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Journal articles on the topic 'Syntacic foams'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Zakaria, Z., and C. Y. Yao. "Compressive Stress of Syntactic Foam: Effect of rNBR Particles Reinforced Epoxy Macrospheres (rNBR-EM)." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.301.

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This research focuses on the effect of rejected nitrile butadiene rubber (rNBR) gloves particles reinforced epoxy macrospheres (EM) on the physical properties and compressive stress of syntactic foam. Adding rNBR particles on the surface of macrospheres can increase the energy absorption as a result of improving the compressive properties of syntactic foam. Three types of macrospheres have been produced for the fabrication of syntactic foam, namely EM without rNBR, 1-layer rNBR-EM and 2-layer rNBR-EM. The results showed that increased rNBR particles layer on macrospheres has increased the wall thickness, and reduced the radius ratio of macrospheres as well as increased the density of syntactic foams. The compressive strength and modulus of syntactic foam with 2-rNBR-EM increased compared to the syntactic foams of 1-rNBR-EM and EM without rNBR. In addition, the toughness of the 2-rNBR-EM increased compared to the syntactic foams of 1-rNBR-EM and EM without rNBR.

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2

Thalmaier, György, Niculina Argentina Sechel, Alexandra Csapai, Catalin Ovidiu Popa, Gabriel Batin, Andras Gábora, Tamas Mankovits, and Ioan Vida-Simiti. "Aluminum Perlite Syntactic Foams." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 5446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155446.

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This paper presents the usage of spark plasma sintering (SPS) as a method to obtain aluminum-expanded perlite syntactic foams with high porosity. In the test samples, fine aluminum powder with flaky shape particles was used as matrix material and natural, inorganic, granular, expanded perlite was used as a space holder to ensure high porosity (35–57%) and uniform structure. SPS was used to consolidate the specimens. The structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and compression tests. Energy absorption (W~7.49 MJ/m3) and energy absorption efficiency (EW < 90%) were also determined.

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3

Li, Changyun, Erkuo Yang, Ling Tang, Yang Li, and Lei Xu. "Compression Properties and Fabrication of Closed-Cell Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams Al2O3hs/AZ91D." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 6873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196873.

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Closed-cell metal syntactic foam is a new material consisting of hollow spheres embedded in metal matrix syntactic foams. These foams have good physical and mechanical properties and are increasingly used worldwide in industrial and high-tech fields. Magnesium matrix syntactic foams containing hollow Al2O3 spheres ((Al2O3hs)/AZ91D) were successfully fabricated by hot press sintering at different temperatures. The fabrication of Al2O3hs/AZ91D and the effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties are reported in this paper. Additionally, sandwiched magnesium matrix syntactic foams were prepared by placing magnesium plates on both sides of the syntactic foam. Some Al2O3hs particles became filled with matrix particles during preparation. Thus, the actual density was greater than the theoretically calculated value and increases with increasing sintering temperature. Above 723 K, a brittle phase MgAl2O4 formed in Al2O3hs/AZ91D. The quasistatic and dynamic compressive strengths of Al2O3hs/AZ91D first increased and then decreased with increasing sintering temperature, and the maximums were 162 MPa and 167.87 MPa, respectively. Thus, this paper reports a new strategy for the controlled preparation of metal matrix syntactic foams with predetermined porosity. The results show that this strategy improved the performance of lightweight and high-strength syntactic foam materials and shows potential for further research.

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4

Movahedi, Nima, Graeme Murch, Irina Belova, and Thomas Fiedler. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Compressive Behavior of Zinc Alloy ZA27 Syntactic Foam." Materials 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050792.

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Zinc alloy (ZA27) syntactic foams (SF) were manufactured using expanded perlite (EP) particles and counter-gravity infiltration casting. Due to a variation of the metallic matrix content, the density of the produced foam samples varied from 1.78 to 2.03 g·cm−3. As-cast and solution heat-treated samples were tested to investigate the compressive properties of the ZA27 syntactic foam. To this end, quasi-static compression tests were conducted. In addition, microstructural analysis of the as-cast and heat-treated syntactic foams was carried out using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the heat treatment alters the microstructure of the ZA27 alloy matrix from a multiphase dendrite to a spheroidized microstructure with improved ductility. Moreover, the heat treatment considerably enhances the energy absorption and plateau stress ( σ pl ) of the syntactic foam. Optical analysis of the syntactic foams under compression shows that the dominant deformation mechanism of the as-cast foams is brittle fracture. In comparison, the heat-treated samples undergo a more ductile deformation.

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5

Chen, Zhuo, Zhi Xiong Huang, Yan Qin, Min Xian Shi, Qi Lin Mei, and Ming Zhang. "Effect of Glass Microballoons Size on Compressive Strength of Syntactic Foams." Advanced Materials Research 321 (August 2011): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.321.7.

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In this work, syntactic foams made of microballoons having same wall thickness ratio but with different particle size was prepared. Microballoons of three size distribution ranges were selected .The property of the syntactic foams were studied by quasi-static compression test. The experimental results show the microballoons size doesn’t influent the mechanical properties of the syntactic foam significantly. The failure mode of the syntactic foams was also studied in this work.

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6

Gomez, Sofia Gabriela, Andrea Irigoyen, Stephanie Gonzalez, Kevin Estala-Rodriguez, Evgeny Shafirovich, Md Sahid Hassan, Saqlain Zaman, and Yirong Lin. "Fabrication and Characterization of Hollow Polysiloxane Microsphere Polymer Matrix Composites with Improved Energy Absorption." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 3 (March 4, 2023): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030098.

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Hollow polymer microspheres with superior elastic properties, high thermal stability, and energy absorbance capabilities are essential in many applications where shock and vibration need to be mitigated, such as in civil, medical, and defense industries. In this paper, the synthesis, fabrication, and characterization of hollow thermoset microspheres for syntactic polymer foam were studied. The hollow polymer microspheres (HPMs) were made by developing core–shell composites and thermally removing the polystyrene core to yield a polysiloxane shell. The HPMs were embedded into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix to form a polymer syntactic foam. The mechanical energy absorption characteristic of polymer syntactic foams was measured by cyclic uniaxial compression testing following ASTM 575. The engineered compression response was demonstrated by fabricating and testing syntactic foams with different porosities, ranging from a 50 vol% to 70 vol% of HPMs. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we observed that the HPM contributes to the energy absorption of the syntactic foam. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determined the necessity of a profound study to understand the effects of varying HPM synthesis parameters, as well as the syntactic foam fabrication methods. It was shown that the compressive modulus and toughness can be increased by 20% using a 70 vol% of porosity with synthesized HPM syntactic foams over bulk PDMS. We also found that the energy absorbed increased by 540% when using a 50 vol% of porosity with fabricated HPM-PDMS syntactic foams.

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7

Kozma, I., I. Zsoldos, G. Dorogi, and S. Papp. "Application of Computed Tomography in Structure Analyses of Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams." International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering 7, no. 5 (October 2015): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcte.2015.v7.989.

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8

Jin, Xin, He Yi Ge, Ping Wang, Zhong Yuan Pan, and Juan Chen. "Preparation and Characteristic of Different Hollow Microspheres Filled Syntactic Foams." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.237.

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In this study, hollow glass microspheres (HGM) and hollow polystyrene microspheres (HPSM) have been employed as fillers in epoxy resin to prepare the syntactic foam. A kind of good performance composite was prepared. The effects of presence of various hollow microspheres on the impact and compressive properties of syntactic foams are studied. Weight fraction of HPSM and HGM for the syntactic foams varies up to 2.0 wt% and 25 wt%, respectively. The results show that the coupling agent can induce the interfacial adhesion between the HGM and the resin and help HGM uniformly disperse in the resin and hence result in better mechanical properties of composite. On the other hand, the effect of HPSM for the composite density is greater than that of HGM. The addition of a small percentage of HPSM helps produce an important improvement in the low density of syntactic foam. The syntactic foam has uniform stability component and the excellent integrative performances. Fabricated syntactic foams had compression strength of 51.96 MPa and density of 0.671 g/cm3.

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9

Schott, N. R., and T. K. Bhattacharjee. "New Syntactic Foams with Polystyrene." Journal of Cellular Plastics 29, no. 6 (November 1993): 556–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9302900604.

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10

Couteau, Olivier, and David C. Dunand. "Creep of aluminum syntactic foams." Materials Science and Engineering: A 488, no. 1-2 (August 2008): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.022.

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11

Shams, Adel, Sam Zhao, and Maurizio Porfiri. "Water Impact of Syntactic Foams." Materials 10, no. 3 (February 23, 2017): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10030224.

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12

Orbulov, Imre N., Janos Dobranszky, and Arpad Nemeth. "Microstructural characterisation of syntactic foams." Journal of Materials Science 44, no. 15 (May 22, 2009): 4013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3552-2.

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13

Ullas, A. V., D. Kumar, and P. K. Roy. "Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-toughened syntactic foams." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 135, no. 8 (October 30, 2017): 45882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.45882.

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14

Weise, Jörg, Dirk Lehmhus, Jaqueline Sandfuchs, Matthias Steinbacher, Rainer Fechte-Heinen, and Matthias Busse. "Syntactic Iron Foams’ Properties Tailored by Means of Case Hardening via Carburizing or Carbonitriding." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 4358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164358.

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Metal foam inserts are known for their high potential for weight and vibration reduction in composite gear wheels. However, most metal foams do not meet the strength requirements mandatory for the transfer of sufficiently high levels of torque by the gears. Syntactic iron and steel foams offer higher strength levels than conventional two-phase metal foams, thus making them optimum candidates for such inserts. The present study investigates to what extent surface hardening treatments commonly applied to gear wheels can improve the mechanical properties of iron-based syntactic foams. Experiments performed thus focus on case hardening treatments based on carburizing and carbonitriding, with subsequent quenching and tempering to achieve surface hardening effects. Production of samples relied on the powder metallurgical metal injection molding (MIM) process. Syntactic iron foams containing 10 wt.% of S60HS hollow glass microspheres were compared to reference materials without such filler. Following heat treatments, the samples’ microstructure was evaluated metallographically; mechanical properties were determined via hardness measurements on reference samples and 4-point bending tests, on both reference and syntactic foam materials. The data obtained show that case hardening can indeed improve the mechanical performance of syntactic iron foams by inducing the formation of a hardened surface layer. Moreover, the investigation indicates that the respective thermo-chemical treatments can be applied to composite gear wheels in exactly the same way as to monolithic ones. In the surface region modified by the treatment, martensitic microstructures were observed, and as consequence, the bending limits of syntactic foam samples were increased by a factor of three.

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15

Luong, Dung D., Vasanth Chakravarthy Shunmugasamy, Oliver M. Strbik III, and Nikhil Gupta. "High Strain Rate Compressive Behavior of Polyurethane Resin and Polyurethane/Al2O3 Hollow Sphere Syntactic Foams." Journal of Composites 2014 (October 29, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/795984.

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Polyurethane resins and foams are finding extensive applications. Seat cushions and covers in automobiles are examples of these materials. In the present work, hollow alumina particles are used as fillers in polyurethane resin to develop closed-cell syntactic foams. The fabricated syntactic foams are tested for compressive properties at quasistatic and high strain rates. Strain rate sensitivity is an important concern for automotive applications due to the possibility of crash at high speeds. Both the polyurethane resin and the syntactic foam show strain rate sensitivity in compressive strength. It is observed that the compressive strength increases with strain rate. The energy absorbed up to 10% strain in the quasistatic regime is 400% higher for the syntactic foam in comparison to that of neat resin at the same strain rate.

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16

Mehta, Bhavik, and Yuyuan Zhao. "Tribological Properties of Aluminium Matrix Syntactic Foams Manufactured with Aluminium Smelter Waste." Applied Sciences 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2024): 4288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14104288.

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Aluminium smelter waste (ASW) is a big contributor to landfills, and its recycling has been of great interest. This study investigates the tribological properties of aluminium matrix syntactic foams manufactured using an Al 6082 alloy and ASW. Ball-on-disc tests were conducted under both dry and lubricated conditions. Under dry sliding conditions, the coefficient of friction (COF) had an initial sharp increase, followed by a gradual decrease and finally a steady state as the sliding distance increased. The wear surfaces showed the presence of adhesive, abrasive and oxidative wear, with some presence of delamination. Syntactic foams containing small ASW particles led to a decrease in surface roughness, decrease in the average COF and decrease in specific wear. Heating large ASW particles before manufacturing the syntactic foams enhanced overall wear properties because the particles are hardened due to a compositional change. The T6 treatment of the syntactic foams enhanced the wear properties due to the hardening of the Al matrix. The average COF of the ASW syntactic foams was higher than that of the E-sphere syntactic foam, which was predominantly abrasive wear. The specific wear of the ASW syntactic foams can be higher or lower than the E-sphere syntactic foam, depending on the ASW particle size. Under lubricated sliding test conditions, the wear was reduced significantly, and the type changed from predominantly adhesive to predominantly abrasive. The porous ASW particles acted as lubricant reservoirs and provided a constant supply of lubricant, further improving the lubrication effect.

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17

Zhang, Qiang, and Gao Hui Wu. "Microstructure and Compression Behavior of Cenosphere Filled Aluminum Syntactic Foams." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.704.

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Aluminum syntactic foams were fabricated by pressure-inﬁltrating liquid pure aluminum into packed preforms of cenosphere fly ash. The morphology, true density and porosity of fly ash microballoons were characterized. The microstructure of the syntactic foams demonstrated uniform distribution of the microballoons in the aluminum matrix and seldom infiltration of cenosphere fly ash. These foams were subjected to quasi-static uniaxial compression tests and behaved like high strength aluminum foams under compressive deformation, exhibiting an extended plateau region in the stress–strain curves. With the decreasing of fly ash diameter, the plateau stress and absorbed energy of the syntactic foams increased. X-ray microcomputed tomography was used to examine the foam microstructures after interrupted compression and reveal the damage evolution. The current work provides a better understanding on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix syntactic foams.

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18

Zhang, Liying, Fan Zhang, Ming Liu, and Xiao Hu. "Novel sustainable geopolymer based syntactic foams: An eco-friendly alternative to polymer based syntactic foams." Chemical Engineering Journal 313 (April 2017): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.046.

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19

Yang, Quan Zhan, Yan Peng Wei, Zhi Quan Miao, Peng Gao, and Bo Yu. "The Processing and Structure of Steel Matrix Syntactic Foams Prepared by Infiltration Casting." Materials Science Forum 933 (October 2018): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.933.129.

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Metal matrix syntactic foams are consisting of metal matrix and hollow spheres in closely or randomly packed, which own multifunctional properties with lightweight, damping, heat insulation, energy absorption and have a vast application prospect. Steel matrix can extend the potential of syntactic foams as a materials class to several new fields of application. In this paper, the hollow alumina spheres were introduced into the steel matrix by infiltration casting, the minimum diameter of hollow spheres for infiltration is analyzed in theory, the steel matrix syntactic foams were successfully prepared, which contain two different sphere types with average diameter sizes 3.97mm and 4.72mm, and the average densities of syntactic foams were calculated to be 4.39 (spheres occupy 43.7% of the volume) and 3.74 g/cm3 (spheres occupy 52.1% of the volume), respectively. The microstructure characteristics of the steel matrix syntactic foam were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum.

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20

Dai, Jing, Chao Peng, Shuyue Zhang, Shun Wu, Minxian Shi, and Zhixiong Huang. "Investigation on the Mechanical and Thermal Insulation Properties of Hollow Microspheres/Phenolic Syntactic Foams." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 28, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2509090.

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Hollow microspheres are widely used in syntactic foam as a lightweight filling material. Hollow glass microspheres (HGM) and hollow phenolic microspheres (HPM) were added to the phenolic resin to prepare phenolic syntactic foams. Then the mechanical properties, thermal insulation properties, and thermal property stability of them were studied. The mechanical test result shows that the flexural strength of phenolic syntactic foam gradually decreases with the increasing volume fraction of microspheres at room temperature. When the volume fraction of HGM is 20%, the specific strength of phenolic syntactic foam can rise to 0.0334 Nm/kg. HGM reduces the density of the phenolic syntactic foam and remains at high strength. In addition, the thermal conductivity of phenolic syntactic foam decreases with the increasing volume fraction of the hollow microspheres, indicating that the microspheres can effectively improve the thermal insulation performance of the phenolic syntactic foam. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity of phenolic syntactic foam also increases as the heat treatment temperature rises. In addition, the thermal insulation performance of phenolic syntactic foam containing HGM is better than that containing HPM. Thermal analysis experiments show that the thermal weight loss rate becomes slower as the content of HGM increases. Therefore, HGM improves the thermal stability of the containing phenolic syntactic foam. However, the HPM reduces the thermal decomposition temperature and the thermal stability of the phenolic syntactic foam. This work provides the technical basis for applying phenolic syntactic foam as a heat insulation material.

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21

Prabhakar, Pavana, Haotian Feng, Sabarinathan P. Subramaniyan, and Mrityunjay Doddamani. "Densification mechanics of polymeric syntactic foams." Composites Part B: Engineering 232 (March 2022): 109597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109597.

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22

Marur, Prabhakar R. "Effective elastic moduli of syntactic foams." Materials Letters 59, no. 14-15 (June 2005): 1954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.02.034.

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23

Santhosh Kumar, K. S., C. P. Reghunadhan Nair, and K. N. Ninan. "Mechanical properties of polybenzoxazine syntactic foams." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 108, no. 2 (2008): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.27030.

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24

Gupta, Nikhil, Steven E. Zeltmann, Vasanth Chakravarthy Shunmugasamy, and Dinesh Pinisetty. "Applications of Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams." JOM 66, no. 2 (November 2, 2013): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0796-8.

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25

Novak, Nejc, Miha Kolar, Nima Movahedi, Matej Vesenjak, Zoran Ren, and Thomas Fiedler. "Introducing Auxetic Behavior to Syntactic Foams." Metals 14, no. 4 (March 26, 2024): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14040387.

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This paper proposes an innovative multi-material approach for introducing auxetic behaviour to syntactic foams (SFs). By carefully designing the size, shape, and orientation of the SFs, auxetic deformation behaviour was induced. Re-entrant hexagon-shaped SF elements were fabricated using expanded perlite (EP) particles and a plaster of Paris slurry first. Then, an auxetic pattern of these SF elements was arranged within a stainless-steel casting box. The empty spaces between the SF elements were filled with molten aluminium alloy (A356) using the counter-gravity infiltration casting technique. The cast auxetic composite had a bulk density of 1.52 g/cm3. The cast composite was then compressed under quasi-static loading to characterise its deformation behaviour and to determine the mechanical properties, especially the Poisson’s ratio. The cast composite deformation was auxetic with a Poisson’s ratio of −1.04. Finite Element (FE) simulations were conducted to understand the deformation mechanism better and provide means for further optimisation of the geometry.

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Mastalygina, Elena E., K. Smirnov, and V. Yu Chukhlanov. "Thermophysical Properties of Syntactic Foams Based on Polymethylphenylsiloxane Resin and Hollow Glass Microspheres." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.364.

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The syntactic foams based on polymethylphenylsiloxane resin filled by hollow glass microspheres were developed for using in different applications of construction industry. Thermophysical properties of the developed syntactic foams were analyzed in this work. According to the study results, with an increase of polymethylphenylsiloxane content in the syntactic foam, the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity increased. The coefficient of thermal linear expansion was dependent on the ratio of the components, reaching the lowest value for the composites with a minimum binder content.

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27

Leonova, Nataliia, and Yuliia Serdiuchenko. "SOME THEMATIC GROUPS OF MINOR GENRE FORMS OF INFORMATION. SYNTACTIC FEATURES." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 11(79) (September 29, 2021): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-11(79)-135-139.

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The tendency to increase the speed of transmission of relevant information in specific genre information units is growing nowadays. The article attempts to identify and describe the main syntactic features of some thematic groups of minor genre forms of information (hereinafter referred to as MGFI). It is noted that, acting as only one part of the intonation structure in the sentence, vocative structures of minor genre forms mostly do not require additional disclosure of their content in the context. We single out non-textual existing vocatives belonging to the MGFI of the modern Ukrainian language, which are used in order to attract the attention of an addressee of speech, to encourage them to perceive speech. Syntactic features of genre forms of information related to the communicative component of the information message: announcements, appeals, prohibitions, information distribution and encouragement to perform an action or a requirement not to perform it in any case. The study deals with the structure and functions of announcements of different types as one of the types of minor genre forms of information, their features as syntactic structures. The structural and morphological features of vocative addresses in minor genre forms of periodical information are also analysed.

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Viot, Philippe, Ali Chirazi, Michel Dumon, Dominique Bernard, and V. Fascio. "Ex-Situ Study of Polymeric Syntactic Foams Mechanical Response Under Compression Loading: Effects of Foam Microstructure Using Microtomography Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.42.

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Syntactic foams are widely used in many impact-absorbing applications and can be employed as sandwich core. To improve their mechanical performances, these composite sandwich structures have to be modelled. This approach requires the characterisation of the foam behaviour. Moreover, the microstructure of the syntactic foam has an influence on its macroscopic behaviour; the foam density, the diameter of the porosities, their distribution in the material have to be taken into account.

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29

Altenaiji, Mohamed, Zhong Wei Guan, W. Cantwell, and Y. Y. Zhao. "Characterisation of Aluminium Matrix Syntactic Foams Dynamic Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (June 2014): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.449.

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It is a challenging task to develop a lightweight but also strong material with energy absorption capability to be used in vehicles to withstand impact and blast. This paper reports the research results on Aluminium syntactic foams as possible core materials for protection of military vehicles. In order to optimize their mechanical performance the characterisation of the foam behaviour at high strain rates and identification of the underlying mechanisms have been conducted. Mechanical tests were carried out on syntactic foams under high strain rate compression loading. The drop weight and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) techniques have been used to obtain data on the material behaviour under dynamic loading conditions. It was found that some samples show 30% higher plateau stress in the drop weight test than that of the quasi-static compression. In addition, it was found that the energy absorption of the aluminium matrix syntactic foam is higher than that of the ordinary aluminium foam. Experimental results from the above investigation are compared with the finite element predictions under the same loading conditions. Reasonably good correlation is obtained. The discussion on developing numerical modelling and the related validation are also given.

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30

Taherishargh, Mehdi, Bálint Katona, Thomas Fiedler, and Imre Norbert Orbulov. "Fatigue properties of expanded perlite/aluminum syntactic foams." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316654305.

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The main purpose of this paper is to present the basic fatigue properties of metal matrix syntactic foams. The investigated syntactic foams consisting of expanded perlite and A356 aluminum matrix were produced using an inert gas pressure infiltration technique. The obtained foams were subjected to cyclic compressive loading in order to investigate their fatigue properties. The standard procedure for cyclic fatigue testing was slightly modified to account for the variation of porosity and strength which is typical for metallic foam samples. This approach allows the direct comparison of the fatigue test results between all investigated samples. Depending on the applied load level, two different failure mechanisms were identified that resulted in characteristic deformation – loading cycle curves. The failure mechanisms were further investigated on the microstructural scale: traces of fatigue beachmarks and extensive plastic deformation were found. Furthermore, Wöhler-like deformation – lifetime diagrams were created in order to predict the expected lifetime of the properties of metal matrix syntactic foams .

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31

Qian, Chenhao, Chen Liang, Ziyang He, and Weixi Ji. "Effect of Layer Thickness in Layered Aluminum Matrix Syntactic Foam." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244172.

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This work experimentally investigates the effect of layered structure on the static and impact response of a new layered syntactic foam developed for impact energy absorption. The layered syntactic foam had the same density of 1.6 g/cm3 and the same components of 50% large spheres (L) and 50% small spheres (S) with different structures from two layers to five layers. The impact response and energy absorption were investigated by drop-weight impact tests. Under static loading, more layers led to higher yield stress and lower energy absorption. There were three types of progressive failures of layered syntactic form under impact loading. The failure propagation was examined and found to be dependent on the layer number and impact energy. Interestingly, layered syntactic foam absorbed more energy than both of its components in terms of ductility. The ductility of layered syntactic foam decreased with the increase in layer number. The peak stress of layered syntactic foam increased with the increase in layer number. Two-layered syntactic foam LS had the highest ductility under 60 J/g impact, as well as an energy absorption of 35 J/g, compared to other layered syntactic foams. Specifically, its component L had a ductility under 70 J/g and an energy absorption of 25 J/g, while component S had a ductility under 10 J/g and an energy absorption of 10 J/g.

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Kaur, Mandip, and LS Jayakumari. "Novel bio-based epoxidized cardanol/cenosphere syntactic foams." High Performance Polymers 29, no. 7 (July 6, 2016): 785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316656923.

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Cenosphere-filled epoxidized cardanol syntactic foams were fabricated using stir-casting technique: 10–40 wt% of cenosphere was mixed gradually in several steps in order to avoid any damage of the cenosphere. The syntactic foams were cured at room temperature for a day followed by postcure for 3 h at 100°C. Completion of the cure reaction was ascertained using differential scanning calorimetry of the fresh sample and postcured sample. Homogeneous distribution of cenosphere was confirmed with the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. The fracture mechanism was also analysed using SEM image of the compression failed sample. Thermal, hygrothermal and compressive properties of the syntactic foams were studied. Epoxidized cardanol-based syntactic foams were found to have lower density, good thermal stability and higher char residue as revealed from the thermogravimetric analysis result. The yield strength decreased with the increase in cenosphere. The specific modulus was optimum for 30% loading of cenosphere and it increased by 42% in comparison to the neat sample. Hygrothermal studies conducted using deionized water and sea water at room and high temperature conditions revealed stability and lower water absorption. The bio-based syntactic foams derived from cardanol promised sustainable path for the preparation of light-weight foam core materials.

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Altenaiji, Mohamed, Graham K. Schleyer, and Yo Yang Zhao. "Characterisation of Aluminium Matrix Syntactic Foams under Static and Dynamic Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.142.

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Development of a lightweight, strong and energy-absorbing material that has potential application for the protection of vehicles and occupants against impact and blast, is a difficult challenge facing the materials community. Aluminium matrix syntactic foams will be investigated as a possible core material as part of a multi-layered protection system for military vehicles. Aluminium matrix syntactic foams are composite materials consisting of an aluminium matrix implanted with hollow or porous ceramic particles. This paper investigates the mechanical properties of aluminium matrix syntactic foam with different sizes of ceramic micro-spheres and different grades of aluminium, fabricated by the pressure infiltration method. The static crushing behaviour of the foam was investigated under two test conditions using an Instron 4505 machine. Results are compared and discussed. The dynamic compressive response was investigated using a drop-weight impact test machine. It was found that the particle size of the ceramic micro-spheres and the grade of the aluminium metal have a significant effect on the energy absorption capacity of the material. The compressive strength of the syntactic foam was found to increase with increasing compressive strength of the metal matrix.

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Taherishargh, M., I. V. Belova, G. E. Murch, and T. Fiedler. "Pumice/aluminium syntactic foam." Materials Science and Engineering: A 635 (May 2015): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.061.

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Petkova-Slipets, Rositsa, and Penka Zlateva. "An Analysis of the Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Hollow Microsphere Filled Syntactic Foams." Civil and Environmental Engineering 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2019-0006.

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AbstractThe influence of types and parameters of hollow microspheres in the composition of syntactic foams on their structure and coefficient of thermal conductivity has been studied. By using structural and thermal analysis it has been found that the volume concentration and the size of the ceramic and glass hollow microspheres have a strong impact on the density and thermophysical properties of the thin syntactic foams coatings. It has been shown that the best heat insulating properties belong to syntactic foam with composition of 60 vol. % ceramic microspheres with particle size of 1 - 40 μm (k = 0.029 W/m·K, R = 0.008 (m2·K)/W) and with composition of 80 vol. % glass hollow microspheres with particle size of 9 - 25 μm (k = 0.087 W/m·K, R = 0.008 (m2·K)/W). The results demonstrate that application of syntactic foams as thin insulating coatings is appropriate and they are an energy efficient material with number of benefits compare with the common thermal insulators.

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Higuchi, Masahiro, Tadaharu Adachi, Yuto Yokochi, and Kenta Fujimoto. "Controlling of Distribution of Mechanical Properties in Functionally-Graded Syntactic Foams for Impact Energy Absorption." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.729.

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In the study, novel fabrication processes of functionally-graded (FG) syntactic foams were developed to control distribution of the mechanical properties in the FG foams for highly impact energy absorption. In order to control mechanical properties, the density distributions in FG foams were graded by floating phenomenon of the light-weight micro-balloons in matrix resin during curing process. The density distribution in the foam could be controlled by adjusting the average volume fraction and the turning procedure of the mold before grading the micro-balloons in the foam. The compression tests of the fabricated FG foams suggested that the foams had high absorption of impact energy since the foams collapsed progressively due to the grading of the density distribution.

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Orbulov, Imre Norbert, and Kornél Májlinger. "Characterisation of Hybrid Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams." Materials Science Forum 812 (February 2015): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.812.219.

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High quality aluminium matrix syntactic foams (AMSFs) were produced by pressure infiltration. This method can ensure the maximal volume fraction of the reinforcing hollow spheres and very low amount of unwanted or matrix porosities. By this method hybrid MMSFs with mixed metal and ceramic hollow spheres were also produced. The matrix material was AlSi12 alloy and two different types – produced by Hollomet GmbH in Germany – of hollow spheres were used: Globomet (GM) and Globocer (GC). The geometrical properties of the hollow spheres were similar (average outer diameter), but their base material was pure iron and Al2O3+SiO2 in the case of GM and GC hollow spheres respectively. The volume fraction of the reinforcing hollow spheres were maintained at ~65 vol%, but the ratio of them was altered in 20% steps (100% GM + 0% GC, 80% GM + 20% GC...). The results of the compression tests showed, that the compressive strength, yield strength, plateau strength, structural stiffness and the absorbed mechanical energy values increased with higher ceramic hollow sphere reinforcement ratio. The fracture strains of the investigated MMSFs decreased with the higher GC ratio. Generally the strength values also increased with higher diameter to height (H/D) ratio from H/D=1 to H/D=1.5 and 2.

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Kannan, Sathish, Salman Pervaiz, Muhammad Pervej Jahan, and DoraiSwamy Venkatraghaven. "Cryogenic Drilling of AZ31 Magnesium Syntactic Foams." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 4094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184094.

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Machined surface quality and integrity affect the corrosion performance of AZ31 magnesium composites. These novel materials are preferred for temporary orthopedic and vascular implants. In this paper, the drilling performance of AZ31-magnesium reinforced with hollow alumina microsphere syntactic foam under LN2 cryogenic, dry, and Almag® Oil is presented. Cutting tests were conducted using TiAlN physical vapor deposition (PVD) coated multilayer carbide and K10 uncoated carbide twist drills. AZ31 magnesium matrices were reinforced with hollow alumina ceramic microspheres with varying volume fractions (5%, 10%, 15%) and average bubble sizes. Experimental results showed that the drilling thrust forces increased by 250% with increasing feed rate (0.05 to 0.6 mm/tooth) and 46% with the increasing volume fraction of alumina microspheres (5% to 15%). Cryogenic machining generated 45% higher thrust forces compared to dry and wet machining. The higher the volume fraction and the finer the average size of hollow microspheres, the higher were the thrust forces. Cryogenic machining (0.42 µm) produced a 75% improvement in surface roughness (Ra) values compared to wet machining (1.84 µm) with minimal subsurface machining-induced defects. Surface quality deteriorated by 129% with an increasing volume fraction of alumina microspheres (0.61 µm to 1.4 µm). Burr height reduction of 53% was achieved with cryogenic machining (60 µm) compared to dry machining (130 µm). Overall, compared to dry and wet machining methods, cryogenic drilling can be employed for the machining of AZ31 magnesium syntactic foams to achieve good surface quality and integrity.

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Mylavarapu, Phani, and Eyassu Woldesenbet. "Characterization of Syntactic Foams — An Ultrasonic Approach." Journal of Cellular Plastics 44, no. 3 (May 2008): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x07087330.

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Marur, Prabhakar R. "Computation of tensile strength of syntactic foams." International Journal of Materials and Structural Integrity 7, no. 1/2/3 (2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmsi.2013.055107.

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Islam, Md Mainul, and Ho Sung Kim. "Manufacture of Syntactic Foams: Pre-Mold Processing." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910601015857.

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Orbulov, Imre Norbert. "Compressive properties of aluminium matrix syntactic foams." Materials Science and Engineering: A 555 (October 2012): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.032.

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Bardella, Lorenzo, and Francesco Genna. "On the elastic behavior of syntactic foams." International Journal of Solids and Structures 38, no. 40-41 (October 2001): 7235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(00)00228-6.

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Bunn, P., and J. T. Mottram. "Manufacture and compression properties of syntactic foams." Composites 24, no. 7 (October 1993): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(93)90270-i.

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Orbulov, Imre Norbert, and János Ginsztler. "Compressive characteristics of metal matrix syntactic foams." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 43, no. 4 (April 2012): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.01.008.

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Ullas, A. V., Bariya Qayyum, Devendra Kumar, and Prasun K. Roy. "Electrospun Polyamide Nanofiber-Reinforced Hybrid Syntactic Foams." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 55, no. 17 (May 23, 2016): 1797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1163590.

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47

Gladysz, G. M., K. K. Chawla, and A. R. Boccaccini. "Preface: syntactic and composite foams special section." Journal of Materials Science 47, no. 15 (May 1, 2012): 5625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6503-2.

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Karthikeyan, Chedarampet S., Sundaram Sankaran, and Kishore. "Flexural Behaviour of Fibre-Reinforced Syntactic Foams." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 290, no. 1 (January 14, 2005): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.200400177.

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49

Gladysz, G. M., B. Perry, G. Mceachen, and J. Lula. "Three-phase syntactic foams: structure-property relationships." Journal of Materials Science 41, no. 13 (July 2006): 4085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-7646-9.

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50

Seamark, M. J. "Use of Syntactic Foams for Subsea Buoyancy." Cellular Polymers 10, no. 4 (July 1991): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939101000404.

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