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Journal articles on the topic 'Symbol set'
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Geiselman, Eric E., and Robert K. Osgood. "Toward an Empirically Based Helmet-Mounted Display Symbology Set." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 1 (October 1993): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700123.
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The helmet-mounted display (HMD) affords continuous availability of critical flight information independent of head orientation. With appropriate information presented on a HMD, aircraft control can be maintained regardless of where the pilot is looking. This research addresses the development of an empirically based HMD symbol set. Three attitude formats and three altitude formats were evaluated within a composite fixed-wing HMD symbology layout. The attitude formats varied in basic form and symbol compression ratio. Symbol compression ratio is the ratio of the angle represented by the symbol to the symbol's subtended visual angle. High symbol compression results in symbols which represent large angles, and therefore have slow rate-of-motion relative to their uncompressed counterparts. The altitude symbologies were formed of both vertical scale and dial formats and included vertical velocity indicators. Subjects performed a flight-path maintenance task within sessions of differing “real” horizon presence and orientation. The formats were evaluated under a task which was designed to require high-accuracy flight-path maintenance. This type of task is traditionally thought to require less symbol compression. The results showed that performance was influenced by the manipulation of the attitude symbology formats. The results also suggest that symbol compression may be advantageous.
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Joomwong, Jintana, and Dara Phusanga. "Deterministic and non-deterministic hypersubstitutions for algebraic systems." Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 09, no. 02 (April 15, 2016): 1650047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793557116500479.
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Hypersubstitutions for algebraic systems are mappings which send operation symbols to terms and relational symbols to formulas preserving arities (see [D. Phusanga, Derived Algebraic Systems, Ph.D. thesis, Potsdam (2013)]). In the non-deterministic case, i.e. if one operation symbol is sent to several terms of the same arity and also one relational symbol is sent to several quantifier free formulas of the same arity, we can consider a mapping from the set of operation symbols into the power set of the set of all terms and from the set of relational symbols into the power set of the set of all quantifier free formulas of the considered type. These mappings are called non-deterministic hypersubstitutions for algebraic systems. We consider sets of algebraic systems which are invariant under non-deterministic hypersubstitutions and apply the result to [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-solid classes of algebraic systems. In this paper, we consider an extension of non-deterministic hypersubstitutions which is based on deterministic ones.
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Titani, Satoko. "Completeness of global intuitionistic set theory." Journal of Symbolic Logic 62, no. 2 (June 1997): 506–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275544.
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Gentzen's sequential system LJ of intuitionistic logic has two symbols of implication. One is the logical symbol → and the other is the metalogical symbol ⇒ in sequentsConsidering the logical system LJ as a mathematical object, we understand that the logical symbols ∧, ∨, →, ¬, ∀, ∃ are operators on formulas, and ⇒ is a relation. That is, φ ⇒ Ψ is a metalogical sentence which is true or false, on the understanding that our metalogic is a classical logic. In other words, we discuss the logical system LJ in the classical set theory ZFC, in which φ ⇒ Ψ is a sentence.The aim of this paper is to formulate an intuitionistic set theory together with its metatheory. In Takeuti and Titani [6], we formulated an intuitionistic set theory together with its metatheory based on intuitionistic logic. In this paper we postulate that the metatheory is based on classical logic.Let Ω be a cHa. Ω can be a truth value set of a model of LJ. Then the logical symbols ∧, ∨, →, ¬, ∀x, ∃x are interpreted as operators on Ω, and the sentence φ ⇒ Ψ is interpreted as 1 (true) or 0 (false). This means that the metalogical symbol ⇒ also can be expressed as a logical operators such that φ ⇒ Ψ is interpreted as 1 or 0.
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SIMPSON, NIKI. "Botanical symbols: a new symbol set for new images." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 162, no. 2 (February 2010): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01021.x.
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Kirkpatrick, Mark, Lisa A. Dutra, Robert A. Lyons, Glenn A. Osga, and John J. Pucci. "Tactical Symbology Standards." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 15 (October 1992): 1087–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749784.
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CRT displays aboard U.S. Navy ships use a standardized monochrome Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) symbol set to represent properties of symbols such as platform type (e.g. Aircraft Carrier, Combat Air), environment (e.g. air, surface, subsurface), and identification (e.g. hostile, friendly). A color symbol set has been proposed in NATO Standardization Agreement 4420, Display Symbology and Colours for NATO Maritime Units (1990). The U.S. Navy is currently considering ratification of this Standardization Agreement (STANAG). Empirical comparisons of operator performance using the NTDS symbology versus those using the color-filled NATO STANAG symbology were conducted. Two additional experimental symbologies were also created. The first, called NTDS Equated, is a color version of the NTDS symbol set, and the second experimental symbol set, called NATO Outline, is a color outline version of the color filled NATO STANAG symbol set. Test subjects were asked to find (hook) specific symbols during a tactically relevant scenario. Time to the first correct hook and percentage of correct hooks were subjected to analyses of variance (ANOVA). Experimental results revealed that the NATO STANAG symbol set outperformed all other symbol sets in terms of symbol recognition time, and outperformed the NTDS Standard symbol set for symbol recognition accuracy as well. The results indicated that tactical information can be transferred more quickly and accurately to watch standers through effective use of symbol coding. Test subjects familiar with the NTDS symbology expressed a preference for the color symbol sets in opinion surveys administered after the experiment. General conclusions resulting from comparisons across symbol sets were that color fill was more effective than color outline, and that operator performance gains were achieved as a result of color coding and greater information content on the symbol. This paper presents the human performance assessment that was conducted, the results, and the implications of the findings for ratification of NATO STANAG 4420.
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Abdurrohman, Muhammad. "Memahami Makna-Makna Simbolik Pada Upacara Adat Sedekah Laut di Desa Tanjungan Kecamatan Kragan Kabupaten Rembang." Jurnal The Messenger 7, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v7i1.286.
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<p><em>This study aims to determine the meanings contained in the sequence of the ceremonial procession in the village of Sea Alms Tanjungan as an annual tradition organized by the local community. Theory basis used is the symbol by Susanne Langer's theory which states that a symbol or set of symbols works by connecting a concept, the general idea, pattern, or shape. Symbols are human conceptualization of a thing, there is a symbol for something. Research methods in use is descriptive qualitative, by describing the results that have been obtained from observation and depth interviews with informants. Results in the can that is symbolic ceremonies Sea Alms is a form of implementation of gratitude local community to God Almighty for the gift that has been given, as well as their respect to guard the sea are believed during this important role for the safety of the villagers Tanjungan. This research linkages with communication studies is that people can establish a value of life by applying them in the form of symbols that can be agreed upon by the perpetrators so as to form a culture.</em></p>
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Steelman, Kelly S., and Hannah North. "Predicting Detection Times with Perceptual Euclidian Distance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601366.
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How should we select a set of symbol colors to optimize detection times? Here we suggest a simple, easy- to-calculate technique for predicting symbol detection times in cued and uncued visual search tasks. We used Perceptual Euclidian Distance (PED) to measure color similarity among symbols within the set (PEDset) and between each symbol color and the background color (PEDbg). Post hoc analyses of data from two previous change-detection experiments indicated that PEDbg was negatively correlated with detection time, but only in uncued visual search. PEDset, in contrast, was negatively correlated with detection time in cued search. In the current experiment, we designed a new symbology set that included three symbols that were equidistant in PED color space and a fourth symbol that was farther away in PED color space. We used this symbol set in a change detection experiment using the flicker paradigm. Consistent with the results of our previous analyses, we found that cued detection time was correlated with PEDset. Finally, we present a summary of data from seven experiments demonstrating that this pattern of effects holds over a variety of background colors and symbol sets. The overall results suggest that the PED may serve as an easy-to-use technique for selecting symbols that will facilitate particular performance objectives.
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Brewer, Cynthia, and Andrew J. Campbell. "Beyond Graduated Circles: Varied Point Symbols for Representing Quantitative Data on Maps." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 29 (March 1, 1998): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp29.672.
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Graduated point symbols are viewed as an appropriate choice for many thematic maps of data associated with point locations. Areal quantitative data, reported by such enumeration units as countries, are frequently presented with choropleth maps but are also well suited to point symbol representations. Our objective is to provide an ordered set of examples of the many point-symbol forms used on maps by showing symbols with linear, areal, and volumetric scaling on repeated small maps of the same data set. Bivariate point symbols are also demonstrated with emphasis on the distinction between symbols appropriate for comparison (separate symbols) and those appropriate for proportional relationships (segmented symbols). In this paper, the variety of point symbol use is described, organized, and encourage, as is research on these varied symbols and their multivariate forms.
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van den Berg, Fabian C. G., Peter de Weerd, and Lisa M. Jonkman. "Number-related Brain Potentials Are Differentially Affected by Mapping Novel Symbols on Small versus Large Quantities in a Number Learning Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 7 (July 2020): 1263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01546.
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The nature of the mapping process that imbues number symbols with their numerical meaning—known as the “symbol-grounding process”—remains poorly understood and the topic of much debate. The aim of this study was to enhance insight into how the nonsymbolic–symbolic number mapping process and its neurocognitive correlates might differ between small (1–4; subitizing range) and larger (6–9) numerical ranges. Hereto, 22 young adults performed a learning task in which novel symbols acquired numerical meaning by mapping them onto nonsymbolic magnitudes presented as dot arrays (range 1–9). Learning-dependent changes in accuracy and RT provided evidence for successful novel symbol quantity mapping in the subitizing (1–4) range only. Corroborating these behavioral results, the number processing related P2p component was only modulated by the learning/mapping of symbols representing small numbers 1–4. The symbolic N1 amplitude increased with learning independent of symbolic numerical range but dependent on the set size of the preceding dot array; it only occurred when mapping on one to four item dot arrays that allow for quick retrieval of a numeric value, on the basis of which, with learning, one could predict the upcoming symbol causing perceptual expectancy violation when observing a different symbol. These combined results suggest that exact nonsymbolic–symbolic mapping is only successful for small quantities 1–4 from which one can readily extract cardinality. Furthermore, we suggest that the P2p reflects the processing stage of first access to or retrieval of numeric codes and might in future studies be used as a neural correlate of nonsymbolic–symbolic mapping/symbol learning.
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Tokarev, Grigoriy. "Pragmatics of Quasi-Symbol." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (August 2021): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2021.3.12.
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The article is devoted to the pragmatics of the quasi-symbol, a linguistic and cultural unit that has a verbal nature. It functions as a sign of culture, expresses ideas, and models human behavior. The cultural specificity of quasi-symbols is considered in the aspects of its locution, illocution and perlocution. The paper reveals that cultural aspects of quasi-symbolic locution are based on conventional implicatures. They provide the perception of the utterance as veritable, form typical illocution and perlocution of the utterance. The work proves that cultural aspects of quasi-symbol locution are determined by cultural categories that the symbol embodies, as well as cultural functions that it performs. The article establishes that the quasi-symbol explicates the norm, which acts as a regulator of behavior, the basis for its evaluation. The empirical basis of the study includes the quasi-symbols of the fetish code of culture, which is characterized by the highest productivity. The consideration of imperatives extracted from the meaning of quasi-symbols, has enabled the reconstruction of system of norms characteristic of Russian culture: it is assessed positively when someone works, obeys general rules, is able to keep secrets, fulfills promises, respects another person, considers the feelings and opinions of others, observes Christian commandments. The identified norms demonstrate a set of Russian cultural values: work, order, money, knowledge, faith, neatness. The paper proves that the cultural norm, imperative and attitude are culturally marked pragmatic categories, since they determine human behavior. Axiological aspects of quasi-symbol illocution are expressed in the peculiarities of coding ideas and imperatives. The perlocution of the quasi-symbol is reflected in the linguistic and cultural interpretation, which consists in the addressee's intentions to obey or disobey the imperative, to follow the norm or deviate from it. The article concludes that the rules for using quasi-symbols are easily read by the members of linguistic and cultural community. This aspect embodies the processes of cultural identification.
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Tetruashvili, M. "Complexity of the Decidability of One Class of Formulas in Quantifier-Free Set Theory with a Set-Union Operator." gmj 3, no. 1 (February 1996): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gmj.1996.97.
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Abstract We consider the quantifier-free set theory MLSUn containing the symbols U, \, =, ∈, Un. Un(p) is interpreted as the union of all members of the set p. It is proved that there exists an algorithm which for any formula Q of the MLSUn theory containing at most one occurrence of the symbol Un decides whether Q is true or not using the space cn 3 log2 n (n is the length of Q).
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Schlosser, Ralf W., Rajinder Koul, Howard Shane, James Sorce, Kristofer Brock, Ashley Harmon, Dorothy Moerlein, and Emilia Hearn. "Effects of Animation on Naming and Identification Across Two Graphic Symbol Sets Representing Verbs and Prepositions." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 5 (October 2014): 1779–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0193.
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Purpose The effects of animation on naming and identification of graphic symbols for verbs and prepositions were studied in 2 graphic symbol sets in preschoolers. Method Using a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 completely randomized block design, preschoolers across three age groups were randomly assigned to combinations of symbol set (Autism Language Program [ALP] Animated Graphics or Picture Communication Symbols [PCS]), symbol format (animated or static), and word class (verbs or prepositions). Children were asked to name symbols and to identify a target symbol from an array given the spoken label. Results Animated symbols were more readily named than static symbols, although this was more pronounced for verbs than for prepositions. ALP symbols were named more accurately than PCS in particular with prepositions. Animation did not facilitate identification. ALP symbols for prepositions were identified better than PCS, but there was no difference for verbs. Finally, older children guessed and identified symbols more effectively than younger children. Conclusions Animation improves the naming of graphic symbols for verbs. For prepositions, ALP symbols are named more accurately and are more readily identifiable than PCS. Naming and identifying symbols are learned skills that develop over time. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Pampoulou, Eliada. "Exploring professionals’ experiences when choosing graphic symbol sets." Journal of Enabling Technologies 11, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jet-07-2016-0014.
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Purpose The ongoing development of new graphic symbol sets in conjunction with a lack of literature supporting professionals in choosing the optimum set(s) for their users was the driving force behind this research project. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that professionals take into consideration when they choose one graphic symbol set instead of another. Design/methodology/approach Based on the phenomenology of pedagogy, semi-structured interviews were used with three speech and language therapists (SLTs), three special education teachers, one teacher for pupils with hearing loss, one foundation year teacher and one SENCo/deputy head teacher. Thematic analysis was used to process the data. Findings The results have shown that when professionals choose a graphic symbol set for their user(s), they focus on the iconicity, the software availability and its features. They are also influenced by any existing graphic symbol policies in the area they work. Training and follow-up support also influence professionals’ experiences when choosing graphic symbol sets for their users. Practical implications Given the limited literature pertaining to the topic of this paper, it is proposed that further research is conducted in order to build the theoretical and practical frameworks upon which professionals (such as SLTs and teachers), symbols developers and academics can base their future work. Originality/value This research aims to contribute to the scant literature regarding the factors that SLTs take into consideration when choosing a graphic symbol set for their user(s).
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Fisher, Donald L., and Nancy S. Tanner. "Optimal Symbol Set Selection: A Semiautomated Procedure." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 34, no. 1 (February 1992): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872089203400109.
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A new model of the visual search process is developed which can improve the design of large symbol sets such as those used by nuclear power plant personnel, air traffic controllers, and battlefield troops. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the new, componential model or an already existing, discriminability model better explains visual search behavior. The results were consistent with the componential model. We show how to use the componential model to help automate selection of the optimal symbol set (i.e., the symbol set that minimizes the average time to find a target).
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Mizuko, Mark, and Joan Esser. "The Effect of Direct Selection and Circular Scanning on Visual Sequential Recall." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 1 (February 1991): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3401.43.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of selection techniques on visual sequential recall. Specifically, this study investigated whether there are visual sequential recall differences between direct selection and scanning in task performance in normally developing 4-year-old children. Results suggested that there were no significant differences between direct selection and scanning for visual sequential recall. However, subjects correctly recalled significantly fewer symbols in a specific sequence represented by Blissymbols than by Picsyms. In addition they recalled significantly fewer three-symbol sequences than two-symbol sequences regardless of the type of symbol set.
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ANDRÉN, LINA J., CARL JOHAN CASSELGREN, and LARS-DANIEL ÖHMAN. "Avoiding Arrays of Odd Order by Latin Squares." Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 22, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 184–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963548312000570.
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We prove that there is a constantcsuch that, for each positive integerk, every (2k+ 1) × (2k+ 1) arrayAon the symbols (1,. . .,2k+1) with at mostc(2k+1) symbols in every cell, and each symbol repeated at mostc(2k+1) times in every row and column isavoidable; that is, there is a (2k+1) × (2k+1) Latin squareSon the symbols 1,. . .,2k+1 such that, for eachi,j∈ {1,. . .,2k+1}, the symbol in position (i,j) ofSdoes not appear in the corresponding cell inA. This settles the last open case of a conjecture by Häggkvist. Using this result, we also show that there is a constant ρ, such that, for any positive integern, if each cell in ann×narrayBis assigned a set ofm≤ ρnsymbols, where each set is chosen independently and uniformly at random from {1,. . .,n}, then the probability thatBis avoidable tends to 1 asn→ ∞.
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Mirenda, Pat, and Peggy A. Locke. "A Comparison of Symbol Transparency in Nonspeaking Persons with Intellectual Disabilities." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 54, no. 2 (May 1989): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5402.131.
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This investigation compared the transparency of 11 different types of symbols representing objects with 40 nonspeaking subjects who experienced various degrees of intellectual disability. The subjects included a number of individuals with physical impairments or autism in addition to mild, moderate, or severe mental retardation. The symbol sets included: nonidentical objects, miniature objects, identical colored photographs, nonidentical colored photographs, black-and-white photographs, Picture Communication Symbols (PCS), Picsyms, Rebus, Self-Talk, Blissymbols, and written words. Statistical analyses indicated that real objects were more readily recognized than were any of the symbol sets and that Blissymbols and written words were more difficult than were any of the other sets. In addition, the results suggest the existence of a hierarchy of difficulty at the object (noun) level for the symbol sets assessed. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for selecting an initial symbol set for nonspeaking individuals. In addition, some suggestions for using the assessment protocols in clinical practice are presented, along with future research implications.
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Ribar, N., M. S. Wogalter, and C. B. Mayhorn. "Perceived Hazard for Images Depicting before and during Consequences with Two Kinds of Prohibition Symbols." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 18 (October 2007): 1114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101813.
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This research examined the connoted danger level for symbols varying on type of prohibition symbol and depictions showing before- or during-injury consequences. One prohibition symbol was a red circle with a diagonal slash intended to show that the depicted event within the circle should not be performed. A similar, but less commonly used, prohibition symbol is the red circle without the slash. In the present research, 96 participants evaluated a set of symbols on two risk perception scales. Eight of the symbols viewed were manipulated with respect to a base concept depicting before- or during-injury consequences and type of prohibition. The results showed the symbols depicting during-consequence (injury) events produced significantly higher ratings than images showing before-consequence events. Symbols with a circle-slash prohibition were rated higher than the circle-alone prohibition, but only for some of the images. Symbols with both the prohibition circle-slash and during-consequences image tended to produce the highest ratings. In general, scoring participants' written interpretation of the symbols was relatively high for the manipulated images and did not differ as a function of condition. Very few critical confusions were noted (less than 5%) indicating, for example, no apparent confusions of “double negatives” when combining the during-injury consequences and the circle-slash prohibition symbol. More people expressed a negative (don't, no, not, or do not) in the verbal responses for images with the circle-slash prohibition symbol than with the circle-alone prohibition. Results and implications are discussed.
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Yin, Yong, and Chengcheng Zhang. "Dot Symbol Auto-filling Method for Land-use Areas in Cartographic Representation." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-421-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Dot symbol filling is a key step in the visualization of land use areas data. The traditional method cannot adapt well to the shape features of complex areas, which leads to the unreasonable symbol arrangement in the inner region and boundary of areas during symbol filling. For this reason, a dot symbol auto-filling method for land-use areas considering shape features is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the constrained Delaunay triangulation, the internal structure of complex areas is branched and the paragraphs with the same width and narrowness features in the branch are extracted to realize the fine division of complex areas. Then, according to the geometric shape features of the segment, it is divided into three types, i.e., tile type, narrow type and point type, filled with three levels of symbols: point, line and plane respectively. Finally, the internal and external buffer constraints are set to process the symbols at the boundary of areas to optimize the filling effect of boundary symbols. Based on the national data of a region in Guizhou Province, the method in this paper is compared with the traditional symbol filling methods for validation. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better filling fullness for symbol filling of complex areas, and the symbols at the boundary fit areas contour without creating spatial conflicts such as cover, and the filling result can better reflect the shape features of the areas.</p>
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Wu, Fang. "City Vision Oriented Design Based on Vision Communication Factors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.722.
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From the past to the present, the influence of the communication of the visual language on the human acceptance of the information and mental the activities isnt reduced with the lapse of the time. A lot of graphical and overall images caused by the computer information make our way of communication towards the symbol of the world with the vision as the communication language. Graphics, symbols, colors, and fonts are "an important factor in the symbolic world", and the city visual guided design is a set of visual language created after the research on them which is easy to be accepted by people.
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Jupri, Al, and Ririn Sispiyati. "Students’ Algebraic Proficiency from the Perspective of Symbol Sense." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v5i1.23102.
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Algebraic proficiency, including procedural fluency and conceptual understanding, is widely discussed worldwide. Algebraic proficiency refers largely to proficiency in symbolic representations which can be investigated through a framework of symbol sense. This research, therefore, aims to analyze students’ algebraic proficiency in terms of symbol sense. We set up a pilot study, involving 22 Indonesian mathematics education students (18-19 year old), in the form of two weeks teaching that combine a conventional approach and the use of a camera calculator in the learning and teaching of quadratic and related equations. The results showed that more than half number of students lacks of symbol sense in the sense that they tend to use procedural strategies rather than symbol sense strategies in solving equations. From the perspective of symbol sense, we concluded that the students acquired more on procedural fluency than on conceptual understanding.
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Wells, R. B. "Application of set-membership techniques to symbol-by-symbol decoding for binary data-transmission systems." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 42, no. 4 (July 1996): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.508861.
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Bradshaw, Sally, and Lance Storm. "Archetypes, symbols and the apprehension of meaning." International Journal of Jungian Studies 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19409052.2012.685662.
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C.G. Jung proposed that archetypal symbols carry implicit meanings. We therefore hypothesised that symbol cueing facilitates memory and subsequent recall of meaning words associated with symbols. In the present study, participants either freely generated, or selected from a list, one meaning word for each of 30 symbols presented on screen. As expected, results showed little evidence of conscious knowledge of meaning words. Upon presentation of two sets of symbols and meaning words (15 pairs matched; 15 pairs mismatched), words from the matched-pairs set were correctly recalled significantly more often than words from the mismatched-pairs set. Our findings were considered from a cognitive and clinical perspective.
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Ball, Martin J., Sara J. Howard, and Kirk Miller. "Revisions to the extIPA chart." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 2 (April 11, 2017): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100317000147.
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This paper describes changes to the extIPA (Extensions to the IPA) symbol set, the motivation for these changes, and areas where future changes by the IPA might be helpful to clinical transcribers. The extIPA symbol set was introduced some twenty-five years ago. Since that time, some minor changes have been introduced to the extIPA chart but no major rearrangement has been attempted. The 2010 Oslo meeting of ICPLA (International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association) started a revision of the extIPA chart, and this process was recently completed. A revised extIPA chart was approved at the 2016 ICPLA meeting. The revision involved the addition, modification and removal of categories and symbols. All changes derive from the need to denote sounds encountered in disordered speech that were not covered by the original chart.
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Mihalynuk, Mitchell G., Shannon M. S. Mallory, and Brian Grant. "Geological symbol set for Manifold® Geographic Information System." Computers & Geosciences 32, no. 8 (October 2006): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.003.
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CHIA, WAI CHONG, LI WERN CHEW, LI-MINN ANG, and KAH PHOOI SENG. "BINARY-UNCODED IMAGE AND VIDEO COMPRESSION USING SPIHT-ZTR CODING." International Journal of Image and Graphics 11, no. 03 (July 2011): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467811004135.
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When the embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) algorithm was first introduced by Shapiro, four types of symbols (zerotree (ZTR), isolated zero (IZ), positive (POS), and negative (NEG)) were used to represent the tree structure. An improved version of EZW, the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm was later proposed by Said and Pearlman. SPIHT removed the ZTR symbol, while keeping the other three symbols in a slightly different form. In the SPIHT algorithm, the coding of the parent node is isolated from the coding of its descendants in the tree structure. Therefore, it is no longer possible to encode the parent and its descendants with a single symbol. When both the parent and its descendants are insignificant (forming a degree-0 zerotree (ZTR)), it cannot be represented using a ZTR symbol. From our observation, the number of degree-0 ZTRs can occur very frequently not only in natural and synthesis images, but also in video sequences. Hence, the ZTR symbol is reintroduced into SPIHT in our proposed SPIHT-ZTR algorithm. In order to achieve this, the order of sending the output bits was modified to accommodate the use of ZTR symbol. Moreover, the significant offspring were also encoded using a slightly different method to further enhance the performance. The SPIHT-ZTR algorithm was evaluated on images and video sequences. From the simulation results, the performance of binary-uncoded SPIHT-ZTR is higher than binary-uncoded SPIHT and close to SPIHT with adaptive arithmetic coding.
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KIM, SOO HYUNG, and JIN HYUNG KIM. "AUTOMATIC INPUT OF LOGIC DIAGRAMS BY RECOGNIZING LOOP-SYMBOLS AND RECTILINEAR CONNECTIONS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 08, no. 05 (October 1994): 1113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000553.
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An automatic system that reads an image of a logic diagram, digitized by a document scanner, and generates a description of the diagram in terms of logic symbols and their interconnections is proposed. The digitized image is converted into a set of line segments by way of a sequence of picture processing operations, Then symbols and connections are recognized by identifying loops and rectilinear polylines. Graphical description of a set of symbol models is provided as prior knowledge about input diagrams. Experiments show that the system can recognize more than 96% of logic symbols and connections and that an A4 size diagram (210×297 mm ) of average complexity can be processed within 10 seconds on a workstation.
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Nugent, William A. "Comparison of Variable Coded Symbology to a Conventional Tactical Situation Display Method." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 23 (October 1996): 1174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604002306.
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Visual search performance was compared using three variable coded symbology (VCS) methods, which included a mixture of symbol colors and/or shapes on the same tactical situation display, to a single color-coded tactical symbol set. Six participants completed two replications of 12 trials using each method on a combined total of 336 targets. Half the sample viewed visually prominent air targets in VCS methods administered in the first session, with sea surface targets prominent in VCS methods in the second session; the converse for the other half. Performance measures included throughput-an estimate of correct target hits per working minute, and elapsed time to enter selected targets into an on-screen list box. Superior throughput was demonstrated for a VCS method that combined three symbol coding levels on the same display. Performance was generally poorest for a VCS method combining color and monochrome formats within the same symbol set. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Iqbal, Asif, Manar Mohaisen, and Kyung Sup Kwak. "Modulation Set Optimization for the Improved Complex Quadrature SM." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (July 17, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6769484.
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At each channel use, the complex quadrature spatial modulation (CQSM) transmits two signal symbols drawn from two disjoint modulation sets. The indices of the antennas from which symbols are transmitted also carry information. In the improved CQSM (ICQSM), an additional antenna is used to transmit the second signal symbol only when the indices of the antennas to be used for transmission are equal. Conventionally, the second modulation set is a rotated version of the first, where the rotation angle is optimized such that the average unconditional error probability (AUP) is reduced. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity method to design the PSK modulation sets based on reducing the AUP. After introducing min-BER and max-dmin, two exhaustive search methods, we analytically show that the AUP depends on Euclidean distance between transmitted vectors, which in turn depends on the power of signal symbols, the Euclidean distance between the symbols of each modulation set, and the Euclidean distance between the symbols of the two sets. The optimal rotation angle is analytically derived for any modulation order and the radii of the modulation sets are optimized such that AUP is reduced for a wide range of system configurations. The simulation results show that more than 3 dB of power gain is achieved in the case of 16PSK, where higher gains are achieved for higher modulation orders. These gains are achieved at no computational cost because the optimization does not depend on the channel realization.
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ALHAZOV, ARTIOM, RUDOLF FREUND, and MARION OSWALD. "CELL/SYMBOL COMPLEXITY OF TISSUE P SYSTEMS WITH SYMPORT/ANTIPORT RULES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 17, no. 01 (February 2006): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012905410600367x.
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We consider tissue P systems with symport/antiport rules and investigate their computational power when using only a (very) small number of symbols and cells. Even when using only one symbol, we need at most six (seven when allowing only one channel between a cell and the environment) cells to generate any recursively enumerable set of natural numbers. On the other hand, with only one cell we can only generate regular sets when using one channel with the environment, whereas one cell with two channels between the cell and the environment obtains computational completeness with five symbols. Between these extreme cases of one symbol and one cell, respectively, there seems to be a trade-off between the number of cells and the number of symbols. For example, for the case of tissue P systems with two channels between a cell and the environment we show that computational completeness can be obtained with two cells and three symbols as well as with three cells and two symbols, respectively. Moreover, we also show that some variants of tissue P systems characterize the families of finite or regular sets of natural numbers.
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Nugent, William A. "Effects of Symbol Type, Selection Tool and Information Density on Tactical Display Visual Search Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 19 (October 1994): 1256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801902.
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This study compared the relative effectiveness of two color-coded symbol sets and two selection tools in performing a tactical display visual search task. Performance data were obtained for 36 symbols (called target tracks), 12 in each of three warfare areas. Each target track was presented under four levels of overlap by adjoining or occluding it with non-target (distracter) symbols of the same or different color. Performance measures, which included speed, accuracy, number of selection tool uses and time-outs, were obtained for 144 trials per participant. Results showed color-filled NATO symbols yielded faster, more accurate performance than stroke-drawn NTDS symbols for all but the total overlap condition. Significant two-way interactions were also obtained between the symbol set and selection tool factors, with results showing poorer overall performance for participants in the NTDS-click tool condition. The practical applications and design implications of these findings are discussed, along with specific recommendations for improving operator performance when using color-filled NATO symbols in dense tactical track environments.
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Besgen, Asu. "To Find Is To Choose, To Choose Is To Create: Culture(s) in Cinematic and Architectural Space(s)." CINEJ Cinema Journal 1, no. 2 (April 20, 2012): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2012.15.
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In Wikipedia, which is the symbol of global and virtual source in today’s research culture, culture is defined in three different ways: It is the excellence of taste in fine arts and humanities; an integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning; and, the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group. With another generalization, culture is the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively and creatively; moreover, it is the distinct ways that people living in different parts of the world classified and represented their experiences.
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Khvorostukhina, Ekaterina, and Vladimir Molchanov. "Universal Hypergraphic Automata Representation by Autonomous Input Symbols." Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems 25, no. 5 (October 28, 2018): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2018-5-561-571.
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Hypergraphic automata are automata with state sets and input symbol sets being hypergraphs which are invariant under actions of transition and output functions. Universally attracting objects of a category of hypergraphic automata are automata Atm(H1,H2). Here,H1is a state hypergraph,H2is classified as an output symbol hypergraph, andS= EndH1× Hom(H1,H2) is an input symbol semigroup. Such automata are called universal hypergraphic automata. The input symbol semigroupSof such an automaton Atm(H1,H2) is an algebra of mappings for such an automaton. Semigroup properties are interconnected with properties of the algebraic structure of the automaton. Thus, we can study universal hypergraphic automata with the help of their input symbol semigroups. In this paper, we investigated a representation problem of universal hypergraphic automata in their input symbol semigroup. The main result of the current study describes a universal hypergraphic automaton as a multiple-set algebraic structure canonically constructed from autonomous input automaton symbols. Such a structure is one of the major tools for proving relatively elementary definability of considered universal hypergraphic automata in a class of semigroups in order to analyze interrelation of elementary characteristics of universal hypergraphic automata and their input symbol semigroups. The main result of the paper is the solution of this problem for universal hypergraphic automata for effective hypergraphs withp-definable edges. It is an important class of automata because such an algebraic structure variety includes automata with state sets and output symbol sets represented by projective or affine planes, along with automata with state sets and output symbol sets divided into equivalence classes. The article is published in the authors' wording.
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GOZZI, E., and M. REUTER. "QUANTUM-DEFORMED CANONICAL TRANSFORMATIONS, W∞ ALGEBRAS AND UNITARY TRANSFORMATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 09, no. 32 (December 30, 1994): 5801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x94002405.
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We investigate the algebraic properties of the quantum counterpart of the classical canonical transformations using the symbol calculus approach to quantum mechanics. In this framework we construct a set of pseudodifferential operators which act on the symbols of operators, i.e. on functions defined over phase space. They act as operatorial left and right multiplication and form a W∞×W∞ algebra which contracts to its diagonal subalgebra in the classical limit. We also describe the Gel’fand-Naimark-Segal (GNS) construction in this language and show that the GNS representation space (a doubled Hilbert space) is closely related to the algebra of functions over phase space equipped with the star product of the symbol calculus.
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Stanek, Karel, and Petr Silhak. "Real-time Cartographic Generalisation: Risk Management Maps Case Study." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-349-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> One of the main tasks that have been addressed within the project “Dynamic Mapping Methods Focused on Risk and Disaster Management in the Big Data Era” was how to deal with a scale-dependent modification of a thematic content. Thematic content on this type of maps is composed of point-based observations from different sources. Assembled maps are organized according to particular risk phenomena and previously mentioned point observations indicate status of the risk in selected theme. These indicators come from a variety of different sources, such as automatic sensors, volunteer observations, geographically localized patterns on the web and social networks etc. The user of the map has to first select a key indicator and subsequently a set of support indicators, to customize the map to his requirements. Naturally, when scaling down, graphical conflicts between map elements must be resolved. However, the cartographic generalization has to be done in such a way as to also highlight content and preserve the context of presented observations. In the context of the previous paragraph, it was clear that the most suitable cartographic generalization method for our purposes was an aggregation. Generally, the aggregation is a transformation of group map objects into smaller group of map objects (usually on just one target object). In our case we can identify following target objects of the aggregation:</p><ul><li>A multiple observation symbol resulting from aggregation of either several close symbols of the same kind, or several heterogenous symbols to highlight importance or dominance of one specific kind,</li><li>A rectangular array of symbols resulting from aggregation of conglomeration of heterogenous symbols,</li><li>An area that is the aggregation of a bounded array of objects of the same type, areal shape is derived from simplified convex hull of affected symbols, nevertheless, in some cases, the concave hull and best-fit ellipse were also tried,</li><li>An isopleth representation of value regularly distributed symbols of the same kind, where isopleths are derived from IDW interpolation either of the symbol value or by symbol density, border lines of zones are simplified and invisible.</li></ul><p> For the purpose of controlling the generalization process, it is necessary to set the conditions for generalization of the map objects. Such conditions - constraints are in this case relatively simple - symbol size is fixed, symbols cannot overlap, symbols are closer to their original location then other symbols (rectangular group of symbols is considered as one aggregated symbol). It is also necessary to choose which transformation mechanism belongs to which group of map objects. Given the small complexity of the situations and the need for rapid identification of the generalization operator, we have chosen rule-based control system. Rule set is extensible and stored in a database, its core is small due to a cover transformation of group of point symbols to one entity expressed by potentially four representations (or its combination). Because isolated objects are rarely present on the map, key role in the generalisation process plays a structure recognition. Process of the structure recognition is triggered by symbol collision. Identified symbol collisions are clustered by distance and clusters are solved together. For each type of symbol present within an individual cluster, cartometric measurement are made in the cluster’s vicinity. The resulting parameterization leads to the rule identification. Several possibilities how to prioritize rules, in case of ambiguity and impact of their setting on the generalization process are also further discussed.</p><p>Second, but not less important part of the article, is dedicated to the implementation of the cartographic generalisation process. Because the final goal is to build a web map, the implementation is based on web technologies. Core of the implementation is based on node.js server. All processing tools were defined as JavaScript functions. For geoprocessing purposes, open source library Turf was used, because this technology falls under MIT license. Measurements and rules were stored in open source LevelGraph database. This graph database has nowadays no particular advantage in the limited scope of cartographic generalisation process, but it seems to be promising for possible future and more complex projects. Another reason why beforementioned tools were selected is the possibility to transfer the whole generalization process to the client-side web browser. Input thematic data are the result of a query on web service which provide us evaluated anomalies and their cross references. For visualisation purposes were used open source interactive web maps library OpenLayers.</p>
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Podwysocki, Christine, Robert A. Reeve, Jacob M. Paul, and Jason D. Forte. "Spatial complexity facilitates ordinal mapping with a novel symbol set." PLOS ONE 15, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): e0230559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230559.
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Kuveždić Divjak, A., B. Pribičević, and A. Đapo. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TAXONOMY, STANDARDISATION AND AVAILABILITY OF CARTOGRAPHIC SYMBOL SETS FOR CRISIS MAPPING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W8 (August 21, 2019): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w8-241-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Cartographic symbols on crisis maps serve as the means of depicting information about the position, properties, and/or numerical values of objects, phenomena or actions specific to crisis mapping. The aim of symbology for many crisis cartographic visualisations are simple, clear, aesthetically pleasing symbols that can be easily used and understood by a wide range of crisis map users. If they are incomprehensible, illegible, ambiguous, unclassified, and random, if they lack hierarchical organisation and other characteristics which are important when designing a cartographic symbol set, they can fail to deliver the intended message. In addition to effective graphic design, cartographic symbol sets for crisis mapping are facing additional challenges, including consideration of their availability (sharing and promotion, dissemination and promulgation) and standardisation (ensuring the general and repeatable use of map symbols). To determine the extent of these challenges and to assess the current state of the cartographic symbology for crisis mapping we have compiled and compared the prominent examples of symbol sets that were promoted in the cartographic scientific and crisis mapping community in recent years. We pay particular attention to those sets that have gone through a new, reviewed or extended edition. We research whether the latest changes incorporated follow the recognised challenges posed to the crisis mapping symbology.</p>
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Freeman, Kenya, and Michael S. Wogalter. "Evaluation of Pictorial Symbols to Warn Computer Keyboard Users about Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 20 (October 2001): 1468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104502004.
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an upper-extremity disorder that can cause chronic pain and disability. Although CTS can arise from a wide variety of repetitive tasks with awkward hand/arm positioning, a large percentage of cases are attributed to, or exacerbated by, computer input devices such as keyboards. One potential way to reduce the development of CTS in keyboard users is to warn them about the disease's early symptoms so that corrective actions might be taken before the disease becomes more severe. The present research systematically examines one of the components of a potential CTS warning, pictorial symbols. Participants examined a set of 12 ANSI Z535 style warnings with one, two or four pictorials. They then evaluated them on their perceived effectiveness, specifically on their ability to inform and motivate users to use correct arm and hand posture to avoid further CTS development. The evaluations involved estimating the percentage of people that would comply with the pictorial message if it were located on or near a keyboard. Individual pictorial symbols in a top or a side view of the hands, arms, and wrists, depicted the incorrect posture overlaid with either an “X” (cross-out) or “prohibition symbol” (circle-slash) or the correct posture with no overlay. Warnings with four pictorials (with both postures and views) were given significantly higher evaluations than warnings with one or two symbols. In the one and two pictorial conditions, the top view was preferred over the side view. The two prohibition symbols, shown together with views of the incorrect postures, were perceived to be better than the views of correct postures (with no prohibition symbol). The two prohibition symbol conditions did not differ. The results could serve as a partial basis for the development of a complete CTS warning that also includes textual information. Implications for the benefits of multi-symbol warning messages are offered.
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Presic, Slavisa. "Fin-set: A syntactical definition of finite sets." Publications de l'Institut Math?matique (Belgrade), no. 96 (2007): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pim0796155p.
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We state Fin-set, by which one founds the notion of finite sets in a syntactical way. Any finite set {a1, a2,..., an} is defined as a well formed term of the form S(a1 + (a2 + (??? + (an?1 + an)???))), where + is a binary and S a unary operational symbol. Related to the operational symbol the term-substitutions (1) are introduced. Definition of finite sets is called syntactical because by two algorithms Set-alg and Calc one can effectively establish whether any given set-terms are equal or not equal. All other notions related to finite sets, like ?, ordered pair, Cartesian product, relation, function, cardinal number are defined as terms as well. Each of these definitions is recursive. For instance, ? is defined by x ? S(a1) iff x = a1 x ? S(a1 + ???+ an) iff x = a1 or x ? S(a2 + ???+ an) x/? ? (? denotes the empty set).
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Dinh, Hai Q., Sampurna Satpati, Abhay Kumar Singh, and Woraphon Yamaka. "Symbol-triple distance of repeated-root constacyclic codes of prime power lengths." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 19, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 2050209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498820502096.
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Let [Formula: see text] be an odd prime, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be positive integers and [Formula: see text] be a nonzero element of [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text]-constacyclic codes of length [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text] are linearly ordered under set theoretic inclusion as ideals of the chain ring [Formula: see text]. Using this structure, the symbol-triple distances of all such [Formula: see text]-constacyclic codes are established in this paper. All maximum distance separable symbol-triple constacyclic codes of length [Formula: see text] are also determined as an application.
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Horton, Sarah. "The lion king? Drawings of the lion garden ornament." Drawing: Research, Theory, Practice 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/drtp_00023_1.
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Exploring the lion as a symbol of England’s colonial past the drawings presented in this research project seek to subvert the idea of the lion as a symbol of power through the decorative interventions applied to them. The history of the lion as a symbol of British identity and strength in public monuments such as Trafalgar Square is compared to the ways in which owners of ordinary suburban housing in England use lion garden ornaments as indicators of habitus, or class (Bourdieu), and conspicuous consumption (Veblen). The act of drawing brings these ornaments into the ownership of the artist who employs a number of decorative interventions that seek to undermine the lion’s symbolic status. This is a speculative set of work created during the limbo of Britain’s Brexit negotiations in 2019. It has potential implications for anyone researching the relationship between ornament and identity, or drawing and ornament.
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MacDorman, Karl F. "Feature learning, multiresolution analysis, and symbol grounding." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 1998): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98420107.
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Cognitive theories based on a fixed feature set suffer from frame and symbol grounding problems. Flexible features and other empirically acquired constraints (e.g., analog-to-analog mappings) provide a framework for letting extrinsic relations influence symbol manipulation. By offering a biologically plausible basis for feature learning, nonorthogonal multiresolution analysis and dimensionality reduction, informed by functional constraints, may contribute to a solution to the symbol grounding problem.
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Jin, Renling. "A theorem on the isomorphism property." Journal of Symbolic Logic 57, no. 3 (September 1992): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275446.
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AbstractAn -structure is called internally presented in a nonstandard universe if its base set and interpretation of every symbol in are internal. A nonstandard universe is said to satisfy the κ-isomorphism property if for any two internally presented -structures and , where has less than κ many symbols, is elementarily equivalent to implies that is isomorphic to . In this paper we prove that the ℵ1-isomorphism property is equivalent to the ℵ0-isomorphism property plus ℵ1-saturation.
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Gryaznova, A. T. "Features and Functions of Alexander Blok’s Concept-symbol «Comet» in the Poem of the Same Name (To the 140th Anniversary of the Birth)." Russian language at school 81, no. 6 (November 19, 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2020-81-6-74-82.
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The study is set out to prove the expediency of incorporation of the notion concept-symbol into the linguopoetics terminology. The analysis of Blok’s poem «Comet» confirms a substantial heuristic potential of the concept-symbol. The applied etymological, lexical, field, contextual and conceptual analyses proved the ability of the concept-symbol to form a conceptual domain obtaining text-forming potential and correlating with the idea of a work of art. The concept-symbol is deeply incorporated in the author’s individual vision, bringing certain features of a neo-myth. The above features distinguish a concept-symbol from a figure-symbol used to provide logical emphases and cohesion among the elements of conceptual framework, as well as from the concept-frame which forms the plot component of the poem.
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Kim, Namyong. "Blind Algorithms using a Random-Symbol Set under Biased Impulsive Noise." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 14, no. 4 (April 30, 2013): 1951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2013.14.4.1951.
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Delaye, Adrien, and Eric Anquetil. "HBF49 feature set: A first unified baseline for online symbol recognition." Pattern Recognition 46, no. 1 (January 2013): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2012.07.015.
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Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy. "International Committee of the Red Cross set to accept new symbol." BMJ 331, no. 7518 (September 22, 2005): 654.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7518.654-b.
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Sun, Yafei, Deva K. Borah, and Elam Curry. "Optimal Symbol Set Selection in GSSK Visible Light Wireless Communication Systems." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2015.2495235.
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Mihalynuk, Mitchell G., Shannon M. S. Mallory, and Brian Grant. "Erratum to “Geological symbol set for Manifold® Geographic Information System”." Computers & Geosciences 33, no. 3 (March 2007): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2006.10.002.
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Bauval, Anne. "Polynomial rings and weak second-order logic." Journal of Symbolic Logic 50, no. 4 (December 1985): 953–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2273983.
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This article is a rewriting of my Ph.D. Thesis, supervised by Professor G. Sabbagh, and incorporates a suggestion from Professor B. Poizat. My main result can be crudely summarized (but see below for detailed statements) by the equality: first-order theory of F[Xi]i∈I = weak second-order theory of F.§I.1. Conventions. The letter F will always denote a commutative field, and I a nonempty set. A field or a ring (A; +, ·) will often be written A for short. We shall use symbols which are definable in all our models, and in the structure of natural numbers (N; +, ·):— the constant 0, defined by the formula Z(x): ∀y (x + y = y);— the constant 1, defined by the formula U(x): ∀y (x · y = y);— the operation ∹ x − y = z ↔ x = y + z;— the relation of division: x ∣ y ↔ ∃ z(x · z = y).A domain is a commutative ring with unity and without any zero divisor.By “… → …” we mean “… is definable in …, uniformly in any model M of L”.All our constructions will be uniform, unless otherwise mentioned.§I.2. Weak second-order models and languages. First of all, we have to define the models Pf(M), Sf(M), Sf′(M) and HF(M) associated to a model M = {A; ℐ) of a first-order language L [CK, pp. 18–20]. Let L1 be the extension of L obtained by adjunction of a second list of variables (denoted by capital letters), and of a membership symbol ∈. Pf(M) is the model (A, Pf(A); ℐ, ∈) of L1, (where Pf(A) is the set of finite subsets of A. Let L2 be the extension of L obtained by adjunction of a second list of variables, a membership symbol ∈, and a concatenation symbol ◠.