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Journal articles on the topic 'Syntactic feature'
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Zhang, Xiaohan, Shaonan Wang, Nan Lin, Jiajun Zhang, and Chengqing Zong. "Probing Word Syntactic Representations in the Brain by a Feature Elimination Method." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 10 (June 28, 2022): 11721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21427.
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Neuroimaging studies have identified multiple brain regions that are associated with semantic and syntactic processing when comprehending language. However, existing methods cannot explore the neural correlates of fine-grained word syntactic features, such as part-of-speech and dependency relations. This paper proposes an alternative framework to study how different word syntactic features are represented in the brain. To separate each syntactic feature, we propose a feature elimination method, called Mean Vector Null space Projection (MVNP). This method can remove a specific feature from word representations, resulting in one-feature-removed representations. Then we respectively associate one-feature-removed and the original word vectors with brain imaging data to explore how the brain represents the removed feature. This paper for the first time studies the cortical representations of multiple fine-grained syntactic features simultaneously and suggests some possible contributions of several brain regions to the complex division of syntactic processing. These findings indicate that the brain foundations of syntactic information processing might be broader than those suggested by classical studies.
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BJÖRKLUND, JOHANNA, and NIKLAS ZECHNER. "Syntactic methods for topic-independent authorship attribution." Natural Language Engineering 23, no. 5 (August 9, 2017): 789–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324917000249.
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AbstractThe efficacy of syntactic features for topic-independent authorship attribution is evaluated, taking a feature set of frequencies of words and punctuation marks as baseline. The features are ‘deep’ in the sense that they are derived by parsing the subject texts, in contrast to ‘shallow’ syntactic features for which a part-of-speech analysis is enough. The experiments are made on two corpora of online texts and one corpus of novels written around the year 1900. The classification tasks include classical closed-world authorship attribution, identification of separate texts among the works of one author, and cross-topic authorship attribution. In the first tasks, the feature sets were fairly evenly matched, but for the last task, the syntax-based feature set outperformed the baseline feature set. These results suggest that, compared to lexical features, syntactic features are more robust to changes in topic.
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Al Zahrani, Mohammad Ali. "The Multifunctionality of a Morpheme Proposes its Morphosyntactic Features and their Specifications: Feature Matrix." Vivid: Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.9.2.66-79.2020.
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Multifunctionality is a cross linguistic phenomenon. It refers to the linguistic capability of a linguistic form to manifest itself in different syntactic structures that result in different syntactic functions. Treating multifunctionality from a generative perspective, the paper focuses on the different functions of the Hijazi Arabic (HA) maa and contributes to the HA literature by describing these different functions and claiming that they are not instances of homonymy, but of multifunctionality. Those different functions are governed by the different syntactic environments that maa occurs in. Its occurrence in multiple syntactic environments suggests that maa has a feature matrix that includes its morphosyntactic features and their specifications that express the appropriate use and interpretation of a given structure. The findings show that maa may function as a negative particle, emphatic particle, relative pronoun, infinitival particle, conditional particle, interrogative particle, exclamative particle and a particle of inclusion. These uses differ in their syntactic flexibility and rigidity (restrictedness). Although more than one function can incorporate to express multiple senses, the salient point about the different functions of maa is that there is no semantic or syntactic ambiguity between its functions.
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Al Zahrani, Mohammad Ali. "The Multifunctionality of a Morpheme Proposes its Morphosyntactic Features and their Specifications: Feature Matrix." Vivid: Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.9.2.66-79.2020.
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Multifunctionality is a cross linguistic phenomenon. It refers to the linguistic capability of a linguistic form to manifest itself in different syntactic structures that result in different syntactic functions. Treating multifunctionality from a generative perspective, the paper focuses on the different functions of the Hijazi Arabic (HA) maa and contributes to the HA literature by describing these different functions and claiming that they are not instances of homonymy, but of multifunctionality. Those different functions are governed by the different syntactic environments that maa occurs in. Its occurrence in multiple syntactic environments suggests that maa has a feature matrix that includes its morphosyntactic features and their specifications that express the appropriate use and interpretation of a given structure. The findings show that maa may function as a negative particle, emphatic particle, relative pronoun, infinitival particle, conditional particle, interrogative particle, exclamative particle and a particle of inclusion. These uses differ in their syntactic flexibility and rigidity (restrictedness). Although more than one function can incorporate to express multiple senses, the salient point about the different functions of maa is that there is no semantic or syntactic ambiguity between its functions.
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Wen, Yan, Wenkai Li, Qingtian Zeng, Hua Duan, Feng Zhang, and Shitao Kang. "Syntactic Knowledge Embedding Network for Aspect-Based Sentiment Classification." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (April 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1352028.
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An aspect-based sentiment classification task is a fine-grained sentiment analysis task, which is aimed at identifying the sentiment polarity of a given aspect in subjective sentences. In recent years, some researchers have applied pretrained BERT models to this task. However, existing research only uses the BERT output layer and ignores the syntactic features in the middle layers, leading to deviations in the prediction results. In order to solve above problems, we propose a new model BERT-SFE. Firstly, we explicitly utilize the middle layers of BERT to capture the underlying syntactic features. Secondly, we construct a syntactic feature extraction unit based on Star-Transformer, which uses an auxiliary vector and the star network structure to capture both local and global syntactic information in a sentence. Finally, we merge the syntactic features with the semantic features from the BERT output layer in the feature fusion layer, obtaining a more accurate sentiment representation of the aspect. The experimental results on three public ABSA datasets show that using the syntactic feature extraction unit based on Star-Transformer to mine the syntactic knowledge in the middle layers of BERT can effectively improve the accuracy of sentiment classification. BERT-SFE achieves the best performance compared with existing models.
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Pullum, Geoffrey K., and Arnold M. Zwicky. "Phonological Resolution of Syntactic Feature Conflict." Language 62, no. 4 (December 1986): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415171.
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Kučerová, Ivona, and Adam Szczegielniak. "Roots, their structure and consequences for derivational timing." Linguistic Review 36, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2019-2022.
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Abstract Recent work in Distributed Morphology, most prominently Harley (2014), argues for roots being able to take syntactic complements, which opens the door for the possibility of having syntactic features within a root’s representation – something most DM literature rejects (Embick 2015). Upon a closer inspection of the arguments presented in the literature, it is not clear whether the disagreement has an empirical underpinning, or whether it stems from the lack of methodological clarity as far as the identification of the precise nature of what constitutes a syntactic feature. This paper takes this methodological question seriously and investigates a type of derivational behavior that, in our view, provides a decisive argument for the presence of syntactic features on roots. We argue that the presence of a syntactic feature on the root can be conclusively established based on a feature’s impact on specific properties within a larger syntactic structure. Based on empirical evidence form gender agreement phenomena, we introduce a model of grammar that distinguishes roots with syntactic features from those which do not have them. We propose that such a distinction between roots will manifest itself in the timing of root insertion – roots without syntactic features are late inserted, while roots with syntactic features must be early inserted.
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Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann. "Universality and variation in language." Lexical Issues in the Architecture of the Language Faculty 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00013.sir.
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Abstract This article discusses language universality and language variation, and suggests that there is no feature variation in initial syntax, featural variation arising by metamorphosis under transfer from syntax to PF-morphology. In particular, it explores the Zero Hypothesis, stating that Universal Grammar, UG, only provides two building elements, Root Zero and Edge Feature Zero, zero, as they are purely structural/formal elements with no semantic content in UG. Their potential content is provided by the Concept Mine, a mind-internal but language-external department. UG and narrow syntax has access to the Concept Mine, and this Syntax-Concept Access is unique to humans, a prerequisite for the evolution of language (Section 1). A related idea (also in Section 1) is coined the Generalized Edge Feature Approach, GEFA. It states that Merge always involves at least one edge feature, which precludes symmetric structures and enables Simplest Merge (no Pair-Merge, no Hilbert epsilon operator). The article advocates that there is no syntactic feature selection (Section 2), all syntactic features being universally accessible in the Concept Mine, via Root Zero and Edge Feature Zero. In contrast, there is feature selection in PF (including morphology), yielding variation (Section 3), Gender being a clear example (Section 4). However, there is a widely neglected syntax-to-PF-morphology metamorphosis (Section 5), such that morphological features like [past] are distinct from albeit related to syntactic features like Speech Time. Parameters operate on selected PF features, and not on purely syntactic features, so parameter setting is plausibly closely tied to the syntax-to-PF-morphology metamorphosis (the concluding Section 6). It is suggested that parameters are on the externalization side of language, part of or related to the sensory-motor system, facilitating motoric learning in language acquisition.
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Copstein, Rafael, Egil Karlsen, Jeff Schwartzentruber, Nur Zincir-Heywood, and Malcolm Heywood. "Exploring syntactical features for anomaly detection in application logs." it - Information Technology 64, no. 1-2 (March 23, 2022): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itit-2021-0064.
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Abstract In this research, we analyze the effect of lightweight syntactical feature extraction techniques from the field of information retrieval for log abstraction in information security. To this end, we evaluate three feature extraction techniques and three clustering algorithms on four different security datasets for anomaly detection. Results demonstrate that these techniques have a role to play for log abstraction in the form of extracting syntactic features which improves the identification of anomalous minority classes, specifically in homogeneous security datasets.
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Zeijlstra, Hedde. "How semantics dictates the syntactic vocabulary." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 44, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.44.2006.328.
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In this paper I argue that the set of formal features that can head a functional projection is not given by UG but derived through L1 acquisition. I formulate a hypothesis that says that initially every functional category F is realised as a semantic feature [F]; whenever there is an overt doubling effect in the L1 input with respect to F, this semantic feature [F] is reanalysed as a formal feature [i/uF]. In the first part of the paper I provide a theoretical motivation for this hypothesis, in the second part I test this proposal for a case-study, namely the cross-linguistic distribution of Negative Concord (NC). I demonstrate that in NC languages negation has been reanalysed as a formal feature [i/uNEG], whereas in Double Negation languages this feature remains a semantic feature [NEG] (always interpreted as a negative operator), thus paving the way for an explanation of NC in terms of syntactic agreement. In the third part I discuss that the application of the hypothesis to the phenomenon of negation yields two predictions that can be tested empirically. First I demonstrate that negative markers X° can be available only in NC languages; second, independent change of the syntactic status of negative markers, can invoke a change with respect to the exhibition of NC in a particular language. Both predictions are proven to be correct. I finally argue what the consequences of the proposal presented in this paper are for both the syntactic structure of the clause and second for the way parameters are associated to lexical items.
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Mel’čuk, Igor. "Agreement, Government, Congruence." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 307–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.17.2.04mel.
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Rigorous definitions are proposed for three important syntactic-morphological concepts: agreement, government and congruence. They are defined as particular cases of morphological dependency between wordforms of an utterance (distinguished from semantic and syntactic dependencies between wordforms). Definitions are based on the intermediate concepts of agreement class and related inflectional categories, as well as on the concepts of inflectional category, grammeme, syntactics feature and syntactics feature value. AGREEMENT is defined (roughly speaking) as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target, which is not a substitute pronoun, is selected depending either 1) upon a grammeme of a related category of the controller, or 2) upon its agreement class, pronominal person or pronominal number (syntactics features), or else 3) upon some of its semantic properties. GOVERNMENT is defined as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target is selected depending either 1) upon a grammeme of an unrelated category of the controller or 2) upon one of its syntactics features, which is not agreement class, pronominal person or pronominal number. CONGRUENCE is defined as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target, which is a substitute pronoun replacing an occurrence of the controller, is selected depending upon any property of the controller. Numerous examples of agreement, government and congruence are cited and analyzed, a comparison of agreement and government is presented, and relationships between these concepts and other types of dependencies are examined.
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Duan, Rui Xue, Xiao Jie Wang, and Wen Feng Li. "Incorporate Syntactic Information for Short Text Classification." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.697.
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As the volume of online short text documents grow tremendously on the Internet, it is much more urgent to solve the task of organizing the short texts well. However, the traditional feature selection methods cannot suitable for the short text. In this paper, we proposed a method to incorporate syntactic information for the short text. It emphasizes the feature which has more dependency relations with other words. The classifier SVM and machine learning environment Weka are involved in our experiments. The experiment results show that incorporate syntactic information in the short text, we can get more powerful features than traditional feature selection methods, such as DF, CHI. The precision of short text classification improved from 86.2% to 90.8%.
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Kučerová, Ivona. "ɸ-Features at the Syntax-Semantics Interface: Evidence from Nominal Inflection." Linguistic Inquiry 49, no. 4 (October 2018): 813–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00290.
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I argue for a novel model of feature valuation in the CI interface and explore under what circumstances a syntactic feature is semantically interpretable. As the groundwork for the investigation, I propose an explicit Distributed Morphology model of Italian nouns of profession. The data provide evidence that the morphology accesses the narrow-syntax representation at two different temporal points within a phase: the earlier point (Spell-Out) returns a morphological realization faithful to feature values present in narrow syntax, while the later point (Transfer) allows for a narrow-syntax representation to be enriched by the CI component. Thus, there is no syntactic distinction between interpretable and uninterpretable features: a syntactic feature appears to be interpretable only if it has been licensed by the CI interface.
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Faber, Andie, Luiz Amaral, and Marcus Maia. "Pronominal Feature Re-assembly: L1 and L2 Pronoun Resolution of Spanish Epicene and Common Gender Antecedents." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 281–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2021-2046.
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Abstract In this paper, we propose the implementation of a full-fledged feature-based lexicalist syntactic theory as a way to represent the possible configurations of features in the learner’s interlanguage and formalize a theory of acquisition based in feature reassembly. We describe gender agreement pronominal coindexation in Spanish using Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and use it to analyze the results of a self-paced reading test with L1 and L2 speakers. We find that the specification of the gender feature value at the syntactic level in epicene antecedents facilitates pronominal resolution in L1 Spanish speakers. Conversely, there is a cognitive cost when the gender feature is underspecified at the syntactic level in common gender antecedents; this cost is not found among L2 speakers. The detailed descriptions in terms of feature specification in the HPSG framework allow us to observe differences between the L1 and L2 grammars in fine-grained detail and represent optionality at the lexical level.
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Nugraha, Danang Satria. "THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC FEATURES BETWEEN INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH DENOMINAL VERBS." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v15i1.7680.
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This paper aims to describe the comparison on the syntactic feature of denominal verbs of the Bahasa Indonesia and the English. The syntactic feature defined as a presentation of transitivity (and valency) on the construction of derivated verbs. Based on observation (simak) method formulated by Sudaryanto (2015), the data taken from the usage of Bahasa Indonesia and tha English on written forms. Based on Contrastive Syntax approach designed by Hickey (2017), the result shows two descriptions of comparison, namely the similarities and the differences of syntactic features. First, the similarities are (a) transitive feature and (b) an intransitive feature. Second, the differences are (a) the bitransitive feture of bahasa Indonesia, (b) the markers of transitivity of Bahasa Indonesia and the English and (c) the grammatical relations of the English denominal verb. For further study, researcher may pay attention on detail analysis of the role of denominal verbs in sentences construction of the Bahasa Indonesia and the English.
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Yang, Jinjie, Anan Dai, Yun Xue, Biqing Zeng, and Xuejie Liu. "Syntactically Enhanced Dependency-POS Weighted Graph Convolutional Network for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis." Mathematics 10, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10183353.
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Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a fine-grained task of sentiment analysis that presents great benefits to real-word applications. Recently, the methods utilizing graph neural networks over dependency trees are popular, but most of them merely considered if there exist dependencies between words, ignoring the types of these dependencies, which carry important information, as dependencies with different types have different effects. In addition, they neglected the correlations between dependency types and part-of-speech (POS) labels, which are helpful for utilizing dependency imformation. To address such limitations and the deficiency of insufficient syntactic and semantic feature mining, we propose a novel model containing three modules, which aims to leverage dependency trees more reasonably by distinguishing different dependencies and extracting beneficial syntactic and semantic features to further enhance model performance. To enrich word embeddings, we design a syntactic feature encoder (SynFE). In particular, we design Dependency-POS Weighted Graph Convolutional Network (DPGCN) to weight different dependencies by a graph attention mechanism we proposed. Additionally, to capture aspect-oriented semantic information, we design a semantic feature extractor (SemFE). Extensive experiments on five popular benchmark databases validate that our model can better employ dependency information and effectively extract favorable syntactic and semantic features to achieve new state-of-the-art performance.
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조재형 and Soo Jung Chang. "On the Plural Feature and Its Syntactic Implications." Linguistic Association of Korea Journal 25, no. 4 (December 2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24303/lakdoi.2017.25.4.1.
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ISHINO, NAO. "SYNTACTIC FEATURE TRANSFER AND REFLEXIVE BINDING IN INTERLANGUAGE." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 29, no. 1 (2012): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj.29.1_1.
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Schiller, Niels O. "Evidence for syntactic feature transfer between two languages." Epistemological issue with keynote article “Prosodic effects on L2 grammars” 9, no. 6 (October 7, 2019): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.19058.sch.
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Wang, Shaonan, Jiajun Zhang, Nan Lin, and Chengqing Zong. "Probing Brain Activation Patterns by Dissociating Semantics and Syntax in Sentences." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 9201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6457.
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The relation between semantics and syntax and where they are represented in the neural level has been extensively debated in neurosciences. Existing methods use manually designed stimuli to distinguish semantic and syntactic information in a sentence that may not generalize beyond the experimental setting. This paper proposes an alternative framework to study the brain representation of semantics and syntax. Specifically, we embed the highly-controlled stimuli as objective functions in learning sentence representations and propose a disentangled feature representation model (DFRM) to extract semantic and syntactic information in sentences. This model can generate one semantic and one syntactic vector for each sentence. Then we associate these disentangled feature vectors with brain imaging data to explore brain representation of semantics and syntax. Results have shown that semantic feature is represented more robustly than syntactic feature across the brain including the default-mode, frontoparietal, visual networks, etc.. The brain representations of semantics and syntax are largely overlapped, but there are brain regions only sensitive to one of them. For instance, several frontal and temporal regions are specific to the semantic feature; parts of the right superior frontal and right inferior parietal gyrus are specific to the syntactic feature.
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FRANCIS, ELAINE J., and STEPHEN MATTHEWS. "A multi-dimensional approach to the category ‘verb’ in Cantonese." Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 2 (June 28, 2005): 269–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226705003270.
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Cantonese exhibits a pattern of variation among verbs that has often been interpreted as distinguishing a category of adjectives or a subcategory of adjectival verbs. However, neither of these approaches takes into account the complex patterns of overlap among the purported categories or subcategories. To account for these patterns, we propose a multi-dimensional, feature-based analysis, whereby morphological, phonological, syntactic, and semantic features interact to determine the distribution of each verb. While all verbs bear the same syntactic category feature, there are other features that affect the distribution of verbs independently of syntactic category. For example, constructions that resemble adjectival constructions in other languages license the semantic classes of verbs that are permanent, gradable, and/or non-dynamic, while constructions that resemble verbal constructions in other languages license the semantic classes of verbs that are dynamic, non-gradable, and/or non-permanent. Typological implications of this analysis are also considered.
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Koskinen, Päivi. "Syntactic Category Changing in Syntax: Evidence from Finnish Participle Constructions." Revue québécoise de linguistique 27, no. 2 (April 30, 2009): 131–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/603178ar.
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ABSTRACT In most languages there are lexical elements that manifest morpho-syntactic properties associated with more than one lexical category. I examine here a group of Finnish participle constructions that manifest such categorial inconsistencies. Those forms are analyzed as containing a hybrid category: the lexical feature [Adjectival Reference] accounts for their adjectival qualities and seemingly nominal morphology, while a functional feature [Temporal Reference] (= Tense) explains their verbal and temporal characteristics. Consequently, I argue that changes in syntactic category take place not only through morphological derivation, but also within the syntactic component. This is possible under a view of morphological derivation as vocabulary insertion based on the syntactic feature matrices that surface at the end of the computational component.
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Liu, Kaiwen. "Is China English Transforming into Nativization Stage? A Case Study of ‘modifying-modified’ Sequencing in China English." Journal of World Englishes and Educational Practices 2, no. 4 (August 30, 2020): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jweep.2020.2.4.5.
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As China English is gradually identified as a variety of world Englishes rather than an inauthentic deviant from the standard English, a number of research has focused on discussing the existence and codification of China English. Most of the studies concluded that China English is undergoing nativization process in mainland China. However, the previous studies mainly discussed the lexical features in China English. The study aims to discuss the extent to which the codified syntactic feature in China English is used and accepted. Therefore, the present study adopted a corpus-based approach to analyze the use of a codified syntactic feature, ‘modifying-modified’ sequence in China English. Over 1,685 sentences in two corpus were identified and compared. The result shows that despite the fact that the codified syntactic feature has been localized in Chinese context, it is not widely accepted as an appropriate variable, which may indicate that China English has not reached the nativization stage.
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Pilarski, Anna. "Zum Pronomen es bei Wetterverben im Jiddischen im Vergleich zu deutschen und polnischen Entsprechungen." Studia Linguistica 36 (November 22, 2017): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1169.36.6.
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Pronoun “es” used with weather verbs in Yiddish in comparison with German and PolishThe object of research are sentences containing weather verbs in Yiddish. The aspect of main interest here is the issue of syntactic features of the pronoun “es” and of the degree to which these features are similar to these present in German and Polish as two contact languages present in the development of Yiddish. On the basis of syntactic tests following questions are examined: how many different positions in a sentence can the es-elements occupy?, in which configurations can their lexical realisation be omitted and in which is it obligatory? In both Yiddish and German there is a differentiation between 1 quasi-argument es, which is marked with respect to the grammatical case and is feature-specific, and 2 syntactic expletive proper, which is not feature-specific and does not contribute to meaning but only has a syntactic role. In Polish as a pro-drop-language a quasi-argument pro and an expletive pro are assumed. The theoretical basis for the analysis in the paper are the Principles and Parameters framework P&P as well as the Minimalist Program MP by Chomsky. It is demonstrated here that what is responsible for assigning the position of the es-Elements and for its structuring possibilities is a specific feature-checking process.
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Lv, Yuwei, Xuemei Sun, Yonggang Wen, and Wanru Wang. "Rumor detection based on graph attention network." ITM Web of Conferences 47 (2022): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224702033.
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At present, most of the existing rumor detection methods focus on the learning and fusion of various features, but due to the complexity of language, these models often rarely consider the relationship between parts of speech. This paper uses graph attention neural network model to learn text features and syntactic relations to solve this problem. It uses node attention collection text feature and edge attention collection relationship feature for syntactic dependency tree, and node attention and edge attention to enhance each other. Finally, the proposed method is verified on Twitter and Weibo data sets. The experimental results show that the proposed method has greatly improved the early detection and accuracy of rumors.
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Bae, Jangseong, and Changki Lee. "Korean Semantic Role Labeling with Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers and Simple Semantic Information." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 5995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125995.
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State-of-the-art semantic role labeling (SRL) performance has been achieved using neural network models by incorporating syntactic feature information such as dependency trees. In recent years, breakthroughs achieved using end-to-end neural network models have resulted in a state-of-the-art SRL performance even without syntactic features. With the advent of a language model called bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), another breakthrough was witnessed. Even though the semantic information of each word constituting a sentence is important in determining the meaning of a word, previous studies regarding the end-to-end neural network method did not utilize semantic information. In this study, we propose a BERT-based SRL model that uses simple semantic information without syntactic feature information. To obtain the latter, we used PropBank, which described the relational information between predicates and arguments. In addition, text-originated feature information obtained from the training text data was utilized. Our proposed model achieved state-of-the-art results on both Korean PropBank and CoNLL-2009 English benchmarks.
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Silva-Villar, Luis, and Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. "Syntactic Position and the Interpretation of Temporal Adjectives." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 1 (March 1998): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100020442.
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AbstractThe analysis of the syntactic and interpretive properties of Spanish temporal adjectives poses an interesting problem for the theory of syntax since [+temporal] interpretation and Noun-Adjective linearizations are not univocal. The minimalist account of the position of temporal adjectives argued for here is based on the hypothesis that DPs contain a TP projection in which the feature [+temp] is checked: the TP within DP hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, all nouns are associated with an optional temporal feature when entering the computational component. When they enter into a syntactic relation with a term carrying a [+temp] value, the temporal feature they are associated with must be checked. Attraction of the adjective can take place overtly or covertly. In the first case, the adjective is in prenominal position checking the [+temp] feature at Spell-Out and, in the second case, it appears postnominally checking the [+temp] feature at the LF interface.
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HORVATH, Sabrina, Leslie RESCORLA, and Sudha ARUNACHALAM. "The syntactic and semantic features of two-year-olds’ verb vocabularies: a comparison of typically developing children and late talkers." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 3 (January 11, 2019): 409–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000508.
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AbstractChildren with language disorders have particular difficulty with verbs, but when this difficulty emerges is unknown. We examined syntactic (transitive, intransitive, ditransitive) and semantic (manner, result) features of two-year-olds’ verb vocabularies, contrasting late talkers and typically developing children to look for early differences in verb vocabulary. We conducted a retrospective analysis of parent-reported expressive vocabulary from the Language Development Survey (N = 564, N(LT) = 62) (Rescorla, 1989). Verbs were coded for the presence or absence of each syntactic and semantic feature. Binomial mixed-effects regressions revealed the effect of feature on children's knowledge and whether feature interacted with group classification. Our results revealed mostly similarities between late talkers and typically developing children. All children's vocabularies showed a bias against verbs that occur in ditransitive frames. One feature showed a difference between groups: late talkers showed a bias against manner verbs that typically developing children did not.
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Gardent, Claire, and Shashi Narayan. "Multiple Adjunction in Feature-Based Tree-Adjoining Grammar." Computational Linguistics 41, no. 1 (March 2015): 41–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00217.
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In parsing with Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG), independent derivations have been shown by Schabes and Shieber (1994) to be essential for correctly supporting syntactic analysis, semantic interpretation, and statistical language modeling. However, the parsing algorithm they propose is not directly applicable to Feature-Based TAGs (FB-TAG). We provide a recognition algorithm for FB-TAG that supports both dependent and independent derivations. The resulting algorithm combines the benefits of independent derivations with those of Feature-Based grammars. In particular, we show that it accounts for a range of interactions between dependent vs. independent derivation on the one hand, and syntactic constraints, linear ordering, and scopal vs. nonscopal semantic dependencies on the other hand.
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Wilbur, Ronnie B., and Cynthia Patschke. "Syntactic Correlates of Brow Raise in ASL." Sign Language and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (December 22, 1999): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.2.1.03wil.
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Previous approaches to explaining brow raise behavior in American Sign Language (ASL) have claimed that it performs a semantic or pragmatic function, such as indicating that information is presupposed, given, or otherwise not asserted. However we show that this explanation cannot be extended to all the data. The commonality among all the structures that have ‘br’ marking is that the ‘br’ shows up in A'-positions associated with [-wh] operator features. These operators are semantically restrictive. Furthermore, the domain of ‘br’ spreading is the checking domain of the [-wh] feature, in contrast with c-command domain associated with [+wh] and [+neg] features. The three distinctive ASL brow positions, raised, furrowed, and neutral, are each associated with a different operator situation, [-wh], [+wh], and none, respectively. In sum, ‘br’-marking is clearly associated with syntactic structures that are related only indirectly with specific semantic, pragmatic, or discourse factors.
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Yan, Shanshan. "Syntactic and Discourse Features in Chinese Heritage Grammars: A Case of Acquiring Features in the Chinese Sentence-Final Particle ba." Languages 5, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5020026.
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This study investigates how syntactic and discourse features of Chinese sentence-final particles (the question particle ba and the suggestion particle ba) are reconfigured in Chinese heritage grammars. It has been argued that features of the Chinese particles ba are present in English but are configured differently. An acceptability judgment task, a discourse completion task, and a translation task were adopted in this study. In total, 35 Chinese heritage speakers and 18 Chinese native speakers took part in this study. The results show that none of the heritage speaker groups had any problem in configuring the discourse feature of the suggestion particle ba and the syntactic features of the question particle ba. However, none of them could successfully reconfigure the discourse feature of the question particle ba. It seems that the effects of dominant language transfer, reduced Chinese input, and limited processing resources play roles in the reconfiguration of discourse features in heritage grammars. As compared to previous L2 studies regarding the same phenomenon, heritage speakers with more and early Chinese input seem to have advantages over L2 learners in terms of syntactic features. L2 learners are found to be slightly better than heritage speakers in terms of reconfiguring some discourse properties.
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Orešnik, Janez. "Naturalness in English: (A) the genitive, (b) the pronouns." Linguistica 43, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.43.1.119-140.
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In Slovenia, the natural syntax of the Klagenfurt brand has been extended to the study of the behav iour of (near-)synonymous syntactic expressions, here called syntactic variants. The work below is illustrated by the (morpho)syntax of the English genitive and the English pronouns. The language material is divided into consecutively numbered deductions in each of which the existence of a (mor pho)syntactic state of affairs is predicted on the basis of apposite assumptions and Andersen's markedness alignment rules. The basic point: given two (morpho)syntactic variants, such that one of them shows feature A, and the other shows feature B, the theory can answer the question as to which of the two variants shows which of the twofeatures A and B.
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Cheng, Lisa, and Nancy C. Kula. "Syntactic and phonological phrasing in Bemba relatives." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43 (January 1, 2006): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.43.2006.284.
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Tone as a distinctive feature used to differentiate not only words but also clause types, is a characteristic feature of Bantu languages. In this paper we show that Bemba relatives can be marked with a low tone in place of a segmental relative marker. This low tone strategy of relativization, which imposes a restrictive reading of relatives, manifests a specific phonological phrasing that can be differentiated from that of non-restrictives. The paper shows that the resultant phonological phrasing favours a head-raising analysis of relativization. In this sense, phonology can be shown to inform syntactic analyses.
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Hawkins, Roger, and Hajime Hattori. "Interpretation of English multiple wh-questions by Japanese speakers: a missing uninterpretable feature account." Second Language Research 22, no. 3 (July 2006): 269–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658306sr269oa.
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In recent work by Tsimpli (2003) and Tsimpli and Dimitrakopoulou (to appear) an explicit claim is made about the nature of end-state grammars in older second language (L2) learners: uninterpretable syntactic features that have not been selected during first language (L1) acquisition will not be available for L2 grammar construction. Interpretable syntactic features, on the other hand, remain available (as well as the computational procedures and principles of the language faculty), even those not selected by the L1. The present study investigates this hypothesis in relation to the acquisition of the uninterpretable feature that forces wh-movement in interrogatives in English. Nineteen L1 speakers of Japanese (a wh-in-situ language that lacks the movement-forcing feature) who are highly proficient speakers of English were asked to interpret bi-clausal multiple wh-questions in English (like Where did the professor say the students studied when?). Their responses were compared with those of a native speaker control group. It is argued that the results are consistent with the unavailability of the uninterpretable feature. Two conclusions are drawn: first, that there is a critical period for the selection of uninterpretable syntactic features for the construction of mental grammars; second, that despite the observation of target-like performance by L1 Japanese speakers on English wh-interrogatives reported in a number of existing studies, caution is required in interpreting target-like performance as evidence that L2 speakers have the same underlying grammatical representations as native speakers.
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Picallo, M. Carme. "A note on the locus and function of formal gender." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.6.1.4097.
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This paper examines some aspects of nominal inflection. It focuses in particular on noun classification with evidence drawn mainly from Spanish where noun classification surfaces as formal Gender. Under a minimalist lens, this feature is a puzzling grammatical element because it seems uncongenial to the idea of optimal design. I examine some syntactic evidence to assess the syntactic locus of Gender features in nominal structures, and conjecture that noun classification simply externalizes some basic properties of the linguistic system in the functional domain. I motivate my conclusions on the basis of empirical evidence and recent theoretical proposals that argue for the adoption of a much more abstract conception of syntactic constructs than those we have generally been considering.
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TOMOV, MILEN T., and ILIYANA KUNEVA. "ПРОСТИ СИНТАКТИЧНИ ГРУПИ С ПРИЛАГАТЕЛНО ИМЕ И ПРЕДЛОГ В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕЗИК PR A И A PR / SIMPLE SYNTACTIC GROUPS FORMED BY AN ADJECTIVE AND A PREPOSITION IN BULGARIAN PR A AND A PR." Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, no. 01 (May 3, 2022): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.01.04.
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The paper presents a description of the simple syntactic groups formed by an adjective and a preposition in the modern Bulgarian language. The authors study in detail the variants of the two syntactic types Pr A and A Pr, using the techniques of accommodation and connotation. The most characteristic feature of these syntactic groups is lexical accommodation, whereas morphological accommodation is not realized as prepositions are an uninflected class of words. Keywords: simple syntactic groups formed by an adjective and a preposition, morphological accommodation, lexical accommodation, syntactic compatibility, Bulgarian language
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Kalibekuly, T., and B. Rayikhan. "FEATURES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN CHINESE LANGUAGE." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7804.35.
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The article discusses the basic grammatical features of simple sentences, which are the main object of syntax. In particular, the article reveals the difficulties in recognizing the syntactic structures in Chinese as sentences and the reasons, the language data. The conclusions concerning the sentence theory in Kazakh linguistics are analyzed in order to demonstrate the features of the Chinese language when it is needed. The views of scientists regarding the predicativity, modality, and intonation of the main grammatical features of sentences in general linguistics, as well as the problems, syntactic structures in Chinese with respect to these features are specified in the given research article. In order to demonstrate the features of the syntactic structure in Chinese language, linguistic data were compared with the Kazakh language, it was substantiated that the main grammatical feature for determining the predicative structure in Chinese as a sentence is intonation, which is explained by the lack of a grammatical form of the Chinese language.
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Heinat, Fredrik. "Long object shift and reflexives." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 1 (April 7, 2010): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586510000053.
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This short communication is concerned with long object shift of reflexives in Swedish. Only 3rd person reflexives can shift across their antecedent. For some reason this is possible even if the antecedent is 1st or 2nd person as well, but certain requirements on the antecedent are necessary. This paper shows that neither a purely syntactic nor a purely semantic analysis can account for all the facts. Instead the best analysis seems to be one that makes use of Bonet's (1995) post-syntactic morphological processes: feature delinking, feature erasure and feature insertion.
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, Wahyudianto, Eko K. Budiardjo, and Elviawaty M. Zamzami. "Feature Modeling and Variability Modeling Syntactic Notation Comparison and Mapping." Journal of Computer and Communications 02, no. 02 (2014): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2014.22018.
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Wei, Longxing. "Syntactic Markedness as a Stylistic Feature in the Great Gatsby." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 3, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v3n1p15.
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<em>This study investigates the linguistic code choices of Francis Stott Fitzgerald for one of his masterpieces: The Great Gatsby. It hypothesizes that as a linguistic virtuoso, Fitzgerald exploits marked linguistic choices to convey his intentional meaning throughout the novel. “Marked” linguistic choices are defined as departures from the expected or the norm to negotiate a change during a discourse. This study assumes that the writer who is a linguistic virtuoso will “mark” the crucial passages (i.e., the passages which carry the author’s most important messages) by using marked syntactic structures and certain grammatical categories to set them off from the rest of the work. The study aims to find whether Fitzgerald marks the crucial narrative passages in The Great Gatsby by using particular syntactic structures which are demonstratively different from the typical narrative passages in the novel as a whole. To do so, it analyzes five passages which are crucial in carrying the “authorial message”, and these passages differ syntactically from five matched passages which largely function only to carry the story line forward. The stylistic analysis rests on a frequency count of the major components of the phrase structure and the most important grammatical categories in the paired paragraphs. Based on the analytical results, this study reaches the conclusion that the syntactic markedness stands out as a stylistic feature in The Great Gatsby, and such a stylistic feature can only become salient beyond surface-level considerations of phrase structure and grammatical categories in any stylistic analysis of literary works.</em>
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Sakhare, D. Y., and Raj Kumar. "Syntactic and Sentence Feature Based Hybrid Approach for Text Summarization." International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 6, no. 3 (February 8, 2014): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijitcs.2014.03.05.
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Lemhöfer, Kristin, Herbert Schriefers, and Peter Indefrey. "Idiosyncratic Grammars: Syntactic Processing in Second Language Comprehension Uses Subjective Feature Representations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 7 (July 2014): 1428–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00609.
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Learning the syntax of a second language (L2) often represents a big challenge to L2 learners. Previous research on syntactic processing in L2 has mainly focused on how L2 speakers respond to “objective” syntactic violations, that is, phrases that are incorrect by native standards. In this study, we investigate how L2 learners, in particular those of less than near-native proficiency, process phrases that deviate from their own, “subjective,” and often incorrect syntactic representations, that is, whether they use these subjective and idiosyncratic representations during sentence comprehension. We study this within the domain of grammatical gender in a population of German learners of Dutch, for which systematic errors of grammatical gender are well documented. These L2 learners as well as a control group of Dutch native speakers read Dutch sentences containing gender-marked determiner–noun phrases in which gender agreement was either (objectively) correct or incorrect. Furthermore, the noun targets were selected such that, in a high proportion of nouns, objective and subjective correctness would differ for German learners. The ERP results show a syntactic violation effect (P600) for objective gender agreement violations for native, but not for nonnative speakers. However, when the items were re-sorted for the L2 speakers according to subjective correctness (as assessed offline), the P600 effect emerged as well. Thus, rather than being insensitive to violations of gender agreement, L2 speakers are similarly sensitive as native speakers but base their sensitivity on their subjective—sometimes incorrect—representations.
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Charalozova, Katya. "СИНТАКТИЧНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА ПРОСТИ ГРУПИ С ГЛАВЕН ЧЛЕН ГЛАГОЛ И ПОДЧИНЕН ЧЛЕН НАРЕЧИЕ (V → ADV) / SYNTACTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SIMPLE GROUPS CONSISTING OF A HEAD VERB AND A SUBORDINATE ADVERB (V → ADV)." Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, no. 01 (May 3, 2022): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.01.06.
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The article aims at providing a precise formal description of the syntax of simple constructions consisting of a head verb and a subordinate adverb. The analysis em-ploys the mechanisms of syntactic accommodation and connotation. The study of the processes of accommodation and connotation in simple syntactic constructions of the type V → Adv in terms of the presence or absence of connotation (+/- connotation) has resulted in distinguishing two subtypes of syntactic constructions: 1. Non-connoted simple syntactic groups consisting of a verb and an adverb; 2. Con-noted simple syntactic groups consisting of a verb and an adverb. Within the first type of constructions two subtypes have been further identified on the basis of the presence or absence of the feature of accommodation (+/- accommodation) – constructions in which the adverb is not connoted and not accommodated and constructions that are not connoted but are accommodated with respect to the categories of person, number, aspect, tense, mood and polarity. Within the second type of constructions the presence or absence of the feature of accommodation (+/- accommodation) has also led to dis-tinguishing two subtypes: a group of syntactic constructions without accommodation according to person, number, aspect, tense, mood and polarity, and a restricted group of syntactic constructions that are accommodated according to the categories of polar-ity, person and number. The analysis employing the chosen methodology extends and refines previous descriptions of the simple syntactic constructions with a head verb and a subordinate adverb. Keywords: simple syntactic constructions, verbs, adverbs, connotation, accommo-dation, syntax, Bulgarian language
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CHITRA, A., and ANUPRIYA RAJKUMAR. "GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED FEATURE SELECTION FOR PARAPHRASE RECOGNITION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 22, no. 02 (April 2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213013500073.
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Paraphrase Recognition systems most often use various lexical, syntactic and semantic features to recognize paraphrases. This paper presents the work done in designing a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based Paraphrase Recognizer and then improving its performance using feature selection strategy. Wrapper method of feature selection has been adopted by combining Genetic Algorithms with Support Vector Machine Classifiers. Experimental results show that applying Feature selection improves the accuracy besides reducing the number of features. The developed paraphrase recognizer has been applied for the Student Answer Evaluation task. The results obtained show that the performance of Answer Evaluation systems which use only half the number of features is comparable to systems using the original feature set.
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Fisher, Rose, David Natvig, Erin Pretorius, Michael T. Putnam, and Katharina S. Schuhmann. "Why Is Inflectional Morphology Difficult to Borrow?—Distributing and Lexicalizing Plural Allomorphy in Pennsylvania Dutch." Languages 7, no. 2 (April 2, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020086.
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In this article we examine the allomorphic variation found in Pennsylvania Dutch plurality. In spite of over 250 years of variable contact with English, Pennsylvania Dutch plural allomorphy has remained largely distinct from English, except for a number of loan words and borrowings from English. Adopting a One Feature-One Head (OFOH) Architecture that interprets licit syntactic objects as spans, we argue that plurality is distributed across different root-types, resulting in stored lexical-trees (L-spans) in the bilingual mental lexicon. We expand the traditional feature inventory to be ‘mixed,’ consisting of both semantically-grounded features as well as ‘pure’ morphological features. A key claim of our analysis is that the s-exponent in Pennsylvania Dutch shares a syntactic representation for native and English-origin roots, although it is distinct from a ‘monolingual’ English representation. Finally, we highlight how our treatment of plurality in Pennsylvania Dutch, and allomorphic variation more generally, makes predictions about the nature of bilingual morphosyntactic representations.
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Guijarro-Fuentes, Pedro, Acrisio Pires, and Will Nediger. "Delay in the acquisition of Differential Object Marking by Spanish monolingual and bilingual teenagers." International Journal of Bilingualism 21, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006915601249.
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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: This study investigated the acquisition of Spanish Differential Object Marking (DOM) by bilingual and monolingual Spanish teenagers, evaluating to which extent their knowledge of DOM can be explained by different theories of acquisition. Design/Methodology/Approach: Two experiments with bilingual and monolingual Spanish teenagers (ages 10 to 15) were conducted. The experiments included an Elicited Production Completion Task, in which a space was to either be filled with an object marker or left blank, and a Context-Matching Acceptability Judgment Task. Data and Analysis: 54 subjects (44 bilinguals and 10 monolinguals) were tested. For both tasks, there were 6 conditions testing different syntactic–semantic features that trigger DOM (test items n = 42 in each task). The data were analysed with linear regressions and repeated measures analyses of variance. Findings/Conclusions: This study’s results show that bilingual teenagers do not demonstrate significant differences from age-matched monolinguals in their competence regarding the syntactic–semantic properties of DOM. Both groups are below ceiling in showing evidence of knowledge about all the syntactic–semantic features involved in DOM, indicating the possibility of a significant delay beyond childhood in their acquisition. Originality: There are few previous studies on the acquisition of DOM, and none which consider the full range of features and specific population considered here. Work by Montrul focuses on the animacy feature, while Guijarro-Fuentes considers the full range of features, but for adult L2 learners of Spanish. Significance/Implications: This study shows that the Interface Vulnerability Hypothesis, the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis, the Full Access/Full Transfer Hypothesis and the Interpretability Hypothesis have limitations in explaining its results. Instead, a feature-based approach is proposed in which the specification of features beyond animacy raises difficulties for the acquisition of DOM until late childhood.
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Bibis, Nick. "On the Marginal Functions and Features of Object Clitics, with Special Reference to Modern Greek." Revue québécoise de linguistique 28, no. 1 (April 30, 2009): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/603187ar.
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ABSTRACTWritten within the minimalist program approach to grammar (Chomsky 1995), this paper examines the nature of θ-role requirements in three types of object clitic constructions:idiomaticandaffected accusativein Modern Greek, andaffected dativein Modern Greek and French. I do not treat the idiomatic clitic constructions as lexically listed VPs, but as being derived syntactically. Furthermore, I argue that these constructions contain Tense and Person intrinsic features that are not visible to the syntax, and an obligatory θ-feature [EXPERIENCER] checked in the syntax by means of the operation Attract-F. Affected accusatives are analyzed as non-A-bound θ-marked affixes which attract an interpretable θ-feature [EXPERIENCER] associated with V. A simple VP syntactic structure without clitic movement is attributed to them. Lastly, for affected dative constructions, I propose avshell syntactic structure with base-generation of the clitic.
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Liu, Liqi, Qinglin Wang, and Yuan Li. "Improved Chinese Sentence Semantic Similarity Calculation Method Based on Multi-Feature Fusion." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 25, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0442.
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In this paper, an improved long short-term memory (LSTM)-based deep neural network structure is proposed for learning variable-length Chinese sentence semantic similarities. Siamese LSTM, a sequence-insensitive deep neural network model, has a limited ability to capture the semantics of natural language because it has difficulty explaining semantic differences based on the differences in syntactic structures or word order in a sentence. Therefore, the proposed model integrates the syntactic component features of the words in the sentence into a word vector representation layer to express the syntactic structure information of the sentence and the interdependence between words. Moreover, a relative position embedding layer is introduced into the model, and the relative position of the words in the sentence is mapped to a high-dimensional space to capture the local position information of the words. With this model, a parallel structure is used to map two sentences into the same high-dimensional space to obtain a fixed-length sentence vector representation. After aggregation, the sentence similarity is computed in the output layer. Experiments with Chinese sentences show that the model can achieve good results in the calculation of the semantic similarity.
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Harbour, Daniel. "Valence and Atomic Number." Linguistic Inquiry 42, no. 4 (October 2011): 561–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00061.
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The semantic basis and morphosyntactic reflexes of Kiowa-Tanoan noun classification are perspicuously captured in a system with three bivalent number features: [±singular], [±augmented], [±group]. Privative analyses of the same facts require, inter alia, features without semantic motivation, syntactic mechanisms that violate Inclusivity, and feature annotation reminiscent of bivalence. The semantic atoms of number are, therefore, bivalent.
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Sigurdsson, Halldór Ármann. "Meaningful silence, meaningless sounds." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2004 4 (December 31, 2004): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.4.07sig.
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This paper discusses the very general question of how syntactic features of individual languages relate to the universal set of syntactic features. It is pointed out that Chomsky’s approach (2001a) to this fundamental issue is paradoxical. On one hand he argues that language is uniform in the relevant sense (L-uniformity), but, on the other hand, he also assumes that languages make different selections of features from a universal feature set (L-selection). The paper argues strongly that L-uniformity is the only conceivable possibility. However, if that is correct, a great deal of what languages have is common is ‘silence’, that is, categories that are present in Narrow Syntax but silent in PF. In other words, language has innate elements and structures irrespective of whether or how they are overtly expressed. It follows that language variation is to a substantial extent ‘silence variation’, that is, much of it boils down to languages being explicit vs. silent about different (syntactically active) categories. This claim is coined as the Silence Principle, saying that any meaningful feature of language may be silent.