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Cannon, Steven Craig. "Sonata Form in the Nineteenth-Century Symphony." Empirical Musicology Review 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v11i2.4956.
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This paper presents an analytical survey of 283 symphonies dating from 1800-1899. Features of full symphonies include the rate of compositional output over the course of the century, the number, order, and keys of movements, and the prevalence of sonata form. Individual movements that use sonata form receive greater attention, including analysis of the general proportions of internal sections (that is, relative lengths of slow introductions, expositions, developments, and recapitulations plus codas), as well as overall tonal plans.
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Fulias, Ioannis. "A peculiarity in Haydn’s early symphonic work: Form and possible sources of the first movement of Symphony Hob. I:21." Studia Musicologica 51, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2010): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.51.2010.3-4.12.
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Among the first forty symphonies that Joseph Haydn wrote up to 1765, Symphony Hob. I:21 has a slow first movement that does not resemble any other, since it is not based on the usual mid-18th-century ternary or binary sonata form; its structure would be better described as a fantasy with allusions of sonata form, and this special structural case should be placed somewhere in the middle of two other notable “capriccios” from the same period: the first movement of Keyboard Trio Hob. XV:35 (a pure sonata form) and the Keyboard Capriccio Hob. XVII:1 (a pure fantasy on a single theme). Yet, the unique form of Hob. I:21 / I does not seem to be absolutely novel in the “pre-classical” repertoire, since some slow movements from Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach’s “Württemberg” Sonatas (Wq. 49 nos. 1, 3 and 6) display several common characteristics with it. Thus, the present paper, focusing on similarities between C. P. E. Bach’s and J. Haydn’s compositions during the 1760s, aims at the broadening of the subject-matter of one’s influence on the other, not only from a chronological point of view but also in terms of an interrelation between different music genres.
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De Souza, Jonathan, and David Lokan. "Hypermetrical Irregularity in Sonata Form: A Corpus Study." Empirical Musicology Review 14, no. 3-4 (July 6, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v14i3-4.6906.
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In sonata form, development sections are characterized by tonal, textural, and phrase-structural instability. But are these instabilities counterbalanced by regularity in other musical domains? Are any syntactic layers more consistent in developments, relative to expositions or recapitulations? This corpus study examined hypermeter in expositions and developments from eighteenth- and nineteenth-century symphonic sonata movements. It analyzed both hypermetrical shifts (where a hypermeasure's duration differs from that of the preceding group) and hypermetrical deviations (where a hypermeasure departs from the four-measure norm). Developments had significantly less hypermetrical irregularity than expositions. This difference between formal sections was observed with all composers in the corpus, though they used varied amounts of hypermetrical regularity overall. These results, which are likely related to sequence blocks in the developmental core, suggest that hypermetrical grouping might serve a stabilizing function in sonata developments.
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Kang, Yongsik. "Ars Combinatoria in Eighteenth-Century Sonata Form : With a Focus on Crispi’s Symphonies." Journal of the Science and Practice of Music 40 (October 31, 2018): 35–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36944/jspm.2018.10.40.35.
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Нrebeniuk, Nataliіa. "F. Schubert’s last Piano Sonatas in the aspect of his song-like thinking." Aspects of Historical Musicology 21, no. 21 (March 10, 2020): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-21.10.
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Background. Close relationships to a song is one of the constants of F. Schubert’s individual thinking. As it embraces all the genre spheres in composer’s heritage, it acquires a universal status, resulting in interchange of author’s findings in chamber-vocal and instrumental works, particularly piano ones. The researchers reveal influence of songs in non-song works by F. Schubert on two main levels: intonationally-thematical and structural. This raised a question about premises, which had created conducive conditions for integration of compositional principles, characteristic for songs and instrumental works by F. Schubert. This question is regarded on the example of three last Piano Sonatas by F. Schubert. Having been written in proximity to composer’s death, they demonstrated unity of composer’s style, achieved by him by integrating his innovations in song and instrumental genres into a unity of the highest degree. Objectives and methodology. The goal of the given article is to study the structure of selected songs by F. Schubert, marked by throughout dramatic development, and to reveal their influence on composer’s last piano sonatas. In order to achieve these goals, compositionally-dramaturgical and comparative methods of analysis were used. Theoretical preconditions. As a reference point for studying of influence of F. Schubert’s songs on his instrumental works, we might consider an article by V. Donadze (1940). In this research author for the first time formulated a view on composer’s song lyricism not only as on central element of his heritage, but also as on a factor, penetrating and uniting all the genres, in which the composer had worked. Thus, concept “song-like symphonism” entered musicological lexicon. The fruitful idea about song-like thinking of F. Schubert found rich development in numerous works of researchers of next generations and keeps its relevance up to nowadays. Results. Even in the one of the very first masterpieces of a song – “Gretchen am Spinnrade” – the author creates unique composition, organized by a circular symbol, borrowed from J. W. Goethe’s text. Using couplet structure as a foundation, F. Schubert creates the structure in a way, creating illusion of constant returning to the same thought, state, temporal dimension. The first parts of every couplet repeat, the second ones – integrate into a discrete, although definitively heading to a culmination, line of development. Thus, double musical time emerges simultaneously cyclical and founded on an attempt to achieve a goal. In the sonata Allegri, regarded in this article, the same phenomenon is revealed in interaction of classical algorithm of composition and functional peculiarities of recapitulations, which are transformed into variants of exposition. As an example of combination of couplet-born repetitions with throughout development we may name song “Morgengruss” from “Die schöne Müllerin”. The same method of stages in the exposition and recapitulation can be found in sonata Allegro of Sonata in C Minor. Polythematic strophic structure with throughout development is regarded on example of “Kriegers Ahnung” (lyricist Ludwig Rellstab) from “Der Schwanengesang”, which is compared to Andante from the before mentioned Sonata. Special attention is drawn to the cases in which cyclical features, characteristic for F. Schubert’s songs, find their way into sonata expositions and recapitulations. In the first movement of Sonata in B-flat Major these chapters of musical structures consist of three quite protracted episodes, which might be identified as first subject, second subject and codetta, respectively. Each of these episodes has its own key, image and logic of compositionally-dramaturgic process, while being marked by exhaustion of saying, which approximates the whole to a song cycle. The logic governing the succession of the episodes is founded not on causation (like in classical sonata expositions and recapitulations), but on the principles of switching from one lyrical state to another. The same patterns of structure are conspicuous in exposition and recapitulation of the first movement of Sonata in C Minor, in which the first section is marked by throughout development, the second one is a theme with two different variations, and the third one, the one recreating the process of rumination, with long pauses and fermatas, interrupting graduality of the movement, is founded on the contrast between playful and lyrical states. The outer movements of Sonata in A Major consist of several episodes. The first subject in ternary form has contrasting middle section; quite uncommon for F. Schubert linking episode dilates so much its function of “transition” is almost lost; enormous second subject eclipses the codetta in every section; it is an unique world, a palette of moods, images, musical events. Conclusions. Innovativity, characteristic for F. Schubert in the field of Romantic song, reveals itself not only in the spheres of images and emotions, musical language, interaction between vocal melody and piano part, but also in the organization of a structure. This allowed to re-evaluate means of organization of compositionally-dramaturgic process in piano sonatas by the composer as in the genre of instrumental music. While in the songs and song cycles these principles of structure were closely connected to extra-musical content, conditioned by it, in instrumental works, specifically, in piano sonatas, they became a feature of the musical content, immanent for music. This particularly helps to explain, why is it possible to use these principles without song-like intonations, usual for them. By the same token, even in this “isolated” variant they remind of their song origin, so songs and song cycles by F. Schubert become a “program” of his piano sonatas and works in another instrumental genres, in a similar fashion to opera, which has become crucial source for development of classical symphony.
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Dudeque, Norton. "Prométhée, op. 21 by Leopoldo Miguez: Considerations on the Symphonic Poem, Its Program and Sonata Form." Opus 22, no. 1 (June 2016): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20504/opus2016a2202.
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Ward, Matthew. "AT MASS WITH SIR JAMES: MACMILLAN'S SYMPHONY NO. 4 AND LITURGICAL TIME." Tempo 72, no. 286 (September 6, 2018): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298218000335.
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AbstractSir James MacMillan's Symphony No. 4 is claimed by the composer as an abstract work, but a clear programme is discernible through the use of references to the Roman Catholic Mass. MacMillan uses Gregorian chant, quotations from Robert Carver's Missa Dum sacrum mysterium (c. 1523) and his own St Luke Passion (2015) to create a liturgical form for the symphony. These allusions and their presentation in the symphony can be fruitfully understood in relation to Catholic theologies of time and the Eucharist. When allusions to sonata form are also taken into consideration, the result is a complex interaction between different experiences of time in the symphony's span.
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Monahan, Seth. ""Inescapable" Coherence and the Failure of the Novel-Symphony in the Finale of Mahler's Sixth." 19th-Century Music 31, no. 1 (2007): 053–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2007.31.1.053.
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Critics have long viewed Mahler's Sixth Symphony in A Minor (1904) as the composer's consummate essay in musical tragedy or negativity, one with deeply personal implications. Its enormous finale draws together materials from all the preceding movements and enacts a terrible conflict ending in failure. Yet few studies have looked beneath the work's bombastic rhetorical-expressive surface to explore how its negativity might be reflected in its tonal, formal, and thematic processes. This study sets out to link that negative expressivity to a breakdown of what Adorno called the "novelistic" character of Mahler's symphonies. For Adorno, Mahler pioneered a new, emancipatory symphonic idiom, one that liberated its musical materials from the dictates of preconceived formal totalities. Unlike the Classical symphony, where the parts exist for the sake of a symmetrical, tightly knit whole, the "novel-symphony" follows no predetermined path. Instead, it unfolds according to the dictates of its constituent elements, realizing its unique form from the "bottom up" rather than the "top down."Yet (as Adorno suggests) in the finale of the Sixth this integrating totality returns with a vengeance. We can read the movement as a clash between Adorno's novelistic and Classical paradigms, a showdown between the impulsive freedom of certain recalcitrant thematic elements on the one hand, and the increasingly punitive demands of rigid minor-mode sonata on the other. This drama--one that caricaturizes "classicism" itself as a repressive or stifling force--plays out on both formal and thematic levels. Several writers have noted the claustrophobic effect created by Mahler's incessant recycling of certain key motives, an "inescapable" coherence in which the organicist imperatives of the grand tradition themselves become corrupt and, ultimately, corrosive. As these generic, subthematic particles proliferate, the movement's "novelistic" themes--those seeking to subvert the strict sonata--are systematically denuded of the differentiating features and dissolved beyond recognition. In the end, the movement's infamously brutal minor-mode conclusion reveals itself to be the culmination of a musical plot spanning the entire movement, one that gathers its many details into an inexorably tragic narrative whole.
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Sediuk, I. O. "The originality of neoclassic principles reflection in the Sonata for two pianos by Paul Hindemith." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 56, no. 56 (July 10, 2020): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-56.10.
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Background. The neoclassicism of the first decades of the 20th century turned to be a kind of opposition to atonalism, which captured many radical composers. The supposed “bilingualism” of neoclassicism opened wide perspectives for individual concepts realization, broadening the boundaries of new knowledge of the Baroque and early classicism. Instrumental sonata, including the Sonata for Two Pianos naturally entered the neoclassical trend mainstream in a number of others, non-symphonic classical and romantic genres, compensating for the rejection of effective dramaturgy by enhancing the contrast between the cycle’s parts, thus tending to Baroque cyclic compositions. For Paul Hindemith, whose name is always associated with this art movement, “communication” with musical past was not an instant hobby but something that determined the focus of his creative thought. Objectives. The article’s purpose is to reveal the peculiarity of neoclassic principles embodiment in the Sonata for Two Pianos by P. Hindemith, to consider its composition, semantic and structural units. Methods. The study’s methodology is based on historicism principle, which involves the study of artistic phenomena being connected with the established musical art experience, and a comprehensive approach that allows involving of different methods of music analysis. Results. Sonata for Two Pianos (1942) consists of five movements; each one has its name. P. Hindemith’s individual approach to the sonata genre is usually evaluated in terms of the artist’s refusal of traditional composition, changes in sonata form, which often includes dramatic function changing. This is due to the desire to make equal all the forms involved in the cycle, in particular the most important polyphonic ones. The movements’ names “The Bells”, “Allegro”, “Canon”, “Recitative”, “Fugue” reveal the suite’s features. “The Bells” opening the cycle show a wide range of musical associations: from French harpsichordists gravitating to sound expression to representatives of different national cultures of the 20th century. The textured thematic drawing of the part reveals another modus of play with tradition expressing itself in improvisational principle domination and Baroque fantasy revival. The Old English verse text preceding “Recitative” reminds of 16–17th century program compositions and shows connection with opera art. “Recitative” combines concise musical phrases typical for Baroque culture vocal genres and typical rhythm formulas that embody the freedom of language intonation and bring in improvisation and allusion on basso continuo. The reference to Baroque era polyphony is evidenced by “Canon” and “Fugue”. In the “Canon”, polyphonic interaction is reached by two piano parties and not by individual voices of the four-voice ensemble texture. The slow tempo Lento, the static movement of musical thought, where “step” pulsation is felt in 4/8 metrics, unusual for classic and romantic culture, the predominance of quiet sound implies tragic pathetic element in “Recitative”. These two parts, “Canon” and “Recitative”, constitute a complementary semantic pair as play modes of tragic imagery embodiment through Baroque era high style, its objective and subjective beginnings. Actually, sonata genre is represented only by the second part “Allegro” with its fast tempo, clarity of form, volitional character of the main theme, scherzo grace of the subsidiary theme, large coda. The composer maintains contrast method choosing his complex of expressive means for each exposition sections. The Sonata is finished by a grand three-theme fugue with metro-rhythmic design associated with the corresponding polyphonic music structures, and more, the initial fifth step corresponds to J. S. Bach’s “Fugue Art”. The first theme’s imperative character establishes the dramatic imagery as fundamental in Sonata’s artistic concept. Its intonational content is characterized by fourth and fifth interval structures, some of them are creating the frame of the whole cycle. The second theme is more melodic and contrasting. The bass register of the third theme in rhythmic augmentation, the wave-like pattern of its melodic line covering the range of the diminished octave, is perceived as embodying of the modern thinking tension, the “echo” of Baroque era aesthetic ideas. The artistic idea of the Sonata for Two Pianos by P. Hindemith is built on drama concentration, overcoming suite separation of the parts and reflecting the full life realities and the inviolability of Universe laws. Conclusions. Sonata for Two Pianos by P. Hindemith returns to its origins thanks to the 20th century artists’ interest to the Baroque culture, demonstrating irregular genre boundaries and the ability to maintain high polyphony means, unregulated cycle and synthesis of several compositional principles within one work. The neoclassical principles did not deprive the Sonata of being presented in that time’s social and spiritual events, and allowed it to generalize modern world conflicts with the help of established semantic and compositional units. Thus, P. Hindemith’s Sonata for Two Pianos preserves its own approach to musical experience and possibilities of ensemble technique distinguished in almost full absence of performing competition idea, dialogism in its traditional reflection while retaining the parties’ equality.
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Kutluieva, Daria. "Piano quartets by F. Mendelssohn as a phenomenon of the Romantic era." Aspects of Historical Musicology 16, no. 16 (September 15, 2019): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-16.08.
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Background. Nowadays, the typology of the piano quartet is actively studied by the modern scientists. The genesis of this genre is becoming more contentious. As pointed out by L. Tsaregorodtseva (2005), and earlier I. Byaly (1989), a connection of concerts for clavier solo accompanied by a string ensembles and a string quartet form a foundation for a genre of the piano quartet. N. Samoilova (2011) sees the origin of this genre in ensembles with clavier, L. Tsaregorodtseva (2005) ‒ in the historical and cultural situation of the last third of the 18th century, including the genre (string quartet and piano concerto), structural and compositional (sonata form), organological (instrument condition), performing (pianism development). I. Byaly (1989) and I. Polskaya (2001) consider the trio principle as the basis of ensemble genres, including the piano quartet. A conjunction of these opinions let us perceive the piano quartet as the result of the synthesis of various compositional and genre principles of ensembles, which formed the basis of the classical structure of the genre. Its creators are believed to be W. A. Mozart, the author of two piano quartets: No. 1 g-moll KV478 and No. 2 Es-dur KV493 (1785; 1786), and L. Beethoven, who composed four piano quartets: WoO 36 № 1 Es-dur, № 2 D-dur, № 3 C-dur (1785) and op. 16 Es-dur (1801). In these compositions of the classical era the defining attributes of the genre were multitimbrality, which manifests in keyboard and string instruments; ensemble players equality; signs of various types of utterance, including those inherent in a string quartet and clavier concerto involving a group of strings; sonatas and symphonies; as well as the type of composition, built on the model of “fast-slow-fast” with the obligatory sonata Allegro in the first position. In the romantic era, the boundaries of the genre expand in terms of content, structure, interpretation of the ensemble. The first attempt to increase the scale of the cycle belongs to C. M. Weber, who brought it closer to the composition of the string quartet through the introduction of Menuetto. However, the final fourpart cycle is set by F. Mendelssohn, who replaced Menuetto with Scherzo, which becomes the normative model for the romantic tradition of the genre. Objectives. The purpose of this article is to determine the role of F. Mendelssohn’s piano quartets in the evolution of the genre in general, and in the romantic era in particular. Results. Three piano quartets by F. Mendelssohn present a picture of his youthful attitude. The musician’s early composing ability allowed him to turn to the creation of works of this genre without fear. This genre usually attracts the attention of artists in their mature period of creativity, having mastered various genres, including chamber-instrumental ensembles (W. A. Mozart, R. Schumann, J. Brahms). It is easy to observe the commonalities of F. Mendelssohn and young Beethoven, who also composed the piano quartets in the early days of his oeuvre. F. Mendelssohn has composed three piano quartets: No. 1 c-moll (1882), dedicated to Prince Antoine Radziwill, No. 2 f-moll (December 1823), dedicated to Karl Zelter, and No. 3 h-moll (January 1823) – to Goethe. The skill of using large structures, the depth of musical thought, and even the sings of his future style are starting to find expression in Mendelssohn’s youth compositions. The four-part structure of the composition cycles reveals the young composer’s interest in the works of L. Beethoven, in particular in his piano sonatas. Distinctly clear analogies are also found in «Aurora» op. 53 and «Appassionata» op. 57. R. Larry Todd (2003) also points to the similarity of the original themes of the Piano quartet No. 1 c-moll by F. Mendelssohn and the piano sonata in the same key KV457 by W. A. Mozart. It defined by the initial course of the sounds of the basic triad, as well as the use of symmetrical question-answer constructions, contrasting in mood. The connections between these two compositions are even more evident in the finale, which begins with a theme directly borrowed from the last part of W. A. Mozart’s sonata (as identified by the author of this article). In Quartet No. 2 f-moll, connections with the music of L. Beethoven are not limited to allusions to the famous piano sonatas of the Viennese classic. The first part of F. Mendelssohn’s cycle contains several definite signs of Beethoven’s influences: the development of the code is significantly expanded in the sonata form, and in a monumental reprise the young author defines the extreme dynamic level fff. In Adagio (Des-dur) there is a wide enharmonic palette, including several sharp keys. The next part, labeled as Intermezzo, provides a transition to the «explosive» finale, which opens with a «rocket-like» theme, driven by an ascending line of chromatic bass. Piano Quartet No. 3 h-moll is the work that determined the choice of F. Mendelssohn’s professional composer career, which was highly appreciated by L. Kerubini. Mastery of the musical form is manifested in a significant expansion of the scope of the cycle and each of its parts. Adhering to the strategy of virtuoso interpretation of the piano part, which was chosen in the first two opuses, the author, at the same time, subordinates the tasks of demonstrating the pianist’s instrumental possibilities to the purpose of disclosure the dramatic idea of the work. At the same time, he does not brake the principle of equality of ensemble members, borrowed from his predecessors in any of his piano quartets. Conclusions. The analysis revealed the following indicators of the romanticization of the piano quartet genre in the work of F. Mendelssohn. These are: the scale of the content and composition of the cycle; the large coda sections in the first and final parts; the poetic completion of the lyrical second parts, as it is in “songs without words”; brilliance of the final parts; dominance of minor keys; equality of ensemble members with the “directorial” function of the piano and others. The high artistic qualities of F. Mendelssohn’s piano quartets attract the attention of many performers, among which the Foret Quartet demonstrates the most adequate interpretation of these works.
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Petersen, Birger. ""den 6ten Juli 1859 Abend 6 Uhr 21 Minuten"." Die Musikforschung 72, no. 2 (September 22, 2021): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52412/mf.2019.h2.51.
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Josef Gabriel Rheinberger's extensive sketch material is only partly explained by his intensive teaching activities. An examination of the sketch collection Mus.ms. 4739 a-3 (1854-1860) of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munich offers remarkable insights into the creation of the early works of Josef Gabriel Rheinberger. It contains numerous sketches for symphonic projects, materials for "Frithjof" and "Jephtas Tochter" and fragments of sonata-form movements for piano four-hands. Of particular interest are the sketches for lieder: a song by Rheinberger's future wife Fanny Hoffnaaß, an early version of "Vorüber" op. 3 no. 6, as well as two hitherto unknown Scottish folk songs which are neither represented in the catalogue of works nor taken into account in the complete edition.
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Piechnat, Mateusz. "Scriabin – piano music in the context of the composer’s creative ideology. Part 2." Notes Muzyczny 2, no. 10 (December 20, 2018): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9814.
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The article is the second part of the text devoted to the profile and piano works of Alexander Scriabin. The composer had an extraordinary piano talent and the ability of coloured hearing. He worked out an innovative musical language based on a unique harmonic style. He was an unprecedented visionary of art, he had knowledge on philosophical topics, he was also a mystic who wanted to save the mankind thanks to his creative output. Throughout the period of around 20 years, Scriabin’s musical language transformed drastically, which is most fully shown in his piano pieces, especially miniatures and sonatas. The second part of the article presents a general characterisation of Scriabin’s piano compositions and musical language in subsequent stages of his creative work. The analysis refers to style and form-related topics, melodics and harmony he used, texture and timbre phenomena and the connections between piano and symphonic pieces. The author of the article reflects on the essence of Scriabin’s artistic orientation and the fact whether the change of his musical language can be called an “evolution” as such. An important element of the article is the presentation of the structure of each piano sonata. The included characterisation of the change of his musical language is an addition to the first part of the cycle, enabling the reference to the stages of the composer’s life juxtaposed there with the description of the transformation of his artistic views.
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Conway, Paul. "London, Barbican: Dieter Schnebel, David Sawer." Tempo 67, no. 265 (July 2013): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298213000569.
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In a substantial concert at the Barbican Centre on 15 February 2013 the BBC Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Ilan Volkov, presented the British debut of Schubert Fantasia (1978, revised 1989) – senior German composer Dieter Schnebel's subtle reconstruction of one of Schubert's most original piano sonata movements – and the first performance of David Sawer's dramatic scena for mezzo-soprano and baritone soloists and orchestra, Flesh and Blood (2012). Both premières lasted around 25 minutes. Sawer's new work made a satisfying contrast with its Schubertian surroundings. But an even more rewarding, and certainly more congruent, companion to the Schnebel might have been Luciano Berio's Rendering for Orchestra (1990), which reworks the fragments of Schubert's unfinished Tenth Symphony in D major, D936a into a three-movement symphonic work that would have complemented Schnebel's postmodern re-imaginings. It would also have made some fascinating associations with the Viennese master's last completed work in symphonic form: the ‘Great’ C major Symphony, which was heard after the interval. Enough speculating on what might have been; what of the fare that was actually on offer?
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O'Loughlin, Niall. "Interconnecting Musicologies: Decoding Mahler's Sixth Symphony." Musicological Annual 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.39.1.31-49.
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This paper aims to establish a possible model for a multi-dimensional approach to understanding a complex musical work, using a number of interconnecting musicologies. In the 19th century the symphony was often considered an abstract musical creation, but in other cases a programmatic work. The first four symphonies of Gustav Mahler are programmatic in that three set words to music, while extra-musical interpretations can easily be inferred for all four. The next three symphonies can be variously understood as abstract symphonies because they adhere to a pattern of four or five movements of contrasting character without any explicit programme. By using the musicology of traditional formal methods one can analyse and thus understand the workings of themes and motives and of the structures of sonata form, rondo and scherzo, but this seems in the studies of some commentators to have only limited application. All three have features which suggest programmatic elements, even the most 'classical' of the three, the Sixth Symphony. Investigations of the musicology of the musical imagery of this work, e.g. the Fate motive, the hammer blows in the finale, the 'pastoral' episodes, and the use of cowbells, indicate that there are other forces at work in the symphony. To uncover the implications of these we must look in other directions, to other musicologies. The next is biographical and points to some difficulty on the part of the composer to establish the order of the two middle movements, something which has a strong bearing on the overall meaning of the work. While the scherzo preceded the Andante in the score published before the premiere, Mahler reversed the order for all performances that he conducted and for the revised score. This order was reversed again by Erwin Ratz for the collected edition on some very slender evidence and some which is now discredited. Musical arguments have continued but the biographical evidence is so strong that Ratz's views are substantially if not totally undermined. Tonal evidence reinforces this position, making it possible now to understand Mahler's plan in an unambiguous way. At this point we can introduce the musicology of narrative. With the musicologies of traditional analysis, of imagery, of biography, and of tonality revealed, one can now proceed to investigate the progress of the work from beginning to end. In this way all the elements come into proper perspective with an overall plan suggesting a positive interpretation of the first two movements, with an idyllic situation at the end of the slow movement, and a pessimistic outcome of the combination of a sinister scherzo and overwhelming finale. In conclusion it is a mistake to think that each of these musicologies presented here as mutually exclusive and of no significance to another. In order to derive the most from a multi-faceted work such as Mahler's Sixth Symphony, it is essential to take account of all these procedures, not singly but fused together as a co-ordinated unit.
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Creighton, Alexander. "Chekhov’s fiddle: Towards a musical poetics of fiction." Short Fiction in Theory & Practice 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fict_00006_1.
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This article explores what it means to listen to Chekhov and how this listening can provide a useful comparative framework for the study of time in short fiction. Since the tune of Chekhov’s stories lies partly in their strategic silences, we must attend as much to the unsaid, the musical rests, as to what is told. To theorize the meaningful relations that exist in and between a story’s silences and its words, I analyse two of Chekhov’s stories – ‘Easter Night’ and ‘The Bishop’ – with respect to two key terms: melodic setting and harmonic characterization. These terms refer to phenomena that run counter to our assumptions regarding character and setting by asserting that the movement we associate with the former and the stasis we associate with the latter are reductive. In music, movement and stasis are not always clear-cut terms; harmony and melody are interdependent and influence one another. Even in a symphonic form like the sonata, built around development, stasis plays a role; even in a song that dwells in the description of one mood or conflict, there is development and change. The language of music accommodates the possibility of several independent variables moving simultaneously through time, which, as Chudakov and Woolf notice of Chekhov’s work, is part of what makes even the shortest of his stories so profound.
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Burel, Oleksandr. "On Gabriel Pierné and his compositions for piano and orchestra." Aspects of Historical Musicology 16, no. 16 (September 15, 2019): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-16.10.
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Background. The French composers’ creativity of the late XIX – first third of XX centuries is the admirable treasury of the world musical art. It is worth mentioning such remarkable and original artists as C. Debussy and M. Emmanuel, P. Dukas and E. Satie, A.Roussel and M.Ravel. The name of G. Pierné (1863–1937) can surely be added to this series of authors. But his oeuvre is still terra incognita for us. The thorough considerable researches about the author are not numerous. The monograph “Gabriel Pierné: musicien lorrain” by G. Masson was created in 1987, and the publication of the composer’s letters named as “Correspondance romaine” was published in 2005. In the 2000s, a lot of audio recordings of his best works were published, which testifies to the relevance of the author’s heritage and confirms the urgency of present topic of article. Objectives of this study is to focus researchers on G. Pierné’s personality and art, to consider his works for piano and symphonic orchestra – Fantasy-Ballet, Piano Concerto, Scherzo-Caprice, Symphonic Poem. Methods. The research is based on the historical biographical, the intonational, the comparative research methods. Results. C. Debussy, M. Ravel and composers of “Les Six” at their time outshined Pierné’s work. But years have passed and interest in the personality of this author has appeared. During his training in Paris Conservatory (1871–1882), G. Pierné achieved excellent results, having won in many student competitions. He studied composition in the class of J. Massenet (together with E. Chausson, G. Charpentier, G. Ropartz). Having won the competition for the Prix de Rome (1882), the young author was given the opportunity to live at Villa Medici (1883–1885). Spent time in Rome was one of the best episodes of his life. The first concert work by G. Pierné – Fantasy-Ballet (1885) for piano and orchestra was written there. The composition is based on the sequence of contrasting dancing episodes in the character of march, gallop, waltz, tarantella. It is significant that the ballet genre took pride of place in the work of G. Pierné later. The composer’s staying in Italy caused visibility, colorfulness, cheerfulness, feed activity, energy of images, using of genre motifs in FantasyBallet. The series of various episodes conveys a whimsical change of mood and resembles a sketches of impression. Returning to Paris in 1885, G. Pierné sought to strengthen his reputation as a soloist by entering the salon circles. At this time, he created many piano works, including the three-movement Piano Concerto c-moll (1886). This composition contains many dramatic moments which concentrated in the first and third movements of the cycle. However, as is often the case with French Romantic composers, such using of dramatic elements has a somewhat superficial, rhetorical character. The first movement is written in sonata form. The theme of the main subject (in c-moll), expounded by the piano octaves, is active and boisterous. And the secondary Es-dur subject is peaceful and lucid. There is the same entrancing serenity as in the lyrical theme of the E. Grieg’s Piano Concerto finale. In the first movement, the development is very short, and the recapitulation is abridged. It should be noted that G. Pierné refused to use the cadence of the soloist. The second movement is written in a three-part form with elements of variation and rondo. This light scherzo takes the listener away from the anxieties of previous movement. Every bar of this music, in which everything is made with elegant French taste, caresses the ear. The main theme, including the dotted rhythm, serves as a refrain that permeates the entire movement. The finale is distinguished by its developmental forcefulness and truly symphonic reach. So, the continuation of C. Saint-Saëns’s covenants is in the concentration of thematic material, the observableness of form, the rhetorical syllable, and rhythmic activity at the Pierné’s Piano Concerto. Scherzo-Caprice (1890) enriched the French miniature line. The image sphere of this opus is lucid lyrics, good-gentle jocosity, and solemnity. The melodic talent of the composer proved itself very convincing here. The theme of the waltz echoes the waltz episode from the Fantasy-Ballet in some details. Being written also in A-dur, it contains the upward melody moves with a passing VI# (fisis), and also diversions into the minor (cis-moll in Scherzo-Caprice, fis-moll in Fantasy-Ballet). At the turn of the century, the influence of C. Franck’s music was produced on the G. Pierné’s style. This is reflected in such works as the Symphonic Poem “L’An Mil” (1897), Violin Sonata (1900), oratorio “Saint François d’Assise” (1912), and Cello Sonata (1919). An appeal to the Symphonic Poem for piano and orchestra (1903) is also a clear sign of rapprochement with the late romantic branch (C. Franck, E. Сhausson). Here we see a departure of G. Pierné from the C. Saint-Saëns’s concert traditions, which he held before. In the Poem, such qualities as virtuosity, concert brilliance, and representativeness are somewhat leveled, which is caused with the narrative character of this work. Conclusions. During the “Renovation period” of French music, the piano and orchestra compositions experienced a real upsurge in its development. Composers began to turn more often not only to the Piano Concerto genre, but also to non-cyclic works – Fantasies, Poems, Rhapsodies, etc. G. Pierné contributed much to this branch along with C. Saint-Saëns, B. Godard, Ch.-M. Widor. In his Fantasy-Ballet, Piano Concerto, Scherzo-Caprice, we find the continuation of C. Saint-Saëns’s instrumental traditions. This is manifested in the moderation of the musical language, the normative character of harmonious thinking, the absolute clarity of discourse, concern for the relief of the melodic line. In the Symphonic Poem, contiguity with the musical aesthetics of С. Franck is revealed, which is reflected in harmony modulation shifts, appeal to polyphonic technique, differentiated and more powerful orchestration.
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Adrian, Jack. "The Ternary-Sonata Form." Journal of Music Theory 34, no. 1 (1990): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/843862.
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Marisi, Rossella. "The Classical Sonata Form." International Journal of the Arts in Society: Annual Review 5, no. 5 (2011): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v05i05/35922.
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Salinas, Edgardo. "The Form of Paradox as the Paradox of Form." Journal of Musicology 33, no. 4 (2016): 483–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2016.33.4.483.
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Written in 1802, Beethoven’s “Tempest” piano sonata is the iconic work of the “wirklich ganz neue Manier” the composer announced right after his traumatic seclusion in Heiligenstadt. Suffused with asymmetries and contradictions, the sonata’s first movement has long attracted the attention of scholars concerned with the epistemic soundness of sonata form theories. Most conspicuously, the absence in the recapitulation of what seems to be on first hearing the main theme generates a formal paradox that challenges the theoretical models devised to analyze sonata forms. This article reinterprets that paradox through the prism of Friedrich Schlegel’s theory of form, formulated in his critique of modern art and literature. In doing so, it recasts Beethoven’s “Tempest” sonata and Schlegel’s theory in the light of what I call the paradox of mediated immediacy. It further suggests a genealogical homology between the novel and sonata form to advance a historicized model of musical form that contemplates the material conditions accompanying the consolidation of print culture around 1800. Situated in this context, the “Tempest” sonata serves as a case study for exploring how Beethoven’s reinvention of the piano sonata reconfigured the interface between form and medium, deploying self-referential strategies that both rendered apparent and resignified the mediations entailed by the compositional practices instituted with the classical style. As a result, Beethoven’s piano sonatas came to operate as technologies of the self that became integral to the fashioning of romantic subjectivities. My reading emphasizes the aural experience induced by the form’s asymmetries, and contends that the absence delivered at its structural crux complicates sonata form practices to afford an experience of immediacy that captures in the medium of piano music the paradoxical condition Schlegel reckoned immanent to the modern self.
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Prip, Emanuela-Fabiola. "A Brief History of the Sonata Form (I) The Baroque Sonata." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 65, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2020.1.05.
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Bailey, Kathryn. "SCHOENBERG'S PIANO SONATA." Tempo 57, no. 224 (April 2003): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298203000123.
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Arnold Schoenberg, of course, did not write a piano sonata. At any rate, none of his works for piano bears this title. As I have suggested elsewhere, however, sonata form was much in his thoughts as he wrote the piano pieces of opus 23, and one of his last two pieces for solo piano, written five years later, is a sonata movement which should stand as a model of the integration of twelve-note technique and classical form. When Pierre Boulez, in 1952, famously condemned Schoenberg for using the old forms instead of inventing new ones that were derived entirely from serialism, he might have taken just a moment to consider the ways in which the old form is articulated in opus 33a and been ever so slightly more charitable, for in this sonata movement, as in certain pieces of op. 23, themes and sections are defined and distinguished from each other in ways that have meaning only in relation to the twelve-note technique: though the form is an old one, the several parts are defined by reference to possibilities offered by the new method.
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Oláh, Boglárka Eszter. "Minuet - The Reminiscence of the Individual Dance Form in Maurice Ravel’s Piano Works." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 66, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2021.1.20.
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"The minuet is one of the most representative dance forms of the Baroque era. Thanks to its popularity, it becomes part of stage works like operas and ballets, instrumental suites, later (in the Classical and Romantic era) movements of symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, and trios. Ravel had a special interest in old dance forms. Among his musical works there are several dance-movements like Pavane, Rigaudon, Forlane, or Menuet. The use of these in individual works is limited, having only three minuets written for piano solo: the Menuet antique (1895), the Menuet in C sharp minor (1904), and the Menuet sur le nom d’Haydn (1909). Keywords: Ravel, Baroque, Reminiscence, Baroque dance forms, Piano, Minuet, Neoclassicism. "
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Prince, Robert. "Present and past in Sonata Form." Contemporary Psychoanalysis 43, no. 3 (July 2007): 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2007.10745927.
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Namjai Lee. "Da Capo Aria and Sonata Form: Reading “Aria” Chapter in Rosen’s Sonata Forms." 이화음악논집 15, no. 2 (December 2011): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17254/jemri.2011.15.2.004.
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Burstein, Poundie. "Mid-section cadences in Haydn’s sonata-form movements." Studia Musicologica 51, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2010): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.51.2010.1-2.7.
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Although a half cadence marks the end of the transition section in most sonata-form expositions and recapitulations, in many of Haydn’s sonata-form movements — especially those from around the 1760s — the end of the transition is instead articulated by a firm perfect authentic cadence. This establishes a point of harmonic resolution, rather than momentum, at this crucial formal juncture. As such, it yields an overall formal shape that departs from “textbook” sonata-form descriptions, which are based largely on later stylistic norms. The practice of having a strong tonic arrive in the middle of the exposition or recapitulation is a strategy that Haydn shared with other composers who flourished in the mid-eighteenth century, and it well accords with the descriptions of formal procedures found in Heinrich Christoph Koch’s Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition .
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Shumilina, Olha. "Sonata form in Maxim Berezovsky's Instrumental Works." Часопис Національної музичної академії України ім.П.І.Чайковського, no. 1(46) (February 25, 2020): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31318/2414-052x.1(46).2020.198489.
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Russ, Michael. "Bartók, Beethoven and the Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 137, no. 2 (2012): 307–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690403.2012.717470.
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AbstractThe first movement of Bartók's Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion (1937) has been noted for its Beethovenian use of sonata form and shares a number of features with the ‘Waldstein’ Sonata. This article examines the relationship between these two composers and these two works, starting with an examination of Bartók's use of sonata form. It attempts to establish whether Bartók borrowed gratefully from his predecessor in an attempt to ‘synthesize’ old and new, folk and art, or whether he misread Beethoven in the anxious process of carving a place for himself in the musical canon.
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Greenberg, Yoel. "Tinkering with Form: On W. F. Bach's Revisions to Two Keyboard Sonatas." Music Theory and Analysis (MTA) 6, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 200–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/mta.6.2.2.
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This article examines the way Wilhelm Friedemann Bach's revisions to two keyboard sonatas (Fk 1 and Fk 6) reflect his engagement with the emerging sonata-form aesthetic. I show how the revisions update his older, essentially binary practice by introducing Classical sentence structure in the first themes; a differentiated theme in the dominant before the end of the first half; distinct development and recapitulation sections; and an enhanced tonic-dominant polarity, as well as other features that were to become characteristic of sonata form. Bach's conscious tinkering with his older works thus reflects a contemporary response to the way common practice was tinkering with binary form, gradually transforming it to what eventually became known as Classical sonata form.
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Downes, Stephen. "Modern Musical Waves: Technical and Expressive Aspects of Fin-de-siècle Form." Musicological Annual 42, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.42.1.49-71.
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Mahler’s Sixth Symphony, Berg’s Piano Sonata, Bartók’s Elegy Op.8b no.1 and Karłowicz’s Returning Waves illustrate concepts of ‘wave’ deformation in post-Wagnerian music. New insights into form and content in fin-de-siècle music are revealed through consideration of the interaction of deformed waves with designs from romantic Formenlehre – the bar and sonata form.
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Wiens, Carl. "Two-Part Transition or Two-Part Subordinate Theme?" Contemplating Caplin 31, no. 1 (June 7, 2012): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1009284ar.
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In William Caplin’s Classical Form (1998), the ending of a sonata-form exposition’s two-part transition and a two-part subordinate theme’s internal cadence share the same harmonic goal: the new key’s dominant. In this article, the author contends that the choice between the two is not as clear-cut as Caplin suggests, arguing that the functional role of these passages should be read within the context of the entire sonata movement, rather than on more localized analytical interpretations of the sonata’s sections taken in isolation. Two works are discussed: the first movement of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata op. 2, no. 3, and the first movement of the Piano Sonata op. 10, no. 2.
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WALTHAM-SMITH, NAOMI. "Form and Repetition: Deleuze, Guillaume and Sonata Theory." Music Analysis 37, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 150–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/musa.12098.
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Sanders, Ernest H. "The Sonata-Form Finale of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony." 19th-Century Music 22, no. 1 (1998): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/746791.
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Allegraud, Pierre, Louis Bigo, Laurent Feisthauer, Mathieu Giraud, Richard Groult, Emmanuel Leguy, and Florence Levé. "Learning Sonata Form Structure on Mozart’s String Quartets." Transactions of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval 2, no. 1 (2019): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/tismir.27.
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LAI, ERIC. "The Formal Ramifications of Bruckner's Bipartite Sonata Form." Music Analysis 37, no. 3 (October 2018): 339–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/musa.12128.
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Sanders, Ernest H. "The Sonata-Form Finale of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony." 19th-Century Music 22, no. 1 (July 1998): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.1998.22.1.02a00030.
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Lochhead, Judy. "Temporal processes of form: Sessions's third Piano Sonata." Contemporary Music Review 7, no. 2 (January 1993): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07494469300640101.
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Sokolova, Lidiya. "R. Schumann’s romantic “Fantastic Pieces” op. 88 – on the way to the piano trio." Aspects of Historical Musicology 16, no. 16 (September 15, 2019): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-16.07.
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Introduction. The article analyzes R. Schumann’s “Fantastic Pieces” op. 88 as a creative debut in the subsequent development of the piano trio genre. The “Fantastic Pieces” op. 88 are the first composer’s creative experience in combining such musical instruments. Theoretical Background. The analysis of musicological literature did not reveal any special research dedicated to this score, but only its references in E. Karelina’s (1996) thesis research and D. Zhitomirsky’s (1964) monograph. Thus, this article is the first special research of the compositional and ensemble analysis of R. Schumann’s “Fantastic Pieces”, op. 88. The objectives of the research: to analyze compositional-dramatic and ensemble features of R. Schumann’s “Fantastic Pieces”, op. 88, to identify their specific features. The object of the research: R. Schumann’s chamber-instrumental creative activity. The subject of the research: to identify the value of R. Schumann’s “Fantastic Pieces”, op. 88 in the further development of the piano trio genre. Methods: musical-theoretical, aimed at analyzing the musical text of the chosen work; genre-stylistic, allowing to identify the compositional-dramatic and ensemble features of R. Schumann’s “Fantastic Pieces”, op. 88. Research material: R. Schumann’s “Fantastic Pieces” op. 88 for piano, violin and cello. Results and Discussion. The first experience in mastering the piano trio genre of R. Schumann occurred in the “Fantastic Pieces” op. 88, composed in 1842. This was the first composer’s experience in combining such musical instruments. This work is a cycle of four pieces: “Romance”, “Humoresque”, “Duetto” and “Final”. It is noteworthy that R. Schumann used these names in other works. It is useful enough to recall his 3 piano romances op. 28, Humoresque op. 20a, 4 marches op. 76. Despite the four-part character of the work, this composition does not coincide with the sonata-symphonic structure, but is organized according to the suite principle. R. Schumann’s different vision of the trio-ensemble genre is represented by a clear differentiation of works with an individual composition. Therefore, the cycles op. 88 and op. 132 receive program names: “Fantastic Pieces” and “Fairytale Narratives”, respectively, and the trio with the classical (sonata) organization of the cycle acquire sequence numbers and are referred to as “piano trios”. The very names of the parts in the cycle reveal the opposition of two metaphoric spheres, characteristic of the romantic era: lyrical and genre-scherzo ones. The paired relationship of these metaphoric spheres stands out particularly. Such a metaphoric doubling gives the matching modes the rondality features within the whole cycle. This metaphoric paired relationship between the parts allows you to single out two macro parts in a cycle. The first macro part is represented by the lyric “Romance” and the scherzo “Humoresque”, the second one – by the tender song “Duetto” and the marching “Final”. At the same time, the macro parts demonstrate individual features of one or another semantic type. The metaphoric opposition of romantic pieces is also enhanced by tempo and ear-catching contrast. Such an alternation of various metaphoric types gives the entire cycle the features of a kaleidoscopic suite. The proportion of genre parts stands out particularly, which is manifested in both their scale and complexity of the compositional organization. Thus, the lyrical parts are represented by tripartite forms. Quick genre pieces are composed in various forms (“Humoresque” is created in a complex tripartite form with a developed polythematic middle part, and the “Final” is in a rondo form, with the links acting as refrains). Despite the romantic nature of the cycle organization, the “Fantastic Pieces” tone plan is a classical one: a-moll –F-dur– d-moll – a-moll (A-dur). Conclusions. It was revealed that the suite-based principle of composition organization and genre-stylistic features of the cycle (opposition of lyrical and genre-scherzo metaphoric spheres) connect the romantic “Fantastic Pieces” op. 88 with its piano miniatures of the 1830s. Ensemble analysis of R. Schumann “Fantastic Pieces”, op. 88 showed that in his first work for the piano trio, the composer “transplanted” solo piano works into a poly-timbre ensemble, taking it in the context of piano music. At the same time, the composer did not reduce the role of strings to the “service” function, but actively used all their melodic and proper ensemble possibilities in the chosen trio. For example, if “Romance” ensemble demonstrated the piano domination, “Humoresque” – the parity of the instruments, then in “Duetto” primacy was given to stringed instruments. In “Final”, each section of the musical form is highlighted by an appeal to one of the main ensemble techniques. A series of altering various semantic spheres, defining the suite properties of the “Fantastic Pieces”, subordinates the ensemble properties used by the composer. For each number and even its individual sections, their special complex was chosen, which in different semantic contexts had a metaphoric-semantic meaning. It was revealed that the organizing means of creating the ensemble in the R. Schumann’s trio was the polyphonic technique presented in his work in a wide variety, which would later be widely developed in his piano trios.
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Duane, Ben. "Commentary on "Sonata Form in the Nineteenth-Century Symphony"." Empirical Musicology Review 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v11i2.5026.
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Burnham, Scott. "The Role of Sonata Form in A. B. Marx's Theory of Form." Journal of Music Theory 33, no. 2 (1989): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/843794.
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Smith, Peter H. "Brahms and Schenker: A Mutual Response to Sonata Form." Music Theory Spectrum 16, no. 1 (April 1994): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/745831.
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Smith, Peter H. "Brahms and Schenker: A Mutual Response to Sonata Form." Music Theory Spectrum 16, no. 1 (April 1994): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mts.1994.16.1.02a00040.
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Horton, Julian. "Criteria for a Theory of Nineteenth-Century Sonata Form." Music Theory and Analysis (MTA) 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 147–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/mta.4.2.1.
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Grimley, Daniel. "Organicism, Form and Structural Decay: Nielsen's Second Violin Sonata." Music Analysis 21, no. 2 (July 2002): 175–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2249.00156.
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Richards, Mark. "Sonata Form and the Problem of Second-Theme Beginnings." Music Analysis 32, no. 1 (March 2013): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/musa.12011.
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Riley, Matthew. "The Sonata Principle Reformulated for Haydn Post-1770 and a Typology of his Recapitulatory Strategies." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 140, no. 1 (2015): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690403.2015.1008862.
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AbstractHaydn's ‘recomposition’ of the recapitulation is well known, but this article proposes, against received wisdom, that Haydn composed as though following a rule in the recapitulations of fast sonata-form movements from the 1770s onwards. The article extends William E. Caplin's functional theory to the Haydn recapitulation in order to revive the ‘sonata principle’, restated and limited to fast movements in Haydn's instrumental cycles. It then lays out a typology of Haydn's recapitulatory strategies that unfold within the constraints of the sonata principle.
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Hepokoski, James. "Beyond the Sonata Principle." Journal of the American Musicological Society 55, no. 1 (2002): 91–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2002.55.1.91.
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Abstract This essay provides a concept-history, a close examination, and a testing of the much invoked “sonata principle” (Edward T Cone, 1967-68), while also introducing a new, contrasting mode of analysis (“Sonata Theory”) for sonata-form compositions from the decades around 1800. Within these compositions it was a common expectation that (nontonic) secondary- and closing-material from the exposition would normally be restated in the tonic in the corresponding place in the recapitulation. In mid- and late-twentieth-century English-language analysis (in response to shifting analytical paradigms), this expectation came to be inflated into differing recastings of a much freer, more encompassing “sonata principle” that, at least initially, was proposed to be the “unifying [and] underlying …… principle for the Classical style.” Some of the attractions of this idea included its claims to midcentury academic sophistication, its protean flexibility, and its ability to provide quick solutions to otherwise “difficult” moments within highly regarded compositions. Anticipated by the caveats of other writers, this article calls attention to the principle's limitations and the ways in which it has been imprecisely laid out or misapplied in influential writing. In a few comparative analyses I also present aspects of a more hermeneutically productive mode of analytical questioning “beyond the sonata principle.”
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Miyake, Jan. "Commentary on De Souza and Lokan (2019)." Empirical Musicology Review 14, no. 3-4 (July 6, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v14i3-4.7568.
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This contribution is a brief commentary on the paper "Hypermetrical Irregularity in Sonata Form: A Corpus Study" by Jonathan De Souza and David Lokan. The original paper explores the hypothesis that in a sonata form, the development is more hypermetrically stable than the exposition. The published data support the hypothesis. The commentary suggests other paths for discussion and further tweaks to the study that may better show how data support or contradict De Souza and Lokan's intuitions.
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Harbinson, William G. "Performer Indeterminacy and Boulez's Third Sonata." Tempo, no. 169 (June 1989): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298200025110.
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With these words, Pierre Boulez opened the article entitled ‘Sonate, que me veux-tu?’ in 1963. Referring to his Third Piano Sonata – portions of which first appeared in 1955 – Boulez presented his arguments supporting compositions that contain ‘open’ or ‘mobile’ forms. ‘Fluidity of form must integrate fluidity of vocabulary’, Boulez stated.
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Zicari, Ida. "A writing that dictates the choreography: Dante sonata by Frederick Ashton." Studia Musicologica 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.54.2013.4.7.
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If Liszt’s early work Don Sanche ou le Château d’Amour, that includes danced parts, is not taken into account, he never composed music for dance. In the twentieth century, however, the composer’s music became an interesting material for choreographers and dancers. My paper is focused on a choreographic interpretation of Liszt’s Dante Sonata, made by Frederick Ashton. This choreography was realized by Ashton in 1940 in London, in collaboration with Constant Lambert. Ashton’s Dante Sonata is an abstract and symbolic ballet. He created the association between dance and music on a relationship of correspondence point to point of the two languages and on a cultural and emotive communion with Liszt. My study wants to show what the Ashtonian choreography highlights: Liszt renews the traditional sonata form from its inside; he gives it a new lymph by making it go through a symbolic content; the symbolized literary content is the Dantesque medieval allegory of the Christian ascensional course transformed by Hugo in metaphor of the restless walk of the romantic man. So, Liszt invests the medieval epic literary model of the great themes of the Romantic generation and renews, under its influence, the sonata form.
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Churgin, Bathia. "Beethoven and the New Development-Theme in Sonata-Form Movements." Journal of Musicology 16, no. 3 (1998): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/763994.
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