Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sympathetic

Academic literature on the topic 'Sympathetic'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sympathetic"

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Kingwell, Bronwyn A., Anthony M. Dart, Garry L. Jennings, and Paul I. Korner. "Exercise training reduces the sympathetic component of the blood pressure-heart rate baroreflex in man." Clinical Science 82, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0820357.

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1. Exercise training reduces resting sympathetic activity, but the effects on sympathetic activation or withdrawal during baroreflex responses to blood pressure perturbations are controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training on both the vagal and sympathetic reflex heart rate responses to blood pressure changes. 2. Using 10 healthy males in a randomized cross-over design, we examined the effects of three 30 min cycling sessions at 70% of maximal capacity for 4 weeks on the steady-state reflex heart rate responses to perturbations in mean arterial pressure induced with injections of nitroprusside and phenylephrine. The method provides a sigmoidal relationship between changes in heart rate and blood pressure. The upper plateau (maximum tachycardia in response to blood pressure reduction) and lower plateau (maximum bradycardia in response to blood pressure elevation) are mainly mediated by the cardiac sympathetics and vagus, respectively. The slope of the relationship is a measure of reflex gain. 3. Training, which increased maximal oxygen consumption by 13 ± 2% (mean ± standard error of the difference), reduced supine and standing blood pressures by 3 ± 1 / 3 ± 1 mmHg (P < 0.05) and 4 ± 1/2 ± 2 mmHg (P < 0.05 for systolic), respectively, whereas resting heart rate was lowered by 6 ± 1 beats/min (P < 0.05). Reflex sensitivity in the presence of functioning vagus and sympathetics was not altered with training, but the vagal component of sensitivity, as assessed after sympathetic blockade with propranolol, was significantly reduced. The maximal tachycardiac responses to blood pressure decreases were consistently reduced with training (sedentary, 106 beats/ min; trained, 97 ± 1 beats/min; P < 0.05). This attenuation was not evident in the presence of propranolol, suggesting a sympathetic origin. 4. Exercise training thus reduced the sympathetic contribution to reflex tachycardia induced by blood pressure reduction and diminished the vagal contribution to reflex sensitivity. These effects of training may be of relevance to individuals with elevated sympathetic activity who may be at risk of myocardial ischaemia, serious ventricular arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death.
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Phuphanich, Melissa E., Quinn Wonders Convery, Udai Nanda, and Sanjog Pangarkar. "Sympathetic Blocks for Sympathetic Pain." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 33, no. 2 (May 2022): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2022.02.002.

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Jordan, Jens, and Jens Tank. "How Sympathetic Is Sympathetic Enough?" Hypertension 76, no. 3 (September 2020): 672–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15422.

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Surathi, Pratibha, Jessica Sher, Nadeem Obaydou, and Kathleen Mangunay Pergament. "Sepsis or sympathetics? Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after pontine stroke." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 7 (July 2021): e236873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236873.

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A 64-year-old man from nursing home with a pontine stroke 3 months ago, ventilator-dependent, presented with episodic fever, tachycardia and tachypnoea occurring several times a day. He was evaluated for sepsis and pulmonary embolism and was treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics. But these episodes persisted. Due to the episodic nature and typical symptoms of sympathetic overactivity, in the setting of prior brain injury, paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity was considered. His antibiotics were discontinued, and he was treated symptomatically with baclofen and bromocriptine, which resulted in a partial reduction of these episodes.
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WANG, J. K., K. A. JOHNSON, and D. M. ILSTRUP. "Sympathetic Blocks for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy." Survey of Anesthesiology 30, no. 2 (April 1986): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-198604000-00024.

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Wang, Josef K., Kenneth A. Johnson, and Duane M. Ilstrup. "Sympathetic blocks for reflex sympathetic dystrophy." Pain 23, no. 1 (September 1985): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(85)90225-8.

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Bolel, K., S. Hizmetli, and A. Akyüz. "Sympathetic skin responses in reflex sympathetic dystrophy." Rheumatology International 26, no. 9 (November 19, 2005): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-005-0081-4.

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Anderson, Robert, and Julian Budden. "Sympathetic Verdi." Musical Times 126, no. 1712 (October 1985): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/964915.

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Kurashige, Scott. "Sympathetic Resonance." Amerasia Journal 46, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00447471.2021.1922227.

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Nathaniel, Steve. "Sympathetic Vibrations." Novel 54, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-9354079.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sympathetic"

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Leshay, Ilana D. "A sympathetic lady /." South Hadley, Mass. : [s.n.], 2008. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2008/287.pdf.

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Manchanda, Rohit. "New insights into sympathetic transmission." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238131.

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Shatarat, Amjad. "ATP as a sympathetic neurotransmitter." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12069/.

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ATP has been shown to be a sympathetic neurotransmitter in blood vessels. However, its relative importance has been shown to be influenced by the experimental conditions employed such as alteration of the vascular tone. Thus the main aim was to raise the tone of vascular preparations and to further examine sympathetic neurotransmission in these preparations. Porcine whole mesenteries were perfused with physiological buffer and changes in pressure recorded or different sized mesenteric arteries were isolated and set up for isometric recording. Responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were obtained under basal and raised tone conditions induced by U46619, a thromboxane A2 mimetic. The nature of the neurotransmitters involved in the mediation of the electrically-evoked responses was assessed using an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin and/or the P2X receptor desensitizing agent, α,β-methyleneATP, an α2-adrenoceptor RX811059 antagonist, and a neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226. In separate experiments, responses to nerve stimulation were investigated in rat mesenteric small arteries pressurized to 90 mmHg. The effects of a selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, YM-12617, and selective P2X1 receptor antagonist, NF-449, on the electrically-evoked response were determined. Under basal tone conditions the electrically-evoked contractile responses in porcine whole mesenteric bed and isolated arteries were exclusively mediated by noradrenaline (NA) since they were inhibited by prazosin. However, under conditions of raised tone, the electrically-evoked responses were enhanced and a role for ATP was evident since these responses were sensitive to α,β-methyleneATP. Responses to exogenous NA and α,β-methyleneATP were also enhanced at raised tone indicating a postjunctional mechanism of enhancement. Nifedipine attenuated the enhanced responses to EFS and α,β-methyleneATP suggesting a possible role for L-type calcium channels in the mediation of the enhanced responses. In rat pressurised mesenteric arteries the electrically-evoked vasocontractile responses were sensitive to YM-12617 and NF-449, indicating that NA and ATP were involved in the mediation of these responses. Raising tone with U46619 in these arteries enhanced the electrically-evoked contractile response; under these conditions responses were sensitive to both YM-12617 and NF-449. The present study supports the observation that ATP becomes a more important sympathetic neurotransmitter under conditions of raised tone in contrast to when tone is absent. In porcine mesenteric vascular preparations NA predominates as the main sympathetic neurotransmitter under conditions of basal tone. However, when tone was raised the responses were enhanced and a role for ATP became evident.
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Chang, Hong-Shiu. "Dynamic synchronization of sympathetic oscillators." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312647.

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Kennard, James A. G. "Junctional modulation of sympathetic transmission." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09b63f51-0373-4a17-955d-48d3b4e46ccb.

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This project involved the study of mechanisms which modulate autonomic transmission within the sympathetic nervous system using the mouse vas deferens as a model tissue. Data was collected using contraction studies, electrophysiological techniques with sharp microelectrodes, and fluorescent calcium imaging of both smooth muscle cells and nerve terminal varicosities. An additional series of experiments was conducted using the PC12 cell line, derived from a phaeochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla, for flow cytometry experiments using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. During the course of this project a novel technique for studying the activity of the norepinephrine transporter within a whole organ preparation was developed using the neurotransmitter uptake assay. The uptake of this assay within the nerve terminals of the vas deferens was abolished by desipramine whilst its rate of washout was increased by amphetamine. However, some non-neuronal, peri-nuclear staining which could not be prevented by a range of pharmacological means was also observed. This new technique was then used in other work exploring putative NET regulation by cannabinoids. The modulatory effects of two pharmacological groups were assessed: testosterone and cannabinoids. Testosterone was found to have a rapid, non-genomic effect inhibiting neurotransmission within the vas deferens. This was a postjunctional effect which appeared to involve modulation of the opening of L-type calcium channels on the smooth muscle cells. For the studies of cannabinoids, two broad areas of research were conducted. First the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol were investigated with regard to the pre-junctional release of neurotransmitters and the effect of THC on calcium dynamics within individual nerve terminal varicosities. Secondly, a surprising novel effect upon the norepinephrine transporter was identified and examined. This inhibitory effect was revealed initially by contraction experiments demonstrating a decrease in the rate of uptake of noradrenaline from the junction. This work demonstrates that there are still novel modes of regulation of sympathetic transmission to be uncovered. The ongoing challenge is to establish their role within physiology and pathophysiology.
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Scriven, Anthony James Ivor. "Plasma noradrenaline and cardiovascular sympathetic activity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46541.

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Jackson, V. Margaret. "Calcium dynamics in postganglionic sympathetic neurones." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365441.

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Wassall, Richard David. "High resolution studies of sympathetic neurotransmission." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497141.

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Graham, Lee Nicholas. "Sympathetic mechanisms following acute myocardial infarction." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403027.

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Correia, Marcelo Lima De Gusmao. "Sympathetic vascular tone in human obesity." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/134.

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Books on the topic "Sympathetic"

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Sympathetic strangers. Richmond,Surrey: Mills & Boon, 1988.

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Brown, Paul Cameron. Sympathetic magic. London, Canada: Third Eye, 1985.

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Wilson, Lanford. Sympathetic magic. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1998.

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Murray, Annabel. Sympathetic strangers. Toronto: Harlequin Books, 1989.

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Sympathetic magic. Carbondale: Crab Orchard Review, 2013.

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Bloom, Ursula. The sympathetic surgeon. Bath: Chivers, 1985.

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Oles, Carole. Sympathetic systems: Poems. Spokane, Wash: Lynx House Press, 2000.

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Sympathetic manifesto: Poems. Van Nuys, Calif: Perivale Press, 1987.

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Stanton-Hicks, Michael, Wilfrid Jänig, and Robert A. Boas, eds. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0685-6.

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Winston, Robert M. L. Infertility: A sympathetic approach. London: Optima, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sympathetic"

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Gupta, Ruchir, and Natalie Strand. "Sympathetic Blocks: Lumbar Sympathetic Block." In Anesthesiology In-Training Exam Review, 285–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87266-3_54.

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Boas, Robert A. "Sympathetic Nerve Blocks: Their role in sympathetic pain." In Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, 101–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0685-6_11.

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Sharon, Yael, and David S. Chu. "Sympathetic Ophthalmia." In Uveitis, 71–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52974-1_16.

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Stevens, Scott, and Magdalena Anitescu. "Sympathetic Blocks." In Pain, 443–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99124-5_98.

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Justiz, Rafael, Audra Day, and Miles Day. "Sympathetic Blockade." In Essentials of Regional Anesthesia, 605–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1013-3_25.

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Day, Miles, Rafael Justiz, Audra Day, and Maxim S. Eckmann. "Sympathetic Blockade." In Essentials of Regional Anesthesia, 555–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74838-2_32.

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Frazer, James George. "Sympathetic Magic." In The Golden Bough, 11–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-00400-3_3.

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Kaushal, Padmini, Jared E. Knickelbein, Robert B. Nussenblatt, and H. Nida Sen. "Sympathetic Ophthalmia." In Manual of Retinal Diseases, 511–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20460-4_99.

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Yang, Peizeng. "Sympathetic Ophthalmia." In Atlas of Uveitis, 539–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3726-4_28.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Sympathetic Ink." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 724. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11481.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sympathetic"

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Rebola, Claudia B., and Brian Jones. "Sympathetic devices." In the 31st ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2507065.2507083.

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Vidyarthi, J., B. E. Riecke, and A. N. Antle. "Sympathetic guitar." In the International Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2030441.2030443.

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Kanebako, Junichi, Naoya Watabe, Miki Yamamura, Haruki Nakamura, Keisuke Shuto, and Hiroko Uchiyama. "Sympathetic wear." In SIGGRAPH '22: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3532837.3534955.

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Vidyarthi, Jay, Alissa N. Antle, and Bernhard E. Riecke. "Sympathetic guitar." In the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1979742.1979863.

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Johnson, Michael Patrick, Andrew Wilson, Bruce Blumberg, Christopher Kline, and Aaron Bobick. "Sympathetic interfaces." In the SIGCHI conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/302979.303028.

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Evdokimenko, Artem, and Valentin Tkhai. "On sympathetic pendulums dynamics." In 2015 International Conference on Mechanics-Seventh Polyakhov's Reading. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/polyakhov.2015.7106729.

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Müller, M., M. Kanitz, U. Krause, D. Backhoff, T. Paul, and H. Schneider. "Left Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation in Young Patients—Influence on the Sympathetic Nervous System." In 51st Annual Meeting German Society for Pediatric Cardiology. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1679083.

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Rugango, Rene, and Kenneth Brown. "SYMPATHETIC SIDEBAND COOLING OF CaH+." In 69th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2014.rh09.

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Tsourakis, G., J. Prousalidis, and I. Milis. "Transformer sympathetic inrush: a case study." In 8th Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MEDPOWER 2012). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2012.2053.

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Rana, A., M. Abouzid, M. Suliman, K. Mansoor, A. Farooqi, and F. M. Zeid. "Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Glioblastoma Multiforme." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a1723.

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Reports on the topic "Sympathetic"

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Madden, Kelley. Sympathetic Nerves in Breast Cancer: Angiogenesis and Antiangiogenic Therapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada543744.

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Bradley, Christopher. SPE-4-prime Calculations on Sympathetic detonation and Preliminary Confinement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1136103.

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Benjamin, Kelly J., and John Starkenberg. Simulating Sympathetic Detonation of 105-mm Artillery Projectiles with CTH. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326855.

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Holdsworth, Clark, Scott Ferguson, Richard Fels, Shawnee Montgomery, Michael Kenney, David Poole, and Timothy Musch. Sympathetic Neural Contributions to Vascular Control: Role of KATP Channels. Peeref, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2206p4785200.

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Zhang, Weifei, Yuheng Liu, Jixuan Xu, Chen Fan, Bin Zhang, Pin Feng, Yu Wang, and Qingquan Kong. The Role of Sympathetic Nerves in Osteoporosis: A Narrative Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0079.

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Schwieger, Alexandra, Kaelee Shrewsbury, and Paul Shaver. Dexmedetomidine vs Fentanyl in Attenuating the Sympathetic Surge During Endotracheal Intubation: A Scoping Review. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0007.

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Purpose/Background Direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation after induction of anesthesia can cause a reflex sympathetic surge of catecholamines caused by airway stimulation. This may cause hypertension, tachycardia, and arrhythmias. This reflex can be detrimental in patients with poor cardiac reserve and can be poorly tolerated and lead to adverse events such as myocardial ischemia. Fentanyl, a potent opioid, with a rapid onset and short duration of action is given during induction to block the sympathetic response. With a rise in the opioid crisis and finding ways to change the practice in medicine to use less opioids, dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist, can decrease the release of norepinephrine, has analgesic properties, and can lower the heart rate. Methods In this scoping review, studies published between 2009 and 2021 that compared fentanyl and dexmedetomidine during general anesthesia induction and endotracheal intubation of surgical patients over the age of 18 were included. Full text, peer-reviewed studies in English were included with no limit on country of study. The outcomes included post-operative reviews of decrease in pain medication usage and hemodynamic stability. Studies that were included focused on hemodynamic variables such as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and use of opioids post-surgery. Result Of 2,114 results from our search, 10 articles were selected based on multiple eligibility criteria of age greater than 18, patients undergoing endotracheal intubation after induction of general anesthesia, and required either a dose of dexmedetomidine or fentanyl to be given prior to intubation. Dexmedetomidine was shown to effectively attenuate the sympathetic surge during intubation over fentanyl. Dexmedetomidine showed a greater reduction in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure than fentanyl, causing better hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing elective surgery.Implications for Nursing Practice Findings during this scoping review indicate that dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective alternative to fentanyl during induction of general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation in attenuating the hemodynamic response. It is also a safe choice for opioid-free anesthesia.
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Shey Wiysonge, Charles. Does additional social support during at-risk pregnancy improve perinatal outcomes? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608104.

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Additional social support has been advocated for socially disadvantaged pregnant women because they are at greater risk of experiencing adverse birth outcomes. Support may include advice and counselling (e.g. about nutrition, rest, stress management, or the use of alcohol), tangible assistance (e.g. transportation to clinic appointments, or household help), and emotional support (e.g. reassurance, or sympathetic listening). The additional social support may be delivered by multidisciplinary teams of healthcare workers or lay health workers during home visits, clinic appointments or by telephone.
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Sinoff, Stuart E., and Mary B. Hart. A Pilot Study: Evaluation of the Effects of Treatment with 0.75% Topical Capsaicin in Patients with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Using Three Phase Bone Scintigraphy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada234902.

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Lindquist, Christine, and Tasseli McKay. Sexual Harassment Experiences and Consequences for Women Faculty in Science, Engineering, and Medicine. RTI Press, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.pb.0018.1806.

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In a qualitative study of 40 women faculty in sciences, engineering, and medicine (http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SexualHarrassment.htm), respondents at all career levels and fields reported a range of sexual harassment experiences, including gender-based harassment (e.g., gendered insults, lewd comments), unwanted sexual advances, stalking, and sexual assault by a colleague. Sexual harassment experiences often diminished study participants' scientific productivity as energy was diverted into efforts to process emotional responses, manage the perpetrator, report the harassment, or work to prevent recurrences. Many women who experienced sexual harassment adjusted their work habits and withdrew physically or interpersonally from their departments, colleagues, and fields. Study participants who disclosed harassment to a supervisor or department leader often reported that the reactions they received made them feel dismissed and minimized. Sympathetic responses were often met with dismissiveness, minimization, or sympathy, but active or formal support was rarely provided, and women were typically discouraged from pursuing further action. Formal reporting using university procedures was often avoided. University-level reporting sometimes damaged women's relationships with department colleagues. Women who disclosed their experiences often faced long-term, negative impacts on their careers. Study participants identified opportunities to address sexual harassment by (1) harnessing the power of university leaders, department leaders, and peer bystanders to affect the academic climate; (2) instituting stronger and better-enforced institutional policies on sexual harassment with clear and appropriate consequences for perpetrators; and (3) advancing the cross-institutional work of scientific and professional societies to change the culture in their fields.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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