Academic literature on the topic 'Synoptic transport equation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Synoptic transport equation"
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Dai, Panxi, and Ji Nie. "A Global Quasigeostrophic Diagnosis of Extratropical Extreme Precipitation." Journal of Climate 33, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 9629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0146.1.
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AbstractThis paper presents a global picture of the dynamic processes and synoptic characteristics of extratropical extreme precipitation events (EPEs), defined as annual maximum daily precipitation averaged over 7.5° × 7.5° regional boxes. Based on the quasigeostrophic omega equation, extreme precipitation can be decomposed into components forced by large-scale adiabatic disturbances and amplified by diabatic heating feedback. The spatial distribution of the diabatic feedback parameter is largely controlled by atmospheric precipitable water and captured by a simple model. Most spatial heterogeneities of EPEs in the middle and high latitudes are due to the spatial variations of large-scale adiabatic forcing. The adiabatic component includes the processes of vorticity advection, in which the synoptic vorticity advection by background wind dominates; temperature advection, in which the total meridional temperature advection by synoptic wind dominates; and boundary forcing. The synoptic patterns of EPEs in all extratropical regions can be classified into six clusters using the self-organizing map method: two clusters in low latitudes and four clusters in middle and high latitudes. Synoptic disturbances are characterized by strong pressure anomalies throughout the troposphere over the coastal regions and oceans and feature upper-level shortwave disturbances and a large westward tilt with height over land. Synoptic configurations favor moisture transport from ocean to land over coastal regions.
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Song, Dehai, Wen Wu, and Qiang Li. "Effects of Wave–Current Interactions on Bay–Shelf Exchange." Journal of Physical Oceanography 51, no. 5 (May 2021): 1637–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0222.1.
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AbstractBay–shelf exchange is critical to coastal systems because it promotes self-purification or pollution dilution of the systems. In this study, the effects of wave–current interactions on bay–shelf exchange are explored in a micromesotidal system—Daya Bay in southern China. Waves can enlarge the shear-induced seaward transport and reduce the residual-current-induced landward transport, which benefits the bay–shelf exchange; however, tides work oppositely and slow the wave-induced bay–shelf exchange through vertical mixing and reduced shear-induced exchange. Five wave–current interactions are compared, and it is found that the depth-dependent wave radiation stress (WRS) contributes most to the bay–shelf exchange, followed by the wave dissipation as a source term in the turbulence kinetic energy equation, and the mean current advection and refraction of wave energy (CARWE). The vertical transfer of wave-generated pressure to the mean momentum equation (also known as the form drag) and the combined wave–current bottom stress (CWCBS) play minor roles in the bay–shelf exchange. The bay–shelf exchange is faster under southerly wind than under northerly wind because the bay is facing southeast; synoptic events such as storms enhance the bay–shelf exchange. The CARWE terms are dominant in both seasonal and synoptic variations of the bay–shelf exchange because they can considerably change the distribution of significant wave height. The WRS changes the bay–shelf exchange mainly through altering the flow velocity, whereas the wave dissipation on turbulence alters the vertical mixing. The form drag and the CWCBS have little impact on the bay–shelf exchange or its seasonal and synoptic variations.
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Parazoo, N. C., A. S. Denning, S. R. Kawa, K. D. Corbin, R. S. Lokupitiya, and I. T. Baker. "Mechanisms for synoptic variations of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in North America, South America and Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 23 (December 10, 2008): 7239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7239-2008.
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Abstract. Synoptic variations of atmospheric CO2 produced by interactions between weather and surface fluxes are investigated mechanistically and quantitatively in midlatitude and tropical regions using continuous in-situ CO2 observations in North America, South America and Europe and forward chemical transport model simulations with the Parameterized Chemistry Transport Model. Frontal CO2 climatologies show consistently strong, characteristic frontal CO2 signals throughout the midlatitudes of North America and Europe. Transitions between synoptically identifiable CO2 air masses or transient spikes along the frontal boundary typically characterize these signals. One case study of a summer cold front shows CO2 gradients organizing with deformational flow along weather fronts, producing strong and spatially coherent variations. In order to differentiate physical and biological controls on synoptic variations in midlatitudes and a site in Amazonia, a boundary layer budget equation is constructed to break down boundary layer CO2 tendencies into components driven by advection, moist convection, and surface fluxes. This analysis suggests that, in midlatitudes, advection is dominant throughout the year and responsible for 60–70% of day-to-day variations on average, with moist convection contributing less than 5%. At a site in Amazonia, vertical mixing, in particular coupling between convective transport and surface CO2 flux, is most important, with advection responsible for 26% of variations, moist convection 32% and surface flux 42%. Transport model sensitivity experiments agree with budget analysis. These results imply the existence of a recharge-discharge mechanism in Amazonia important for controlling synoptic variations of boundary layer CO2, and that forward and inverse simulations should take care to represent moist convective transport. Due to the scarcity of tropical observations at the time of this study, results in Amazonia are not generalized for the tropics, and future work should extend analysis to additional tropical locations.
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Markkanen, Johannes, and Jessica Agarwal. "Scattering, absorption, and thermal emission by large cometary dust particles: Synoptic numerical solution." Astronomy & Astrophysics 631 (November 2019): A164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936235.
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Context. Remote light scattering and thermal infrared observations provide clues about the physical properties of cometary and interplanetary dust particles. Identifying these properties will lead to a better understanding of the formation and evolution of the Solar System. Aims. We present a numerical solution for the radiative and conductive heat transport in a random particulate medium enclosed by an arbitrarily shaped surface. The method will be applied to study thermal properties of cometary dust particles. Methods. The recently introduced incoherent Monte Carlo radiative transfer method developed for scattering, absorption, and propagation of electromagnetic waves in dense discrete random media is extended for radiative heat transfer and thermal emission. The solution is coupled with the conductive Fourier transport equation that is solved with the finite-element method. Results. The proposed method allows the synoptic analysis of light scattering and thermal emission by large cometary dust particles consisting of submicrometer-sized grains. In particular, we show that these particles can sustain significant temperature gradients resulting in the superheating factor phase function observed for the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
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Parazoo, N., A. Denning, S. Kawa, K. Corbin, R. Lokupitiya, and I. Baker. "Mechanisms for synoptic transport of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in the midlatitudes and tropics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 20, 2008): 12197–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-12197-2008.
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Abstract. Synoptic variations of CO2 mixing ratio produced by interactions between weather and surface fluxes are investigated mechanistically and quantitatively in midlatitude and tropical regions using continuous in-situ CO2 observations in North America, South America and Europe and forward chemical transport model simulations with the Parameterized Chemistry Transport Model. Frontal CO2 climatologies show consistently strong, characteristic frontal CO2 signals throughout the midlatitudes of North America and Europe. Transitions between synoptically identifiable CO2 air masses or transient spikes along the frontal boundary typically characterize these signals. One case study of a summer cold front shows that CO2 gradients organize with deformational flow along weather fronts producing strong and spatially coherent variations. A boundary layer budget equation is constructed in order to determine contributions to boundary layer CO2 tendencies by horizontal and vertical advection, moist convection, and biological and anthropogenic surface fluxes. Analysis of this equation suggests that, in midlatitudes, advection is responsible for 50–90% of the amplitude of frontal variations in the summer, depending on upstream influences, and 50% of all day-to-day variations throughout the year. Simulations testing sensitivity to local cloud and surface fluxes further suggest that horizontal advection is a major source of CO2 variability in midlatitudes. In the tropics, coupling between convective transport and surface CO2 flux is most important. Due to the scarcity of tropical observations available at the time of this study, future work should extend such mechanistic analysis to additional tropical locations.
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Ancona, M. G. "Hydrodynamic Models of Semiconductor Electron Transport at High Fields." VLSI Design 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/85107.
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Hydrodynamic or continuum descriptions of electron transport have long been used for modeling and simulating semiconductor devices. In this paper, we use classical field theory ideas to discuss the physical foundations of such descriptions as applied specifically to high-field transport regimes. The classical field theory development of these types of models is of interest because it differs significantly from and may be viewed as complementary to conventional derivations based on the Boltzmann equation: After outlining the general field theoretic principles upon which our development of fluid-based high-field transport descriptions is based, we study several specific models both analytically and using numerical simulation. These models provide an overall framework for understanding and extending various theories which have appeared in the literature. Most importantly, they emphasize the importance of including memory or history effects and viscosity in describing high-field transport. In all of this our aim is a unified and synoptic view unencumbered with microscopic details. Obtaining quantitative agreement with specific experiments and/or microscopic simulations is only of secondary importance. We share the view that continuum approaches can provide succinct and computationally-efficient models needed for current and future semiconductor device analysis and engineering. At the same time, we believe that these models need not be phenomenological but can be given solid physical foundation in macroscopic principles.
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Chen, Baode, Wen-wen Tung, and Michio Yanai. "Multiscale Temporal Mean Features of Perturbation Kinetic Energy and Its Budget in the Tropics: Review and Computation." Meteorological Monographs 56 (May 1, 2016): 8.1–8.23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-15-0017.1.
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Abstract The authors examined the maintenance mechanisms of perturbation kinetic energy (PKE) in the tropical regions for multiple time scales by computing and analyzing its budget equation. The emphasis has been placed on the mean features of synoptic and subseasonal variabilities using a 33-yr dataset. From analysis of the contributions from u-wind and υ-wind components, the PKE maximum in the Indian Ocean is attributed less to synoptic variability and more to intraseasonal variability in which the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) dominates; however, there is strong evidence of seasonal variability affiliated with the Asian monsoon systems. The ones in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are closely related to both intraseasonal and synoptic variability that result from the strong MJO and the relatively large amplitude of equatorial waves. The maintenance of the PKE budget mainly depends on the structure of time mean horizontal flows, the location of convection, and the transport of PKE from the extratropics. In the regions with strong convective activities, such as the eastern Indian Ocean to the western Pacific, the production of PKE occurs between 700 and 200 hPa at the expense of perturbation available potential energy (PAPE), which is generated by convective heating. This gain in PKE is largely offset by divergence of the geopotential component of vertical energy flux; that is, it is redistributed to the upper- and lower-atmospheric layers by the pressure field. Strong PKE generation through the horizontal convergence of the extratropical energy flux takes place in the upper troposphere over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, and is largely balanced by a PKE loss due to barotropic conversion, which is determined solely by the sign of longitudinal stretching deformation. However, over the Indian Ocean, there is a net PKE loss due to divergence of energy flux, which is compensated by PKE gain through the shear generation.
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Belikov, D., S. Maksyutov, T. Miyasaka, T. Saeki, R. Zhuravlev, and B. Kiryushov. "Mass-conserving tracer transport modelling on a reduced latitude-longitude grid." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 3, no. 4 (October 20, 2010): 1737–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-3-1737-2010.
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Abstract. The need to perform long-term simulations with reasonable accuracy has led to the development of mass-conservative and efficient numerical methods for solving the transport equation in forward and inverse models. We designed and implemented a flux-form (Eulerian) tracer transport algorithm in the National Institute for Environmental Studies Transport Model (NIES TM), which is used for simulating diurnal and synoptic-scale variations of tropospheric long-lived constituents, as well as their seasonal and inter-annual variability. Implementation of the flux-form method requires the mass conservative wind fields. However, the model is off-line and is driven by datasets from a global atmospheric model or data assimilation system, in which vertically integrated mass changes are not in balance with the surface pressure tendency and mass conservation is not achieved. To rectify the mass-imbalance, a flux-correction method is employed. To avoid singularity near the poles caused by the small grid size arising from the meridional convergence problem, the proposed model uses a reduced latitude-longitude grid scheme, in which the grid size is doubled several times approaching the poles. This approach overcomes the Courant condition in the Polar Regions, maintains a reasonably high integration time-step and ensures adequate model performance during simulations. To assess the model performance, we performed global transport simulations for SF6, 222Rn and CO2. The results were compared with observations available from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases, GLOBALVIEW and the Hateruma monitoring station, Japan. Overall, the results show that the proposed flux-form version of NIES TM can produce tropospheric tracer transport more realistically than previously possible. The reasons for this improvement are discussed.
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Belikov, D., S. Maksyutov, T. Miyasaka, T. Saeki, R. Zhuravlev, and B. Kiryushov. "Mass-conserving tracer transport modelling on a reduced latitude-longitude grid with NIES-TM." Geoscientific Model Development 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2011): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-207-2011.
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Abstract. The need to perform long-term simulations with reasonable accuracy has led to the development of mass-conservative and efficient numerical methods for solving the transport equation in forward and inverse models. We designed and implemented a flux-form (Eulerian) tracer transport algorithm in the National Institute for Environmental Studies Transport Model (NIES TM), which is used for simulating diurnal and synoptic-scale variations of tropospheric long-lived constituents, as well as their seasonal and inter-annual variability. Implementation of the flux-form method requires the mass conservative wind fields. However, the model is off-line and is driven by datasets from a global atmospheric model or data assimilation system, in which vertically integrated mass changes are not in balance with the surface pressure tendency and mass conservation is not achieved. To rectify the mass-imbalance, a flux-correction method is employed. To avoid a singularity near the poles, caused by the small grid size arising from the meridional convergence problem, the proposed model uses a reduced latitude–longitude grid scheme, in which the grid size is doubled several times approaching the poles. This approach overcomes the Courant condition in the Polar Regions, maintains a reasonably high integration time-step, and ensures adequate model performance during simulations. To assess the model performance, we performed global transport simulations for SF6, 222Rn, and CO2. The results were compared with observations available from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases, GLOBALVIEW, and the Hateruma monitoring station, Japan. Overall, the results show that the proposed flux-form version of NIES TM can produce tropospheric tracer transport more realistically than previously possible. The reasons for this improvement are discussed.
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Khouider, Boualem, Ying Han, Andrew J. Majda, and Samuel N. Stechmann. "Multiscale Waves in an MJO Background and Convective Momentum Transport Feedback." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 915–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0152.1.
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Abstract The authors use linear analysis for a simple model to study the evolution of convectively coupled waves (CCWs) in a background shear and background moisture mimicking the observed structure of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). This is motivated by the observation, in an idealized setting, of intraseasonal two-way interactions between CCWs and a background wind. It is found here that profiles with a bottom-heavy moisture content are more favorable to the development of mesoscale/squall line–like waves whereas synoptic-scale CCWs are typically more sensitive to the shear strength. The MJO envelope is thus divided into three regions, in terms of the types of CCWs that are favored: an onset region in front that is favorable to Kelvin waves, a mature or active region in the middle in which squall lines are prominent, and the stratiform and decay phase region in the back that is favorable to westward inertia–gravity (WIG) waves. A plausible convective momentum transport (CMT) feedback is then provided according to the results of the idealized two-way interaction model. The active region, in particular, coincides with the westerly wind burst where both Kelvin waves and squall lines are believed to play a significant role in both the deceleration of low-/high-level easterly/westerly winds and the acceleration of low-/high-level westerly/easterly winds. The WIG waves in the wake could be a precursor for a subsequent MJO event through the acceleration of low-/high-level easterly/westerly winds, which in turn favor Kelvin waves, and the cycle repeats. These results open interesting directions for future studies using observations and/or detailed numerical simulations using the full primitive equation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Synoptic transport equation"
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McCloughan, John Leslie. "Evolving Synoptic Maps of the solar magnetic field." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/485.
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McCloughan, John Leslie. "Evolving Synoptic Maps of the solar magnetic field." University of Sydney. Mathematics and Statistics, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/485.
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