Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Synanthropy'

The urbanised environment provides ecologists with unique situations in which to undertake ecological study. It has been said that urbanisation is like a natural experiment; we often have populations of animals that have gone from living in natural or semi-natural environments to living in a highly modified anthropogenic environment. These situations provide ideal settings to study the ecological and behavioural differences that may develop in populations located in different habitats. Urbanisation typically results in a minority of species dominating the fauna, and this thesis aimed to examine one such species, the Australian magpie. Despite the magpie being a common and well-liked suburban bird, the majority of previous research on this species has been undertaken within rural or exurban locations. This thesis aimed to examine what actually happens to the species when it lives in the suburban environment. In particular I focused on specific behavioural and ecological features, to see if there were any particular adaptations the suburban magpies showed and also if the suburban habitats provide certain resources favourable to the magpies and what ecological effects these may have. Comparisons of the territory structure and resources of rural and suburban magpies showed that although many features of the territory are similar between rural and suburban locations, notably the choice of native nest trees, magpie territories within suburban areas were smaller and contained more anthropogenic features. The reduced territory size may possibly be related to a greater abundance of key food resources also evident within suburban areas. Furthermore, suburban magpies are more successful in their foraging attempts, again possibly reflecting a more abundant food supply in suburbia and also the simplified nature of suburban foraging areas might facilitate more successful foraging. The increased foraging success is likely to explain the greater provisioning rate to nestling suburban magpies. Suburban magpies also utilised human provided foods. I quantified the extent of wildlife feeding within many of the suburban study sites of this thesis (through the use of questionnaire surveys). In each of the locations it was evident that at least one person (usually more) was providing a regular supply of food to wildlife and magpies appeared to be the main recipients of this food. Previous ecological studies suggest the provision of extra food to avian populations is likely to affect the breeding ecology, and this was so for magpies. The suburban populations initiated breeding significantly earlier than rural magpies. To test the influence of food, supplementary food was provided to rural magpies, not currently receiving any additional human provided foods. The fed rural magpies initiated breeding before control rural magpies (i.e. not receiving any additional food) but suburban magpies still initiated breeding before all other groups. This suggests additional factors present within suburbia, such as warmer temperatures, may also control the timing of breeding in magpies. Magpies in rural and suburban locations lived within different vertebrate communities. Within suburban magpie territories a greater number of intrusions were made by domestic animals, notably dogs (Canis lupus) and cats (Felis domesticus). The frequency of raptors entering the territorial areas occupied by magpies appears to suggest such events are more common in rural areas. The number of humans entering magpie territories was obviously greater in the more populated suburban areas and the majority of magpies responded neutrally to humans. However a group of magpies that previously exhibited extreme aggression towards humans were found to have a greater frequency of aggressive interactions with potential predatory intruders, which were primarily humans. Subsequent examination of the level of corticosterone from this aggressive group of magpies found that a high level of aggressive interactions with potential predators and humans is reflected in higher level of corticosterone, which may have implications for further behavioural and even physiological changes. An ability to habituate to human in urbanised areas is a key attribute of successful synanthropic species. Comparisons of magpies disturbance distances at different points along the urban gradient (the gradient that runs from the urbaised city to natural wildlands) found suburban magpies only responded to humans when they had approached to a close distance (often less than one metre) and many simply walked away to avoid the approaching human. Rural and exurban magpies responded to humans at greater distances than suburban magpies. The distance at which they responded to the human was usually 100 meters plus, and these magpies always flew away. A continuation of this investigation over a temporal scale again found the large difference in response to humans, with suburban magpies exhibiting a decreased response towards humans. However, a certain proportion of responses from suburban magpies were also aggressive. The examination of disturbance distance over the breeding season found that in suburban magpies the responses of most disturbance distance variables remained similar between breeding stages. Rural magpies, however, exhibited variation in their responses towards humans depending on the stage of breeding. It is suggested that the response of rural magpies may be a typical fear response towards an unusual potential threat. The studies presented in this thesis show that magpies have the behavioural capacity to take advantage of resources in suburban landscapes that are not available or are in lessor supply in rural landscapes, it is these abilities that facilitate the magpies synanthropy.

The urbanised environment provides ecologists with unique situations in which to undertake ecological study. It has been said that urbanisation is like a natural experiment; we often have populations of animals that have gone from living in natural or semi-natural environments to living in a highly modified anthropogenic environment. These situations provide ideal settings to study the ecological and behavioural differences that may develop in populations located in different habitats. Urbanisation typically results in a minority of species dominating the fauna, and this thesis aimed to examine one such species, the Australian magpie. Despite the magpie being a common and well-liked suburban bird, the majority of previous research on this species has been undertaken within rural or exurban locations. This thesis aimed to examine what actually happens to the species when it lives in the suburban environment. In particular I focused on specific behavioural and ecological features, to see if there were any particular adaptations the suburban magpies showed and also if the suburban habitats provide certain resources favourable to the magpies and what ecological effects these may have. Comparisons of the territory structure and resources of rural and suburban magpies showed that although many features of the territory are similar between rural and suburban locations, notably the choice of native nest trees, magpie territories within suburban areas were smaller and contained more anthropogenic features. The reduced territory size may possibly be related to a greater abundance of key food resources also evident within suburban areas. Furthermore, suburban magpies are more successful in their foraging attempts, again possibly reflecting a more abundant food supply in suburbia and also the simplified nature of suburban foraging areas might facilitate more successful foraging. The increased foraging success is likely to explain the greater provisioning rate to nestling suburban magpies. Suburban magpies also utilised human provided foods. I quantified the extent of wildlife feeding within many of the suburban study sites of this thesis (through the use of questionnaire surveys). In each of the locations it was evident that at least one person (usually more) was providing a regular supply of food to wildlife and magpies appeared to be the main recipients of this food. Previous ecological studies suggest the provision of extra food to avian populations is likely to affect the breeding ecology, and this was so for magpies. The suburban populations initiated breeding significantly earlier than rural magpies. To test the influence of food, supplementary food was provided to rural magpies, not currently receiving any additional human provided foods. The fed rural magpies initiated breeding before control rural magpies (i.e. not receiving any additional food) but suburban magpies still initiated breeding before all other groups. This suggests additional factors present within suburbia, such as warmer temperatures, may also control the timing of breeding in magpies. Magpies in rural and suburban locations lived within different vertebrate communities. Within suburban magpie territories a greater number of intrusions were made by domestic animals, notably dogs (Canis lupus) and cats (Felis domesticus). The frequency of raptors entering the territorial areas occupied by magpies appears to suggest such events are more common in rural areas. The number of humans entering magpie territories was obviously greater in the more populated suburban areas and the majority of magpies responded neutrally to humans. However a group of magpies that previously exhibited extreme aggression towards humans were found to have a greater frequency of aggressive interactions with potential predatory intruders, which were primarily humans. Subsequent examination of the level of corticosterone from this aggressive group of magpies found that a high level of aggressive interactions with potential predators and humans is reflected in higher level of corticosterone, which may have implications for further behavioural and even physiological changes. An ability to habituate to human in urbanised areas is a key attribute of successful synanthropic species. Comparisons of magpies disturbance distances at different points along the urban gradient (the gradient that runs from the urbaised city to natural wildlands) found suburban magpies only responded to humans when they had approached to a close distance (often less than one metre) and many simply walked away to avoid the approaching human. Rural and exurban magpies responded to humans at greater distances than suburban magpies. The distance at which they responded to the human was usually 100 meters plus, and these magpies always flew away. A continuation of this investigation over a temporal scale again found the large difference in response to humans, with suburban magpies exhibiting a decreased response towards humans. However, a certain proportion of responses from suburban magpies were also aggressive. The examination of disturbance distance over the breeding season found that in suburban magpies the responses of most disturbance distance variables remained similar between breeding stages. Rural magpies, however, exhibited variation in their responses towards humans depending on the stage of breeding. It is suggested that the response of rural magpies may be a typical fear response towards an unusual potential threat. The studies presented in this thesis show that magpies have the behavioural capacity to take advantage of resources in suburban landscapes that are not available or are in lessor supply in rural landscapes, it is these abilities that facilitate the magpies synanthropy.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The bird Neotropical Palm-Swift, Tachornis squamata (Apodiformes, Apodidae), steals feathers of other bird species by kleptoptily behavior. This particular behavior has been described for this bird species in the Amazon, however aspects of kleptoptily have not yet been investigated in other Neotropical biomes, where Neotropical Palm-Swift can be found. The aim of this study was to quantify the kleptoptily behavior of Neotropical Palm-Swift species in urban and non-urban areas in the Brazilian semi-arid region, Caatinga biome. In urban areas, the data collections were carried out between July 2013 and June 2014 between 06:00-10:00 a.m. and between 14:00- 17:00 p.m., in a total of 225h 45min of sampling effort. In non-urban area, the data collections were carried out between September 2013 and June 2014 between 06:00-10:00 a.m., in a total of 50h 30min of sampling effort. The kleptoptily behavior was quantified through of records the number of kleptoptily events, number event of kleptoptily attempts and the number of events which the Neotropical Palm-swift collected feathers that loosened in a spontaneous way of other birds. Were registered in urban areas, 39 kleptoptily events, 385 events of kleptoptily attempts and 875 events of collected feathers that loosened in a spontaneously way of other birds. Were registered in non-urban area, 25 kleptoptily events and 49 events of kleptoptily attempts. In this area were not registered events of collected feathers that loosened spontaneously of other birds. In urban area, the Neotropical Palm-Swift collected feathers of five species of birds, belonging to four families. In non-urban area, feathers were collected from seven species of birds, distributed in six families. In this study, in urban areas, the Neotropical Palm-Swifts were recorded collecting feathers in two different ways: through kleptoptily and through collected feathers that have broken off spontaneously of other birds. In non-urban area, the Neotropical Palm-Swifts only collected feathers through kleptoptily behavior. The different behavior of Neotropical Palm-Swift in the two study areas can be explained in part by synanthropic behavior of this species
A ave Tachornis squamata (Apodiformes, Apodidae), popularmente conhecida como tesourinha, rouba penas de outras espécies de aves pelo comportamento de cleptoptilia. Este comportamento específico foi descrito para o tesourinha na Amazônia, entretanto aspectos da cleptoptilia ainda não foram investigados em outros biomas da região Neotropical onde esta espécie de ave pode ser encontrada, bioma Caatinga. O objetivo desse estudo foi quantificar o comportamento de cleptoptilia da espécie tesourinha em área urbana e área não urbana na região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil. Em área urbana, as coletas de dados foram realizadas entre julho de 2013 e junho de 2014 entre 06:00h e 10:00h e entre 14:00h e 17:00h, e totalizando um esforço amostral de 225h e 45min de observações. Em área não urbana, as coletas de dados foram realizadas entre setembro de 2013 a junho de 2014 entre 06:00h e 10:00h, totalizando um esforço amostral de 50h e 30min de observações. O comportamento de cleptoptilia foi quantificado por meio dos seguintes registros: número de eventos de cleptoptilia, número de eventos de tentativas de cleptoptilia e número de eventos no qual as tesourinhas coletaram penas que se desprenderam de forma espontânea de outras aves. Foram registrados, em área urbana, 39 eventos de cleptoptilia, 385 eventos de tentativas de cleptoptilia e 875 eventos de penas coletadas que se desprenderam espontaneamente de outras aves. Foram registrados, em área não urbana, 25 eventos de cleptoptilia, 49 eventos de tentativas de cleptoptilia e não foram registrados eventos de penas coletadas que se desprenderam espontaneamente de outras aves. Em área urbana, foi registrado que o tesourinha coletou penas em cinco espécies de aves, pertencentes a quatro famílias. Em área não urbana, foi registrado que o tesourinha coletou penas em sete espécies de aves, distribuídas em seis famílias. Neste estudo, em área urbana, o tesourinha foi registrado coletando penas de duas formas distintas: por meio da cleptoptilia e por meio de penas coletadas que se desprenderam espontaneamente de outras aves. Em área não urbana, o tesourinha somente coletou penas por meio do comportamento de cleptoptilia. Esta diferença comportamental exibido pelo tesourinha nas duas áreas de estudo pode ser explicado, em parte, pelo comportamento sinantrópico desta espécie.

The conservation value of traditional agriculture is well recognised in Europe, where retention and restoration of farming practices that support open-habitat species is a standard management technique. Elsewhere, however, this value is often overlooked while conservation attention is directed at natural habitats and forest biota. This thesis assesses the importance of traditional farming for developing-world biodiversity, using the White-shouldered Ibis Pseudibis davisoni in Cambodia to investigate practices underpinning synanthropic relationships, links between farming-dependent species and local livelihoods, and potential conservation strategies. Ibis status and ecology was investigated by censuses, foraging observations, prey sampling, experimental exclusion of grazing and burning at foraging habitats, and experimental protection of nests. Livelihoods were assessed by social research methods including household income surveys. A literature review found a subset of threatened bird taxa now dependent on traditional farming following the loss of natural processes. Agricultural change, driven by external agribusiness and intrinsic livelihood modernisation, endangers these species, including the ibis. Ibis foraging ecology is closely associated with local livelihood practices, with favoured dry forest habitats created or maintained by domestic livestock grazing, anthropogenic fire and rice cultivation. Not all local practices are beneficial, however: ibis nests are exploited for food by local people, and nest guardians do not improve nest success (although this requires further testing). White-shouldered Ibis’s breeding season contrasts with that of the sympatric Giant Ibis Thaumatibis gigantea, most likely explained by the former’s dry-season-adapted foraging strategy. Household incomes and livestock capital assets demonstrated that local people share a dependence on the livelihood practices and dry forest landscape supporting the ibis. Nevertheless, local livelihood change (such as mechanisation) may uncouple this linkage, making a potential win-win conservation strategy unviable. Conservation must develop measures to maintain valuable farming practices before they, and the species dependent on them, are lost through agricultural transition.

Orientador: Claudio José Von Zuben
Banca: Julio Mendes
Banca: Rodrigo Ferreira Kruger
Resumo: Entre os dípteros de interesse médico-sanitário, destacam-se os pertencentes às famílias Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae e Muscidade, que são de grande importância pelo fato de serem vetores de patógenos, parasitarem tecidos e por serem úteis na entomologia forense, na estimativa do IPM de cadáveres. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência das espécies mais predominantes, avaliar uma possível associação dessas com três áreas ecológicas distintas (urbana, rural e florestal) e determinar o índice de sinantropia de adultos dessas famílias coletados em Rio Claro, SP. As coletas ocorreram entre os meses de setembro de 2009 e agosto de 2010. Armadilhas contendo iscas de sardinha, fígado e carne moída foram expostas durante cinco dias consecutivos por mês, nas três áreas ecológicas distintas. Foram coletados nesse trabalho 2.782 exemplares de dípteros, sendo a maioria deles (45,04%) pertencentes à família Calliphoridae. A segunda família em abundância foi dos muscídeos (39,14%), seguida pela família Sarcophagidae (15,82%). As únicas espécies que apresentaram valores positivos para o índice de sinantropia foram Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) e Oxysarcordexia thornax (Walker), Atherigona orientalis Schiner, Musca domestica Linnaeus, Ophyra chalcogaster (Wiedemann) e Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp). As demais espécies apresentaram valores negativos, o que demonstra uma maior preferência por áreas menos habitadas. Dentre as iscas utilizadas, a de fígado atraiu os califorídeos com maior abundância, a de sardinha foi a preferida pelos sarcofagídeos e a de carne, pelos muscídeos, em comparação ao fígado. De acordo com o índice de Bray-Curtis, as áreas rural e urbana foram as mais similares em relação à composição de espécies atraídas pelas iscas
Abstract: Among the Diptera of medical and health importance, we highlight those belonging to the families Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and Muscidae, which are of great importance because they are vectors of pathogens, parasitized tissues and are useful in forensic entomology, in estimating the IPM of corpses. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of the most prevalent species, assess a possible association with three distinct ecological areas (urban, rural and forest) and determine the synanthropic index of adults in these families collected in Rio Claro, SP. The samples were collected between the months of September 2009 and August 2010. Traps baited with sardine baits, liver and ground beef were exposed for five consecutive days per month in three different ecological areas. In this study were collected 2,782 specimens of Diptera, the majority of them (45.04%) belonging to the family Calliphoridae. The second family in abundance was Muscidae (39.14%), followed by family Sarcophagidae (15.82%). The only species that showed positive values for the index of synanthropy were Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) and Oxysarcordexia thornax (Walker), Atherigona orientalis Schiner, Musca domestica Linnaeus, Ophyra chalcogaster (Wiedemann) and Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp). The values for the other species were negative, showing a greater preference for less populated areas. Among the baits used, liver attracted calliphorids with higher abundance, the sardine was the preferred for sarcophagids and flesh fly by muscids, in relation to liver. According to Bray-Curtis index, the rural and urban areas were more similar in terms of species composition attracted by the bait
Mestre

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Entre os dípteros de interesse médico-sanitário, destacam-se os pertencentes às famílias Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae e Muscidade, que são de grande importância pelo fato de serem vetores de patógenos, parasitarem tecidos e por serem úteis na entomologia forense, na estimativa do IPM de cadáveres. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência das espécies mais predominantes, avaliar uma possível associação dessas com três áreas ecológicas distintas (urbana, rural e florestal) e determinar o índice de sinantropia de adultos dessas famílias coletados em Rio Claro, SP. As coletas ocorreram entre os meses de setembro de 2009 e agosto de 2010. Armadilhas contendo iscas de sardinha, fígado e carne moída foram expostas durante cinco dias consecutivos por mês, nas três áreas ecológicas distintas. Foram coletados nesse trabalho 2.782 exemplares de dípteros, sendo a maioria deles (45,04%) pertencentes à família Calliphoridae. A segunda família em abundância foi dos muscídeos (39,14%), seguida pela família Sarcophagidae (15,82%). As únicas espécies que apresentaram valores positivos para o índice de sinantropia foram Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) e Oxysarcordexia thornax (Walker), Atherigona orientalis Schiner, Musca domestica Linnaeus, Ophyra chalcogaster (Wiedemann) e Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp). As demais espécies apresentaram valores negativos, o que demonstra uma maior preferência por áreas menos habitadas. Dentre as iscas utilizadas, a de fígado atraiu os califorídeos com maior abundância, a de sardinha foi a preferida pelos sarcofagídeos e a de carne, pelos muscídeos, em comparação ao fígado. De acordo com o índice de Bray-Curtis, as áreas rural e urbana foram as mais similares em relação à composição de espécies atraídas pelas iscas
Among the Diptera of medical and health importance, we highlight those belonging to the families Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and Muscidae, which are of great importance because they are vectors of pathogens, parasitized tissues and are useful in forensic entomology, in estimating the IPM of corpses. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of the most prevalent species, assess a possible association with three distinct ecological areas (urban, rural and forest) and determine the synanthropic index of adults in these families collected in Rio Claro, SP. The samples were collected between the months of September 2009 and August 2010. Traps baited with sardine baits, liver and ground beef were exposed for five consecutive days per month in three different ecological areas. In this study were collected 2,782 specimens of Diptera, the majority of them (45.04%) belonging to the family Calliphoridae. The second family in abundance was Muscidae (39.14%), followed by family Sarcophagidae (15.82%). The only species that showed positive values for the index of synanthropy were Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) and Oxysarcordexia thornax (Walker), Atherigona orientalis Schiner, Musca domestica Linnaeus, Ophyra chalcogaster (Wiedemann) and Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp). The values for the other species were negative, showing a greater preference for less populated areas. Among the baits used, liver attracted calliphorids with higher abundance, the sardine was the preferred for sarcophagids and flesh fly by muscids, in relation to liver. According to Bray-Curtis index, the rural and urban areas were more similar in terms of species composition attracted by the bait

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Echinococcus spp., Taenia spp. and Toxocara spp. are important parasites of domestic and wild canids and neglected zoonotic helminths. Despite their relevance in Public Health, little is known about their prevalence in Portugal. An epidemiological study was conducted to clarify the role of canids in the sylvatic and synanthropic cycles of these pathogens in our country. Fecal samples from dog (n = 51), red fox (n = 62) and Iberian wolf (n = 68) were collected from two regions. Toxocara spp. and taeniid eggs were isolated through a Sieving-flotation technique. Species identification in taeniids was made using Multiplex-PCR followed by sequencing of amplified material; in Toxocara spp. by measuring the eggs. Taenia hydatigena, T. serialis, T. pisiformis, T. polyacantha, Echinococcus canadensis (G7) and Toxocara canis were detected in wolves. This was the first time taeniid species were studied in Portuguese Iberian wolf populations, with the first records of T. polyacantha and E. canadensis in Iberian wolves. T. hydatigena and Toxocara canis were found in both dogs and foxes and T. polyacantha in foxes. Dogs were considered the most important link between domestic and synanthropic cycles but wolves and foxes can be regarded as the most relevant hosts in maintaining the sylvatic and synanthropic cycles of taeniids and Toxocara spp., respectively. Control programs should consider these species as part of their measures, and dogs, since they are more easily reached, should be dewormed more frequently.
RESUMO - OS CICLOS SILVÁTICOS E SINANTRÓPICOS DE ECHINOCOCCUS SPP., TAENIA SPP. E TOXOCARA SPP. EM PORTUGAL: DIAGNÓSTICO COPROLÓGICO E MOLECULAR EM CANÍDEOS - Echinococcus spp., Taenia spp. e Toxocara spp. são parasitas importantes de canídeos domésticos e silvestres e agentes de zoonoses negligenciadas. Apesar da sua relevância em Saúde Pública, pouca informação existe acerca da prevalência em Portugal. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico para compreender o papel que espécies de canídeos poderiam desempenhar nos ciclos silvático e sinantrópico destes parasitas no nosso país. Foram recolhidas amostras fecais de cão (n =51), raposa (n = 62) e lobo ibérico (n = 68) de duas regiões. Os ovos de Toxocara spp. e de tenídeos foram isolados por uma técnica de Filtração-Flutuação. As espécies de tenídeos foram identificadas por Multiplex-PCR e sequenciação do material amplificado; para Toxocara spp. foram medidos os ovos. Em lobos foram detectadas as espécies Taenia hydatigena, T. serialis, T. pisiformis, T. polyacantha, Echinococcus canadensis (G7) e Toxocara canis, sendo este o primeiro estudo das espécies de tenídeos na população portuguesa de lobo ibérico. T. polyacantha e E. canadensis (G7) foram detectados pela primeira vez em lobo ibérico. T. hydatigena e Toxocara canis foram encontrados em raposas e cães e T. polyacantha apenas nas raposas. Considerou-se que os cães serão o principal elo de ligação entre os ciclos doméstico e sinantrópico, enquanto os lobos e as raposas o serão para os ciclos silvático e sinantrópico de tenideos e Toxocara spp., respectivamente. As medidas dos programas de controlo deverão, por isso, focar-se também nestas espécies, e os cães, por serem mais facilmente manipulados, devem ser desparasitados mais frequentemente.

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CAPEs
Os morcegos ocupam diversos níveis tróficos e em diferentes regiões tropicais podem representar cerca de 50% da mastofauna. Como consequências da perda de seus habitats naturais estão se deslocando para as cidades e interagindo negativamente com os humanos e como resultado sofrem uma perseguição indiscriminada. Neste trabalho, objetivamos caracterizar a comunidade de quirópteros, avaliando a riqueza, abundância e diversidade de um fragmento urbano de Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco, o Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos (PEDI), bem como identificar a percepção dos moradores e as interações existentes entre humanos e morcegos na comunidade “Estrada dos Macacos” situada entre as áreas que compõem o parque. Os morcegos foram coletados através de redes de neblina em parcelas do módulo do Programa de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade localizado no PEDI e as capturas ocorreram durante os meses de outubro/2014, janeiro, abril e julho de 2015. A identificação da percepção e interações entre humanos e morcegos foi realizada através da aplicação de questionários semiestruturados entre janeiro e setembro de 2015. Foram capturados 912 indivíduos de 23 espécies, sendo três novas ocorrências para o parque e uma delas para Pernambuco. A família Phyllostomidae foi a mais abundante com 99,56% espécimes. Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus discolor e Artibeus lituratus foram as espécies mais abundantes e juntas somaram 779 capturas. A riqueza obtida representa 12,9% da quiropterofauna brasileira. A quiropterofauna revelou-se com um padrão comum para comunidades de morcegos na região neotropical e os resultados obtidos reforçam a ideia da importância do Parque para conservação desse grupo. Foram entrevistadas 210 pessoas e segundo esses, os morcegos são vistos frequentemente na comunidade e alvo de reclamações pelos moradores, principalmente relacionados ao adentramento nas casas e a sujeira deixada pelos animais. Os moradores desconhecem informações sobre a biologia e importância dos morcegos e associam os quirópteros a mitos e outros animais considerados pragas. A interação observada com humanos pode ser decorrente da aproximação com o Parque, isso somado ao preconceito e desconhecimento, faz com que os morcegos sejam perseguidos indiscriminadamente, havendo necessidade de esclarecimentos junto à comunidade buscando evitar maiores danos às populações desses animais.
The bats occupy several trophic levels and in different tropical regions may represent approximately 50% of mammals. Like loss of their natural habitats consequences is shifting away to cities and interacting negatively with humans and as a result suffer an indiscriminate persecution. In this work, we aimed to characterize the chiropterans community, assessing the richness, abundance and diversity of an urban fragment of the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco in the Parque Estadual in Dois Irmãos (PEDI) and to identify the perception of residents and those between human interactions and bats community "Estrada dos Macacos” located between the areas which make up the park. The bats were collected using mist nets in Biodiversity Research Program module plots located in Pedi and catches occurred during the months of October/ 2014, January, April and July 2015. The identification of perception and interaction between humans and bats was carried out by applying semistructured questionnaire between January and September 2015. We captured 912 individuals of 23 species, three new records for the park and one for Pernambuco. The Phyllostomidae family was the most abundant with 99.56% specimens. Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus discolor and Artibeus lituratus were the most abundant species and together totaled 779 catches. The richness obtained is 12.9% of the Brazilian chiropterofauna. The chiropterofauna proved with a common standard for bat communities in the Neotropics and the results reinforce the idea of the importance of the Park for conservation of this group. According to 210 people that were interviewed and these, bats are often seen in the community and the target of complaints by residents, mainly related to getting through the houses and dirt left by animals. The residents are unaware of information on the biology and importance of bats and chiropterans associate the myths and other animals considered pests. The interaction observed with humans may be due to the approach to the park, this added to the prejudice and ignorance, makes bats are hunted indiscriminately, requiring clarification from the community seeking to avoid further damage to the populations of these animals.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Levantamentos de moscas sinantrópicas foram realizados para verificar a composição e abundância das famílias Calliphoridae e Muscidae, considerando a interferência antrópica em quatro ambientes (centro urbano, área florestal, assentamento rural e área canavieira) na região do Pontal do Paranapenama, São Paulo. Essas moscas são de grande interesse médico-sanitário, pois são vetores mecânicos de agentes patogênicos (vírus, bactérias, ovos de helmintos, cistos de protozoários), frequentam diversos ambientes, alimentam-se de diversos tipos de substratos efêmeros, apresentam elevado grau de sinantropia e são consideradas indicadores da qualidade ambiental. Para a captura dos insetos, de março de 2012 a março de 2013, no município de Teodoro Sampaio – SP, foram utilizadas armadilhas confeccionadas com garrafas tipo “Pet-2L”, contendo fígado bovino e peixe (sardinha) como iscas, em cada ambiente pesquisado (centro urbano, área florestal, assentamento e canavial), no início, meio e fim de cada estação, em um período de 12 meses. Para verificar a relação entre os ambientes antropizados, alvos da pesquisa, e as moscas sinantrópicas, utilizou-se da proposta metodológica de Ross (1994). Para discussão dos resultados empregou-se os conceitos de Ross, baseado em Tricart: Unidades Ecodinâmicas de Instabilidade Potencial (Estáveis = área florestal “B”) e de Unidades Ecodinâmicas de Instabilidade Emergente (Instáveis = área urbana “A”, assentamento rural “C” e área canavieira “D”), classificadas em graus de fragilidade. Um total de 1.125 moscas foram capturadas, sendo 85,7% da família Calliphoridae e 14,3% da família Muscidae. Na cidade de Teodoro Sampaio (A) ocorreu a maior captura de califorídeos 56,2%, seguido da área florestal (B) 22,1%, assentamento (C) 14,5%, e do canavial (D) 7,2%, respectivamente. Os muscídeos 34,2%, foram mais abundantes no centro urbano (A), seguido na área florestal (B) 32,9%, no assentamento (C) 28,8%, e área canavieira (D) 4,1%. Como resultados, a análise de correlação revelou que nos ambientes urbanos (A), campesino (C) e do canavial (D) a população de califorídeos é mais alta em época de precipitação pluviométrica intensa, e, no primeiro (A) e no último (D), ressaltou-se as condições de umidade relativa do ar para sua proliferação. Em contraste, no ambiente florestal não foram observadas correlações entre variáveis indicadoras de condições de umidade decorrente de precipitação e populações de moscas, notando-se negativa de correlação entre temperatura e população de moscas. Observou-se influência diferenciada das condições climáticas para cada ambiente, oscilando entre temperatura e umidade, para os califorídeos. Para os muscídeos, não se observou correlação entre variáveis climáticas e número de captura, exceto a umidade relativa do ar com correlação negativa no ambiente florestal, sugerindo que essas moscas sejam mais estáveis pela melhor adaptação às condições geoclimáticas. O estudo identificou estreitas associações das moscas sinantrópicas com os seres humanos e sua capacidade de transmitir patógenos na região do Pontal do Paranapanema. Trouxe informação relevante que pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas de controle e de educação ambiental e saúde, com ênfase na importância do saneamento para a gestão de moscas sinantrópicas nessa área em particular.
Surveys of synanthropic flies were performed to verify the composition and abundance of Calliphoridae and Muscidae families, with the anthropic interference in four environments (urban center, forestry, rural settlement and sugarcane area) in the region of Pontal do Paranapenama, São Paulo. These flies are of great medical and health interest since they are mechanical vectors of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, helminth eggs, protozoan cysts). Furthermore they are found at various environments, feed on various types of ephemeral substrates, have a high level of synanthropy and are considered indicators of environmental quality. In order to capture those insects from March 2012 to March 2013 in the municipality of Teodoro Sampaio - SP, traps made with bottles type "Pet-2L" containing beef liver and fish (sardines) were used as baits in each researched environment (urban center, forestry, settlement and sugarcane), at the beginning, middle and end of each season, in a period of 12 months. To verify the relationship between anthropogenic environments, targeted research, and synanthropic flies, the methodological proposal of Ross was used. To discuss the results the Ross concepts were used, based on Tricart: Ecodinamic Units of Potential Instability (Stable = forest area “B”) and Ecodinamic Units of Emergent Instability (Unstable = urban area “A” rural settlement “C” and sugarcane area “D”, classified in degrees of fragility. A total of 1,125 flies were captured, and 85.7% of the Calliphoridae family and 14.3% of Muscidae. In the city of Teodoro Sampaio (A) was the largest capture, calliphorid 56.2%, followed by forestry 22.1%, settlement (C) 14.5% and cane field (D) 7.2% respectively. The muscídeos 34.2% were more abundant in the urban center (A), followed by the forest area (B) 32.9%, the settlement (C) 28.8% and the sugarcane area ( D) 4.1%. As a result, the correlation analysis revealed that in urban environments (A), campesino (C) and sugarcane (D) the population of blowflies is higher in times of intense rainfall, and in the first (A) and last (D), it was noticed that proliferation was due to the conditions of relative humidity of the air. In contrast, in the forest environment correlations between variables indicating humidity conditions resulting from precipitation and fly populations were not observed, therefore a negative correlation between temperature and population of flies. There was different influence of climatic conditions for each environment, ranging from temperature and humidity, for blowflies. For muscídeos there was no correlation between climatic variables and capture number, except the relative humidity of the air with negative correlation in the forest environment, suggesting that these flies are more stable for the best adaptation to geo-climatic conditions. The study identified close associations with synanthropic flies and humans and their ability to transmit pathogens in the Pontal do Paranapanema region. Also it provided relevant information that may assist in the development of control, environmental education and health programs, focusing on the importance of sanitation for the management of synanthropic flies in this particular area.

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CAPES
Termites are well known for their great economic importance as pests of various woods and other cellulosic materials. Among the termites harmful to the urban environment, standing out Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), a species introduced in Brazil and frequently occurs in the Southeast region, causing incalculable economic losses to cellulosic materials and to living trees. The objectives of this study were to determine the foraging and feeding preference of the C. gestroi in relation to five types of wood (four forest species and MDF), with or without foraging monitoring device (bait-holder), in eight sites distribuited in different neighborhoods of the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro (Campo Grande, Padre Miguel and two sites in Santa Cruz), S?o Gon?alo (two sites in Alc?ntara) and Serop?dica (UFRRJ and Canto do Rio), RJ. These sites were selected because of the high foraging activity of C. gestroi. In each site, wood stakes of Allantoma lineata (Mart ex O. Berg) Miers, Didymopanax morototonii (Aubl.) Dcne. et Planch., Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Cheval., Pinus elliottii Engel. and MDF-Medium Density Fiberboard stakes were buried in the soil inside a PVC pipe and free (without pipes), simultaneously, in a situation of choice, equidistant from each other. The stakes remained buried in the soil for 15, 30, 60 and 90 days (n = 320), 50% within the bait-holder. At the end of each exposition period that the stakes remained in the soil, they were unearthed, the frequency of occurrence of C. gestroi on each stake was determine, and they were taken to the laboratory to determine the weight of the stake to calculate the wood consumption by termites. Forage castes, when present at the stakes, they were collected for conclusive identification. The experimental design adopted was the sub-sub split plot, where each type of wood represented a plot, each exposition period a sub-plot and the use or not of bait-holder a sub-sub plot. The Alc?ntara 2 site was the one that obtained the highest occurrence of C. gestroi foragers in the wood stakes. There was no occurrence of foraging in the stakes by C. gestroi in Alc?ntara 1, Santa Cruz 2 and Serop?dica 1 in all periods of exposure, although there was activity of this termite when the stakes were installed. The termite was able to recruit individuals to forage equally all the stakes of the forest species and the MDF. The longer the exposure time of the buried stakes, the greater the occurrence of C. gestroi and the consumption of the stakes by the termite, except in 30 days, since there could have been disturbances during the previous collection. The P. elliottii stakes were more consumed by C. gestroi followed by those of MDF, which were preferentially more consumed than stakes of D. morototonii and A. lineata. When there was both low and medium density woods in contact with the soil C. gestroi did not consume high density M. huberi wood. There was no difference in the occurrence of foraging and consumption of the stakes of the five types of wood with or without bait holder, indicating that this device facilitates the monitoring without interfering in these activities of C. gestroi.
Os t?rmitas s?o conhecidos por sua grande import?ncia econ?mica como pragas de diversas madeiras e de outros materiais celul?sicos. Em ?rea urbana, destaca-se Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), esp?cie introduzida no Brasil, com ocorr?ncia frequente na regi?o Sudeste, causando preju?zos econ?micos incalcul?veis a materiais celul?sicos e ?s ?rvores vivas. Este trabalho objetivou determinar o forrageamento e a prefer?ncia alimentar de C. gestroi em rela??o a cinco tipos de madeira (quatro esp?cies floretais e o MDF), com ou sem dispositivo de monitoramento do forrageamento (porta-isca), em oito locais distribu?dois em diferentes bairros dos munic?pios do Rio de Janeiro (Campo Grande, Padre Miguel e dois locais em Santa Cruz), S?o Gon?alo (dois locais em Alc?ntara) e Serop?dica (UFRRJ e Canto do Rio), RJ. Esses locais foram selecionados por apresentar alta atividade de forrageamento de C. gestroi. Em cada local, estacas de madeira de Allantoma lineata (Mart ex O. Berg) Miers, Didymopanax morototonii (Aubl.) Dcne. et Planch., Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Cheval., Pinus elliottii Engel. e estacas de MDF- Medium Density Fiberboard (Painel de Madeira de Densidade M?dia), previamente pesadas, foram enterradas no solo dentro de tubos de PVC e livres (sem tubos), em situa??o de escolha, equidistantes uma das outras. As estacas permaneceram enterradas no solo durante 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias (n=320), sendo 50% dentro do porta-isca. Ap?s cada per?odo de perman?ncia das estacas no solo, estas foram desenterradas, determinou-se a frequ?ncia de ocorr?ncia de C. gestroi em cada estaca e em seguida levadas para o laborat?rio para determina??o do peso para o c?lculo do consumo de madeira pelos t?rmitas. Castas forrageadoras, quando presentes nas estacas, foram coletadas para identifica??o conclusiva. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de parcela sub-sub dividida, onde cada tipo de madeira representou uma parcela, cada ?poca de avalia??o uma sub-parcela e o uso ou n?o de porta-isca uma sub-sub parcela. O local Alc?ntara 2 foi a que obteve a maior ocorr?ncia de forrageadores de C. gestroi nas estacas de madeira. N?o houve ocorr?ncia de forrageamento nas estacas por C. gestroi em Alc?ntara 1, Santa Cruz 2 e Serop?dica 1 em todos os per?odos de exposi??o, embora existisse atividade desse t?rmita quando da instala??o das estacas. O t?rmita foi capaz de recrutar indiv?duos para forragear igualmente todas as estacas das esp?cies florestais e de MDF. Quanto maior o tempo de exposi??o das estacas enterradas, maior foi a ocorr?ncia de C. gestroi e o consumo das mesmas pelo t?rmita, exceto em 30 dias, pois pode ter ocorrido perturba??es durante a coleta anterior. As estacas de P. elliottii foram mais consumidas por C. gestroi, seguida das de MDF, as quais foram preferencialmente mais consumidas que estacas de D. morototonii e A. lineata. Quando houve simultaneamente madeiras de densidade baixa e m?dia em contato com o solo C. gestroi n?o consomiu a madeira de M. huberi, de densidade alta. N?o houve diferen?a na ocorr?ncia de forrageamento e consumo das estacas dos cinco tipos de madeira com ou sem porta-isca, indicando que este dipositivo facilita o monitoramento sem interferir nessas atividades de C. gestroi.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
O médico veterinário municipal é a autoridade sanitária veterinária concelhia, fundamental nas diversas atividades das ciências veterinárias, desempenhando funções importantes na saúde e bem-estar animal, na saúde pública e na higiene e segurança alimentar. Os animais errantes e os sinantrópicos são responsáveis por problemas de saúde pública os quais têm impactos socioeconómicos consideráveis para a maioria das cidades. A atividade humana e a abundância de resíduos nas cidades favorece a proliferação de espécies resistentes e oportunistas. Em excesso, animais sinantrópicos, tornam-se pragas urbanas com impacto na qualidade de vida e salubridade das populações. O presente trabalho apresenta um projeto idealizado para dar resposta à problemática da sobrepopulação columbófila na cidade da Figueira da Foz, com o objetivo de reduzir o seu efetivo em determinados locais. O projeto engloba diferentes passos, durante os quais é feita a seleção dos indivíduos saudáveis e rastreadas doenças que possam apresentar perigo zoonótico, permanecendo num pombal municipal uma população residente controlada. É urgente difundir o conceito de guarda responsável através da sensibilização da população humana, bem como implementar medidas eficazes na resolução de problemas relacionados com o aumento do número de animais, tarefa que não se apresenta fácil mas que se impõe pela sua importância. É da competência da CM e da responsabilidade do médico veterinário municipal adequar estas medidas para que seja garantida a saúde pública.
ABSTRACT - The Municipal Veterinarian and the overpopulation of stray and synanthropic animals - Project for the control of pigeons in the city of Figueira da Foz - The local veterinarian is the veterinary health authority of the district council, key-figure in the various activities of veterinary science, playing important roles in animal health and welfare, public health and food hygiene and safety. Stray and synanthropic animals are associated to health problems that have significant economic and social impact in cities. Human activity and the abundance of waste in cities favours the proliferation of resistant and opportunistic species. In excess, the synanthropic animals become urban pests with an impact on the quality of life and health of populations. This paper presents a project designed to address the problem of pigeon’s overpopulation in the city of Figueira da Foz, with the aim of reducing their numbers in specific locations. The project encompasses different steps during which the selection of healthy individuals is done, and zoonotic diseases that may present a potential risk, the resident population is assessed and remains in a controlled municipal dovecote. It is urgent to spread the concept of responsible ownership by raising awareness of human population as well as implement effective measures in for solving problems related to the increased number of animals, a task that does not look easy but it imposes on its importance. It is responsibility of city the council, and the responsibility of the municipal veterinarian to adapt these measures to ensure that public health is guaranteed.

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Synanthropic flies are recognized as an important factor for the dissemination of infectious diseases to humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of isolations and antimicrobial profile of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from synanthropic flies captured with entomological traps, near of the in milk site of 30 dairy farms located in northern Paraná, Brazil. Surface washed and internal contents of 192 flies were submitted to microbiological analysis. In the 30 farms surveyed, the frequencies of caches of Muscidae (21/30 = 70%) and Calliphoridae (27/30 = 90%) were higher than Sarcophagidae (7/30 = 23.3%). E. coli was isolated only from Muscidae (14.3%) and Calliphoridae (33.3%). Salmonella spp. was isolated from 9.5% of Muscidae, 7.4% of Calliphoridae and 14.29% of Sarcophagidae. Staphylococcus spp. was only isolated from 28.5% of Muscidae and 29.6% of Calliphoridae. Isolates of E. coli were more common in flies captured on farms that kept domestic chickens near to the site milking (p = 0.031), and that did not use cane sugar for animal feed (p = 0.042). Two of the 27 strains (7.4%) of Staphylococcus spp. were coagulase-positive. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and gentamicin were the most effective antimicrobials against E. coli and Salmonella spp., and tetracycline was the less effective for the same microbial agents. None of the Staphylococcus spp. strains demonstrate resistance to oxacillin. It is concluded that the flies in the region are potential mechanical vectors of microbial agents that are able to cause enteritis in calves, mastitis in cows and contamination of dairy products produced on farms.
Moscas sinantrópicas são reconhecidas como fatores importantes na disseminação de várias doenças infecciosas para seres humanos e animais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência de isolamentos e perfil de sensibilidade microbiano de Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Staphylococcus spp. isolados de moscas sinantrópicas capturadas com armadilhas entomológicas próximas as salas de ordenha de 30 propriedades leiteiras localizadas no norte do Paraná, Brasil. Lavados superficiais e conteúdos internos de 192 moscas foram submetidos a análises microbiológicas. Nas 30 fazendas pesquisadas, as frequências de capturas de muscídeos (21/30 = 70%) e califorídeos (27/30 = 90%) foram superiores às capturas de sarcofagídeos (7/30 = 23,3%). E. coli foi isolada somente de muscídeos (14,3%) e califorídeos (33,3%). Salmonella spp. foi isolada de 9,5% dos muscídeos, 7,4% dos califorídeos e 14,29% dos sarcofagídeos. Staphylococcus spp. foi isolado de 28,5% dos muscídeos e 29,6% dos califorídeos. Isolamentos de E.coli foram mais comuns em moscas capturadas em fazendas que mantinham galinhas domésticas perto da sala de ordenha (p=0,031), e que não utilizavam cana de açúcar para alimentação animal (p=0,042). Duas de 27 (7,4%) linhagens de Staphylococcus spp. foram coagulase-positivas. Ceftriaxona, ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina e gentamicina foram os antimicrobianos mais efetivos frente E. coli e Salmonella spp, enquanto tetraciclina foi o menos eficaz para os mesmos agentes microbianos. Nenhuma das estirpes de Staphylococcus spp. demonstraram resitência frente à oxacilina. Conclui-se que as moscas da região são potenciais vetores mecânicos de agentes microbianos capazes de causar enterite em bezerros, mastite em vacas e a contaminação de produtos lácteos.

O projeto educativo Para Viver de Bem com os Bichos PVBB tem sido aplicado junto a instituições de ensino da Cidade de São Paulo - SP, Brasil e consta de dois módulos: Posse Responsável e Fauna Sinantrópica. O presente estudo foi delineado para analisar a dinâmica deste processo educativo, avaliando o papel dos sujeitos no repasse das informações sobre animais sinantrópicos. Houve o acompanhamento do curso de formação oferecido pelo Centro de Controle de Zoonoses em São Paulo-SP-Brasil, com avaliação dos conteúdos apreendidos pelos multiplicadores e da ação de duas multiplicadoras, professores, alunos e responsáveis em uma unidade de ensino. Foram utilizados questionários de auto-preenchimento, com questões abertas para a análise de conteúdos que após a categorização foram submetidos ao teste de McNemar e concordância kappa. Questões semi-abertas foram utilizadas para caracterizar os grupos sociais homogêneos. A análise de correspondência foi utilizada para estabelecer relações entre respostas e grupos sociais homogêneos. Constatou-se que a implementação do PVBB contribui para a melhoria do grau de conhecimento dos multiplicadores sobre fauna sinantrópica; entretanto a participação no curso do CCZ. A participação dos multiplicadores no curso não foi suficiente para instrumentá-los para o repasse de conteúdos do projeto e de informações técnicas em sua unidade de ensino. Os professores contribuíram no repasse de informações aos alunos dentro das possibilidades que lhes foram oferecidas. Não houve impacto significativo no repasse de informações dos alunos aos seus responsáveis entretanto é interessante observar que, quando da sua existência, este repasse variou nos grupos sociais homogêneos detectados e na condição de haver oportunidade de diálogo em casa.A utilização da agregação das famílias dos sujeitos, em grupos sociais homogêneos, permitiu avaliar a inserção social dos mesmos.A análise feita com a utilização dos grupos sociais homogêneos permitiu avaliar tendências de associações diferenciadas entre os GSH e as respostas citadas pelos responsáveis.
The educative project How to live well with the animals has been applied to educational institutions in the city of São Paulo SP Brazil and has two modules: responsible pets ownership and the other synanthropic fauna. The current study was written to analyze the dynamics of the educational process, evaluating this research subjects in the role of re-passing the information about synanthropic animals. The course offered by the Municipal Center of Zoonosis Control (CCZ), in São Paulo (SP), is offered to multiplier teachers. This course was accompanied and the taught topics to the multipliers were evaluated by applying a self-filling-questionnaire, before and after the course. The teaching action on this taught topics, was accompanied in the school where two multipliers worked. The taught topics were evaluated in the same way again, but considering the teachers, who had received information from the two multipliers, and the children, who studied in the school, and these childrens parents or tutors. The self-filling-questionnaire was composed of free open answers in order to evaluate the taught topics. The topics were statistically studied by McNemar and Kappa concordance test. Another questionnaire with part-closed questions was used to study the social insertion which was studied by the Social Homogeneous Group (SHG) methodology. The correspondence analysis ANACOR-was used to study relations among the SHG and the taught points. The study indicated that PVBB project increases multipliers information about synanthropic animal, but the multiplier could not act on re-passing the information and technical taught to the teachers in the school. The participation of the multipliers in the course was not sufficient for preparing them to act in this way. According to the possibilities the teachers could re-pass part of the topics with their students. There was no sigificative impact on the students action of re-passing the information to their parents or tutors, but it was interesting to observe that the re-passing actions was different according to the homogeneous social group, and the possibility of dialogue between the child and the familiars. The use of SHG methodology could evaluate the social insertion and different association tendencies between the SHG and the answers written by the parents and tutors.

The recent and human caused environmental changes interfered with the evolutionary interactions between parasites and hosts. These changes accidentally benefited those few animals species, more adapted to the altered environment. However, the biodiversity of parasites was affected, and some parasitic species were benefited as well. In the case of ticks, those species which, after the changes, found abundant hosts and suitable environment were benefited. In Brazil, capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris Linnaeus 1766) and the associated ticks Amblyomma cajennense Fabricius 1787 and Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann 1899, expanded in many urban areas where they threaten human well-being and domestic animals. These ticks cause pruritic skin lesions and blood feed on their hosts moreover, they are associated, in some places, with the transmission of Spotted fever, a highly lethal disease for man. This study aimed to analyze the factors that determine the establishment and expansion of capybaras and ticks in urban areas in the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. For this purpose in 2008 monthly direct counting of capybaras per transect in four urban areas and an ecological reserve were held and abundance and density index were calculated. Ticks were collected from the environment in the summer of 2008 using CO2 traps and flannel dragging on the same transects. It was observed that populations of capybara, in groups with number of individuals higher then those found in natural areas, were established in such places that, in addition to food and water bodies, were protected day and night surveillance. The greater abundance of ticks of the species A. cajennense and A. dubitatum was found at the site with the greatest abundance of capybaras. The results therefore indicate that beyond the minimum requirements for the establishment of capybaras such as food and water, protection from men itself, even though accidentally, is a major factor in the establishment and proliferation of capybaras in urban areas. This increase in the number of such host always implies in high environmental infestation of ticks and increased risk of bites and of pathogen transmission. Therefore, capybaras in urban areas should be considered synanthropic and effective methods of population control must be developed.
As modificações ambientais de origem antrópica beneficiaram acidentalmente alguns animais que se adaptaram a áreas modificadas. Contudo, a biodiversidade de parasitos também foi afetada com o favorecimento de algumas espécies em detrimento de outras. No caso de carrapatos foram beneficiadas aquelas espécies que encontraram hospedeiros e ambientes propícios. No Brasil capivaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris Linnaeus 1766) e os carrapatos Amblyomma cajennense Fabricius 1787 e Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann 1899, se expandiram em muitas áreas urbanas onde ameaçam o bem estar humano e de animais domésticos pelas lesões cutâneas infligidas e espoliação. Além disso, estão associados, em alguns locais, á transmissão da febre maculosa, doença de elevada letalidade ao homem. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os fatores que determinam o estabelecimento e expansão de capivaras e carrapatos em áreas urbanas na cidade de Uberlândia. Em 2008 realizou-se mensalmente em quatro áreas urbanas e uma reserva ecológica a contagem direta de capivaras por transectos lineares calculando-se o índice de abundância e densidade. Coletou-se carrapatos do ambiente no verão de 2008 utilizando-se armadilhas de gelo seco e arraste de flanela nos mesmos transectos. Observou-se que populações de capivara em grupos com número de indivíduos superior ao encontrado em áreas naturais se estabeleciam em locais que, além de alimentação e corpos d água eram protegidos em locais com vigilância dia e noite. A maior abundância de carrapatos das espécies A. cajennense e A. dubitatum foi encontrada no local com a maior abundância de capivaras com 79% da amostra de carrapatos coletados. Os resultados indicam, portanto, que além das exigências mínimas para estabelecimento de capivaras como alimentação e água a proteção do próprio homem é um fator primordial no estabelecimento e proliferação de capivaras em áreas urbanas. Este aumento no número de hospedeiro sempre implica em maior infestação de carrapatos e maior risco de picadas e transmissão de patógenos. Portanto, capivaras em áreas urbanas devem ser consideradas espécies sinantrópicas e métodos eficazes de controle populacional precisam ser desenvolvidos.
Mestre em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais

Дипломна робота викладена на 57 сторінках, вона містить 6 розділів, 5 таблиць, 51 джерело в переліку посилань. Oб’єкт дoслiджень – птaхи piчки Псел. Предмет дослідження – видовий склад , чисельність тa чинники, якi впливaють нa чисельнiсть птaхiв piчки Псел. Метою даної дипломної роботи є дослідження видового складу i чисельності птахів річки Псел в м. Суми та його околицях. Для дослідження даної дипломної роботи використовувався зaгaльнo пpийнятий в opнiтoлoгiї метoд oбстеження теpитopiї i вiзуaльних спoстеpежень зa птaхaми зa дoпoмoгoю пoльoвoгo біноклю. Opнiтoфaунa piчки Пслa тa йoгo пpибеpежнoї зoни пpедстaвленa 45 видaми птaхiв, якi вiднoсяться дo 11 pядiв тa 26 poдин. Iз них 31 вид гніздовий, 25 видів відвідує теpитopiю дoслiдження, 6 видiв птaхiв зустpiчaється нa пpoльoтi i 4 види зимують. Oсoбливий пpиpoдooхopoнний стaтус мaють 26 видів, iз них 4 види зaнесенi дo Чеpвoнoгo списку Сумськoї oблaстi i 22 види oхopoняються беpнськoю кoнвенцiєю. У першому розділі була проведена фізико-географічна характеристика району. У другому розділі був написаний матеріал і методика дослідження. У третьому було звернено увагу на історію дослідження птахів міста Суми. В четвертому розділ була проведена характеристика птахів району дослідження. У п’ятому розділі була описана зимова фауна птахів. В останньому розділі дипломної роботи були зроблені по видові нариси та представлені висновки.
Diploma paper is presented on 57 pages, it contains 6 chapters, 5 tables, 51 sources in the list of references. The object of research is birds of the river Psel. The subject of the research is the species composition, number and factors influencing the number of birds of the river Psel. The purpose of the diploma paper is to study the species composition and number of birds of the river Psel in Sumy and its outskirts. The method of land examination and visual observations of birds with the help of field binoculars, generally accepted in opnitology, was used for the research of this diploma paper. The ornitofauna of the river Psel and its coastal zone is presented by 45 species of birds, which belong to 11 classes and 26 families. Among them, 31 species are nesting, 25 species visit the research area, 6 species of birds are found in flight and 4 species hibernate. 26 species have a special nature conservation status, among them 4 species are included in the Red List of Sumy region and 22 species are protected by the Bern Convention. Physical and geographical characteristics of the district were examined in the first chapter of diploma paper. The material and a research technique were written in the second chapter. The third chapter deals with the history of bird research in Sumy. Characteristics of the birds of the study area were described in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter deals with the winter fauna of birds. Species essays and conclusions are presented in the last chapter.

За результатами дослідження було визначено, що в селі Тучне та його околицях спостерігалося 51 вид горобцеподібних птахів. Серед них 42 гніздових видів (з них 12 осілих), 1 пролітний, 3 залітних і 5 зимуючих види. Встановлено розподіл по стаціям перебування: на будівлях людини гніздяться 8 видів, в прибережних зонах та водно-болотних угіддях – 6 видів, у зелених насадженнях – 25 видів, на полях – 2 види.
I studied the birds of village Tuchne and its outskirts, their species composition, number and established the distribution by stations. The work was performed on the basis of my own observations that has been conducted since 01.12. 2018 to 01. 05. 2021 in Tuchnevillage, Bilopil district, Sumy region. According to the results of the study, it was determined that 51 species of sparrows were observed in the village of Tuchne and its outskirts. Among them there are 42 nesting species (including 12 sedentary), 3 migratory and 5 wintering species. The distribution by stations of residence is established: 8 species nest on human buildings, 6 species - in coastal zones and wetlands, 25 species in green plantations, 2 species in fields.

На території Харківського Лісостепу на синантропних рослинах виявлено 67 представників порядку Uredinales, 42 - Erysiphales, 32 - Peronosporales і 10 - Ustilaginales. На бур'янах паразитували мікроміцети 72 видів, а виключно на культурних рослинах - 38 видів.
On the territory of the Kharkiv Forest-Steppe, 67 representatives of the Uredinales order, 42 - Erysiphales, 32 - Peronosporales, and 10 - Ustilaginales were found on sinantropic plants. Micromycetes of 72 species were parasitized on weeds, and 38 species exclusively on cultivated plants.

1 Abstract Plant macro remains from archaeological situations were studied in order to trace the history of gradual formation of today's synanthropic vegetation. Synanthropic plants represent a heterogeneous group of species with various qualities and strategies, as well as with various immigration histories. In general, the synanthropic flora is rich in aliens, so it is important to know, when exactly these species immigrated to our territory (to know their residence time). Besides the determination of the residence time of alien plants, also the dynamics of formation of urban flora and vegetation was studied. Special attention was paid to the Medieval Period, when the urbanisation process started. The emergence of urban agglomeration may have been the cause of the emergence of new habitats, followed by formation of new plant associations - the predecessors of the today's ones. In general, towns represent a special case of anthropogenic environment with many various synanthropic habitats, causing their species richness. Questions 1. When exactly the synanthropic flora of medieval towns emerged? Was the transition from the Prehistory to the Medieval Period rather gradual or sudden? 2. What particular species took place in the medieval change of synanthropic vegetation? Where did these species come from? Was...