmes. Un chapitre retrace les principales étapes de l'exclusion politique des femmes, avec certains événements charnières, comme la révolution française, qui consacre l'exclusion politique des femmes: la constitution de 1791 range les femmes dans la catégorie des citoyens passifs, qui ne votent pas, mais qui ne sont pas pour autant sans représentation dans la nation, puisque la figure du pater familias les représente. (34) L'auteure rappelle cependant les voix discordantes qui se sont élevé: celles de Condorcet et d'Olympe de Gouges, qui viennent baliser le terrain des luttes en faveur du suffrage des femmes qui marqueront les deux siècles qui suivront. (41) Le chapitre qui suit aborde les trajectoires dans les pays d'Europe occidentale et des Amériques qui aboutissent à l'inclusion politique des femmes. L'auteure s'attarde à montrer les ressemblances et dissemblances de ces parcours, reprenant certaines hypothèses quant aux liens entre culture, religion et affranchissement politique des femmes. Ainsi, les trajectoires nordiques et anglo-saxonnes se caractérisent par une citoyenneté féminine précoce autour de la Première Guerre mondiale ou dans l'entre-deux-guerres, tandis que les trajectoires latines, sous l'influence du Code napoléon, mettent en évidence une citoyenneté tardive autour de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La première partie de l'ouvrage se termine par un retour sur les vieux clichés que la science politique a nourris autour des comportements politiques des femmes et de leur présumé conservatisme. Marques-Pereira oppose à cette conception des études récentes qui confirment la tendance d'un vote des femmes plus à gauche, venant démentir les anciens schémas, et qui se confirme dans des pays tels la Grande-Bretagne, l'Allemagne, les Pays-Bas ou la Nouvelle-Zélande.
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Amstutz, Ursula, Gisela Andrey-Zürcher, Dominic Suciu, Rolf Jaggi, Johannes Häberle, and Carlo R. Largiadèr. "Sequence Capture and Next-Generation Resequencing of Multiple Tagged Nucleic Acid Samples for Mutation Screening of Urea Cycle Disorders." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.150706.
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BACKGROUND Molecular genetic testing is commonly used to confirm clinical diagnoses of inherited urea cycle disorders (UCDs); however, conventional mutation screenings encompassing only the coding regions of genes may not detect disease-causing mutations occurring in regulatory elements and introns. Microarray-based target enrichment and next-generation sequencing now allow more-comprehensive genetic screening. We applied this approach to UCDs and combined it with the use of DNA bar codes for more cost-effective, parallel analyses of multiple samples. METHODS We used sectored 2240-feature medium-density oligonucleotide arrays to capture and enrich a 199-kb genomic target encompassing the complete genomic regions of 3 urea cycle genes, OTC (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), CPS1 (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1, mitochondrial), and NAGS (N-acetylglutamate synthase). We used the Genome Sequencer FLX System (454 Life Sciences) to jointly analyze 4 samples individually tagged with a 6-bp DNA bar code and compared the results with those for an individually sequenced sample. RESULTS Using a low tiling density of only 1 probe per 91 bp, we obtained strong enrichment of the targeted loci to achieve ≥90% coverage with up to 64% of the sequences covered at a sequencing depth ≥10-fold. We observed a very homogeneous sequence representation of the bar-coded samples, which yielded a >30% increase in the sequence data generated per sample, compared with an individually processed sample. Heterozygous and homozygous disease-associated mutations were correctly detected in all samples. CONCLUSIONS The use of DNA bar codes and the use of sectored oligonucleotide arrays for target enrichment enable parallel, large-scale analysis of complete genomic regions for multiple genes of a disease pathway and for multiple samples simultaneously. This approach thus may provide an efficient tool for comprehensive diagnostic screening of mutations.
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Baudouin, Patrick. "De l’Ukraine au Moyen-Orient : Un sursaut de la justice pénale internationale ?" Confluences Méditerranée N° 126, no. 3 (November 9, 2023): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/come.126.0156.
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Patrick Baudouin propose une synthèse des principaux points discutés par les intervenants du colloque organisé par l’iReMMO au Sénat en février 2023, en rappelant les différentes formes de justice pénale internationale comme la CPI, les tribunaux ad hoc et les procédures relevant de la compétence universelle. Il insiste tout particulièrement sur les contradictions de la France qui se refuse à faire sauter les « verrous » de la loi du 9 août 2010 qui limitent considérablement les possibilités, pour les tribunaux français, de poursuivre les auteurs de crimes de guerre, de crimes contre l’humanité et de génocide. Il termine en affirmant sa détermination à se battre pour que la prise en compte immédiate de la justice dans la guerre en Ukraine le soit également dans d’autres conflits « partout où prévaut l’impunité, et ce sans aucune sélectivité ».
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Zemkollari, Marilica, Markus Blaukopf, Reingard Grabherr, and Erika Staudacher. "Expression and Characterisation of the First Snail-Derived UDP-Gal: Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine β-1,3-Galactosyltransferase (T-Synthase) from Biomphalaria glabrata." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020552.
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UDP-Gal: glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine β-1,3-galactosyltransferase (T-synthase, EC 2.4.1.122) catalyses the transfer of the monosaccharide galactose from UDP-Gal to GalNAc-Ser/Thr, synthesizing the core 1 mucin type O-glycan. Such glycans play important biological roles in a number of recognition processes. The crucial role of these glycans is acknowledged for mammals, but a lot remains unknown regarding invertebrate and especially mollusc O-glycosylation. Although core O-glycans have been found in snails, no core 1 β-1,3-galactosyltransferase has been described so far. Here, the sequence of the enzyme was identified by a BlastP search of the NCBI Biomphalaria glabrata database using the human T-synthase sequence (NP_064541.1) as a template. The obtained gene codes for a 388 amino acids long transmembrane protein with two putative N-glycosylation sites. The coding sequence was synthesised and expressed in Sf9 cells. The expression product of the putative enzyme displayed core 1 β-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity using pNP-α-GalNAc as the substrate. The enzyme showed some sequence homology (49.40% with Homo sapiens, 53.69% with Drosophila melanogaster and 49.14% with Caenorhabditis elegans) and similar biochemical parameters with previously characterized T-synthases from other phyla. In this study we present the identification, expression and characterisation of the UDP-Gal: glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine β-1,3-galactosyltransferase from the fresh-water snail Biomphalaria glabrata, which is the first cloned T-synthase from mollusc origin.
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Lippens-de Cerf, Marie-Noëlle. "La contention mécanique dans les hôpitaux généraux : prévention de fautes parfois mortelles et protection des droits fondamentaux du patient." Consilio manuque 50 e année, no. 3 (July 1, 2023): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/coe.503.0109.
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La présente contribution établit une synthèse des éléments auxquels l’hôpital et le personnel soignant doivent être attentifs dans la mise en œuvre d’une contention, ensuite d’un examen du cadre légal, réglementaire et jurisprudentiel belge applicable à la contention en tant que moyen d’immobilisation des patients dans les hôpitaux généraux. L’objectif poursuivi est d’informer tant les prestataires de soins de santé que les praticiens du droit sur cette technique de contrainte et de les sensibiliser afin d’assurer un équilibre entre le devoir de sécurité et de surveillance du personnel soignant et les droits fondamentaux du patient .
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Arrazubi, V., J. Suárez, D. Guerrero, M. Gómez, A. Viúdez, F. Arias, E. Balén, and R. Vera. "Prognostic significance of thymidylate synthase polymorphisms in rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy." Colorectal Disease 15, no. 4 (March 27, 2013): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/codi.12009.
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Bangera, M. Gita, and Linda S. Thomashow. "Identification and Characterization of a Gene Cluster for Synthesis of the Polyketide Antibiotic 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol from Pseudomonas fluorescens Q2-87." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 10 (1999): 3155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.10.3155-3163.1999.
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The polyketide metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) is produced by many strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. with biocontrol activity against soilborne fungal plant pathogens. Genes required for 2,4-DAPG synthesis by P. fluorescensQ2-87 are encoded by a 6.5-kb fragment of genomic DNA that can transfer production of 2,4-DAPG to 2,4-DAPG-nonproducing recipientPseudomonas strains. In this study the nucleotide sequence was determined for the 6.5-kb fragment and flanking regions of genomic DNA from strain Q2-87. Six open reading frames were identified, four of which (phlACBD) comprise an operon that includes a set of three genes (phlACB) conserved between eubacteria and archaebacteria and a gene (phlD) encoding a polyketide synthase with homology to chalcone and stilbene synthases from plants. The biosynthetic operon is flanked on either side by phlEand phlF, which code respectively for putative efflux and regulatory (repressor) proteins. Expression in Escherichia coli of phlA, phlC, phlB, andphlD, individually or in combination, identified a novel polyketide biosynthetic pathway in which PhlD is responsible for the production of monoacetylphloroglucinol (MAPG). PhlA, PhlC, and PhlB are necessary to convert MAPG to 2,4-DAPG, and they also may function in the synthesis of MAPG.
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Cazzonelli, Christopher Ian, Antonino Salvatore Cavallaro, and José Ramón Botella. "Cloning and characterisation of ripening-induced ethylene biosynthetic genes from non-climacteric pineapple (Ananas comosus) fruits." Functional Plant Biology 25, no. 5 (1998): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98013.
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To gain a better understanding of non-climacteric fruit ripening, pineapple was used as a model system to clone and characterise two ripening-inducible cDNAs coding for two enzymes of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (acacc-1) and 1-aminocyclo-propane- 1-carboxylate oxidase (acaco-1) respectively. Due to the extreme acidity and high polyphenolic content of pineapple fruits, a method was optimised for the extraction of high quality RNA from fruit tissue. acacc-1 is a 1080 bp ACC synthase cDNA fragment encoding 360 amino acids including 10 of the 12 amino acid residues conserved in all aminotransferases. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with previously reported ACC synthases shows between 52 and 67% similarity at the protein level. Southern analysis suggests the presence of only one copy of acacc-1 in the pineapple genome. Although some acacc-1 expression is detected in green fruits, there is a 16-fold increase in the level of acacc-1 in ripe fruit tissue. acaco-1 is a partial length cDNA clone of 611 bp which codes for 203 amino acids representing approximately 66% of the ACC oxidase open reading frame. Southern analysis suggests the presence of one or two copies of the gene in the pineapple genome. Northern analysis shows the expression of acaco-1 to be highly induced in wounded leaf tissue and to a lesser extent in ripening fruit tissue. The accumulation of ACC-synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs during pineapple fruit ripening raises new questions about the putative role of ethylene during non-climacteric fruit ripening.
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Buckner, Brent, Phillip San Miguel, Diane Janick-Buckner, and Jeffrey L. Bennetzen. "The yl Gene of Maize Codes for Phytoene Synthase." Genetics 143, no. 1 (May 1, 1996): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.1.479.
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Abstract The cloned yl locus of maize was sequenced and found to encode phytoene synthase. Different “wild-type” alleles of the locus were found to differ by the insertion of transposable elements in their promoter and polyA addition regions, and by the length of a CCA tandem repeat series, without any obvious effect on function of the gene. A dominant Yl (“wild-type”) allele was observed to be expressed at highest levels in the seedling but also in the embryo and endosperm. The Mu3 transposable element insertion responsible for a pastel allele of yl, which gives lowered levels of carotenoids in the endosperm of kernels and seedlings grown at high temperatures, was located in the 5′ end of the gene. Although the size of the transcript from this yl mutation suggests that the Mu3 element provides the promoter for this allele, leaf tissue in this mutant line contained approximately normal amounts of yl mRNA. A recessive allele of yl, which conditions normal levels of carotenoids in the embryo and seedling, but almost no carotenoids in the endosperm, was found to accumulate normal amounts of yl mRNA in the seedling and embryo, while yl transcripts were not detected in the endosperm.
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Leuthner, Birgitta, and Johann Heider. "Anaerobic Toluene Catabolism of Thauera aromatica: the bbs Operon Codes for Enzymes of β Oxidation of the Intermediate Benzylsuccinate." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.2.272-277.2000.
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ABSTRACT The pathway of anaerobic toluene oxidation to benzoyl coenzyme A (benzoyl-CoA) consists of an initial reaction catalyzed by benzylsuccinate synthase, a glycyl radical enzyme adding the methyl group of toluene to the double bond of a fumarate cosubstrate, and a subsequent β-oxidation pathway of benzylsuccinate. Benzylsuccinate synthase has been studied in some detail, whereas the enzymes participating in β oxidation of benzylsuccinate are unknown. We have investigated these enzymes by analyzing substrate-induced proteins in toluene-grown cells. Toluene-induced proteins were identified and N-terminally sequenced. Nine of these proteins are encoded by an 8.5-kb operon consisting ofbbs (beta-oxidation of benzylsuccinate) genes whose products are apparently involved in the β-oxidation pathway of benzylsuccinate. Two of the genes, bbsE andbbsF, code for the subunits of a succinyl-CoA:benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase whose activity was previously detected in toluene-grown Thauera aromatica. The bbsG gene codes for a specific benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase, as confirmed by overexpression of the gene in Escherichia coli and detection of enzyme activity. The further enzymes of the pathway are probably encoded bybbsH (enoyl-CoA hydratase), bbsCD(3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), and bbsB (3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase). The operon contains two additional genes, bbsAand bbsI, for which no obvious function could be derived. The bbs operon is expressed only in toluene-grown cells and is regulated at the transcriptional level. Promoter mapping revealed a transcription start site upstream of the bbsA gene. This represents the first known promoter site in Thauera spp.
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Bacha, N., F. Mathieu, T. Liboz, and A. Lebrihi. "Polyketide synthase gene aolc35-12 controls the differential expression of ochratoxin A gene aoks1 in Aspergillus westerdijkiae." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2011.1374.
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Ochratoxine A (OTA), a potential human carcinogen is produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, including Aspergillus westerdijkiae. In this study a putative polyketide synthase gene aolc35-12 has been partially cloned from A. westerdijkiae. The predicted amino acid sequence of the 3.22 kb clone was found to have a high degree of similarity to other previously identified polyketide synthase genes from various OTA-producing fungi including Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium nordicum. The aolc35-12 gene was disrupted and inactivated by insertion of Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, which resulted in an OTA negative mutant aoΔlc35-12. Genetic complementation confirmed aolc35-12 as OTA-polyketide synthase gene. Furthermore, study of the differential expression of aolc35-12 and a previously identified OTA-polyketide synthase gene, i.e. aoks1, in the wild-type A. westerdijkiae and aoΔlc35-12 mutant revealed that aolc35-12 could code for a certain polyketide compound complementary for the expression of aoks1 and hence for the activation of OTA biosynthesis system in A. westerdijkiae.
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Jauffret, Jean-Charles. "Gilbert Meynier, L’Algérie et la France, deux siècles d’histoire croisée. Essai de synthèse historique Paris : l’Harmattan (collection Bibliothèque de l’iReMMO, n° 28), 103 p., 12 euros." Confluences Méditerranée N° 103, no. 4 (December 22, 2017): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/come.103.0174a.
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Döring, Volker, and Philippe Marlière. "Reassigning Cysteine in the Genetic Code of Escherichia coli." Genetics 150, no. 2 (October 1, 1998): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.2.543.
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Abstract We investigated directed deviations from the universal genetic code. Mutant tRNAs that incorporate cysteine at positions corresponding to the isoleucine AUU, AUC, and AUA and methionine AUG codons were introduced in Escherichia coli K12. Missense mutations at the cysteine catalytic site of thymidylate synthase were systematically crossed with synthetic suppressor tRNACys genes coexpressed from compatible plasmids. Strains harboring complementary codon/anticodon associations could be stably propagated as thymidine prototrophs. A plasmid-encoded tRNACys reading the codon AUA persisted for more than 500 generations in a strain requiring its suppressor activity for thymidylate biosynthesis, but was eliminated from a strain not requiring it. Cysteine miscoding at the codon AUA was also enforced in the active site of amidase, an enzyme found in Helicobacter pylori and not present in wild-type E. coli. Propagating the amidase missense mutation in E. coli with an aliphatic amide as nitrogen source required the overproduction of Cys-tRNA synthetase together with the complementary suppressor tRNACys. The toxicity of cysteine miscoding was low in all our strains. The small size and amphiphilic character of this amino acid may render it acceptable as a replacement at most protein positions and thus apt to overcome the steric and polar constraints that limit evolution of the genetic code.
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Fish, Jason E., Charles C. Matouk, Alisa Rachlis, Steven Lin, Sharon C. Tai, Cheryl D'Abreo, and Philip A. Marsden. "The Expression of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Is Controlled by a Cell-specific Histone Code." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 26 (May 3, 2005): 24824–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m502115200.
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Watanabe, Akira, Isao Fujii, Ushio Sankawa, María E. Mayorga, William E. Timberlake, and Yutaka Ebizuka. "Re-identification of Aspergillus nidulans wA gene to code for a polyketide synthase of naphthopyrone." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 1 (January 1999): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(98)80027-0.
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Song, Lei, and Xue Hong Zhang. "Accurate Localization of the Mobile Genomic Islands in Pseudomonas putida." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3.
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Pseudomonas putida is a safety gammaproteobacterium that plays an important role in bioremediation. Twenty nine mobile genomic islands were accurately localized in four strains of P. putida, six in P. putida F1, six in P. putida GB-1, nine in P. putida KT2440, and eight in P. putida W619, respectively. The integration sites include the tRNA gene, such as tRNAMet gene, tRNASer gene, tRNALeu gene, tRNAGly gene, tRNAThr gene, tRNACys gene, tRNAPro gene, and some structural genes, such as arsenate reductase gene, DNA mismatch repair protein MutS gene, thymidylate synthase gene, and 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase gene. 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase gene was firstly determined as the integration site of the genomic islands. The action sites of the lambda integrases are the stem-loop sequence, and the action sites of the P4 integrase are the asymmetric sequence. KT2440GI-5 can produce R2-type pyocin particle that is a bacteriocin and can kill sensitive bacterium. KT2440GI-9 can code ectoine-induced proteins that cause the cells to survive in high salt concentration.
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Burger, G. "The enigmatic mitochondrial ORF ymf39 codes for ATP synthase chain b." Nucleic Acids Research 31, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 2353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkg326.
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Watanabe, Akira, Yuya Ono, Isao Fujii, Ushio Sankawa, María E. Mayorga, William E. Timberlake, and Yutaka Ebizuka. "Product identification of polyketide synthase coded by Aspergillus nidulans wA gene." Tetrahedron Letters 39, no. 42 (October 1998): 7733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01685-2.
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Lorio, Julio C., Demosthenis Chronis, and Hari B. Krishnan. "y4xP, an Open Reading Frame Located in a Type III Protein Secretion System Locus of Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 and USDA191, Encodes Cysteine Synthase." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 19, no. 6 (June 2006): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-19-0635.
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Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257, a soybean symbiont, exports several nodulation outer proteins (Nops) into the rhizo-sphere. These proteins, which are exported by a type III secretion system (TTSS), have a pivotal role in host-specific nodulation. The entire TTSS of S. fredii lies within a 31-kb region that includes conserved genes that code for secretion machinery proteins, Nops, and several open reading frames (ORF) of unknown function. Identifying the functions of these ORF is essential to understand fully the role of TTSS in nodulation. Here, we report the characterization of y4xP, an ORF of previously unknown function. Southern blot analysis revealed that USDA257 contains two copies of y4xP, while a sibling, USDA191, contains a single copy. The amino acid sequence of Y4XP is homologous to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cysteine synthase, a key enzyme in sulfur assimilation. The coding region of USDA257 y4xP under control of T7 promoter was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified by nickel-affinity chromatography. Antibodies generated against soybean cys-teine synthase cross-reacted with the recombinant protein. A nonpolar mutant of y4xP of USDA191 showed a marked reduction in cysteine synthase activity. Enzyme activity was completely restored when the mutant was complemented with a plasmid containing the y4xP sequence. Cysteine syn-thase activity was confined to the cell cytosol. Extracellular protein fraction from genistein-induced USDA191 showed no cysteine synthase activity. This observation indicates that cysteine synthase, which is located in the TTSS locus, is not a type III secreted protein. A nonpolar cysteine synthase mutant was able to export all the Nops to the rhizosphere, albeit in reduced amounts compared with the wild-type USDA191. Interestingly, USDA191 cysteine synthase mutant was able to initiate nodules on ‘McCall’ soybean more efficiently than the wild-type. Our results demonstrate that y4xP encodes a cysteine synthase and inactivation of this gene enhances the ability of USDA191 to form nodules on ‘McCall’ soybean by regulating Nops production.
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Safra, Modi, Ronit Nir, Daneyal Farouq, Ilya Vainberg Slutskin, and Schraga Schwartz. "TRUB1 is the predominant pseudouridine synthase acting on mammalian mRNA via a predictable and conserved code." Genome Research 27, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.207613.116.
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Gibreel, Amera, and Ola Sköld. "Sulfonamide Resistance in Clinical Isolates ofCampylobacter jejuni: Mutational Changes in the Chromosomal Dihydropteroate Synthase." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 2156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.9.2156.
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ABSTRACT The characterization of the genetic basis of sulfonamide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni was attempted. The resistance determinant from a sulfonamide-resistant strain of C. jejuni was cloned and was found to show 42% identity with thefolP gene (which codes for dihydropteroate synthase, the target of sulfonamides) of the related bacterium Helicobacter pylori. The sequences of the areas surrounding thefolP gene in C. jejuni showed similarity to those of the areas surrounding the corresponding gene in H. pylori. The folP gene of C. jejuni, which mediates the resistance, was observed to show particular features when it was compared to other known folP genes. One of these features is the presence of two pairs of direct repeats (15 and 27 bp) within the coding sequence of the gene. Comparison of the C. jejuni folP genes that mediate susceptibility and resistance revealed the occurrence of mutations that changed four amino acid residues. Resistance of C. jejuni to sulfonamides could be associated with one or several of these four mutational substitutions, which all occurred in the five different resistant isolates studied. The codon for one of these changed amino acids was found to be located in the second direct repeat within the coding sequence of the gene. The change made the repeat perfect. The transformation of both the resistance and the susceptibility variants of the gene into anEscherichia coli folP knockout mutant was found to complement the dihydropteroate synthase deficiency, confirming that the characterized sulfonamide resistance determinant codes for the C. jejuni dihydropteroate synthase enzyme. Kinetic measurements established different affinities of sulfonamide for the dihydropteroate synthase enzyme isolated from the resistant and susceptible strains. In conclusion, sulfonamide resistance in C. jejuni was shown to be associated with mutational changes in the chromosomally located gene for dihydropteroate synthase, the target of sulfonamides.
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McGaughey, Kathleen M., Linda J. Wheeler, John T. Moore, Gladys F. Maley, Frank Maley, and Christopher K. Mathews. "Protein-Protein Interactions Involving T4 Phage-coded Deoxycytidylate Deaminase and Thymidylate Synthase." Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, no. 38 (September 20, 1996): 23037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.38.23037.
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Naser, Sabri M., Marc Vancanneyt, Bart Hoste, Cindy Snauwaert, and Jean Swings. "Lactobacillus cypricasei Lawson et al. 2001 is a later heterotypic synonym of Lactobacillus acidipiscis Tanasupawat et al. 2000." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1681–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64229-0.
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The applicability of a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA)-based identification system for lactobacilli was evaluated. Two housekeeping genes that code for the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase α-subunit (pheS) and RNA polymerase α-subunit (rpoA) were sequenced and analysed for members of the Lactobacillus salivarius species group. The type strains of Lactobacillus acidipiscis and Lactobacillus cypricasei were investigated further using a third gene that encodes the α-subunit of ATP synthase (atpA). The MLSA data revealed close relatedness between L. acidipiscis and L. cypricasei, with 99.8–100 % pheS, rpoA and atpA gene sequence similarities. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the type strains of the two species confirmed the close relatedness (99.8 % gene sequence similarity) between the two taxa. Similar phenotypes and high DNA–DNA binding values in the range of 84 to 97.5 % confirmed that L. acidipiscis and L. cypricasei are synonymous species. On the basis of the present study, it is proposed that Lactobacillus cypricasei is a later heterotypic synonym of Lactobacillus acidipiscis.
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Yu, Mingjing, Chao Dou, Yijun Gu, and Wei Cheng. "Crystallization and structure analysis of the core motif of the Pks13 acyltransferase domain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis." PeerJ 6 (May 7, 2018): e4728. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4728.
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Type I polyketide synthase 13 (Pks13) is involved in the final step of the biosynthesis of mycolic acid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent articles have reported that Pks13 is an essential enzyme in the mycolic acid biosynthesis pathway, and it has been deeply studied as a drug target in Tuberculosis. We report a high-resolution structure of the acyltransferase (AT) domain of Pks13 at 2.59 Å resolution. Structural comparison with the full-length AT domain (PDB code, 3TZW, and 3TZZ) reveals a different orientation of the C-terminal helix and rearrangement of some conserved residues.
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Thompson, Gregory A., William R. Hiatt, Daniel Facciotti, David M. Stalker, and Luca Comai. "Expression in Plants of a Bacterial Gene Coding for Glyphosate Resistance." Weed Science 35, S1 (1987): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500060999.
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The target site of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] inhibition in plants and bacteria is 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase. Our strategy for developing glyphosate-resistant crops has been to genetically engineer plants with a gene that codes for EPSP synthase with low sensitivity in glyphosate. We cloned such a gene from thearoAlocus of a glyphosate-resistant mutagenized strain ofSalmonella typhimurium.The enzyme encoded by this gene has a single amino acid change resulting in lower affinity for glyphosate and higher affinity for substrates than either plant or wild-type bacterial counterpart. A chimaeric gene containing the mutantaroAgene behind the octopine synthase promoter was constructed and integrated intoAgrobacteriumT-DNA vectors. Analysis of gall tissue fromBrassica campestrisL. (turnip rape) infected withA. tumefaciensK12 containing this chimaera showed mRNA and protein expressed from the bacterial gene; 50% of the total EPSP synthase activity present had kinetic properties of the mutant bacterial enzyme. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL. ‘Xanthi′) plants have been regenerated from cocultivation withA. rhizogenescontaining the same construct; analysis indicates expression of the gene and enhanced tolerance to glyphosate.
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Gallegos-Garcia, Monica, Christopher P. L. Berry, Pablo Marchant, and Vicky Kalogera. "Binary Black Hole Formation with Detailed Modeling: Stable Mass Transfer Leads to Lower Merger Rates." Astrophysical Journal 922, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2610.
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Abstract Rapid binary population synthesis codes are often used to investigate the evolution of compact-object binaries. They typically rely on analytical fits of single-star evolutionary tracks and parameterized models for interactive phases of evolution (e.g., mass transfer on a thermal timescale, determination of dynamical instability, and common envelope) that are crucial to predict the fate of binaries. These processes can be more carefully implemented in stellar structure and evolution codes such as MESA. To assess the impact of such improvements, we compare binary black hole mergers as predicted in models with the rapid binary population synthesis code COSMIC to models ran with MESA simulations through mass transfer and common-envelope treatment. We find that results significantly differ in terms of formation paths, the orbital periods and mass ratios of merging binary black holes, and consequently merger rates. While common-envelope evolution is the dominant formation channel in COSMIC, stable mass transfer dominates in our MESA models. Depending upon the black hole donor mass, and mass-transfer and common-envelope physics, at subsolar metallicity, COSMIC overproduces the number of binary black hole mergers by factors of 2–35 with a significant fraction of them having merger times orders of magnitude shorter than the binary black holes formed when using detailed MESA models. Therefore we find that some binary black hole merger rate predictions from rapid population syntheses of isolated binaries may be overestimated by factors of ∼ 5–500. We conclude that the interpretation of gravitational-wave observations requires the use of detailed treatment of these interactive binary phases.
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Safra, Modi, Ronit Nir, Daneyal Farouq, Ilya Vainberg Slutskin, and Schraga Schwartz. "Corrigendum: TRUB1 is the predominant pseudouridine synthase acting on mammalian mRNA via a predictable and conserved code." Genome Research 27, no. 8 (August 2017): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.225870.117.
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Saborido Basconcillo, Libia, Rahat Zaheer, Turlough M. Finan, and Brian E. McCarry. "Cyclopropane fatty acyl synthase in Sinorhizobium meliloti." Microbiology 155, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.022608-0.
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Cyclopropane fatty acyl synthases (CFA synthases) are enzymes that catalyse the addition of a methylene group across cis double bonds of monounsaturated fatty acyl chains in lipids. We have investigated the function of two putative genes, cfa1 and cfa2, proposed to code for CFA synthases in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Total fatty acid composition and fatty acid distributions within lipid classes for wild-type and cfa1 and cfa2 mutant strains grown under Pi starvation and in acidic culture conditions were obtained by GC/MS and by infusion ESI/MS/MS, respectively. For wild-type cells and the cfa1 mutant, total cyclopropane fatty acids (CFAs) increased by 10 % and 15 % under Pi starvation and acidic conditions, respectively; whereas in the cfa2 mutant, CFAs were less than 0.1 % of wild-type under both growth conditions. Reporter gene fusion experiments revealed that cfa1 and cfa2 were expressed at similar levels in free-living cells. Thus under the conditions we examined, cfa2 was required for the cyclopropanation of lipids in S. meliloti whereas the role of cfa1 remains to be determined. Analysis of intact lipids revealed that cyclopropanation occurred on cis-11-octadecenoic acid located in either the sn-1 or the sn-2 position in phospholipids and that cyclopropanation in the sn-2 position occurred to a greater extent in phosphatidylcholines and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols under acidic conditions than under Pi starvation. The cfa2 gene was also required for cyclopropanation of non-phosphorus-containing lipids. Principal components analysis revealed no differences in the cyclopropanation of four lipid classes. We concluded that cyclopropanation occurred independently of the polar head group. Neither cfa1 nor cfa2 was required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Franco, Leticia Veloso Ribeiro, Chen Hsien Su, and Alexander Tzagoloff. "Modular assembly of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase and cytochrome oxidase." Biological Chemistry 401, no. 6-7 (May 26, 2020): 835–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2020-0112.
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AbstractThe respiratory pathway of mitochondria is composed of four electron transfer complexes and the ATP synthase. In this article, we review evidence from studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that both ATP synthase and cytochrome oxidase (COX) are assembled from independent modules that correspond to structurally and functionally identifiable components of each complex. Biogenesis of the respiratory chain requires a coordinate and balanced expression of gene products that become partner subunits of the same complex, but are encoded in the two physically separated genomes. Current evidence indicates that synthesis of two key mitochondrial encoded subunits of ATP synthase is regulated by the F1 module. Expression of COX1 that codes for a subunit of the COX catalytic core is also regulated by a mechanism that restricts synthesis of this subunit to the availability of a nuclear-encoded translational activator. The respiratory chain must maintain a fixed stoichiometry of the component enzyme complexes during cell growth. We propose that high-molecular-weight complexes composed of Cox6, a subunit of COX, and of the Atp9 subunit of ATP synthase play a key role in establishing the ratio of the two complexes during their assembly.
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Breinig, Sabine, Emile Schiltz, and Georg Fuchs. "Genes Involved in Anaerobic Metabolism of Phenol in the Bacterium Thauera aromatica." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 20 (October 15, 2000): 5849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.20.5849-5863.2000.
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ABSTRACT Genes involved in the anaerobic metabolism of phenol in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica have been studied. The first two committed steps in this metabolism appear to be phosphorylation of phenol to phenylphosphate by an unknown phosphoryl donor (“phenylphosphate synthase”) and subsequent carboxylation of phenylphosphate to 4-hydroxybenzoate under release of phosphate (“phenylphosphate carboxylase”). Both enzyme activities are strictly phenol induced. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis allowed identification of several phenol-induced proteins. Based on N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences of such proteins, degenerate oligonucleotides were designed to identify the corresponding genes. A chromosomal DNA segment of about 14 kbp was sequenced which contained 10 genes transcribed in the same direction. These are organized in two adjacent gene clusters and include the genes coding for five identified phenol-induced proteins. Comparison with sequences in the databases revealed the following similarities: the gene products of two open reading frames (ORFs) are each similar to either the central part and N-terminal part of phosphoenolpyruvate synthases. We propose that these ORFs are components of the phenylphosphate synthase system. Three ORFs showed similarity to the ubiD gene product, 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy lyase; UbiD catalyzes the decarboxylation of a 4-hydroxybenzoate analogue in ubiquinone biosynthesis. Another ORF was similar to the ubiX gene product, an isoenzyme of UbiD. We propose that (some of) these four proteins are involved in the carboxylation of phenylphosphate. A 700-bp PCR product derived from one of these ORFs cross-hybridized with DNA from different Thauera and Azoarcusstrains, even from those which have not been reported to grow with phenol. One ORF showed similarity to the mutT gene product, and three ORFs showed no strong similarities to sequences in the databases. Upstream of the first gene cluster, an ORF which is transcribed in the opposite direction codes for a protein highly similar to the DmpR regulatory protein of Pseudomonas putida. DmpR controls transcription of the genes of aerobic phenol metabolism, suggesting a similar regulation of anaerobic phenol metabolism by the putative regulator.
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Mehr, S. Hessam M., Matthew Craven, Artem I. Leonov, Graham Keenan, and Leroy Cronin. "A universal system for digitization and automatic execution of the chemical synthesis literature." Science 370, no. 6512 (October 1, 2020): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc2986.
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Robotic systems for chemical synthesis are growing in popularity but can be difficult to run and maintain because of the lack of a standard operating system or capacity for direct access to the literature through natural language processing. Here we show an extendable chemical execution architecture that can be populated by automatically reading the literature, leading to a universal autonomous workflow. The robotic synthesis code can be corrected in natural language without any programming knowledge and, because of the standard, is hardware independent. This chemical code can then be combined with a graph describing the hardware modules and compiled into platform-specific, low-level robotic instructions for execution. We showcase automated syntheses of 12 compounds from the literature, including the analgesic lidocaine, the Dess-Martin periodinane oxidation reagent, and the fluorinating agent AlkylFluor.
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Paul, D., L. Makovicka, and M. Ricard. "Synthèse des journées scientifiques francophones portant sur les codes de calculs en radioprotection, radiophysique et dosimétrie." Radioprotection 40, no. 1 (January 2005): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro:200501.
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Soto, Teresa, Juana Fernández, Jero Vicente-Soler, Jose Cansado, and Mariano Gacto. "Accumulation of Trehalose by Overexpression oftps1, Coding for Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase, Causes Increased Resistance to Multiple Stresses in the Fission YeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.5.2020-2024.1999.
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ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown that heat shock proteins and trehalose synthesis are important factors in the thermotolerance of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We examined the effects of trehalose-6-phosphate (trehalose-6P) synthase overexpression on resistance to several stresses in cells of S. pombetransformed with a plasmid bearing the tps1 gene, which codes for trehalose-6P synthase, under the control of the strong thiamine-repressible promoter. Upon induction of trehalose-6P synthase, the elevated levels of intracellular trehalose correlated not only with increased tolerance to heat shock but also with resistance to freezing and thawing, dehydration, osmostress, and toxic levels of ethanol, indicating that trehalose may be the stress metabolite underlying the overlap in induced tolerance to these stresses. Among the isogenic strains transformed with this construct, one in which the gene coding for the trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme, neutral trehalase, was disrupted accumulated trehalose to a greater extent and was more resistant to the above stresses. Increased trehalose concentration is thus a major determinant of the general stress protection response in S. pombe.
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Biro, Jan C. "Design and Production of Specifically High Affinity Reacting Peptides (SHARP®-s)." Open Biotechnology Journal 2, no. 1 (July 25, 2008): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070700802010202.
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Background: A partially random target selection method was developed to design and produce affinity reagents (target) to any protein query. It is based on the recent concept of Proteomic Code (for review see Biro, 2007 [1]) which suggests that significant number of amino acids in specifically interacting proteins are coded by partially complementary codons. It means that the 1 and 3 residues of codons coding many co-locating amino acids are complementary but the 2 may but not necessarily be complementary: like 5’-AXG-3’/3’-CXT-5’ codon pair, where X is any nucleotide. Results: A mixture of 45 residue long, reverse, partially complementary oligonucleotide sequences (target pool) was synthesized to selected epitopes of query mRNA sequences. The 2nd codon residues were randomized. The target oligonucleotide pool was inserted into vectors, expressed and the protein products were screened for affinity to the query in Bacterial Two-Hybrid System. The best clones were used for larger-scale protein syntheses and characterization. It was possible to design and produce specific high affinity reacting (Kd: ~100 nM) oligopeptide reagents to GAL4 query oligopeptides. Conclusions: Second codon residue randomization is a promising method to design and produce affinity peptides to any protein sequences. The method has the potential to be a rapid, inexpensive, high throughput, non-immunoglobulin based alternative to recent in vivo antibody generating procedures.