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1
Ulam, Stanislaw M. Analogies between analogies: The mathematical reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos collaborators. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
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2
Barry, Shapiro, ed. The game according to Syd: The theories and teachings of baseball's leading innovator. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
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3
Gubler, Philipp. A Bayesian Analysis of QCD Sum Rules. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013.
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Kramer, Rutger. Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982642.
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By the early ninth century, the responsibility for a series of social, religious and political transformations had become an integral part of running the Carolingian empire. This became especially clear when, in 813/4, Louis the Pious and his court seized the momentum generated by their predecessors and broadened the scope of these reforms ever further. These reformers knew they represented a movement greater than the sum of its parts; the interdependence between those wielding imperial authority and those bearing responsibility for ecclesiastical reforms was driven by comprehensive, yet still surprisingly diverse expectations. Taking this diversity as a starting point, this book takes a fresh look at the optimistic first decades of the ninth century. Extrapolating from a series of detailed case studies rather than presenting a new grand narrative, it offers new interpretations of contemporary theories of personal improvement and institutional correctio, and shows the self-awareness of its main instigators as they pondered what it meant to be a good Christian in a good Christian empire.
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Sarah, Nouwen. Part III Regimes and Doctrines, Ch.36 International Criminal Law: Theory All Over the Place. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0037.
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This chapter discusses the different theories employed in the field of international criminal law, which is now increasingly supported by theory. Case theories were developed after events had taken place; operational theories were produced to match complex facts; foundational theories were created to justify existing practices; external theories tried to make sense of the phenomenon of international criminal law as it had been observed; and so did the popular theories based on everyday encounters. Ago, rather than cogito, ergo sum was the field’s implicit maxim. Against this background one still finds that factual, operational, foundational, external theories prove to be less coherent when they are considered in light of each other. Rich theories could thus emerge from more joint theorizing among those working on variably factual, operational, foundational, and external theories, between scholars and practitioners, and between scholar-theorists and quotidian theorists.
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Game According to Syd: Theories and Teachings of Baseball's Leading Innovator. Fireside, 1991.
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7
Hamilton, Anne, and Volker Fischer. Theorien Der Gestaltung: Grundlagentexte Sum Design, Band 1 (Theory Series). Verlag Form, 1999.
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8
Fuchsel, Catherine. Theoretical Background. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672829.003.0004.
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In this chapter, the theoretical foundation of the Sí, Yo Puedo (SYP) curriculum and program is examined. Intersectionality, which examines the intersection of concepts such as immigration status, domestic violence, race/ethnicity, and culture and is the main theory behind the development of the SYP curriculum and program, is explained and the author examines her own intersecting identities. Other theories that were used in the development of the SYP curriculum and program include feminist ideology, which examines power differences between genders and a patriarchal system; the family violence perspective; social work and therapeutic theories; group theory, which relates to knowledge of the group facilitator’s role and group work and dynamics; and the domestic violence empowerment framework, which raises awareness and provides education.
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Gubler, Philipp. Bayesian Analysis of QCD Sum Rules. Springer Japan, 2015.
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10
Yang, Jinlong, and Qunxiang Li. Theoretical simulations of scanning tunnelling microscope images and spectra of nanostructures. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.15.
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This article presents theoretical simulations of scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) images and spectra of nanostructures. It begins with an overview of the theories of STM and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS), focusing on four main approaches: the perturbation or Bardeen approach, the Tersoff–Hamann approach and its extension, the scattering theory or Landauer–Bütticker approach, and the non-equilibrium Green's function or Keldysh approach. It then considers conventional STM and STS experimental investigations of various systems including clean surfaces, ad-atoms, single molecules, self-assembled monolayers, and nanostructures. It also discusses STM activities that go beyond conventional STM images and STS, such as functionalized STM tip, inelastic spectroscopy identification, manipulation, molecular electronics and molecular machines.
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Gubler, Philipp. A Bayesian Analysis of QCD Sum Rules. Springer, 2013.
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12
Liu, Charles, Karen Masters, and Sevil Salur. 30-Second Universe: 50 Most Significant Ideas, Theories, Principles and Events That Sum up... Everything. Ivy Press, The, 2022.
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13
Tännsjö, Torbjörn. Setting Health-Care Priorities. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946883.001.0001.
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The three most promising theories of distributive ethics are presented: Utilitarianism, with or without a prioritarian amendment. The maximin/leximin theory. Egalitarianism. Utilitarianism urges us to maximize the sum-total of happiness. When prioritarianism is added to utilitarianism we are instead urged to maximize a weighted sum of happiness, where happiness weighs less the happier you are and unhappiness weighs more the more miserable you are. The maximin/leximin theory urges us to give absolute priority to those who are worst off. Egalitarianism gives us two goals: to maximize happiness but also to level out differences with regard to happiness between persons. All of these theories are justifiable. In abstract thought experiments they conflict. When applied in real life they converge in an unexpected manner: more resources should be directed to mental health and less to marginal life extension. It is doubtful if the desired change will take place, however. What gets in its way is human irrationality.
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Canevaro, Mirko, Andrew Erskine, Benjamin Gray, and Josiah Ober, eds. Ancient Greek History and Contemporary Social Science. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421775.001.0001.
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Social scientists and political theorists have recently come to realize the potential importance of the classical Greek world and its legacy for testing social theories. Meanwhile, some Hellenists have mastered the techniques of contemporary social science. They have come to recognize the value of formal and quantitative methods as a complement to traditional qualitative approaches to Greek history and culture. Some of the most exciting new work in social science is now being done within interdisciplinary domains for which recent work on Greece provides apt case studies. This book features essays examining the role played by democratic political and legal institutions in economic development; the potential for inter-state cooperation and international institutions within a decentralized ecology of states; the relationship between state government and the social networks arising from voluntary associations; the interplay between political culture, informal politics, formal institutions and political change; and the relationship between empirical and formal methods of analysis and normative political theory. In sum, this book introduces readers to the emerging field of “social science ancient history.”
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Brunsson, Nils. Decision as Institution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199206285.003.0001.
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This chapter first sets out the book's main argument that it is more fruitful to treat decision as an institution — as a well-known pattern of action with a ready-made account and with rules that are taken for granted. It then discusses the connections between the institution of decision, where the rules of rationality are important, and the individual. The remainder of the chapter deals with theories of decision and the consequences of decision, followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters. In sum, the arguments in this book give a more complex picture of decision-making than most traditional decision theories do. Politicians, managers, and other organizational leaders play important roles as decision-makers, but their roles are much more complex than implied by the notion of decisions as mere choices.
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Alvarez, Laurent. R�sum� de THEORIE de la DICTATURE: Un Livre de Th�orie de la Dictature. Independently Published, 2019.
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Mongin, Philippe, and Marcus Pivato. Social Evaluation under Risk and Uncertainty. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.23.
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This chapter examines the problem of evaluating policies with either risky or uncertain consequences. Under risk, the probabilities are known and agreed, whereas under uncertainty, probabilities are subjective and subject to disagreement. In the case of risk, Harsanyi’s Social Aggregation Theorem derives a representation of social utility as a weighted sum of individual utilities. But when there is uncertainty, two different and conflicting evaluation criteria, that is, ex ante and ex post, become available. The chapter explores this problem and sketches solutions. Similarly, when equality becomes the guiding question, there is a tension between ex ante and ex post evaluations, each leading to a conceptual loss, and the chapter explores solutions given to this further problem. It also covers Harsanyi’s Impartial Observer Theorem and its recent developments, and discusses the question raised by Sen of whether the weighted sum of individual utilities obtained by Harsanyi makes genuine utilitarian sense.
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Hylton, Keith N. Economics of Criminal Procedure. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.025.
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This chapter reviews the economics of criminal procedure, proceeding through four topics in the literature. First, it reviews the implications of substantive criminal law theories for criminal procedure. The second part discusses the error cost model of criminal procedure, which is the dominant framework and posits that criminal procedure rules are designed to minimize the sum of error and administrative costs. The third part reviews the public choice model of criminal procedure. Under this model, criminal procedure rules are designed largely to regulate rent-seeking activity. The last part of this chapter discusses some of the empirical work on procedure that bears directly on deterrence and welfare effects.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Waves in a medium. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0034.
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This chapter uses a phenomenological approach to obtain a ‘mean’ or macroscopic description of electromagnetic phenomena inside matter. The electromagnetic field inside a medium induces charge and current distributions called polarization. These are the response of the matter to the field. The charge and current densities can be decomposed into the sum of free densities (that is, imposed from outside the medium, and which create the field) and induced densities. The matching conditions on the electromagnetic field at the interface between two different media (for example, a pair of lenses) can be obtained from the macroscopic Maxwell equations with the use of the Gauss and Stokes theorems.
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McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. Intervention Modeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0005.
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The general AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model can be written as the sum of noise and exogenous components. If an exogenous impact is trivially small, the noise component can be identified with the conventional modeling strategy. If the impact is nontrivial or unknown, the sample AutoCorrelation Function (ACF) will be distorted in unknown ways. Although this problem can be solved most simply when the outcome of interest time series is long and well-behaved, these time series are unfortunately uncommon. The preferred alternative requires that the structure of the intervention is known, allowing the noise function to be identified from the residualized time series. Although few substantive theories specify the “true” structure of the intervention, most specify the dichotomous onset and duration of an impact. Chapter 5 describes this strategy for building an ARIMA intervention model and demonstrates its application to example interventions with abrupt and permanent, gradually accruing, gradually decaying, and complex impacts.
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Thacker, Andrew. Modernism, Space and the City. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748633470.001.0001.
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This innovative book examines the development of modernism in four European cities: London, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Focusing upon how literary and cultural outsiders represented various spaces in these cities, it draws upon contemporary theories of affect, mood, and literary geography to offer an original account of the geographical emotions of modernism. It considers three broad features of urban modernism: the built environment of the particular cities, such as cafés or transport systems; the cultural institutions of publishing that underpinned the development of modernism in these locations; and the complex perceptions of writers and artists who were outsiders to the four cities. Particular attention is thus given to the transnational qualities of modernism by examining figures whose view of the cities considered is that of migrants, exiles, or strangers. The writers and artists discussed include Mulk Raj Anand, Gwendolyn Bennett, Bryher, Blaise Cendrars, Joseph Conrad, T. S. Eliot, Christopher Isherwood, Hope Mirlees, Noami Mitchison, Jean Rhys, Sam Selon, and Stephen Spender.
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Isett, Philip. On Onsager's Conjecture. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0013.
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This chapter deals with Onsager's conjecture, which would be implied by a stronger form of Lemma (10.1). It considers what could be proven assuming Conjecture (10.1) by turning to Theorem 13.1, which states that for every δ > 0, there exist nontrivial weak solutions (v, p) to the Euler equations on ℝ x ³. Here the energy will increase or decrease in certain time intervals. In order to determine which Hölder norms stay under control during the iteration, the chapter observes that the bound for the spatial derivative of the corrections V and P also controls their full space-time derivative. The chapter also discusses higher regularity for the energy, written as a sum of energy increments.
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Tu, Loring W. Introductory Lectures on Equivariant Cohomology. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691191751.001.0001.
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Equivariant cohomology is concerned with the algebraic topology of spaces with a group action, or in other words, with symmetries of spaces. First defined in the 1950s, it has been introduced into K-theory and algebraic geometry, but it is in algebraic topology that the concepts are the most transparent and the proofs are the simplest. One of the most useful applications of equivariant cohomology is the equivariant localization theorem of Atiyah–Bott and Berline–Vergne, which converts the integral of an equivariant differential form into a finite sum over the fixed point set of the group action, providing a powerful tool for computing integrals over a manifold. Because integrals and symmetries are ubiquitous, equivariant cohomology has found applications in diverse areas of mathematics and physics. Assuming readers have taken one semester of manifold theory and a year of algebraic topology, the book begins with the topological construction of equivariant cohomology, then develops the theory for smooth manifolds with the aid of differential forms. To keep the exposition simple, the equivariant localization theorem is proven only for a circle action. An appendix gives a proof of the equivariant de Rham theorem, demonstrating that equivariant cohomology can be computed using equivariant differential forms. Examples and calculations illustrate new concepts. Exercises include hints or solutions, making this book suitable for self-study.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The physics of black holes II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0050.
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This chapter gives a brief description of Hawking radiation, which involves a combination of general relativity and quantum field theory and leads to a thermodynamical interpretation of the laws governing the evolution of black holes. The study of the Penrose process near a Kerr black hole leads to the conclusion that its irreducible mass can only increase. A similar but more general conclusion was reached by Hawking, who showed that the sum of the areas of the horizons of black holes interacting with matter can only increase, with the condition that the cosmic censorship hypothesis is valid and that the matter obeys the so-called weak energy condition. The chapter concludes with the Israel theorem, which allows one to argue that if gravitation is described by general relativity, then not only do black holes exist, but all black holes are represented by the Kerr–Schwarzschild solution.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Scattering on a Single Impurity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0004.
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Evolution of a many-body system consists of permanent collisions among particles. Looking at the motion of a single particle, one can identify encounters by which a particle abruptly changes the direction of flight, these are seen as true collisions, and small-angle encounters, which in sum act as an applied force rather than randomising collisions. The scattering on impurities is used to introduce the mentioned mechanisms and, in particular, to show how they affect each other. Point impurities are assumed, i.e. impurities the potential of which is restricted to a single atomic site of the crystal lattice. In this case interaction potentials never overlap and many-body effects are due to nonlocal character of the quantum particle. To introduce elementary components of the formalism, in this chapter we first describe the interaction of an electron with a single impurity. Lippman–Schwinger equations are derived and the physics behind the collision delay, dissipativeness and optical theorems is explored.
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Lewis, Marc D. The Development of Emotion Regulation. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0004.
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This chapter examines the relation between normative advances and emerging individual differences in emotion regulation (ER), using principles from developmental cognitive neuroscience to integrate these seemingly disparate processes. Like several other theorists, I view corticolimbic development as a self-organizing stream of synaptic alterations, driven by experience rather than biologically prespecified. This conceptualization helps resolve ambiguities that appear when we try, but consistently fail, to neatly parse individual differences and developmental differences. At the neural level, increasingly specific patterns of synaptic activation converge in response to (or in anticipation of) recurrent emotions, creating synaptic networks that link multiple regions. These networks regulate emotions (in real time). But they also stabilize and consolidate with repetition, thus giving rise tohabitsthat are the hallmark of individual development. These configurations are progressively sculpted through individual learning experiences, but they also become increasingly effective with use, thereby expressing both individual trajectories and normative advances as they develop. In sum, experience-driven synaptic changes create a repertoire of individual solutions to universal challenges, shared among members of a culture or society. This description casts individual differences and age-related advances as dual facets of a unitary developmental process.
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Amaral, Patrícia, and Manuel Delicado Cantero. Noun-Based Constructions in the History of Portuguese and Spanish. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847182.001.0001.
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This book explores the syntactic and semantic change of three types of constructions in the history of Spanish and Portuguese: (i) complex DPs with clausal adjunction (el hecho de, o facto de), (ii) complex prepositions/complementizers and complex connectives (sin embargo de, sem embargo de; so pena de, sob pena de), and (iii) complex predicates containing light verbs (dar consejo de, dar conselho de). While these constructions are syntactically different, they are all clause-taking expressions containing a noun followed by the functional preposition de (“of”). This book is the first work to examine them together through a systematic comparative corpus study. This makes it possible to tease apart individual from general changes and to focus on the chronological clustering of changes involving complex constructions in both languages. The development of these constructions has multiple causes related to the noun. Specifically, the reanalysis of the entire expression is affected both by the meaning of the noun and by changes in complementation patterns that affected nouns (as well as verbs and adjectives) in the 16th–17th centuries in both languages. By studying mechanisms of language change and their outcomes in two sister languages, the book addresses questions like: How do complex constructions evolve? How does the meaning of the noun change when considered in isolation and when compared to the meaning of the whole construction? How do syntactic categories change over time? Studies of closely related languages, which can reveal distinct developments occurring in parallel over time, provide a crucial test case for theories of language change.
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Strozier, Charles B., Konstantine Pinteris, Kathleen Kelley, and Deborah Cher. The New World of Self. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535226.001.0001.
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Abstract This book traces Heinz Kohut’s transformation of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. His psychology of empathy introduced a new paradigm of self that provides an alternative to one based on the drives that Freud and ego psychology favored. The book closely examines Kohut’s theoretical and clinical work in a series of chapters on empathy, the self, the selfobject, rage, self-state dreams, sexualization, the nature of healing in psychotherapy, the extension of self psychology to the humanities, and the spiritual dimension of Kohut’s thinking. The book is the first such examination of all Kohut’s work in the historical context of what preceded him and the approaches that have evolved in psychoanalysis as a direct result of his contributions. There are three main objectives of the book. First, each thematic chapter stands alone and can be read separately to understand a given dimension of Kohut’s thought. There is, however, a conceptual sequence in the book. The whole is larger than the sum of its parts. Kohut clarified for psychoanalysis the holistic nature of self, just as this book makes clear the totality of his theory. Second, the book relieves Kohut of his often dense language and makes him accessible to clinicians and scholars who have lost sight of his significance as the foundational thinker in psychoanalysis after Freud. Finally, all the clinical materials illustrating Kohut’s theories are from his own cases or from cases of those he supervised. The book is the most complete, readable, and thorough introduction to Kohut available.
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Khoruzhenko, Boris, and Hans-Jurgen Sommers. Characteristic polynomials. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.19.
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This article considers characteristic polynomials and reviews a few useful results obtained in simple Gaussian models of random Hermitian matrices in the presence of an external matrix source. It first considers the products and ratio of characteristic polynomials before discussing the duality theorems for two different characteristic polynomials of Gaussian weights with external sources. It then describes the m-point correlation functions of the eigenvalues in the Gaussian unitary ensemble and how they are deduced from their Fourier transforms U(s1, … , sm). It also analyses the relation of the correlation function of the characteristic polynomials to the standard n-point correlation function using the replica and supersymmetric methods. Finally, it shows how the topological invariants of Riemann surfaces, such as the intersection numbers of the moduli space of curves, may be derived from averaged characteristic polynomials.
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Dawson, C. Bryan. Calculus Set Free. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895592.001.0001.
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Calculus Set Free: Infinitesimals to the Rescue is a single-variable calculus textbook that incorporates the use of infinitesimals, and more generally the hyperreal numbers. The infinitesimal methods and notation herein were developed with beginning calculus students in mind, resulting in exposition that is more intuitive as well as many calculational procedures that are easier to perform, as compared to both traditional calculus textbooks and earlier attempts at including infinitesimals in calculus. Arithmetic of hyperreal numbers, levels of hyperreal numbers, and approximation in the hyperreals lead to a definition of limit. Limit computations are based directly on that definition. Computation-style proofs of derivative rules use an approximation formula called the “local linearity formula.” The definite integral is developed through the idea of finding area using infinitely many subintervals and right-hand endpoints; the resulting “omega sums” are much easier than Riemann sums as a result of the “sum of powers approximation formula,” which also anticipates the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus by its resemblance to the antiderivative power rule. The limit comparison test is replaced by the “level comparison test,” which is so widely applicable and computationally simple that strategy for testing series is noticeably less difficult. Although infinitesimal methods are used for any mathematical process involving a limit, the remainder of the text uses the standard methods of calculus. Organization is similar to other college-level calculus texts. Features include ample marginal notes, examples, illustrations, and answers to odd-numbered exercises.
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Akande, Dapo, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott, and Dominic Roser, eds. Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824770.001.0001.
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The world faces significant and interrelated challenges in the twenty-first century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines the relationship between human rights and three of the largest challenges of the twenty-first century: conflict and security, environment, and poverty. Technological advances in fighting wars have led to the introduction of new weapons which threaten to transform the very nature of conflict. In addition, states confront threats to security which arise from a new set of international actors not clearly defined and which operate globally. Climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts, features a combination of characteristics which are novel for humanity. The problem is caused by the sum of innumerable individual actions across the globe and over time, and similarly involves risks that are geographically and temporally diffuse. In recent decades, the challenges involved in addressing global and national poverty have also changed. For example, the relative share of the poor in the world population has decreased significantly while the relative share of the poor who live in countries with significant domestic capacity has increased strongly. Overcoming these global and interlocking threats constitutes this century’s core political and moral task. This book examines how these challenges may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and seeks to reassess our understanding of human rights in the light of these challenges. The analysis considers both foundational and applied questions. The approach is multidisciplinary and contributors include some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate. The authors not only include leading academics but also those who have played important roles in shaping the policy debates on these questions. Each Part includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations human rights system on the challenges under consideration.