Journal articles on the topic 'Synclia'
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Salles, Lise, Mary Ford, Philippe Joseph, Christian Le Carlier De Veslud, and Antoine Le Solleuz. "Migration of a synclinal depocentre from turbidite growth strata: the Annot syncline, SE France." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.3.199.
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AbstractThe Annot Sandstone turbidites of the Alpine foreland basin in SE France (Eocene-Oligocene: 40-32 Ma), provide an excellent case-study of tectono-sedimentary relations in a deepwater compressional system. The Annot outlier is a synclinal remnant previously interpreted as a static depocentre. A multi-disciplinary approach including geometrical and kinematic analyses and modelling demonstrates instead that this was a tectonically active turbidite depocentre where gentle thrust related folding controlled turbidite architecture.Stratigraphic and new structural field data are integrated with previous sedimentological studies to build a 3D geometric model of the Annot depocentre. Derived thickness maps associated with paleocurrent measurements clearly illustrate three main phases in the evolution of depocentre topography. (1) Early turbidite flows were mainly trapped by oblique intrabasinal inherited structures. (2) Once these structures were buried, the NNW-SSE active syncline constituted the main topographic control. (3) Decreasing activity of this syncline is recorded by filling and flow bypass. The progressive stages of the accepted depositional model (flow ponding, flow stripping and flow bypass), for the Annot depocentre, may therefore have a tectonic origin.The kinematic evolution of the synclinal depocentre was defined at different scales. Stratigraphic architecture records a decrease in bedding dips up through the turbidite succession on the western synclinal limb. Comparison with idealized case studies of the interaction of sedimentation with an active syncline indicates that this geometrical pattern corresponds to progressive westward migration of the synclinal hinge and depocentre. This tends to promote lateral rather than vertical stacking of sand bodies during turbidite sedimentation. Trishear kinematic modelling was used to simulate (in 2D) the rolling synclinal hinge. Stratigraphic surface geometries and turbidite depocentre migration define thrust and fold geometries at depth. The synclinal depocentre developed between two alternating or coeval fault propagation anticlines that exploited two detachment levels (Triassic evaporites and Cenomanian marls) in the underlying succession.
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Ge, Xu, Dameng Liu, Yidong Cai, and Yingjin Wang. "Gas Content Evaluation of Coalbed Methane Reservoir in the Fukang Area of Southern Junggar Basin, Northwest China by Multiple Geophysical Logging Methods." Energies 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071867.
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To study the gas potential of coalbed methane (CBM) in the Fukang area, southern Junggar Basin (SJB) of North China, different methods including multiple geophysical logging, the Kim method with proximate analysis data, and Langmuir adsorption were used to evaluate the gas content. Furthermore, the geological controls on gas content were evaluated. One hundred sixteen CBM wells with geophysical logging and 20 with field-measured gas content were adopted to assess the gas content in the Fukang area of SJB, NW China. The results show that the two geophysical logging variables (DEN and CNL) were favorable for evaluating the gas content due to the perfect correlation with the measured gas content. The gas content varies from 4.22 m3/t to 16.26 m3/t, and generally increases with increasing burial depth. The gas content in coal seams along the synclinal axis is significantly higher than that along the synclinal wing in the west zone. In the east zone, the gas content of the westward is higher than that of the eastward because of the fault coating effect by reverse fault. Generally, the gas content of the SJB is in the order of syncline > surrounding reverse fault > slope of syncline > slope of anticline > central of reverse fault, if only geological structure features are considered. The favorable areas for CBM concentration appear to be a composite gas controlling result of multiple geological factors. Two typical geological scenarios with low gas content and high gas content were revealed. In the Fukang area of SJB, the low gas content is mainly due to the normal fault and roof lithology of sandstone. The most favorable area of high gas content for CBM exploration and development is in the northeast, where reversed fault, synclinal axis, mudstone roof lithology, and burial depth coincide with high gas content.
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Roma, Maria, Oskar Vidal-Royo, Ken McClay, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz. "Tectonic inversion of salt-detached ramp-syncline basins as illustrated by analog modeling and kinematic restoration." Interpretation 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): T127—T144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0073.1.
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Salt-detached ramp-syncline basins are developed in extensional settings and are characterized by wide synclinal sedimentary basins detached on salt and formed above the hanging wall of active ramp-flat-ramp extensional faults. They are rarely fault bounded; instead, they are bounded by salt structures that are in general parallel to the major subsalt structures. As such, the formation of these extensional systems requires the presence of (1) a subsalt extensional fault with significant dip changes and (2) an evaporitic unit above the extensional fault, which partially or completely decouples the basin from a subsalt extensional fault. Salt-detached ramp-syncline basins have a significant exploration potential when their extensional geometry is preserved and when they have undergone positive tectonic inversion and consequent uplift and fold amplification. However, in some cases, their subsalt geometry may not be fully recognizable, especially when subsalt seismic imaging is poor. To obtain a deeper understanding of the geometry and kinematic evolution of these salt-detached ramp-syncline basins, we performed a series of analog modeling experiments, in which the models’ cross sections had been sequentially restored. Analog models and restoration results reveal that the kinematic evolution of the salt-detached ramp-syncline basins during extension and inversion depends on the interaction of different factors that may function simultaneously. Our results are used to improve the interpretation of seismic sections in inverted Mesozoic salt-detached ramp-syncline basins on the Atlantic margins, where subsalt faults are not well-imaged, and thus the suprasalt geometries must be used to infer the subsalt structure.
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Ford, M., and J. Vergés. "Evolution of a salt-rich transtensional rifted margin, eastern North Pyrenees, France." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 1 (September 4, 2020): jgs2019–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2019-157.
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In this field study we reinterpret the narrow eastern North Pyrenean Zone, France, as an inverted salt-rich transtensional rift system based on identification of halokinetic depositional sequences across rift platform to distal rift margin domains with a cumulative throw of >2.8 km on steep Cretaceous faults. The rift platform records extension on detached rotational faults above Triassic evaporites from Jurassic to Aptian with uplift and erosion during the Albian. Transtensional Aptian–Albian minibasins align along the salt-rich rift margin fault zone. In the Aptian–Albian main rift large en echelon synclinal minibasins developed between salt walls, although Jurassic diapiric evolution is likely. Upper Cretaceous units locally record continuing diapirism. The Boucheville and Bas Agly depocentres, altered by synrift HT metamorphism, form the distal rift domain terminating south against the North Pyrenean Fault. The narrowness of the Pyrenean rift, shape of minibasins, en echelon oblique synclinal depocentres and folds coupled with a discontinuous distribution and intensity of HT metamorphism support a transtensional regime along the Iberia–Europe plate margin during late Early and early Late Cretaceous. In this model, the distal European margin comprises deep faults limiting laterally discontinuous crustal domains and ‘hot’ pull-apart basins with mantle rocks directly beneath sedimentary cover.Supplementary material: A table summarizing the stratigraphy of the NE Pyrenees and an interpreted Google Earth view of the Quillan syncline and minibasin are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5100036
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Vu, Ly P., Camila Prieto, Elianna Amin, Gerard Minuesa, Sagar Chhangawala, Maria J. Vidal, Andrei V. Krivtsov, et al. "RNA Binding Protein Syncrip Regulates the Leukemia Stem Cell Program." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.739.739.
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Abstract RNA binding proteins (RBPs) tightly control mRNA abundance, stability and translation while mutations or altered expression of specific factors can drive malignancy. Yet, the identity of the RBPs that govern myeloid stem cells remains poorly characterized. We and others have recently demonstrated that MUSASHI-2 (MSI2) is a central regulator of the cancer stem cell program in myeloid leukemia. Therefore, we curated a list of 127 MSI2 direct protein interactors and associated genes to perform an in vivo shRNA screen using MLL-AF9 leukemia cells. We identified shRNAs corresponding to 24 genes that were significantly depleted in vivo after sequencing and comparing their representation from day 16 to day 0. We confirmed knockdown and demonstrated marked reduction in myeloid colony formation in vitro after depleting 7 hits identified in our screen. Additionally, we tested these genes in normal bone marrow c-Kit positive cells and found that the most differentially required gene in leukemia cells compared to normal cells was SYNCRIP (Synaptotagmin-binding, cytoplasmic RNA-interacting protein). SYNCRIP is an RNA binding protein that has been implicated in various RNA regulatory processes but its role in the hematopoietic system is virtually unknown. Depletion of SYNCRIP with shRNAs in murine MLL-AF9 leukemia cells resulted in an increase in myeloid differentiation, apoptosis and delayed leukemogenesis in vivo (median survival of 35 days; control versus 61 days shRNA#1 knockdown was selected against, and "not reached" shRNA#2). To further assess SYNCRIP function in vivo, we developed a germline Syncrip knockout (KO) by injecting Cas9-DNA and Syncrip - guides RNAs into embryos and harvested E13 fetal liver cells. After Syncrip deletion was verified by immunoblotting, we observed normal numbers of HSCs and equivalent engraftment in lethally irradiated animals in both primary and secondary transplants. In contrast, we observed a delay in leukemeogenesis (median survival of 87.5 days; WT versus 118 days KO) in recipient mice after transplantation of MLL-AF9 transformed LSKs. Notably, non-deleted leukemia cells outcompeted the SYNCRIP deleted cells based on a reemergence of SYNCRIP expression. These data suggest that SYNCRIP is differentially required in myeloid leukemia cells compared to normal cells. Furthermore, we found that SYNCRIP was highly expressed in wide variety of human AML cell lines and in primary AML patients (n=4/5). SYNCRIP depletion with shRNAs resulted in reduced cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in human AML cell lines (MOLM13, NOMO-1, KASUMI-1 and NB4) and a marked decrease in engraftment of primary AML patient cells. To gain insights into SYNCRIP function, we performed RNA-sequencing of leukemia cells depleted for SYNCRIP. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) negatively enriched for the MLL-AF9, HOXA9 and stem cell programs in SYNCRIP-KD cells and positively enriched for MSI2's direct mRNA binding targets and a MSI2 deficient LSC signature. Reciprocal immunoblotting in the presence or absence of RNAse demonstrated that SYNCRIP and MSI2 interaction is RNA dependent. We validated their shared targets by performing SYNCRIP RNA-immunoprecipitation (RIP) for previously identified MSI2's direct mRNAs targets (HOXA9 and c-MYC). SYNCRIP depletion resulted in reduced protein abundance of HOXA9 and c-MYC. Forced MSI2 expression partially rescued the colony formation and HOXA9 expression in SYNCRIP-KD cells. To assess the functional downstream targets of SYNCRIP in leukemia, we overexpressed HOXA9 and c-MYC in SYNCRIP-KD cells and observed that HOXA9 expression but not c-MYC partially rescues the effect of SYNCRIP depletion on myeloid colony formation. Mechanistically, we showed that SYNCRIP regulates translation of HOXA9 without affecting HoxA9 mRNA stability. Overall, we provide a strategy for interrogating the functional RNA binding network in leukemia using shRNA screening. Additionally, we validated SYNCRIP as a novel RBP that controls the leukemia stem cell program and propose that targeting these functional complexes might provide a novel therapeutic strategy in myeloid leukemia. Disclosures Melnick: Janssen: Research Funding. Levine:Novartis: Consultancy; Qiagen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Järås:Cantargia AB: Equity Ownership.
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Grube, Martin, and Anders Tehler. "Syncesia (Arthoniales, Euascomycetidae)." Bryologist 102, no. 3 (1999): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3244239.
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Mela, Alexander P., Adriana M. Rico-Ramírez, and N. Louise Glass. "Syncytia in Fungi." Cells 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102255.
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Filamentous fungi typically grow as interconnected multinucleate syncytia that can be microscopic to many hectares in size. Mechanistic details and rules that govern the formation and function of these multinucleate syncytia are largely unexplored, including details on syncytial morphology and the regulatory controls of cellular and molecular processes. Recent discoveries have revealed various adaptations that enable fungal syncytia to accomplish coordinated behaviors, including cell growth, nuclear division, secretion, communication, and adaptation of the hyphal network for mixing nuclear and cytoplasmic organelles. In this review, we highlight recent studies using advanced technologies to define rules that govern organizing principles of hyphal and colony differentiation, including various aspects of nuclear and mitochondrial cooperation versus competition. We place these findings into context with previous foundational literature and present still unanswered questions on mechanistic aspects, function, and morphological diversity of fungal syncytia across the fungal kingdom.
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Filipecki, Marcin, Marek Żurczak, Mateusz Matuszkiewicz, Magdalena Święcicka, Wojciech Kurek, Jarosław Olszewski, Marek Daniel Koter, Douglas Lamont, and Mirosław Sobczak. "Profiling the Proteome of Cyst Nematode-Induced Syncytia on Tomato Roots." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 12147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212147.
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Cyst nematodes are important herbivorous pests in agriculture that obtain nutrients through specialized root structures termed syncytia. Syncytium initiation, development, and functioning are a research focus because syncytia are the primary interface for molecular interactions between the host plant and parasite. The small size and complex development (over approximately two weeks) of syncytia hinder precise analyses, therefore most studies have analyzed the transcriptome of infested whole-root systems or syncytia-containing root segments. Here, we describe an effective procedure to microdissect syncytia induced by Globodera rostochiensis from tomato roots and to analyze the syncytial proteome using mass spectrometry. As little as 15 mm2 of 10-µm-thick sections dissected from 30 syncytia enabled the identification of 100–200 proteins in each sample, indicating that mass-spectrometric methods currently in use achieved acceptable sensitivity for proteome profiling of microscopic samples of plant tissues (approximately 100 µg). Among the identified proteins, 48 were specifically detected in syncytia and 7 in uninfected roots. The occurrence of approximately 50% of these proteins in syncytia was not correlated with transcript abundance estimated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis. The functional categories of these proteins confirmed that protein turnover, stress responses, and intracellular trafficking are important components of the proteome dynamics of developing syncytia.
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Joffe, BI, IV Solovei, KB Sewell, and LRG Cannon. "Organization of the Epidermal Syncytial Mosaic in Diceratocephala-Boschmai (Temnocephalida, Platyhelminthes)." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 5 (1995): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950509.
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The epidermis of Diceratocephala boschmai Baer, 1952 (Temnocephalida : Platyhelminthes) was studied using silver-nitrate staining and electron microscopy. The epidermis consists of six syncytia separated by lateral membranes: the frontal, trunk, stalk, adhesive disc syncytia, and a pair of post-tentacular syncytia. Neighbouring syncytia differ in many characters including (1) the presence or absence of locomotory cilia, (2) the degree of the differentiation of the apical cytoplasm layer, (3) the presence or absence of bundles of cytoskeletal filaments, imaginations of basal membrane and other specialised cytoplasmatic structures, (4) the abundance of hemidesmosomes at the basal membrane, and (5) the abundance and nature of gland ducts penetrating the syncytium. These structural differences reflect functional differences between the syncytia. Thus, multisyncytial organisation of the epidermis may be explained by functional differences between the syncytia. Only between the frontal and trunk syncytia has no apparent ultrastructural difference been found.
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Sylwester, A., D. Wessels, S. A. Anderson, R. Q. Warren, D. C. Shutt, R. C. Kennedy, and D. R. Soll. "HIV-induced syncytia of a T cell line form single giant pseudopods and are motile." Journal of Cell Science 106, no. 3 (November 1, 1993): 941–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.106.3.941.
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The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, induces syncytium formation in cultures of many T cell lines. These syncytia have previously been viewed as disorganized fusion products in the throes of death. Evidence is presented that in HIV1-infected SupT1 cultures, syncytia five times to over one hundred times larger than single cells organize their many nuclei into blastula-like balls, reorganize their cytoskeleton to mimic that of a single cell, and extend single, giant pseudopods in a polar fashion. Medium-sized syncytia are capable of translocation through extension of these giant pseudopods. The rate of translocation of syncytia is comparable to that of single cells. Single cell motility, syncytium motility and pseudopod extension also appear to play roles in the recruitment of cells into syncytia. Finally, condensation of F-actin at cell-syncytium and syncytium-syncytium adhesion sites suggests the involvement of the cytoskeleton in the adhesion and/or subsequent fusion event. These results suggest that the fusion events involved in HIV-induced syncytia formation involve both cell motility and reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and demonstrate that syncytia are highly organized, motile entities.
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Chavez, Florisela Herrejon, Paolo Cifani, Alli Pine, Karen L. Chu, Ersilia Barin, Alexandra Schurer, Hanzhi Luo, et al. "RNA Binding Protein Syncrip Is Required for the Low-Output HSC By Sustaining Proteome Quality." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-147575.
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Abstract RNA binding proteins (RBPs) have been increasingly recognized as an important class of regulators of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. However, the exact function and underpinning mechanisms of the RBPs that govern hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remains poorly characterized. We had previously identified SYNCRIP as a critical RBP that controls leukemia stem cell program in myeloid leukemia. Here, using the novel murine genetic conditional knockout (cKO) model, we delineated the role of SYNCRIP in regulating the low-output HSC. We developed a Syncrip cKO allele and crossed Syncripf/f mice to the interferon (IFN) -a-inducible Mx-1-Cre mice to create Syncripf/f Mx-1-Cre+. We consistently obtained near complete depletion of SYNCRIP 3 weeks after two consecutive Poly(I:C) injections. We observed that SYNCRIP is dispensable for static hematopoiesis and Syncrip KO animals showed equivalent number and frequencies of stem and progenitor cells (Lin-Sca+cKit+ (LSK)- LT-HSC (CD48-CD150+); MPP1 (CD48-CD150-); MPP2 (CD48+CD150+); MPP4 (CD48-CD150-)). However, KO SyncripD/D deficient cells were outcompeted by WT Syncripf/f cells in the transplantation setting (bone marrow (BM) chimerism WT (n=9) 38% ± 7.8% vs. KO (n=9) 2.7% ± 0.8%, p<0.001 at 16 weeks post-transplant) and completely lost their ability to repopulate in secondary recipient animals (WT (n=5) 58% ± 7.4% vs. KO (n=5) 7.2 %± 2.9%, p<0.001 at 16 weeks post-transplant). These data strongly indicate that SYNCRIP is critical for maintenance of long-term self-renewal of HSCs. To decipher the effect of Syncrip deletion on the transcriptomic changes in different cell types upon Syncrip loss, we performed single cell RNA sequencing analysis (scRNA-seq) of sorted LK cells (Lin-cKit+ cells) from KO SyncripD/D (n=3) vs. WT Syncrip f/f (n=3) mice. While there is no significant change in frequencies of stem and progenitor compartments, we found defective trajectory from the HSC that is closely identified as low-output HSC based on previously performed barcoding studies. We observed a strong activation of cellular response to stress and unfolded proteins, in particular the HSF1-dependent pathways upon Syncrip depletion specifically within the HSC population. To further investigate the impacts of SYNCRIP loss in the HSC unfolded protein stress response, we evaluated unfolded proteins in cells using tetraphenylethene maleimide (TMI)-based flow cytometry. The abundance of accessible thiols in unfolded proteins, which is bound by TMI serves as a surrogate measurement for the state of the unfolded proteome. We consistently observed almost 2.5-fold increase in TMI signals specifically in LT-HSC, but not ST-HSCs or MPPs upon SYNCRIP deletion indicating that SYNCRIP is required to maintain high protein quality in HSCs. Similar results were obtained with the epichaperome probe PU-FITC, which consists of HSP90 inhibitor PU-H71 conjugated to FITC. PU-H71 selectively binds to the altered epichaperome, which reflects an accumulation of chaperon networks in an aberrant cellular stress condition. Altogether, these data further confirmed that SYNCRIP depletion tips off the proteostatic balance. To understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functional requirement of SYNCRIP in HSPCs, we identified 534 direct mRNA targets of SYNCRIP using hyper-TRIBE method. We performed transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of sorted LT- HSCs and LSKs respectively upon SYNCRIP deletion. We integrated these datasets and found a strong enrichment of SYNCRIP targets in control of cytoskeleton and RHO GTPase related pathways. Using immunofluorescence imaging, we confirmed that SYNCRIP deletion in HSCs resulted in 2-fold reduction in RHO GTPase CDC42 expression coupled with reduced tubulin and a loss of cellular polarity (percentage of tubulin polarized cells 56% WT vs. 40% KO). We also observed that Syncrip deficient HSCs demonstrated reduced expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) and less asymmetric distribution of LAMP1 marked lysosomes during cell division (LAMP1 asymmetric division 25% WT vs. 19% KO). Overexpression of CDC42 restored cell polarity and partly rescued ability of KO SyncripD/D to serially replate. Overall, SYNCRIP is required for maintenance of protein homeostasis and cell polarity of the reserve HSCs. Our study uncovers a new regulatory axis that controls stem cell stress responses to preserve HSC self-renewal. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Choi, Keum S., Akihiro Mizutani, and Michael M. C. Lai. "SYNCRIP, a Member of the Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Family, Is Involved in Mouse Hepatitis Virus RNA Synthesis." Journal of Virology 78, no. 23 (December 1, 2004): 13153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.23.13153-13162.2004.
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ABSTRACT Several cellular proteins, including several heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), have been shown to function as regulatory factors for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) RNA synthesis as a result of their binding to the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of the viral RNA. Here, we identified another cellular protein, p70, which has been shown by UV cross-linking to bind both the positive- and negative-strand UTRs of MHV RNA specifically. We purified p70 with a a one-step RNA affinity purification procedure with the biotin-labeled 5′-UTR. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry identified it as synaptotagmin-binding cytoplasmic RNA-interacting protein (SYNCRIP). SYNCRIP is a member of the hnRNP family and localizes largely in the cytoplasm. The p70 was cross-linked to the MHV positive- or negative-strand UTR in vitro and in vivo. The bacterially expressed SYNCRIP was also able to bind to the 5′-UTR of both strands. The SYNCRIP-binding site was mapped to the leader sequence of the 5′-UTR, requiring the UCUAA repeat sequence. To investigate the functional significance of SYNCRIP in MHV replication, we expressed a full-length or a C-terminally truncated form of SYNCRIP in mammalian cells expressing the MHV receptor. The overexpression of either form of SYNCRIP inhibited syncytium formation induced by MHV infection. Furthermore, downregulation of the endogenous SYNCRIP with a specific short interfering RNA delayed MHV RNA synthesis; in contrast, overexpression or downregulation of SYNCRIP did not affect MHV translation. These results suggest that SYNCRIP may be directly involved in MHV RNA replication as a positive regulator. This study identified an additional cellular hnRNP as an MHV RNA-binding protein potentially involved in viral RNA synthesis.
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Joffe, BI, IV Solovei, and LRG Cannon. "The Structure of the Epidermis in Didymorchis (Temnocephalida: Platyhelminthes)." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 6 (1995): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950631.
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The epidermis of four species of Didymorchis ('Turbellaria', Temnocephalida) was studied using silver nitrate staining and electron microscopy. The epidermis is composed of 12-14 syncytia separated by lateral membranes. The organisation of the epidermal mosaic is almost identical for all species studied. Neighbouring syncytia (or groups of syncytia) differ in the presence (or absence) and density of locomotory cilia, in the structure of the cytoplasm, and in the abundance and nature of the gland ducts that penetrate them. The dorsal syncytia differ from the ventral ones in the form of the electron-dense inclusions in the modified mitochondria present throughout the epidermis. Multisyncytial organisation of the epidermis supports the placement of Didymorchis in the Temnocephalida rather than in the Dalyellioida. Three other features of the epidermis are apomorphies of Didymorchis. Presence of borders between syncytia with the same structure cannot be explained on a functional basis. We suggest that it represents a relatively primitive stage in the evolution of the multisyncytial epidermis. In this regard Didymorchis is different from more specialised temnocephalids (e.g. Diceratocephala) in which the separation of syncytia (with one exception) reflects functional differences between syncytia.
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Grymaszewska, Grażyna, and Władysław Golinowski. "Changes in the structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots in varieties susceptible and resistant to infestation by Heterodera avenae Woll." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 56, no. 3 (2014): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1987.035.
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The structure of wheat roots of the "susceptible" variety Capa and "resistant" variety AUS 10894 infested by <em>Heterodera avenae</em> was studied. The processes leading to the formation of syncytia and the range of reactions of the studied varieties to infection are described. In both varieties, necrosis of cells surrounding the nematode, and in the wheat variety AUS 10894, in addition, necrotic changes in cells surrounding syncytia were found. The syncytia formed in the resistant variety degenerated early. The cells adjacent to the syncytia underwent divisions. Cell divisions also took place in the pericycle. They led to the formation of more numerous lateral roots, especially in plants from the susceptible variety. It seems that the earlier degeneration of syncytia and the accompanying necrotic changes in the tissues surrounding the syncytia observed in wheat of the AUS 10894 variety can be taken as signs of host resistance reactions.
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Klapper, Robert, Sandra Heuser, Thomas Strasser, and Wilfried Janning. "A new approach reveals syncytia within the visceral musculature ofDrosophila melanogaster." Development 128, no. 13 (July 1, 2001): 2517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.13.2517.
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In order to reveal syncytia within the visceral musculature of Drosophila melanogaster, we have combined the GAL4/UAS system with the single-cell transplantation technique. After transplantation of single cells from UAS-GFP donor embryos into ubiquitously GAL4-expressing recipients, the expression of the reporter gene was exclusively activated in syncytia containing both donor- and recipient-derived nuclei. In the first trial, we tested the system in the larval somatic musculature, which is already known to consist of syncytia. By this means we could show that most of the larval somatic muscles are generated by clonally non-related cells. Moreover, using this approach we were able to detect syncytia within the visceral musculature – a tissue that has previously been described as consisting of mononuclear cells. Both the longitudinal visceral musculature of the midgut and the circular musculature of the hindgut consist of syncytia and persist through metamorphosis. This novel application of the transplantation technique might be a powerful tool to trace syncytia in any organism using the GAL4/UAS system.
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Wieczorek, Krzysztof, and Florian M. W. Grundler. "Expanding Nematode-Induced Syncytia." Plant Signaling & Behavior 1, no. 5 (September 2006): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.1.5.3426.
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Feick, P., R. Foisner, and G. Wiche. "Immunolocalization and molecular properties of a high molecular weight microtubule-bundling protein (syncolin) from chicken erythrocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 112, no. 4 (February 15, 1991): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.112.4.689.
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A protein of apparent molecular weight 280,000 (syncolin), which is immunoreactive with antibodies to hog brain microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2, was purified from chicken erythrocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy of bone marrow cells revealed the presence of syncolin in cells at all stages of erythrocyte differentiation. In early erythroblasts syncolin was diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm. At later stages it was found along microtubules of the marginal band, as confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. The association of syncolin with the marginal band was dependent on the integrity of microtubules, as demonstrated by temperature-dependent de- and repolymerization or marginal band microtubules. Syncolin cosedimented in a saturable manner with microtubules assembled in vitro, and it was displaced from the polymer by salt. Brain as well as erythrocyte microtubules, reconstituted with taxol from MAP-free tubulin and purified syncolin, were aggregated into dense bundles containing up to 15 microtubules, as determined by electron microscopy. On the ultrastructural level, syncolin molecules were visualized as globular or ringlike structures, in contrast to the thin, threadlike appearance of filamentous MAPs, such as brain MAP 2. According to ultrastructural measurements and gel permeation chromatography, syncolin's molecular weight was approximately 1 x 10(6). It is suggested that syncolin's specific function is the cross-linking of microtubules in the marginal band and, by implication, the stabilization of this structure typical for nucleated (chicken) erythrocytes.
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Grymaszewska, Grażyna, and Władysław Golinowski. "Structure of syncytia induced by Heterodera schachtii Schmidt in roots of susceptible and resistant radish (Raphanus sativus L., var. oleiformis)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67, no. 3-4 (2014): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1998.024.
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The structure of syncytia induced by <i>Heterodera schachtii</i> Schmidt in roots of susceptible <i>Raphanus sativus</i> L. cv. "Siletina" and resistant radish cv. "Pegletta" was investigated. In the radish cultivar "Siletina" the syncytia most often appeared in the elongation zone of lateral roots. They were initiated in the procambium and pericycle but also included the parenchyma cells of vascular cylinder. In the susceptible cultivar "Siletina" the cells forming the female's syncytia were subject to hypertrophy. Their cytoplasmic density increased. The cytoplasm contained numerous organella. The proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum took place. Branched cell wall ingrowths were formed next to the vessels. In the male's syncytia the cells were only slightly increased. Their protoplasts contained few organelles. The cell wall ingrowths were poorly developed. In the syncytia of the resistant cultivar "Pegletta" there was only a slight increase of the cell volume. A well developed system of rough endoplasmic reticulum was observed in the protoplast. Distended ER cisterns contained fine fibrillar material. Material of similar structure also appeared in numerous small vacuoles. In resistant plants only some, not numerous, syncytia spreading in procambium fully developed and functioned long enough for the parasite females to mature. At an advanced stage of infection a well developed system of a rough ER was observed also in those syncytia and numerous vacuoles appeared.
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JADHAV, MAHESH M., DAVID ADAMSKI, P. R. SHASHANK, N. N. RAJGOPAL, NARESH M. MESHRAM, A. MOHANASUNDARAM, and J. P. SINGH. "Syncola crypsimorpha (Meyrick, 1922) (Gelechioidea: Blastobasidae): A new pest species associated with cultured lac in India." Zootaxa 5155, no. 4 (June 23, 2022): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.4.4.
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A host association for Syncola crypsimorpha (Meyrick, 1922) is discovered after 100 years, since its original description. In India, two blastobasid species, Syncola crypsimorpha (Meyrick, 1922) and S. pulverea (Meyrick, 1907) (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea), are predators of cultured lac, Kerria lacca (Kerr, 1782) (Hemiptera: Kerridae). Descriptions, diagnoses, and images and illustrations of the adult stage, including the male and female genitalia, for these two species are provided to facilitate identifications. A lectotype for Syncola crypsimorpha is designated herein.
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Shi, Xuewen, Wei Wu, Qiuzi Wu, Kesu Zhong, Zhenxue Jiang, and Huan Miao. "Controlling Factors and Forming Types of Deep Shale Gas Enrichment in Sichuan Basin, China." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 7023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197023.
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In order to find out the enrichment mechanism and forming type of deep shale gas, taking the Longmaxi Formation shale in the Desheng–Yunjin Syncline area of Sichuan Basin as an example, we determined the mineralogy, organic geochemistry, physical property analysis, gas and water content, and the influence of three factors, namely sedimentation, structural conditions, and hydrogeological conditions, on the enrichment of shale gas. The results show that Longmaxi Formation shale in Desheng–Yunjin Syncline area is a good hydrocarbon source rock that is in the over-mature stage and has the characteristics of high porosity, low permeability, and high-water saturation. The contents of clay and quartz are high, and the brittleness index is quite different. According to the mineral composition, nine types of lithofacies can be found. The development characteristics of Longmaxi Formation shale and the sealing property of the roof have no obvious influence on the enrichment of shale gas, but the tectonic activities and hydrodynamic conditions have obvious influence on the enrichment of shale gas. The main control factors for shale gas enrichment in different regions are different. According to the main control factors, the gas accumulation in the study area can be divided into three types: fault-controlled gas, anticline-controlled gas, and hydrodynamic-controlled gas. The fault-controlled gas type is distributed in the north of the Desheng syncline and the north of the Yunjin syncline, the anticline-controlled gas type is distributed in the south of the Desheng syncline and the south of the Yunjin syncline, and the hydrodynamic-controlled gas type is distributed in the middle of the Baozang syncline. This result is of great significance for deep shale gas exploration.
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ERTZ, Damien, Dorothee KILLMANN, Tahina RAZAFINDRAHAJA, Emmanuël SÉRUSIAUX, and Eberhard FISCHER. "Two new species of Syncesia (Arthoniales, Roccellaceae) from Africa." Lichenologist 42, no. 1 (November 26, 2009): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002428290999051x.
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AbstractTwo new species of Syncesia are described, which differ from all other species of the genus by having more than 3-septate ascospores. Syncesia afromontana is characterized by a byssoid thallus and 7-septate ascospores, and is known only from the type locality in the Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda where it might be endemic. Syncesia madagascariensis is characterized by a crustose thallus and 5-septate ascospores, and is known only from the type locality in a montane forest in central Madagascar.
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Li, Zhuo, Cher Hung, Reay G. Paterson, Frank Michel, Sandra Fuentes, Ryan Place, Yuan Lin, Robert J. Hogan, Robert A. Lamb, and Biao He. "Type II integral membrane protein, TM of J paramyxovirus promotes cell-to-cell fusion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 40 (September 21, 2015): 12504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509476112.
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Paramyxoviruses include many important animal and human pathogens. Most paramyxoviruses have two integral membrane proteins: fusion protein (F) and attachment proteins hemagglutinin, hemagglutinin–neuraminidase, or glycoprotein (G), which are critical for viral entry into cells. J paramyxovirus (JPV) encodes four integral membrane proteins: F, G, SH, and transmembrane (TM). The function of TM is not known. In this work, we have generated a viable JPV lacking TM (JPV∆TM). JPV∆TM formed opaque plaques compared with JPV. Quantitative syncytia assays showed that JPV∆TM was defective in promoting cell-to-cell fusion (i.e., syncytia formation) compared with JPV. Furthermore, cells separately expressing F, G, TM, or F plus G did not form syncytia whereas cells expressing F plus TM formed some syncytia. However, syncytia formation was much greater with coexpression of F, G, and TM. Biochemical analysis indicates that F, G, and TM interact with each other. A small hydrophobic region in the TM ectodomain from amino acid residues 118 to 132, the hydrophobic loop (HL), was important for syncytial promotion, suggesting that the TM HL region plays a critical role in cell-to-cell fusion.
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Huang, Bo, Yong Qin, Wanghong Zhang, and Gang Wang. "Identification of the coal structure and prediction of the fracturability in the No. 8 coal reservoir, Gujiao block, China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 2 (August 22, 2017): 204–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598717723815.
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Five boreholes were selected in the Gujiao block, Xishan, Taiyuan, China, as calibration wells to identify the coal structure. The geophysical-log responses of the coal structure in the No. 8 coal reservoir, Gujiao block, were investigated using coal-core logging combined with actual observations in the borehole profile of the coal mine. Natural gamma, density, apparent resistivity, and sonic travel time logs were extracted at 0.15 m intervals from 41 undeformed coal, 29 cataclastic coal, and 48 granulated coal regions. Box plots and Fisher’s maximum separation criterion were used to screen and identify sensitive log responses of the coal structure. The coal structure was identified in 31 boreholes using the available logs in the block, and the layered distribution patterns of the coal structure were discussed. The fracturability of the coal structure was divided into types using cluster analysis based on the thickness ratio of the coal structure and the relationship between the coal structure and its permeability. The results show that sensitive log responses for identifying undeformed coal and cataclastic coal are natural gamma, followed by density and apparent resistivity; log responses for identifying cataclastic coal and granulated coal-mylonitized coal are sonic travel time, apparent resistivity and natural gamma. The sensitive log response data were integrated and coal structure identification models were constructed based on the principle of amplifying the log responses to identify the coal structure in the No. 8 coal reservoir. The reservoir generally contains two or three dirt bands, and the coal structure is divided into several independent layers, with the cataclastic coal and granulated coal-mylonitized coal distributed in the middle of the reservoir. The coal structure was classified into four types and four subtypes through cluster analysis of the boreholes. Under the control of the Malan syncline, type I and type II are developed in the No. 8 coal reservoir in the southern part of the study area and in the east and north wings of the Malan syncline; they have good fracturability. Type III and type IV are mainly present in the No. 8 coal reservoir at the synclinal axis; they have poor fracturability. For type IV dominated by granulated coal, it is difficult to improve the reservoir permeability by fracturing; therefore, other strengthened permeability-improving measures should be considered.
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Hampp, Christian, and Almut G. Winterstein. "Response to Respiratory Synctial Virus." Southern Medical Journal 101, no. 2 (February 2008): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e3181611d5f.
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Burton, Chase, and Eric Bartee. "Syncytia Formation in Oncolytic Virotherapy." Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics 15 (December 2019): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omto.2019.09.006.
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Wünschmann, Sabina, and Jack T. Stapleton. "Fluorescence-Based Quantitative Methods for Detecting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced Syncytia." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 8 (2000): 3055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.8.3055-3060.2000.
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Cell fusion induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is usually assessed by counting multinucleated giant cells (syncytia) visualized by light microscopy. Currently used methods do not allow quantification of syncytia, nor do they estimate the number of cells involved in cell fusion. We describe two fluorescence-based methods for the detection and quantification of HIV-1-induced in vitro syncytium formation. The lymphoblastoid cell lines MT-2 and SupT1 were infected with syncytium-inducing (SI) HIV-1 isolates. Syncytia were detected by DNA staining with propidium iodide using flow cytometry to determine cell size or by two-color cytoplasmic staining of infected cell populations by using fluorescence microscopy. Both methods were able to detect and quantify HIV-induced syncytia. The methods could distinguish between SI and non-SI HIV isolates and could be used with at least two separate types of CD4+ T-cell lines. Small syncytia can be readily identified by the two-color cytoplasmic staining method. Both methods were also shown to be useful for evaluating antiretroviral compounds, as demonstrated by the accurate assessment of HIV inhibition by azidothymidine (zidovudine), dideoxycytidine (zalcytibine), and hydroxyurea. These fluorescence-based assays allow a rapid and practical method for measuring HIV replication and anti-HIV activity of potential inhibitory compounds.
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Sobczak, Miroslaw, Wladyslaw Golinowski, and Ahmed Soliman. "Defence responses of white mustard, Sinapis alba, to infection with the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii." Nematology 7, no. 6 (2005): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854105776186389.
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AbstractResponses of two Sinapis alba cultivars (nematode susceptible cv. Albatros and nematode resistant cv. Maxi) to infection with the root-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii were investigated at the anatomical and cytological levels. In the susceptible cv. Albatros, male and female juveniles develop. Syncytia associated with female juveniles are induced in the procambium and they preferentially incorporate procambial cells abutting xylem vessels. The syncytial elements are greatly enlarged and interconnected by wide cell wall openings. Syncytia associated with male juveniles are induced in the pericycle and they incorporate primarily greatly enlarged pericyclic cells and sometimes less enlarged procambial cells. In the resistant cv. Maxi, most of juveniles remain as secondstage juveniles while some develop into males. Their syncytia are induced in and involve pericyclic cells only. Syncytia induced in cv. Maxi by males differ from those induced in susceptible cv. Albatros by less enlargement of nuclei, the presence of remnants of the central vacuole, and a marked presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum. At least three different defence responses could be discriminated in cv. Maxi: i) a hypersensitive response of vascular cylinder cells during/after nematode invasion; ii) degeneration of syncytia induced in the procambium; and iii) formation of a layer of necrotic cells between syncytium and xylem vessels.
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Anwar, Shahbaz, Erich Inselsbacher, Florian M. W. Grundler, and Julia Hofmann. "Arginine metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana is modulated by Heterodera schachtii infection." Nematology 17, no. 9 (2015): 1027–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002921.
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The plant-parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces syncytial feeding structures in the roots of host plants. These syncytia provide all required nutrients, water and solutes to the parasites. Previous studies on the composition of primary metabolites in syncytia revealed significantly increased amino acid levels. However, mainly due to technical limitations, little is known about the role of arginine in plant-nematode interactions. This free amino acid plays a central role in the plant primary metabolism and serves as substrate for metabolites involved in plant stress responses. Thus, in the present work, expression of genes coding for the enzymes of arginine metabolism were studied in nematode-induced syncytia compared to non-infected control roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, amiRNA lines were constructed and T-DNA lines were isolated to test their effects on nematode development. While the silencing of genes involved in arginine synthesis increased nematode development, most T-DNA lines did not show any significant difference from the wild type. Amino acid analyses of syncytia showed that they accumulate high arginine levels. In addition, manipulating arginine cycling had a global effect on the local amino acid composition in syncytia as well as on the systemic amino acid levels in roots and shoots.
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Kasten, W., and H. Dreizler. "Determination of a High Potential Barrier Hindering Internal Rotation from the Microwave Ground State Spectrum The Methylbarrier of Antiperiplanar and Synclinal Normal Propyl Fluoride." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 944–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-0708.
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The microwave ground state spectra of antiperiplanar and synclinal normal propyl fluoride have been measured by microwave Fourier transform spectroscopy and analysed for methyl torsion fine structure. Additionally, the spectrum of the synclinal form in the first excited state of the methyl group has been investigated due to methyl torsion. The difference of the values determined for the barrier heights in the ground and first excited state of the synclinal form is discussed by an approximate treatment of the coupling of CH3 and C - C torsional motions. As high J transitions were measured a centrifugal distortion analysis was necessary.
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Hofmann, Julia, Mohamed Youssef-Banora, Janice de Almeida-Engler, and Florian M. W. Grundler. "The Role of Callose Deposition Along Plasmodesmata in Nematode Feeding Sites." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 5 (May 2010): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-5-0549.
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Infective second-stage juveniles of the obligate plant-parasitic root-knot and cyst nematodes invade plant roots to induce specialized feeding structures. Here, we present data on the distribution of plasmodesmata in cell walls of syncytia and giant cells induced by cyst and root-knot nematodes. An Arabidopsis and a tobacco line were used, containing viral movement proteins fused to green fluorescent protein as a localization marker for plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata were detected in walls between giant cells but also in walls toward neighboring cells. In syncytia, plasmodesmata were mainly detected at later stages. In young syncytia, few plasmodesmata were observed and a specific temporal callose deposition along plasmodesmata indicated impaired symplasmic exchange. In order to study the relevance of callose deposition for successful cyst nematode development in Arabidopsis, two mutant lines inhibited in callose synthesis and degradation, respectively, were used in nematode infection assays. Histological analyses showed that syncytia were smaller when callose degradation was reduced, indicating a significant importance of this process to cyst nematode development.
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Ferri, Karine F., Etienne Jacotot, Julià Blanco, José A. Esté, Naoufal Zamzami, Santos A. Susin, Zhihua Xie, et al. "Apoptosis Control in Syncytia Induced by the HIV Type 1–Envelope Glycoprotein Complex." Journal of Experimental Medicine 192, no. 8 (October 9, 2000): 1081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.192.8.1081.
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Syncytia arising from the fusion of cells expressing a lymphotropic HIV type 1–encoded envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) with cells expressing the CD4/CXC chemokine receptor 4 complex spontaneously undergo cell death. Here we show that this process is accompanied by caspase activation and signs of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP), including the release of intermembrane proteins such as cytochrome c (Cyt-c) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria. In Env-induced syncytia, caspase inhibition did not suppress AIF- and Cyt-c translocation, yet it prevented all signs of nuclear apoptosis. Translocation of Bax to mitochondria led to MMP, which was inhibited by microinjected Bcl-2 protein or bcl-2 transfection. Bcl-2 also prevented the subsequent nuclear chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. The release of AIF occurred before that of Cyt-c and before caspase activation. Microinjection of AIF into syncytia sufficed to trigger rapid, caspase-independent Cyt-c release. Neutralization of endogenous AIF by injection of an antibody prevented all signs of spontaneous apoptosis occurring in syncytia, including the Cyt-c release and nuclear apoptosis. In contrast, Cyt-c neutralization only prevented nuclear apoptosis, and did not affect AIF release. Our results establish that the following molecular sequence governs apoptosis of Env-induced syncytia: Bax-mediated/Bcl-2–inhibited MMP → AIF release → Cyt-c release → caspase activation → nuclear apoptosis.
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Huerta, Leonor, Nayali López-Balderas, Evelyn Rivera-Toledo, Guadalupe Sandoval, Guillermo Gómez-Icazbalceta, Carlos Villarreal, Edmundo Lamoyi, and Carlos Larralde. "HIV-Envelope–Dependent Cell-Cell Fusion: Quantitative Studies." Scientific World JOURNAL 9 (2009): 746–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2009.90.
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Interactionin vitrobetween cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and surrounding, uninfected, target cells often leads to cell fusion and the formation of multinucleated cells, called syncytia. The presence in HIV-infected individuals of virus strains able to induce syncytia in cultures of T cells is associated with disease progression and AIDS. Even in the asymptomatic stage of infection, multinucleated cells have been observed in different organs, indicating that fused cells may be generated and remain viable in the tissues of patients. We used lymphocytic cells transfected for the expression of the HIV-envelope (Env) glycoproteins to develop a method for the direct quantification of fusion events by flow cytometry (Huerta et al., 2006,J. Virol. Methods138, 17–23; López-Balderas et al., 2007,Virus Res.123, 138–146). The method involves the staining of fusion partners with lipophilic probes and the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to distinguish between fused and aggregated cells. We have shown that such a flow-cytometry assay is appropriate for the screening of compounds that have the potential to modulate HIV-Env–mediated cell fusion. Even those syncytia that are small or few in numbers can be detected. Quantitative analysis of the fusion products was performed with this technique; the results indicated that the time of reaction and initial proportion of fusion partners determine the number, relative size, and average cellular composition of syncytia. Heterogeneity of syncytia generated by HIV-Env–mediated cell-cell fusion may result in a variety of possible outcomes that, in turn, may influence the biological properties of the syncytia and surrounding cells, as well as replication of virus. Given the myriad immune abnormalities leading to AIDS, the full understanding of the extent, diverse composition, and role of fused cells in the pathogenesis of, and immune response to, HIV infection is an important, pending issue.
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Riccioni, Veronica, Flavia Trionfetti, Claudia Montaldo, Sabrina Garbo, Francesco Marocco, Cecilia Battistelli, Alessandra Marchetti, et al. "SYNCRIP Modulates the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Hepatocytes and HCC Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020913.
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Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) control gene expression by acting at multiple levels and are often deregulated in epithelial tumors; however, their roles in the fine regulation of cellular reprogramming, specifically in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), remain largely unknown. Here, we focused on the hnRNP-Q (also known as SYNCRIP), showing by molecular analysis that in hepatocytes it acts as a “mesenchymal” gene, being induced by TGFβ and modulating the EMT. SYNCRIP silencing limits the induction of the mesenchymal program and maintains the epithelial phenotype. Notably, in HCC invasive cells, SYNCRIP knockdown induces a mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), negatively regulating their mesenchymal phenotype and significantly impairing their migratory capacity. In exploring possible molecular mechanisms underlying these observations, we identified a set of miRNAs (i.e., miR-181-a1-3p, miR-181-b1-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-200a-5p, and miR-let7g-5p), previously shown to exert pro- or anti-EMT activities, significantly impacted by SYNCRIP interference during EMT/MET dynamics and gathered insights, suggesting the possible involvement of this RNA binding protein in their transcriptional regulation.
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Shakya, Shrawan, and Kabi Raj Paudyal. "Study of regional geological structures in Ridi-Shantipur area of Gulmi district, Lesser Himalaya, west-central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 58 (June 25, 2019): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v58i0.24594.
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The study was carried out in the Lesser Himalaya between Ridi-Shantipur area of the Gulmi District, west-central Nepal. Two geological units: the Nourpul Formation and the Dhading Dolomite were mapped in the area. These units belong to the Nawakot Group as explained by several researchers in central Nepal. The Nourpul Formation can further be divided into three members based on distinct mappable lithology, which are named as the Lower Member, the Middle Member and the Upper Member, respectively.
The area is highly folded with several local and regional anticlines and synclines; Ridi Khola Anticline, Ridi-Karikot Syncline, Ruru Anticline, Baletaksar-Gwadi Syncline, Huga-Bamgha Anticline, Rimuwa-Rudrabeni Syncline, Juhan-Eksing Anticline, Juniya-Limgha Syncline, Bharse-Thaple Anticline, and Chiureko Syncline, respectively from the south to the north. All the folds are trending along to the ESE-WNW direction. The origin of these folds can be linked with the thrust propagation in the Himalaya that can be explained with the deformation event D4.
The Harewa Khola Thrust is the only one regional scale thrust mapped in the area. The thrust carries the older Nourpul Formation over the Dhading Dolomite with the indications of thrust related features like slickensides and fault-breccias. The thrust seems to propagate to the north. There is a continuous shear zone mapped in the outcrops from the Tal Khola-Aslewa-Eksingh-Gudrung-Juhang- Rupakot region as an indicator of the presence of the Badi Gad Fault in the region.
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Huber, A. C., R. H. Yolken, L. C. Mader, J. D. Strandberg, and S. L. Vonderfecht. "Pathology of Infectious Diarrhea of Infant Rats (IDIR) Induced by an Antigenically Distinct Rotavirus." Veterinary Pathology 26, no. 5 (September 1989): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588902600503.
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Suckling rats were inoculated with a group B rotavirus to determine the progression of the morphologic changes induced in the intestine by this virus. Several changes were observed by light microscopy 1 day after viral inoculation: shortening of small intestinal villi, villous epithelial necrosis, and villous epithelial syncytia. The lesions were most often present in the distal small intestine, although other small intestinal segments were affected to a lesser degree. By day 3 post-inoculation, epithelial necrosis, and syncytia were no longer present; however, the villous epithelium was disorganized and irregularly vacuolated, and intestinal crypt epithelium was hyperplastic. Alterations in villous height to crypt depth ratios were present in portions of the small intestine for the remainder of the 12-day study period. Epithelial syncytia appeared to form by the breakdown of the lateral interdigitating membranes of the absorptive villous epithelium. Viral particles, abundant in the syncytia, appeared to form from amorphous or reticular arrays of viral precursor material. Group B rotaviral antigens, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, were present in large amounts in the small intestinal villous epithelium only on the first day after viral inoculation. These studies show that two important diagnostic features of group B rotaviral infections of rats, epithelial syncytia and viral antigen as determined by immunofluorescence, are present only on the first day of disease. These findings should be taken into consideration when attempting to diagnose disease induced by this agent.
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Gehrmann, Anna, Heiko Hüneke, Martin Meschede, and Emrys Phillips. "Sea cliff at Wissower Bach (Pleistocene stripe 5) – microstructural evidence of large-scale glacitectonism and glacier kinematics." DEUQUA Special Publications 2 (August 15, 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-2-29-2019.
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Abstract. Soft-sediment thin sections from a SW-dipping thrust fault at the south-western limb of the Wissower Bach syncline (NE Rügen) give rise to the complicated glacitectonic environment in the south-western Baltic Sea region. Micromorphology, microstructural mapping, and macroscale information have led to the development of a detailed model for the evolution of the syncline during late Weichselian glacitectonism.
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Doi, Yoshinori, Mitsue Kurita, Misako Matsumoto, Takahisa Kondo, Tetsuo Noda, Sachiko Tsukita, Shoichiro Tsukita, and Tsukasa Seya. "Moesin Is Not a Receptor for Measles Virus Entry into Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells." Journal of Virology 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 1586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.2.1586-1592.1998.
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ABSTRACT The involvement of moesin in measles virus (MV) entry was investigated with moesin-positive and -negative mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. MV infection of these cells was very ineffective and was independent of moesin expression. Furthermore, when these cells were transfected to express human CD46, a 100-fold increase in syncytium formation was observed with these cells and was independent of the expression of moesin. The only obvious difference between moesin-positive and -negative ES cells was the shape of the syncytia formed. Moesin-negative ES cells expressing or not expressing human CD46 formed separate pieces of fragmented syncytia which were torn apart during spreading, whereas ES cells expressing moesin exhibited typical syncytia. In addition, moesin was not detected on the surface of any murine cells or cell lines that we have tested by a flow cytometric assay with moesin-specific antibodies. These findings indicate that murine moesin is neither a receptor nor a CD46 coreceptor for MV entry into mouse ES cells. Moesin is involved in actin filament-plasma membrane interactions as a cross-linker, and it affects only the spreading and shape of MV-mediated syncytia.
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Sotnikov, O. S., and L. A. Davydova. "Distant Syncytia of Adjacent Neuronal Anastomoses." Biology Bulletin Reviews 11, S1 (December 2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079086421070082.
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Sylwester, A., S. Murphy, D. Shutt, and D. R. Soll. "HIV-induced T cell syncytia are self-perpetuating and the primary cause of T cell death in culture." Journal of Immunology 158, no. 8 (April 15, 1997): 3996–4007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.8.3996.
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Abstract Prior studies suggested that induced fusion in T cell cultures infected with syncytium-inducing HIV was not the primary cause of T cell death. However, these studies failed to assess the contribution of fusion in terms of syncytium volume, rather than syncytium frequency. This question has been reassessed by monitoring the frequency, volume, rate of growth, longevity, p24 production, viral budding, and self-propagating ability of syncytia in HIV-infected SUP-T1 cell cultures and individually isolated syncytia seeded in uninfected SUP-T1 cell cultures. The results demonstrate that in these cultures syncytium formation is the principal mechanism of T cell death, syncytia are the main source of virus production, and both virus production and syncytium longevity are independent of syncytium size, but dependent on syncytium age, suggesting that both are programmed events.
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Rakowicz-Szulczynska, Eva M., David G. McIntosh, and McClure L. Smith. "Giant Syncytia and Virus-Like Particles in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Isolated from Ascites Fluid." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.1.115-126.1999.
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ABSTRACT Ovarian cancer cells were isolated from ascites fluid of 30 different patients diagnosed with cystadenocarcinoma of ovaries. Large colonies of malignant ASC cells were observed during the first week of cell growth in vitro. Colony formation was followed by fusion of cells and formation of large multinucleated and highly vacuolated syncytia. In contrast, cells isolated from the ascites fluid produced by patients with benign mucinous cystadenoma of ovaries did not form syncytia. Nonmalignant Brenner tumor cells, isolated from the ascites fluid, also did not form syncytia. Syncytia, but not the nonmalignant tumor cells, were immunofluorescence stained with an anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and MAb RAK-BrI. Both MAbs recognized cancer-associated antigens RAK (for Rakowicz markers) p120, p42, and p25. Exposure of ASC cells to either the anti-HIV-1 gp120 MAb or MAb RAK-BrI inhibited syncytium formation. PCR with HIV-1 Env-derived primers revealed DNA sequences with over 90% homology to HIV-1 gp41 in syncytia and in ovarian cancer cells but not in normal ovary cells. Electron microscopic analysis revealed viral particles, hexagonal in shape (90 nm in diameter), with a dense central core surrounded by an inner translucent capsid and dense outer shell with projections. Negative staining detected membrane-covered particles (100 to 110 nm in diameter) in the cell culture medium. Incubation of normal breast cells with viral particles resulted in drastic morphological changes and syncytium formation by the transformed breast cells. The cytopathic effects of the identified virus resembled those of spumaviruses, which, in addition to their epitopic and genetic homology to HIV-1, might suggest a common phylogeny.
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Fudali, Sylwia, and Władysław Golinowski. "The reorganization of root anatomy and ultrastructure of syncytial cells in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) infected with potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 76, no. 3 (2011): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2007.021.
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The sequence of anatomical and ultrastructural events leading to the syncytium development in tomato roots infected with <em>Globodera rostochiensis</em> was examined. The syncytia were preferentially induced in cortical or pericyclic cells in the elongation zone of root. They developed towards the vascular cylinder by incorporation of new cells via local cell wall breakdown. After surrounding primary phloem bundle and reaching xylem tracheary elements syncytia spread along vascular cylinder. Roots in primary state of growth seemed to be the best place for syncytium induction as syncytia formed in the zone of secondary growth were less hypertrophied. At the ultrastructural level syncytial elements were characterized by strong hypertrophy, breakdown of central vacuole, increased volume of cytoplasm, proliferation of organelles, and enlargement of nuclei. On the syncytial wall adjoining vessels the cell wall ingrowths were formed, while the syncytial walls at interface of phloem were considerably thickened. They lacked of functional plasmodesmata and did not form any ingrowths. Using immunofluorescent-labelling and immunogold-labelling methods tomato expansin 5 protein was localized in nematode infected roots. The distribution of LeEXP A5 was restricted only to the walls of syncytia. The protein distribution pattern indicated that LeEXP A5 could mediates cell wall expansion during hypertrophy of syncytial elements.
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van der Ende, A., A. du Maine, A. L. Schwartz, and G. J. Strous. "Modulation of transferrin-receptor activity and recycling after induced differentiation of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells." Biochemical Journal 270, no. 2 (September 1, 1990): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2700451.
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BeWo human choriocarcinoma cells normally grow as cytotrophoblast cells. However, in the presence of 100 microM-forskolin or 5 mM-theophylline, these cells form syncytia similar to morphologically well differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts. We have examined the effect of syncytia formation on transferrin-receptor activity and recycling. Although cellular proliferation stops upon growth in the presence of forskolin or theophylline, the number of cell-surface transferrin-receptors unexpectedly increased 2-fold, whereas the total cellular number increased at most 15%. The rate of biosynthesis of the transferrin receptor as well as class I MHC glycoprotein did not change measurably during syncytium formation. The biosynthesis of human chorionic gonadotropin increased 35-fold after 30 h of growth in the presence of theophylline. The redistribution of the transferrin receptor in syncytia is maintained by a decreased rate constant of endocytosis (0.141 min-1 compared with 0.231 min-1 for control cells) and an increased rate constant of externalization (0.122 min-1 compared with 0.060 min-1 for control cells). These altered rates of endocytosis and externalization resulted in an increased rate of iron accumulation in the syncytia. Furthermore, the recycling time of the transferrin receptor decreased in cells grown in the presence of theophylline (14.6 min compared with 21.2 min in control cells).
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Kramer, Susanne, Peter Buontempo, Sony Agrawal, and Robert Ralston. "Imaging-Based Assay for Identification and Characterization of Inhibitors of CXCR4-Tropic HIV-1 Envelope-Dependent Cell-Cell Fusion." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 16, no. 6 (April 7, 2011): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057111403480.
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Infection of certain cell types by HIV results in formation of syncytia. This process can be blocked by antibodies or compounds that prevent interaction of viral envelope protein with host cell receptors. Here the authors describe an automated imaging-based assay for inhibitors of cell-cell fusion mediated by interaction of HIV gp120 with CXCR4 coreceptor. The assay quantifies syncytia formation between U87MG astrocytoma cells constitutively expressing CD4/CXCR4 and morphologically distinct Jurkat T lymphoma cells inducibly expressing HIV env. Each cell type was differentially labeled with vital dyes. Fusion was quantified by measuring size, shape, and color of Jurkat cells and Jurkat-harboring cell syncytia. Dose–response experiments with reference inhibitors AMD 3100 and KRH-1636 yielded potencies consistent with those obtained using standard antiviral assays. This assay complements virus-based infectivity assays for identification of inhibitors of membrane fusion events triggered by interaction of HIV gp120 with host CXCR4.
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Fassina, Lorenzo, Giovanni Magenes, Roberto Gimmelli, and Fabio Naro. "Modulation of the Cardiomyocyte Contraction inside a Hydrostatic Pressure Bioreactor:In VitroVerification of the Frank-Starling Law." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/542105.
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We have studied beating mouse cardiac syncytiain vitroin order to assess the inotropic, ergotropic, and chronotropic effects of both increasing and decreasing hydrostatic pressures. In particular, we have performed an image processing analysis to evaluate the kinematics and the dynamics of those pressure-loaded beating syncytia starting from the video registration of their contraction movement. By this analysis, we have verified the Frank-Starling law of the heart inin vitrobeating cardiac syncytia and we have obtained their geometrical-functional classification.
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Dong, Hongqi, Yong Dan, Jiapeng Liang, Bin Liang, Guoquan Nie, and Shaocong Ji. "A Hypogene Karst Development Pattern Controlled by the Deep-Cycle of Groundwater in the Syncline in Huanjiang, Guangxi, China." Water 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020199.
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Hypogene karst is a special manifestation of karst development in spatial scale. Intensive study of its development mechanism has significant meaning for engineering construction, shale gas and geothermal exploitation. To reveal the developing pattern of hypogene karst in Huanjiang syncline, karst groundwater at different depths in wells HD1-2 and HD1-4 and karst springs was selected as the research object. Through the analysis of geochemistry and stable isotopes of karst groundwater, it was revealed that the circulation pattern of deep karst water came from the common recharge of meteoric water and fossil water hosted in karst caves, runoff of deep faulting belts and discharge of large karst springs, over Huanjiang syncline, which provides good hydrodynamic conditions for hypogene karst development. Meanwhile, the widely developed faulting belts and structural fissures provide primitive dissolution space. Through the above analysis, the paper constructs a hypogene karst development pattern controlled by the deep cycle of groundwater in Huanjiang syncline.
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Baldwin, James, Daniel Bumbarger, and Erik Ragsdale. "Revised hypotheses for phylogenetic homology of the stomatostylet in tylenchid nematodes." Nematology 6, no. 5 (2004): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541042843559.
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AbstractMolecular phylogenetic systematics suggest that Tylenchida share an immediate ancestor with Cephalobina. This relationship has implications, contradicting classical views, for evolution of the stomatostylet and homology with the cephalobid stoma. Emerging evidence from comparative TEM and 3D modelling is the basis for hypothesising that the tylenchid stylet, specifically the cone and shaft, is homologous with cuticle associated with arcade syncytia of the cephalobid gymnostom; furthermore, the stylet knobs and associated m1 protractors, are prostegostom. The guiding apparatus through which the stylet moves is lined by epidermal syncytia and is homologous with the cephalobid cheilostom. Junctional complexes associated with the epidermal syncytia of the cheilostom and adjacent gymnostom arcade cells occur in both cephalobids and tylenchids, but in the latter the membrane complexes are folded and modified as the guide ring. Testing of the hypothesis requires clearer phylogenetic resolution as well as additional ultrastructural and developmental observations of representatives of tylenchids and outgroups.
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Samodurov, Vladimir P., Anatoly I. Druk, Konstantin Yu Balashov, and Yuriy N. Yalenski. "Structure and mineralogical composition of the tuff horizon of Petrikov potash deposit." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2019-1-119-127.
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Integrated data of the structure and mineralogical composition of the marking tuff horizon in the Upper-Devonian bed of the North-Shestovich synclinal zone are presented in this paper. Dependence of the tuff bed structure on the volcanic activity stage is revealed. Find out that the prevailing mineral of tuff is the structure-ordered illite 1M. Marked tuff horizon is situated inside the Upper-Devonian salt bed within Petrikov synclinal zone and comes up into the overlaying clay-marl formation of the surrounding geological beds.
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Sedwick, Caitlin. "Amy Gladfelter: Fungi with a streak of individuality." Journal of Cell Biology 204, no. 4 (February 17, 2014): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.2044pi.
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Whitaker, Emily E., Nicholas J. Matheson, Sarah Perlee, Phillip B. Munson, Menelaos Symeonides, and Markus Thali. "EWI-2 Inhibits Cell–Cell Fusion at the HIV-1 Virological Presynapse." Viruses 11, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121082.
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Cell-to-cell transfer of virus particles at the Env-dependent virological synapse (VS) is a highly efficient mode of HIV-1 transmission. While cell–cell fusion could be triggered at the VS, leading to the formation of syncytia and preventing exponential growth of the infected cell population, this is strongly inhibited by both viral (Gag) and host (ezrin and tetraspanins) proteins. Here, we identify EWI-2, a protein that was previously shown to associate with ezrin and tetraspanins, as a host factor that contributes to the inhibition of Env-mediated cell–cell fusion. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, shRNA knockdowns, and cell–cell fusion assays, we show that EWI-2 accumulates at the presynaptic terminal (i.e., the producer cell side of the VS), where it contributes to the fusion-preventing activities of the other viral and cellular components. We also find that EWI-2, like tetraspanins, is downregulated upon HIV-1 infection, most likely by Vpu. Despite the strong inhibition of fusion at the VS, T cell-based syncytia do form in vivo and in physiologically relevant culture systems, but they remain small. In regard to that, we demonstrate that EWI-2 and CD81 levels are restored on the surface of syncytia, where they (presumably) continue to act as fusion inhibitors. This study documents a new role for EWI-2 as an inhibitor of HIV-1-induced cell–cell fusion and provides novel insight into how syncytia are prevented from fusing indefinitely.
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Mahalingam, R., and H. T. Skorupska. "Cytological expression of early response to infection by Heterodera glycines Ichinohe in resistant PI 437654 soybean." Genome 39, no. 5 (October 1, 1996): 986–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-123.
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The soybean PI 437654 is resistant to all known races of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in the U.S.A. and became a new source of resistance genes in cultivar development. Race 3, a wide-ranging nematode pathotype, was used to examine root cells of PI 437654 and susceptible 'Essex', 2, 3, and 5 days after inoculation (DAI). In initial response to SCN, both genotypes formed syncytia by cell wall dissolutions. Hypertrophy of syncytium component cells and hyperplasia of cells near syncytia were observed. At 2 DAI, incompatible response of PI 437654 to SCN was exhibited: limited cell hypertrophy, inhibition of syncytium growth, initiation of necrosis, and wall appositions. At 3 DAI, cellular events appeared to be a sum of the operative mechanisms for SCN resistance: irregular wall thickening, pronounced wall appositions, necrosis, and nuclear breakdown followed by cytoplasmic collapse. The cells surrounding the syncytia showed necrosis, wall apposition, and accumulation of electron-dense bodies. By 5 DAI, syncytia and neighboring cells were totally devoid of ground plasma and the degeneration process was completed. The normal route for early syncytium development in 'Essex' (increased number of organelles, intense vacuolization, accumulation of dense deposits in vacuoles, and wall ingrowths) suggests the involvement of portions of the developmental pathway of differentiating tissues in organogenesis. Early onset of SCN resistance 2 DAI in PI 437654 suggests rapid activation of genes in a cascade reaction leading to cell death. Key words : soybean, nematode, syncytium, cell death.