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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Stafford, James Edmond. Symbolic computation and the comparison of traditional and robust test statistics. Toronto: [s.n.], 1992.

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2

Rao, Vijayendra. Symbolic public goods and the coordination of collective action: A comparison of local development in India and Indonesia. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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3

The hermeneutics of sacred architecture: Experience, interpretation, comparison. Cambridge, MA: Distributed by Harvard University Press for Harvard University Center for the Study of World Religions, 2000.

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4

1953-, Wilce James MacLynn, ed. Social and cultural lives of immune systems. New York: Routledge, 2003.

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5

Fonts & logos: Font analysis, logotype design, typography, type comparison, and history. Sherman Oaks, Calif: Delphi Press, 1999.

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6

The enneads: A new, definitive edition with comparisons to other translations on hundreds of key passages. Burdett, New York: Published for the Paul Brunton Philosophic Foundation by Larson Publications, 1992.

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7

The masks of God. Markham, ON: Penguin Books, 1991.

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8

Joseph, Campbell. The masks of God. New York: Arkana, 1991.

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9

The Masks of God. Harmondsworth (Middlesex): Penguin Books, 1986.

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10

Hamilton, Roy. A Comparison of Two Approaches of Symbolic Modeling and Self-Efficacy. Dissertation.com, 1999.

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11

F, Knight Norman, Aminpour Mohammad A, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Comparison of symbolic and numerical integration methods for an assumed-stress hybrid shell element. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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12

Rao, Vijayendra. Symbolic Public Goods And The Coordination Of Collective Action : A Comparison Of Local Development In India And Indonesia. The World Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3685.

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13

Covarrubias Díaz, Felipe. Evaluación de la Contribución de las Capacidades Numéricas Básicas y de la Memoria de Trabajo al Rendimiento Aritmético en Niños de Edad Escolar. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/20.500.12728/88642019mnc12.

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Introduction: There are several causes and explanations of the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the deficits of mathematical learning difficulties. Several studies have evaluated the relations among general domain cognitive abilities (like intellectual coefficient and working memory (WM)) or cognitive abilities of specific domain; However, there are a few studies that evaluate simultaneously the contribution of cognitive variables of both domains to the arithmetic efficiency. Aim: The present study aims to simultaneously evaluate the unique contribution of the basic numerical capacities (BNC-subitizing, counting and symbolic and non-symbolic comparison) and the different components of WM (verbal and visual-spatial) to the explanation of the variance in academic achievement in basic arithmetic, in third-year students of Basic General Education with and without difficulties in basic arithmetic Methodology: A sample of 93 children was evaluated through computerized tests of BNC and working memory tasks: A group of 25 children with arithmetic learning difficulties (ALD) and 68 children without difficulties in arithmetic (NAD). Results: We found that the symbolic comparison and visuo-spatial WM contribute significantly to efficiency in basic arithmetic. Discussion: The results support the hypothesis of a deficit in the access to the symbolic numerical representations as the origin of the difficulties in the performance in arithmetic and show that certain skills of general domain (WM) contribute significantly to the development of mental numerical representations. Conclusions: It is interesting to evaluate the predictive capacity of these variables, delving into pedagogical issues related to assessment and intervention in mathematics.
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14

Ayala, Francisco J., and Camilo J. Cela-Conde. Neanderthals and modern humans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739906.003.0011.

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This chapter deals with the similarities and differences between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens, by considering genetic, brain, and cognitive evidence. The genetic differentiation emerges from fossil genetic evidence obtained first from mtDNA and later from nuclear DNA. With high throughput whole genome sequencing, sequences have been obtained from the Denisova Cave (Siberia) fossils. Nuclear DNA of a third species (“Denisovans”) has been obtained from the same cave and used to define the phylogenetic relationships among the three species during the Upper Palaeolithic. Archaeological comparisons make it possible to advance a four-mode model of the evolution of symbolism. Neanderthals and modern humans would share a “modern mind” as defined up to Symbolic Mode 3. Whether the Neanderthals reached symbolic Mode 4 remains unsettled.
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15

Fox, Alistair. Delinquency and Bicultural Relations: Hunt for the Wilderpeople (Taika Waititi, 2016). Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429443.003.0017.

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This chapter shows how Taika Waititi’s Hunt for the Wilderpeople, the most successful New Zealand film to date, adopts similar stylistic methods as Waititi’s earlier hit, Boy, in order to address similar themes: the effect of emotional deprivation as a result of parental abandonment, and the search for love and family. Through a comparison with the source novel, Barry Crump’s Wild Pork and Watercress (1986), the analysis retraces the means by which Waititi converts a story involving individuals into a symbolic representation of the history of New Zealand race relations at large with the aim of proposing a fruitful way forward for the future.
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16

Swiatecka, M. Jadwiga. Idea of the Symbol: Some Nineteenth Century Comparisons with Coleridge. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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17

McDaniel, Justin Thomas. Conclusions and Comparisons. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824865986.003.0005.

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Starting off with the unique story of the Buddha and leisure park designed in rural Louisiana, the conclusion argues that despite many problems with large comparative projects Buddhist Studies, the amusement parks, memorials, museums, and gardens described in the book as a whole share many qualities. They generally lack formal, formidable, ritual, ecclesiastical, or sectarian boundaries. They make little sustained effort to be “authentic.” These sites emphasize display, performance, and juxtaposition and anachronistic mixing (not systematic reconstruction) of various Buddhist cultures, teachings, languages, objects, and symbols. This is important, because it provides us with a completely different image of contemporary Buddhism that emphasizes innovation and ecumenism instead of purity and authenticity. These sites present different Buddhist traditions, images, and aesthetic expressions as united but not uniform, collected but not concise—a gathering not a movement. By eschewing the local and authentic in favor of the timeless, ecumenical, and universal, they become difficult to categorize. They make visual statements for sure, even if they don’t attempt to create single messages or provide coherent teachings.
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18

Donlan, Chris. Individual Differences. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.66.

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This article discusses the results of three studies that have attempted to identify the factors underlying individual differences in mathematics. Holloway and Ansari (2009), explored the relation between basic number processing and attainment in primary school mathematics. Mazzocco et al. (2011) used a non-symbolic comparison task as an indicator of a preschool child’s Approximate Number System (ANS). Goebel et al. (2014), who tested the number knowledge of 173 six-year olds using a number identification task. All three studies tested specific hypotheses by making use of individual differences and associations between them. They also strongly validate two fundamental principles: that correlational models are limited by the measurements they contain, and that evidence consistent with a particular hypothesis does not necessarily constitute strong evidence in its favour. This article concludes by providing an overview of the topics covered in this book concerning individual differences in mathematics.
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19

Krawatzek, Félix. The Soviet Union during Perestroika. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826842.003.0005.

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The breakdown of the Soviet Union offers a paired comparison with the contemporary Russian Federation. The shifts in the symbolic meaning of youth conveyed the significance and speed of the disintegration of the USSR to its population. A study of the involvement of young people in this regime breakdown sheds a fundamentally new light on the episode. A first section contextualizes the economic, social, and political instability which characterized the Soviet Union’s last years. It argues that youth mobilization accelerated the society-wide realization of crisis and pushed the leadership to further reforms. The following sections explore the results of the empirical analysis linking the discourse network analysis to the political mobilization of differing political groups. It is argued that young people took to the streets before the beginnings of the reform period and the underlying generational gap spurred the political changes in the Soviet Union during the 1980s.
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20

Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Honours as Signals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0007.

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Awards are non-material and symbolic rewards, and do not necessarily have to go with money. Award givers may emit signals of quality, of intent, and of their beliefs. Managers can use the signalling functions of awards to subtly steer the behaviour of (present and future) employees, without having to recur to control through explicit, conditional incentives. Awards can also give rise to signalling failures. They have to be used with moderation, and they can rarely be substituted for money where money is already in place. If well designed, awards can raise intrinsic motivation, as the recipients are explicitly lauded when they receive the award. In comparison to money, awards tend to raise loyalty to the giver and avoid crowding out intrinsic motivation; moreover, they have a more sustainable effect on behaviour. They also remain visible in the future, creating a trophy value that maintains the awards’ salience and their signalling functions even over the medium and long term.
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21

Leung, Janny H. C. Shallow Equality and Symbolic Jurisprudence in Multilingual Legal Orders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190210335.001.0001.

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This book offers a critical perspective to the proliferation of official multilingualism in the contemporary world. Through diachronic and synchronic comparisons, it shows that official multilingualism has become a norm in the political management of linguistic diversity, but actual practices vary according to sociohistorical contexts and current power dynamics. It explains such convergences and divergences using a theory of symbolic jurisprudence, which posits that official language law has served chiefly as a discursive resource for a range of political and economic functions, such as ensuring stability, establishing legitimacy, balancing rival powers, and harnessing trade opportunities. The book goes on to examine the practical impact of official multilingualism on public institutions and legal processes and the application of linguistic equality—frequently asserted in multilingual polities—on the ground. The study shows that serious pursuit of linguistic equality calls for elaborate administrative effort in public institutions and carries a potential to clash with existing legal practices (from legal drafting and interpretation, to language rights in trial proceedings). However, such changes—however extensive—hardly ever disrupt the status quo. The book further argues that linguistic equality as proclaimed and practiced in many polities today is shallow in character, and must not be confused with popular conceptions of equality. The book concludes that both symbolic jurisprudence and shallow equality are components of a policy of strategic pluralism that underlies official multilingualism. Although official multilingualism can legitimately be used to pursue collective goals, it runs the underlying risks of disguising substantive inequalities and displacing more progressive efforts in social change.
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22

Scarre, Chris. Neolithic Figurines of Western Europe. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.042.

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Western Europe has relatively few figurines of Neolithic or Chalcolithic date by comparison with the large numbers known from Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia. Human figurines (mainly of fired clay) are, however, found in Bandkeramik contexts from Central Europe to the North Sea, with others in eastern France. The scarcity of human figurines from areas such as Britain illustrates the diversity of cultural and symbolic practice that privileged human representations in some areas but not others. In the Baltic region, a separate figurine tradition drawing probably on Late Palaeolithic or Mesolithic origins persisted into the Neolithic. It is, however, the Iberian peninsula that stands apart from other regions of western Europe for the abundance and diversity of its human figurines, most of them of Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic date (mid-fourth to late third millennium bc). They include carved schist plaques and ‘eye-idols’ of bone and other materials. The florescence of Iberian figurine production is associated with the emergence of societies on the verge of complexity, characterized by craft specialization and long-distance exchange.
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23

Child Art in Context: A Cultural and Comparative Perspective. American Psychological Association (APA), 2002.

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24

Novenson, Matthew V. The Grammar of Messianism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190255022.003.0008.

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In this concluding, synthetic chapter the findings of the previous chapters are brought together to illustrate a new, alternative research program for the study of ancient messiah texts. In a detailed comparison with the idiomatic use of the fasces (“bundles” of rods) in Roman imperial literature and art, it is proposed that the idiomatic use of “anointing” discourse among ancient Jews and Christians is a similarly influential and similarly parochial symbol of political authority. On this alternative account, the future of the study of messianism lies not in vain attempts to measure the vigor of the phenomenon, nor in pedantic quarrels over the definition of “messiah,” nor in lightly revised taxonomies of redeemer figures, but rather in fresh expeditions into the primary sources to trace the grammar of messianism.
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25

Rana, Swati. Race Characters. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659473.001.0001.

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A vexed figure inhabits U.S. literature and culture: the visibly racialized immigrant who disavows minority identity and embraces the American dream. Such figures are potent and controversial, for they promise to expiate racial violence and perpetuate an exceptionalist ideal of America. Swati Rana grapples with these figures, building on studies of literary character and racial form. Rana offers a new way to view characterization through racialization that creates a fuller social reading of race. Situated in a nascent period of ethnic identification from 1900 to 1960, this book focuses on immigrant writers who do not fit neatly into a resistance-based model of ethnic literature. Writings by Paule Marshall, Ameen Rihani, Dalip Singh Saund, José Garcia Villa, and José Antonio Villarreal symbolize different aspects of the American dream, from individualism to imperialism, assimilation to upward mobility. The dynamics of characterization are also those of contestation, Rana argues. Analyzing the interrelation of persona and personhood, Race Characters presents an original method of comparison, revealing how the protagonist of the American dream is socially constrained and structurally driven.
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26

Woolcock, Michael. Culture, Politics, and Development. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.11.

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This article explores the value of the study of culture for understanding development. Important advances have been made in recent years in understanding how culture, politics, and development interact. Today, the leading theoretical approach to culture seeks to provide an empirically grounded, mechanisms-based account of how symbols, frames, identities, and narratives are deployed as part of a broader repertoire of cultural “tools.” For politics and development, a central virtue of this approach resides less in its broad policy prescriptions than in its commitment to engaging with the idiosyncrasies of local contexts. This engagement contributes to development policy by enabling careful intracountry comparisons to be made of the conditions under which variable responses to otherwise similar problems emerge. Such knowledge is also important for discerning the generalizability (or “external validity”) of claims regarding the efficacy of development interventions, especially those overtly engaging with social, legal, and political issues.
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27

Adams, David. A Handbook of Diction for Singers. 3rd ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639504.001.0001.

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Abstract The 3rd edition of A Handbook of Diction for Singers is a guide to help classical singers achieve professional levels of lyric diction in Italian, French, and German, the three major languages of classical vocal repertory. It serves as a textbook for student singers, as well as a reference for voice teachers, vocal coaches, and conductors. The presentation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The newly created chapter 1, “An Introduction to Specific Sounds,” introduces the relevant phonetic symbols, with descriptions of how each sound is produced and reference to the positioning of the articulators (tongue, jaw, lips, glottis) for each sound. Comparison of sample words from each language, including English, are provided. Each of the three languages is given its own chapter, with discussion not only of the sounds but also of features such as diacritical marks, words stress, vowel length, syllabification, and word structure. Example words have been expanded from previous editions, and most words are translated into English and transcribed into phonetic symbols. There are multiple musical examples, as well as basic exercises for specific sounds and IPA transcription (a new feature). Fine points not available from other textbooks are covered, such as extensive information on the open and close vowels sounds of e and o in Italian, sequencing of consonant sounds and word structure in German, and vowel length and details of the treatment of mute e in French. Additional resources are discussed for each language and sample texts are given with IPA transcriptions and translations.
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28

Gabel, Tim. The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research. Edited by Mandy Sha. RTI Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004.

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Language users, such as survey respondents and interviewers, must speak the same language literally and figuratively to interact with each other. As diversity grows in the United States and globally, interviewers and respondents may speak a different language or speak the same language differently that reflects their own cultural norms of communication. This book discusses the role of language in survey research when comparisons across groups, cultures, and countries are of interest. Language use in surveys is dynamic, including words, symbols (e.g., arrows), and even emojis. The entire survey life cycle is carried out through language. Researchers write or translate questions and instructions that will address research questions and then pretest them using various techniques, including qualitative inquiry that focuses on context beyond just “the numbers.” Human or virtual data collectors use persuasive messages to communicate with survey respondents and encourage their survey participation. Respondents must comprehend and interpret survey questions and instructions to provide a response. All of these survey processes and products contribute to data quality, and the role of language is essential.
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29

Bogdanova, Olga A., ed. Estate real — estate literary: vectors of creative transformation. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0676-5.

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The publication is based on a comparison of the variants of the “estate topos” in the works of Russian literature and literature of other nations of the late 19th — early 21st centuries with their real-empirical prototypes, living in the memory and imagination of the creators of artistic images. On the material of the works by L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, G.I. Chulkov, E.N. Chirikov, A.A. Akhmatova, V.V. Nabokov, M.M. Prishvin, S.N. Durylin, B.L. Pasternak, E.R. Dombrovskaya and other Russian writers, the authors of this monography find out the regularities of the transformation of the real elements of the estate complex and facts of author’s biographies into the details of the subject depiction and the multilayered symbolism of the world of the artistic work. The comparative aspect seriously presented in the book allows us to emphasize in the “estate topos” universal features that are relevant both for Russian literature and for the literature of Spain, Italy, England, France, Ukraine and other countries since Antiquity. The authors also continue to consider the phenomenon of dacha in Russian literature and culture, and begin an analysis of the elements of the “dacha topos” and the discourses that fill it. The сollective monograph contains articles by 23 authors, distributed in 6 problem- thematic sections, reflecting the most important “vectors of creative transformation” of empirical reality: innovations in the field of poetics of artistic works, analysis of ego-documents and artefacts, interdisciplinary integration, comparative parallels, etc. The publication is intended both for specialists (academics, teachers, research students and undergraduates) and for the general reader interested in the place of the Russian estate in literature and in world culture.
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30

Plotinus. The enneads: A new, definitive edition with comparisons to other translations on hundreds of key passages (LP classic reprint series). Published for the Paul Brunton Philosophic Foundation by Larson Publications, 1992.

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