Journal articles on the topic 'Syllables'
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Shaheedkhel, Sayed Kazim, and Mohammad Azam Omari. "Structure and Types of Pashto Syllable." Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 07 (July 10, 2023): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v2i07.106.
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The syllable is the phonological element that plays a vital role in the formation of the word. A complete and standard syllable consists of the Onset, Nucleus, and Coda, but at the same time, the Onset or Coda part of the syllable can also fall down. No syllable can be constructed without Nucleus and vowel sounds. The vowel in the syllable structure has as much value as the syllable has in the word formation. These vowels play a fundamental role in the syllable’s distribution and types. This article explores the intricate structure and various types of syllables found in the Pashto language, primarily spoken in Afghanistan. Syllables play a fundamental role in linguistic analysis, as they constitute the building blocks of words and affect the rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns in speech.
The findings of this study contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the Pashto language's syllable structure, shedding light on its unique phonological features. This knowledge holds significance for various fields, including linguistics, language teaching, and speech pathology, enabling researchers and language professionals to better analyze and comprehend the complexities of Pashto syllables.
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Fukawa, Teruyo, and Noriaki Kato. "Identification Thresholds of Nonsense Syllables by Stutterers." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.592.
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Stutterers react emotionally to syllables they stutter because they experience difficulty in articulating those syllables. The identification thresholds of nonsense syllables containing syllables stuttered by six stutterers were investigated. Four one-syllable stimuli and eight three-syllable stimuli were displayed by a tachistoscope, and the subjects were asked to respond with the syllables. The identification thresholds of one-syllable stimuli were lower than those of three-syllable stimuli, and the identification thresholds of one-syllable stimuli containing stuttered syllables were not higher, but rather lower, than those of one-syllable stimuli which did not contain stuttered syllables. It was concluded that stutterers were generally sensitive to syllables they stutter, and this phenomenon was referred to as perceptual vigilance.
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Kazlauskienė, Asta. "Lithuanian Syllable: The Hierarchy of Syllable Constituents and Syllable Weight." Respectus Philologicus 42, no. 47 (October 7, 2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2022.42.47.106.
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The article aims to establish the hierarchy of Lithuanian syllable constituents and determine how syllables should be interpreted in terms of syllable weight. The empirical data based on 311 000 syllables show that the variety of consonants in the onset is more significant than in the coda. A vowel and a succeeding approximant form the nucleus of a prosodic syllable, which shows strong coherency between a nucleus and a coda. Therefore, a CVC syllable is interpreted as [syllable Onset [rhyme Nucleus Coda]]. The division of Lithuanian syllables into light and heavy can be based on the realization of pitch accent, and it fully coincides with the traditional classification of long and short syllables in Lithuanian linguistics. Short syllables are light, their nucleus is a short vowel, and the number of consonants in the onset and the coda is unimportant. Such syllables account for almost half of all syllables in the database of this research (45%). Long syllables are heavy, and their nucleus may consist of long vowels (30%), diphthongs (12%), or mixed diphthongs (13%). When stressed, heavy syllables are pronounced in two ways: traditionally known as “acute” and “circumflex”. The stress is not dependent on the syllable weight, as both light (short) and heavy (long) syllables can be stressed. However, it has been observed that heavy (long) syllables are stressed more often than light (short) ones. Heavily stressed syllables constitute 25%, while light stressed syllables comprise 11% of all the syllables in this research database.
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Zhang, Ling. "Syllable isochrony and the prosodic features of stop syllables in Cantonese." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 23, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 20–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00098.zha.
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Abstract Cantonese is a syllable-timed language: that is, the syllable is the isochronous unit of speech. However, in Cantonese, there is a type of closed syllable with the stop codas [-p], [-t], or [-k] (i.e. syllables with the so called “entering-tones”) which sound much shorter than other syllables. On the surface, the shorter duration of stop syllables and the general prosodic feature of syllable-isochrony seem to conflict. This study conducted acoustic investigations of stop syllables in Cantonese in different contexts (i.e. in isolated form, in disyllabic words, and in disyllabic words located at the beginning, middle, and final positions of sentences). The results showed that stop syllables alone are shorter than non-stop syllables in various contexts. However, in disyllabic words or in sentences, there is a supplementary lengthening effect immediately after the stop syllables: there is more acoustic blank, and in some circumstances the initial of the following syllable is lengthened. Therefore, we propose that the phonetic realization of syllable isochrony is beyond the syllable itself in Cantonese. The results and discussions of this study may also shed light on the problem of the disappearance of “entering tones” from various Chinese dialects.
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Inoue, Sue A., Cynthia Staicer, and Daniel Margoliash. "The Process of Syllable Acquisition in Adult Indigo Buntings (Passerina Cyanea)." Behaviour 131, no. 1-2 (1994): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00208.
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AbstractVocal learning in adult indigo buntings was studied by monitoring socially paired males housed together in sound isolation boxes. Two of three yearlings socially paired with older birds in early spring acquired new syllables and reorganized their stereotyped and plastic songs, while eleven yearlings socially paired later in the year largely failed to acquire new material, as did the older adults socially paired at various times of year. Yearlings changed their stereotyped songs to more closely match their tutors' by replacing syllables or by inserting new syllables. This song matching involved two processes in which adult plastic song played a role: (1) new syllables were developed in plastic song, and (2) newly mastered or pre-existing syllables were transferred from plastic song into stereotyped song. Morphological similarity between yearlings' and tutors' syllables strongly influenced which syllables yearlings retained. After social pairing, matching syllables tended to be delivered more frequently by yearlings and become incorporated into their stereotyped songs, while non-matching syllables tended to decline in use or be discarded altogether. New syllables were formed from existing syllables most morphologically similar to the "target" syllable, through transformation and combination of existing syllables. As new forms became more common, old forms declined and eventually were discarded. Our data suggest that adult indigo buntings maintain the ability to sing stereotyped songs while new material is mastered, and held in reserve, in plastic song. Acquisition of new syllables in yearling indigo buntings requires trial-and-error learning, but proceeds without overproduction and subsequent attrition of distinct syllable types, and does not substantially rely on improvisation and invention. Rather, syllable acquisition and changes to stereotyped songs are strongly influenced by the pre-existing syllable repertoire.
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Asherov, Daniel, and Outi Bat-El. "Syllable structure and complex onsets in Modern Hebrew." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01101007.
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Abstract Modern Hebrew allows for a diverse variety of syllable structures, allowing syllables with codas, onsetless syllables, and complex syllable margins. Syllables with a complex onset are found in word initial position, mostly in nouns, and syllables with a complex coda are less common. In this paper, we provide the distribution of syllable types in Modern Hebrew, noting differences between verbs and nouns, native words and loanwords, as well as differences among positions within the word. Special attention is given to word initial complex onsets, with details regarding the restrictions governing consonant combinations.
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Shigeko, Shinohara. "The roles of the syllable and the mora in Japanese: Adaptation of French words." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 25, no. 1 (February 27, 1996): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-02501005.
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In Japanese adaptations of French words, we find two principal mechanisms that show the roles of the syllable and the mora: (1) syllable structure adjustment, which syllabifies French segments into well-formed Japanese syllables by means of vowel epenthesis; (2) syllable weight preservation, which creates heavy syllables for French word-final syllables closed by a single consonant or by an obstruent-liquid cluster, which are perceived by Japanese speakers as being heavy (i.e., containing two moras). Depending on various conditions, such heavy syllables are created either by lengthening the vowel or by geminating the final consonant
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Schwartz, Richard G., and Lisa Goffman. "Metrical Patterns of Words and Production Accuracy." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 38, no. 4 (August 1995): 876–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3804.876.
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This investigation examined the influence of metrical patterns of words (syllable stress and serial position) on the production accuracy of 20 children (22 to 28 months). The data were productions of six pairs of individualized two-syllable experimental words that referred to unfamiliar objects. Members of each pair differed only in the placement of stress (e.g., ['soti] vs. [so'ti]). Unstressed syllables were much more likely to be omitted, particularly at the beginning of words. Very few stressed syllables and unstressed second position syllables were omitted. One fourth of the word initial unstressed syllables were omitted. Consonant omissions, though few in number, tended to occur in initial position. Assimilation errors were not influenced by stress or serial position. When segmental errors due to syllable omissions were excluded, other consonant errors were not affected by stress or serial position. These findings indicate that young children's productions of syllables are influenced by the metrical patterns of words. However, the trochaic pattern of English is a statistical tendency, not an absolute constraint on two-syllable words. Metrical pattern also does not affect the consonant accuracy in syllables produced.
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Gerken, Louann. "A metrical template account of children's weak syllable omissions from multisyllabic words." Journal of Child Language 21, no. 3 (October 1994): 565–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009466.
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ABSTRACTYoung children learning English as well as many other languages frequently omit weakly stressed syllables from multisyllabic words. In particular, they are more likely to omit weak syllables from word-initial positions than from word-internal or -final positions. For example, the weak syllable of a weak-strong (WS) word likegiraffeis much more likely to be omitted than the weak syllable of a SW word liketiger. Three hypotheses for this omission pattern have been offered. In two, children's weak syllable omissions reflect innate perceptual biases either to ignore initial weak syllables or to encode word-final syllables. In contrast, the SW Production Template Hypothesis states that children have a template for producing a strong syllable followed by an optional weak syllable. When they apply a series of SW templates to their intended utterances, weak syllables that do not fit the templates are more likely to be omitted than those that do. To compare the three hypotheses, young two-year-olds were asked to say four-syllable SWWS and WSWS nonsense words. Children's pattern of weak syllable preservations was highly consistent with the SW production template hypothesis, but not with the perception-based hypotheses. Implications of this research for children's function morpheme omissions and for the relation of metrical and segmental production templates are discussed.
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Troyer, Todd W., Michael S. Brainard, and Kristofer E. Bouchard. "Timing during transitions in Bengalese finch song: implications for motor sequencing." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00296.2017.
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To investigate mechanisms of action sequencing, we examined the relationship between timing and sequencing of syllables in Bengalese finch song. An individual’s song comprises acoustically distinct syllables organized into probabilistic sequences: a given syllable potentially can transition to several different syllables (divergence points), and several different syllables can transition to a given syllable (convergence points). In agreement with previous studies, we found that more probable transitions at divergence points occur with shorter intersyllable gaps. One intuition for this relationship is that selection between syllables reflects a competitive branching process, in which stronger links to one syllable lead to both higher probabilities and shorter latencies for transitions to that syllable vs. competing alternatives. However, we found that simulations of competitive race models result in overlapping winning-time distributions for competing outcomes and fail to replicate the strong negative correlation between probability and gap duration found in song data. Further investigation of song structure revealed strong positive correlation between gap durations for transitions that share a common convergent point. Such transitions are not related by a common competitive process, but instead reflect a common terminal syllable. In contrast to gap durations, transition probabilities were not correlated at convergence points. Together, our data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation. This may result from a process in which probabilistic sequencing is first stabilized, followed by a shortening of the latency to syllables that are sung more often. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bengalese finch songs consist of probabilistic sequences of syllables. Previous studies revealed a strong negative correlation between transition probability and the duration of intersyllable gaps. We show here that the negative correlation is inconsistent with previous suggestions that timing at syllable transitions is governed by a race between competing alternatives. Rather, the data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation.
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Kachkovskaia, Tatiana V., and Maya A. Nurislamova. "ON CONSONANT DURATION IN СУ AND CCV SYLLABLES." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 3 (2017): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2017_3_4_34_44.
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In this paper, we investigate two factors influencing consonant duration: phrase accent and syllable length (in segments). First, we performed a corpus-based analysis of consonant duration in stressed CV and CCV syllables in 3-syllable words using a 30-hour speech corpus. As a result, we have found the following tendencies: (1) consonants in CV syllables are longer than those in CCV syllables; (2) under phrase accent, consonants in CV and CCV syllables are lengthened; (3) the increase in consonant duration is higher for CCV syllables than for CV syllables. As a post hoc experiment, we recorded a set of phrases with target words Natasha (female name), zasada (=ambush) and zastava (=cordon) in neutral context and under contrastive stress. Then consonant duration in the stressed syllables /sa/, /ta/ и /sta/ was measured. The measurements supported the initial tendencies. In addition, we found out that under contrastive stress we may observe extra high consonant lengthening (over 50%).
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Jubran AL-Mamri, Muhammed. "A Generative Phonology: Syllable Structure of Hajji Yemeni Arabic." JL3T (Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching) 9, no. 2 (November 29, 2023): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v9i2.6089.
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This study deals with the syllable structure of Hajji Yemeni Arabic (HYA) in the light of Generative Phonology. Hajji Yemeni Arabic is a variation of Arabic spoken in the northwestern part of Yemen, which tries to elaborate and discuss the elements of syllable structure and possibilities of patterns of syllables in a term of consonants and vowels. The main aim of this study is to investigate the syllabification patterns of Hajji Yemeni Arabic, hereafter referred to as (HYA). Through qualitative phenomenology, this study analyzed the different syllabification patterns attested in Hajji Yemeni Arabic and a comprehensive analysis of the syllable shape within the framework of Generative Phonology. The findings of the study; Hajji Yemeni Arabic has five patterns of syllables: (monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic, tetrasyllabic and pentasyllabic). Hajji Yemeni Arabic prohibits initial consonant clusters, but consonant clusters are permitted in the coda position, and the maximum number of permitted consonants is two only. No vowel occurs word-initially, and every syllable must begin with one and only one consonant sound (simple onset). Hajji Yemeni Arabic has two kinds of syllables: open syllables, as in the syllable shapes /CV/ and /CV:/, while closed syllables, as in the syllable shapes /CVC/, /CV:CC/, /CV:C/ and /CVCC/.
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Kliukienė, Regina. "Vietovardžių apibendrintų skiemens modelių statistinė analizė." Lietuvių kalba, no. 1 (December 27, 2007): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2007.22898.
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The article deals with the syllable structure of toponyms and with the general regularities of the syllable phonotactics. The experiment has been carried out using the original software SKIEMUO. PAS. (the programming language Turbo Pascal. 7), developed by A. Girdenis. The results obtained can be summarised as follows: toponyms account for 22 generalised structures; the CV type syllable structure is the most productive; vowel syllables prevail; open covered asymmetrical syllables are more common than others; polynomial consonant clusters in toponyms are rare; toponyms are polysyllabic words; their average length is 3.128 syllables.
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Wijnen, Frank. "Woordvormanalyse Door Kinderen." Lexicon en taalverwerving 34 (January 1, 1989): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.34.12wij.
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Early word form representations are assumed to be unanalyzed 'routines'. Around age 2 1/2, when the first 50 to 100 words have been acquired, the organization of the mental lexicon starts to change. Word form representations are segmented into their constituent linguistic substructures: syllable and phonemes. Gradually the network-like structure which is thought to capture the mature mental lexicon emerges. Peters (1983, 1985) has proposed two heuristics that may be employed by children for segmenting words, both during this 'reorganization' and afterwards, when new words are acquired and inserted into the rapidly expanding lexicon. The first employs word stress, the second is based on matches between a new form and lexical items that have already been acquired. This study investigates in an experimental fashion whether children use stress and formal similarities in segmentation. Children (4, 5 and 6 yrs. old) were asked to alter syllable onsets in trisyllabic words with stress on either of the three syllables, and in trisyllabic complex words in which at least one morpheme could be expected to be known by the subjects. It appeared that word-internal onsets of stressed syllables were more often altered than onsets of unstressed syllables. These results are supportive of the 'stress' heuristic. Also, syllable onsets which coincided with word-internal lexical morpheme boundaries (i.e., boundaries between known and unknown parts which can also occur independently) were more often altered than non-boundary onsets. However, syllable onsets at root-suffix boundaries were not altered more frequently than non-boundary onsets. This difference between lexical morpheme boundaries and suffix boundaries is not predicted by a segmenting heuristic based on formal match. It is therefore suggested that in fact prosodic characteristics of the final morphemes in the complex words factors could be responsible for the difference: all first (or only) syllables of the right-hand lexical morphemes were stressable, whereas the suffixes were not. This conjecture was tested in a second experiment in which 7 and 8 year old children were asked to alter syllable onsets in derivations consisting of a bisyllabic root and a monosyllabic suffix. Some suffixes were stressed, others were unstressed and still others caused stress in the stem morphemes to be shifted to the second syllabe. It was found that stressed suffixes yielded more alterations than unstressed suffixes. Second, stressed syllables, in general, yielded more onset alterations than unstressed syllables, regardless of whether stress was assigned by the stem morpheme or by derivation with a stress-shifting suffix. Finally, syllables which had 'lost' stress as a result of dervational stress shift produced more alterations than unstressed syllables that were not stressed, in the stem morpheme either. These results support the conjecture that the apparent effects of formal match on segmentation behavior in the first experiment can be explained by reference to stress. Consequently, it is concluded that stress is the primary cue in word segmentation. This conclusion is in accordance with 'prosodic bootstrapping' theory, which claims that children are 'programmed' to use prosodic features as clues to linguistic structure.
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Kawahara, Shigeto. "Japanese has syllables: a reply to Labrune." Phonology 33, no. 1 (May 2016): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675716000063.
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Labrune (2012b) proposes a syllable-less theory of Japanese, suggesting that Japanese has no syllables, with only moras below the foot. She argues that there is no phonetic or psycholinguistic evidence for the existence of syllables in Japanese. This reply summarises and re-examines previous experimental findings that demonstrate that Japanese does show evidence for syllables both phonetically and psycholinguistically. After an extensive review of previous studies, this reply also takes up a number of phonological and theoretical issues that require an explicit response from the perspective of a syllable proponent. On the basis of these considerations, this paper concludes that Japanese does have syllables.
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Dewi, Irma Amelia, and Amelia Shaneva. "Application of VGG Architecture to Detect Korean Syllables Based on Image Text." Jurnal Online Informatika 6, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/join.v6i2.653.
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Korean culture began to spread widely throughout the world, ranging from lifestyle, music, food, and drinks, and there are still many exciting things from this Korean culture. One of the interesting things to learn is to know Korean letters (Hangul), which are non-Latin characters. If the Hangul letters have been learned, the next thing that lay people must learn is the Korean syllables, which are different from the Indonesian syllables. Because of the difficulty of learning Korean syllables, understanding a sentence needed a system to recognize Korean syllables. Therefore, in this study designing a system to acknowledge Korean syllables, the method used is Convolutional Neural Network with VGG architecture. The system performs the process of detecting Korean syllables based on models that have been trained using 72 syllable classes. The tests on 72 Korean syllable classes obtain an average accuracy of 96%, an average precision value of 96%, an average recall value of 100%, and an average F1 score of 98%.
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Sen, Ranjan. "Reconstructing phonological change: duration and syllable structure in Latin vowel reduction." Phonology 29, no. 3 (December 2012): 465–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675712000231.
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During the fixed initial-stress period of Latin (sixth to fifth centuries BC), internal open syllable vowels were totally neutralised, usually raising to /i/ (*per.fa.ki.oː>perficiō ‘I complete’), whereas in closed syllables /a/ was raised to /e/, but the other vowels remained distinct (*per.fak.tos>perfectus ‘completed’). Miller (1972) explains closed syllable resistance by positing internal secondary stress on closed syllables. However, evidence from vowel reduction and syncope suggest that internal syllables never bore stress in early archaic times. A typologically unusual alternative is proposed: contrary to the pattern normally found (Maddieson 1985), vowels had longer duration in closed syllables than in open syllables, as in Turkish and Finnish, thus permitting speakers to attain the targets for non-high vowels in closed syllables. This durational pattern is manifested not only in vowel reduction, but also in the quantitative changes seen in ‘classical’ and ‘inverse’ compensatory lengthenings, the development CVːCV > CVC and ‘superheavy’ degemination (VːCCV > VːCV).
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Alhoody, Metab, and Mohammad Aljutaily. "Some Characteristics of Syllable Structure in Qassimi Arabic (QA): An Optimality Theoretic Framework." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 4 (June 7, 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n4p193.
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The paper investigates the syllable structures of Qassimi Arabic (QA), which is a sub-dialect of Najdi Arabic (NA) and is spoken in the north-central region of Saudi Arabia, particularly in the Qassim Region. Within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT), we show how the well-formed syllable is derived from the interaction of constraints. We show how the OT captures some of the major processes for structuring the syllables of QA, such as syncope, epenthesis, and geminate. The analysis revealed that onsetless syllables are prohibited in QA. The dialect allows word-initial consonant clusters, which is a result of the syncope process. Coda clusters also occur in QA that must obey the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP); otherwise, epenthesis presents to repair the violation. As for the geminates, QA permits geminates medially and finally, but not initially. The data revealed that QA demonstrates seven fundamental syllable structures grouped into three categories: light syllables, as in CV; heavy syllables, as in CVV and CVC; and super heavy syllables, as in CVVC, CVCC, CCVVC and CVVCC.
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Tranel, Bernard. "CVC light syllables, geminates and Moraic Theory." Phonology 8, no. 2 (August 1991): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570000141x.
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The functional equivalence of CVV and CVC syllables, as opposed to CV syllables, is a time-honoured observation holding true for numerous languages over a variety of phonological and morphological phenomena, including stress assignment (cf. Newman 1972 for a review). Traditionally, the opposition between the two types of syllables has been informally described by reference to syllable weight: CVV and CVC syllables are heavy, CV syllables are light (e.g. La Grasserie 1909: 31–32). It has also been observed, however, that in languages sensitive to the CV/CVV distinction, CVC syllables do not necessarily pattern with CVV syllables, but may instead pattern with CV syllables, thus counting as light rather than heavy (Hyman 1985: 5–6; McCarthy & Prince 1986: 32–34; Hayes 1989: 255–256).
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METSALA, JAMIE L., and GINA M. CHISHOLM. "The influence of lexical status and neighborhood density on children's nonword repetition." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 3 (June 4, 2010): 489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000081.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined effects of lexical status and neighborhood density of constituent syllables on children's nonword repetition and interactions with nonword length. Lexical status of the target syllable impacted repetition accuracy for the longest nonwords. In addition, children made more errors that changed a nonword syllable to a word syllable than the reverse. Syllables from dense versus sparse neighborhoods were repeated more accurately in three- and four-syllable nonwords, but there was no effect of density for two-syllable nonwords. The effect of neighborhood density was greater for a low versus high vocabulary group. Finally, children's error responses were from more dense neighborhoods than the target syllables. The results are congruent with models of nonword repetition that emphasize the influence of long-term lexical knowledge on children's performance.
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ORIE, OLANIKE OLA. "Syllable asymmetries in comparative Yoruba phonology." Journal of Linguistics 36, no. 1 (March 2000): 39–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226799008130.
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Syllables display symmetrical and asymmetrical properties in two Yoruba dialects. In the asymmetrical dialect, only a vowel with an onset participates in syllable-conditioned processes; an onsetless vowel is syllabically inert. In the symmetrical dialect, a vowel, with or without an onset, participates in syllable processes. It is argued that onsetless vowels are not syllabified in the asymmetrical dialect. Since there is no phonological contrast between syllables with onsets and those without onsets in the symmetrical dialect, all vowels are parsed into syllables exhaustively. Using ideas from Optimality Theory, attested interdialectal variation is shown to follow from different rankings of the same syllable and faithfulness constraints.
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Barte`nev, Oleg V. "Application of Neural Networks for Automatically Detecting Verbal Accents." Vestnik MEI 2, no. 2 (2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2021-2-98-107.
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The problem of automatically detecting verbal accents is solved. Word classes with one and two non-transitive accents, with transitive accents, and without accents are identified. An accent is determined in words in which it is not transitive. Words are grouped by the number of syllables. Each group is divided into word classes with the same numbers of accented syllables. Thus, the accents determination problem solved by means of neural networks boils down to word classification. The data array (training and test sets) is formed from A.A. Zaliznyak's Russian language grammatical dictionary, which contains word forms with placed accents. A word model comprises a list of syllables. In the data array, syllables are replaced by their numerical codes, for which syllable dictionaries are compiled. The numerical code of a syllable is its number in the syllable dictionary. The accents are searched in two stages. First, it is found out whether the word has non-transitive accents, and if yes, the word is transferred to the neural network that determines the accents. All neural networks designed in this study contain an Embedding layer which translates scalar representations of word syllables into vector ones. At its input, the neural network receives a vector with the numerical codes of word syllables, and at the output it yields the word class number, which in the case of one non-transitive accent coincides with the number of the accented syllable, and in the case of two non-transitive accents indicates the numbers of two accented syllables. The probabilities of correctly determining one and two non-transitive accents are estimated at 0.9474 and 0.9759, respectively.
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藤田守, 藤田守. "探討日語發話中連續CV音節及其習得之確立性－以3音節詞和4音節詞無義詞為例－." 台灣應用日語研究 32, no. 32 (December 2023): 109–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199875792023120032005.
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<p>正確、流利的使用日語乃是所有外國人學習日語的目標。然而，以中文為母語的日語學習者（以下簡稱CNJ）對於五十音無法熟記等問題亦時有所聞。此問題恐與CNJ發話時日語的CV音節過長有關。該如何有效解決此問題乃當務之急。因此，本研究是以6名的CNJ與3名東京腔的日語母語者(以下簡稱JN)為對象，運用日語音聲的特徵以輕聲無義詞來指導，加以確認CNJ是否可利用連續的短CV音節發出日語適當的音節長。通過本實驗研究，比較CNJ（指導前後）和JN的差異，針對單詞、詞語、短句發話中的3音節和4音節無義詞，分析其是否可正確區分CV音節長度。研究結果顯示，指導前CNJ的3音節與4音節的音節長度分布與JN之間具有顯著差異，且音節的高低傾向與JN的音長伸縮率也呈現出差異性。然而，經筆者指導後，CNJ與JN之間的差異已不復見。換言之，我們認為與JN相近之CV音節長度，如在日語音節長度記憶的時間範圍內，則可視為連續短CV音節的日語發話基礎已確立。由此可見，以連續輕聲音節為主的無義詞為基準，並記住日語連續短CV音節長度，足以產出適當的音節長度，得知通過一連串的指導可盡早學習到日語的正確發音。日語連續短CV音節發話基礎的確立，是為解決CNJ與JN的CV音節長度認知差異的有效方法。另，掌握對立長音節間的語音差異，對日語特殊節拍的學習效果亦具一定成效。</p> <p> </p><p>Accurate and fluent linguistic performance is the goal of language acquisition for foreign learners of Japanese. However, some native Chinese learners (hereinafter referred to as CNJ) complain that they cannot memorize the Japanese syllabary. This is related to the excessively long CV syllables of Japanese produced by CNJ, and prompt resolution of this issue is required.In this research, from the viewpoint of whether it is possible to reproduce the appropriate syllable length by short CV syllables using the meaningless words of 0 tone syllables. As a quasi-experimental study, using the three-syllable and four-syllable test words, including words, phrases, and short sentences by 6 CNJs and 3 native speakers of Tokyo dialect (hereafter referred to as JN) to conduct an experiment.As a result, the syllable length of CNJ (before instruction) for both three-syllable and four-syllable words was significantly more than JN and was also shown in the difference in expansion and contraction rate of syllable length from JN. But after instruction, no significant difference observed, which is close to JN. It shows that the basis of Japanese utterances based on consecutive short CV syllables has already been established.It was confirmed that it is possible to produce an appropriate syllable length by recalling the points of continuous short CV syllables of Japanese, based on meaningless words with continuous o tone syllables. Establishment of the base of utterances by consecutive short CV syllables of Japanese is a standard for resolving discrepancies in CV syllable lengths and grasping the phonetic differences between long syllables. It is also expected to serve as a basis for mastering special syllable.</p> <p> </p>
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Hyman, Larry M. "Does Gokana really have syllables? A postscript." Phonology 32, no. 2 (August 2015): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675715000160.
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After years of searching for evidence for the syllable in Gokana, I presented a possible argument in Hyman (2011) that the prosodic stem consists at most of two bimoraic syllables. In this note I show that there is an alternative account not involving syllables. Either way, Gokana makes very little reference to syllable structure, if at all.
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Bortolini, Umberta, and Laurence B. Leonard. "Phonology and grammatical morphology in specific language impairment: Accounting for individual variation in English and Italian." Applied Psycholinguistics 17, no. 1 (January 1996): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009474.
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ABSTRACTChildren with specific language impairment (SLI) often show more limited use of grammatical morphology than younger, normally developing children matched according to mean length of utterance (MLU). However, within groups of children with SLI, individual differences are seen in grammatical morpheme use. In this study, we examined the role of weak syllable use in explaining some of these differences. Employing two different languages – English and Italian - children with SLI were placed into pairs. The children in each pair showed similar MLUs; however, one member of the pair showed a greater use of particular function words. In each of the pairs examined in both languages, the children with the greater use of function words also showed a greater use of weak syllables that did not immediately follow strong syllables. The weak syllable productions of children showing a more limited use of function words in each pair seemed to be dependent on a strong syllable-weak syllable production sequence. This sequence appeared to be operative across several prosodic levels, as defined within the framework of prosodic phonology. Because weak syllables that follow strong syllables usually have longer durations than those that precede strong syllables, the findings might have a perceptual basis. However, the results raise the possibility that limitations in prosody can restrict the degree of grammatical morpheme use by children with SLI.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "The Writer Authentication by Using Syllables Frequency." Baghdad Science Journal 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.5.2.318-323.
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An approach is depended in the recent years to distinguish any author or writer from other by analyzing his writings or essays. This is done by analyzing the syllables of writings of an author. The syllable is composed of two letters; therefore the words of the writing are fragmented to syllables and extract the most frequency syllables to become trait of that author. The research work depend on analyzed the frequency syllables in two cases, the first, when there is a space between the words, the second, when these spaces are ignored. The results is obtained from a program which scan the syllables in the text file, the performance is best in the first case since the sequence of the selected syllables is higher than the same syllables in the second case.
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Brendel, Bettina, Michael Erb, Axel Riecker, Wolfgang Grodd, Hermann Ackermann, and Wolfram Ziegler. "Do We Have a “Mental Syllabary” in the Brain? An fMRI Study." Motor Control 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mcj.15.1.34.
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The present study combines functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and reaction time (RT) measurements to further elucidate the influence of syllable frequency and complexity on speech motor control processes, i.e., overt reading of pseudowords. Tying in with a recent fMRI-study of our group we focused on the concept of a mental syllabary housing syllable sized ready-made motor plans for high- (HF), but not low-frequency (LF) syllables. The RT-analysis disclosed a frequency effect weakened by a simultaneous complexity effect for HF-syllables. In contrast, the fMRI data revealed no effect of syllable frequency, but point to an impact of syllable structure: Compared with CV-items, syllables with a complex onset (CCV) yielded higher hemodynamic activation in motor “execution” areas (left sensorimotor cortex, right inferior cerebellum), which is at least partially compatible with our previous study. We discuss the role of the syllable in speech motor control.
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HUANG, Karen. "Phonological Identity of the Neutral-tone Syllables in Taiwan Mandarin: An Acoustic Study." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 8, no. 2 (July 20, 2018): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.8.2.9-50.
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Taiwan Mandarin, one of the more syllable-timed dialects of Mandarin, has fewer unstressed syllables than Standard Mandarin. Acoustic analyses show that the supposedly unstressed syllables—neutral-tone syllables—in Taiwan Mandarin behave differently from those of Standard Mandarin. Unlike Standard Mandarin, these syllables do not raise their pitch after Tone 3. They have a distinct static mid-low pitch target and the target is implemented with a stronger articulatory strength. Moreover, acoustic analyses demonstrate that not all of these “unstressed syllables” are unstressed. The phonetic evidence suggests that these neutral-tone syllables should be analyzed as unaccented rather than unstressed in Taiwan Mandarin. These unaccented syllables are only lexically marked, and their pitch is neutralized into a mid-low tone. This study sheds light on how rhythm can affect stress and accent in a lexical tone language.
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Liu, Chin-Ting, and Li-mei Chen. "Testing the applicability of third tone sandhi at the intonation boundary." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 21, no. 4 (September 18, 2020): 636–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00073.liu.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to test the applicability of Tone Three Sandhi (T3S) when the critical syllable is a monosyllabic topic preceding a topic boundary. A recitation task from 37 native speakers of Taiwan Mandarin was employed. The results from human judgements indicated that the participants predominantly produced the critical syllables with Tone 3 (T3). Additionally, the fundamental frequency of the critical syllables demonstrated a falling contour, showing that T3S was not applied. Intonation break-ups and the prolongation of the critical syllables lent strong support to the view that the topic syllable was at an intonation/phonological phrase-final position. The findings can be elegantly accommodated by constraint-based analyses, which propose that T3S must be avoided when two T3 syllables are separated by an intonation/phonological phrase boundary. Issues relating to pauses, speech rates and word frequency effects are also discussed.
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Giyatmi, Giyatmi, Endang Dwi Hastuti, Ratih Wijayava, and Sihindun Arumi. "The Analysis of English Word Formations Used on Brand Names Found in Indonesian Products." Register Journal 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v7i2.179-204.
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This research aims at describing how brand names with English inIndonesian products are created. To analyze the data found theresearchers applied English word formation in English morphology. Thisis a descriptive research. The data were brand names using English foundin Indonesian product which were taken from three supermarkets in Solonamely Hypermart Solo Grand Mall, Hypermart Gorro Assalam, andCarefur from February up to April 2010. The research found that thebrand names with English in Indonesian products can be created byapplying word formation such as compounding, blending, affixation,reduplication, onomatopoeia, abbreviation, acronym and clipping. Theprocess of compounding consists of pure compounding and modificationcompounding, The process of blending includes the first syllable of thefirst words and the first syllable of the second words, the first syllable ofthe first words and the second syllable from the front of the secondwords., the first words and the last syllables of the second words, the firstwords and two syllables from the front of the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the first syllable of thesecond words, the first words and the two last syllables from the back ofthe second words, and the first words and the first syllables of the second words. The affixation process covers prefixes pro-, -bio and suffixes –y, -er, -ness, -ish, and –s. The process of reduplication includes puremodification, modification with intensifier meaning and reduplicationwith sound change. The process of abbreviation found is pureabbreviation and acronym. The process of clipping includes the clippingof letter and syllables. Keywords: Brand names; English word formation
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Giyatmi, Giyatmi, Endang Dwi Hastuti, Ratih Wijayava, and Sihindun Arumi. "The Analysis of English Word Formations Used on Brand Names Found in Indonesian Products." Register Journal 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v7i2.214.
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This research aims at describing how brand names with English inIndonesian products are created. To analyze the data found theresearchers applied English word formation in English morphology. Thisis a descriptive research. The data were brand names using English foundin Indonesian product which were taken from three supermarkets in Solonamely Hypermart Solo Grand Mall, Hypermart Gorro Assalam, andCarefur from February up to April 2010. The research found that thebrand names with English in Indonesian products can be created byapplying word formation such as compounding, blending, affixation,reduplication, onomatopoeia, abbreviation, acronym and clipping. Theprocess of compounding consists of pure compounding and modificationcompounding, The process of blending includes the first syllable of thefirst words and the first syllable of the second words, the first syllable ofthe first words and the second syllable from the front of the secondwords., the first words and the last syllables of the second words, the firstwords and two syllables from the front of the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the first syllable of thesecond words, the first words and the two last syllables from the back ofthe second words, and the first words and the first syllables of the second words. The affixation process covers prefixes pro-, -bio and suffixes –y, -er, -ness, -ish, and –s. The process of reduplication includes puremodification, modification with intensifier meaning and reduplicationwith sound change. The process of abbreviation found is pureabbreviation and acronym. The process of clipping includes the clippingof letter and syllables. Keywords: Brand names; English word formation
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Sulpizio, Simone, Giacomo Spinelli, and Cristina Burani. "STRESYL." Written Language and Literacy 20, no. 1 (October 6, 2017): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.20.1.05sul.
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Abstract During the last few decades, empirical research on reading has shown increasing interest in syllable units. More recently, stress assignment has become a particular focus of interest. The relation between syllables and stress, however, has yet to be investigated for Italian. In this paper, we describe a new database, STRESYL, that can help researchers to investigate the relation between syllables and stress in Italian. STRESYL offers type and token measures relating stress information to syllable units, both in terms of syllable forms and syllabic structures.
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Orzechowska, Paula, Janina Mołczanow, and Michał Jankowski. "Prosodically-conditioned Syllable Structure in English." Research in Language 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.17.2.04.
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This paper investigates the interplay between the metrical structure and phonotactic complexity in English, a language with lexical stress and an elaborate inventory of consonant clusters. The analysis of a dictionary- and corpus-based list of polysyllabic words leads to two major observations. First, there is a tendency for onsetful syllables to attract stress, and for onsetless syllables to repel it. Second, the stressed syllable embraces a greater array of consonant clusters than unstressed syllables. Moreover, the farther form the main stress, the less likely the unstressed syllable is to contain a complex onset. This finding indicates that the ability of a position to license complex onsets is related to its distance from the prosodic head.
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Orzechowska, Paula, Janina Mołczanow, and Michał Jankowski. "Prosodically-conditioned Syllable Structure in English." Research in Language 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2019-0001.
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Abstract This paper investigates the interplay between the metrical structure and phonotactic complexity in English, a language with lexical stress and an elaborate inventory of consonant clusters. The analysis of a dictionary- and corpus-based list of polysyllabic words leads to two major observations. First, there is a tendency for onsetful syllables to attract stress, and for onsetless syllables to repel it. Second, the stressed syllable embraces a greater array of consonant clusters than unstressed syllables. Moreover, the farther form the main stress, the less likely the unstressed syllable is to contain a complex onset. This finding indicates that the ability of a position to license complex onsets is related to its distance from the prosodic head.
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Kehoe, Margaret M. "Prosodic Patterns in Children’s Multisyllabic Word Productions." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 32, no. 4 (October 2001): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/025).
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This paper reviews results from a series of studies that examined the influence of metrical and segmental effects on English-speaking children’s multisyllabic word productions. Three different approaches (prosodic structure, trochaic template, and perceptual salience) that have been proposed in the literature to account for children’s prosodic patterns are presented and evaluated. An analysis of children’s truncation or syllable deletion patterns revealed the following robust findings: (a) Stressed and word-final unstressed syllables are preserved more frequently than nonfinal unstressed syllables, (b) word-internal unstressed syllables with obstruent onsets are preserved more frequently than word-internal syllables with sonorant onsets, (c) unstressed syllables with non-reduced vowels are preserved more frequently than unstressed syllables with reduced vowels, and (d) right-sided stressed syllables are preserved more frequently than left-sided stressed syllables. An analysis of children’s stress patterns revealed that children made greater numbers of stress errors in target words with irregular stress. Clinical implications of these findings are presented and additional studies that have applied a metrical approach to clinical populations are described.
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Sadat, Mohammed. "The role of explicit instruction in acquisition of English syllable structure among Ghanaians." JET (Journal of English Teaching) 8, no. 3 (October 25, 2022): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/jet.v8i3.3972.
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The debate between effectiveness of explicit and implicit teaching has taken a center stage in the second language acquisition literature over a long period of time. Most of such debates center on grammar teaching and very few discuss suprasegmental features especially, syllable structure. All languages have some sort of syllabicity; however, the phonetic characteristics of syllables differ across languages. The difference can be seen in onset and coda. The current study examines the effects of explicit instruction on the acquisition of English syllable structure among Ghanaian learners of English. The paper investigates the efficiency of interventions through explicit teaching on the English syllable structure in a classroom setting. English syllables have some structures that are absent in the first language of the participants and these structures pose difficulties for speakers who learn English. This paper explores those structures and adopts explicit instruction as an intervention to remedy the difficulties. The investigation is done on participants who are Ghanaian speakers learning English. The study discovers that in disyllabic words there is a preference of trochaic syllables over iambic syllables, the acquisition of onsets is easier than acquisition of codas and finally, explicit teaching is very effective in the classroom.
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Chai, Yuan, and Shihong Ye. "Checked Syllables, Checked Tones, and Tone Sandhi in Xiapu Min." Languages 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010047.
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A “checked” syllable usually refers to one with a short vowel and an oral or glottal coda, which results impressionistically in a “short” and “abrupt” quality. Although common in languages of the world, it is unclear how to characterize checked syllables phonetically. In this study, we investigated the acoustic features of checked syllables in citation and sandhi forms in Xiapu Min, an under-documented language from China. We conducted a production experiment and analyzed the F0, phonatory quality, vowel duration, and vowel quality in checked syllables. The results show that, in citation tones, checked syllables are realized with distinct F0 contours from unchecked syllables, along with glottalization in the end and a shorter duration overall. In sandhi tones, checked syllables lose their distinct F0 contours and become less glottalized. However, the shorter duration of checked syllables is retained in sandhi forms. This study lays out the acoustic properties that tend to be associated with checked syllables and can be used when testing checked syllables in other language varieties. The fact that in Xiapu Min sandhi checked tones become less glottalized but preserve their shorter duration suggests that, when checked syllables become unchecked diachronically, glottalization might be lost prior to duration lengthening.
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Hancin-Bhatt, Barbara, and Rakesh M. Bhatt. "OPTIMAL L2 SYLLABLES." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19, no. 3 (September 1997): 331–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263197003033.
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This paper provides evidence from a study of ESL speakers that cross-language transfer effects interact, sometimes in very subtle ways, with developmental effects in the construction of L2 syllable structures. It extends Broselow and Finer's (1991) proposal for the Minimal Sonority Distance Parameter-Setting (MSD) model in L2 syllables by (a) adding evidence from a language that unambiguously exhibits transfer in complex onsets and (b) examining syllable codas to see whether the MSD parameter can be extended to account for the distribution of error patterns there, as well. The results of the study generally support the predictions that the MSD model makes for consonant cluster difficulty in specific syllable positions; however, it does not make predictions about the patterns that are found in learner error types. We argue that optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993) provides a more explicit account of the interactions between transfer and developmental effects in L2 syllables, allowing us to interpret within a singular grammatical framework not only why learners have difficulty with specific ESL structures but also how they resolve it.
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_, Arifin, Surya Sumpeno, Mochamad Hariadi, and Arry Maulana Syarif. "Development of Indonesian Text-to-Audiovisual Synthesis System Using Syllable Concatenation Approach to Support Indonesian Learning." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 12, no. 02 (February 28, 2017): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i02.6384.
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This study aims to develop of Indonesian Text-to-Audiovisual synthesis system using syllable concatenation approach to support Indonesian learning. This system can visualize the syllable pronunciation synchronized with the speech signal so that it can provide a realistic illustration of the articulator movement when each phoneme is pronounced. Syllable concatenation approach is used to realize a realistic visualization by assembling articulation and coarticulation in the form of syllables. In the development of the system, we have recorded speech database in the syllables form which refers to the patterns of syllables in Indonesian. The syllable concatenation approach is used to concatenate viseme of each phoneme, and to form the visualization of syllable pronunciations. It is synchronized with the corresponding speech from the speech database. Evaluation of this system is conducted based on a "lips-reading" of the 10 Indonesian sentences entered into the system. Ratings are based on the degree of correspondence between the syllable pronunciation and the speech produced. Assessment of all respondents is calculated using MOS (Mean Opinion Score). The calculation results show that the Indonesian text-to-audiovisual system has produced the pronunciation visualization more realistic and smoother.
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Turnbull, Rory. "The phonetics and phonology of lexical prosody in San Jerónimo Acazulco Otomi." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no. 3 (October 18, 2016): 251–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000384.
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San Jerónimo Acazulco Otomi (SJAO) is an underdescribed and endangered Oto-Manguean language spoken in central Mexico. This paper provides an analysis of the phonology of tonal contrasts in SJAO and the phonetics of their realization based on pitch pattern data derived from audio recordings of citation forms of SJAO words. Each SJAO lexical word has one and only one tonal sequence – either /H/ or /HL/. This sequence is underlyingly associated with one syllable in the word. Other syllables are not specified for tone, and their phonetic realization is predictable depending on their position relative to the tonal syllable. A phonetic analysis revealed that underlyingly-tonal syllables are phonetically distinct from non-tonal syllables: those with /H/ are produced with greater vocal effort (measured by spectral tilt), and those with /HL/ are longer, louder, and bear a higher f0 (fundamental frequency), compared with non-tonal syllables. This analysis differs from previous accounts of lexical prosody in other Otomi varieties, which have either described a three-way system of high, low, and rising tones contrasting on every stem syllable, or a system where one syllable per word is assigned a stress-like ‘accent’. This difference from previous analyses suggests that there is a third possible characterization of lexical prosody for Otomi, which is appropriate for SJAO and potentially other understudied varieties.
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Perangin Angin, Dalan Mehuli. "TWO ADJACENT VOWELS IN PAGU AND THEIR ALTERNATING WORD STRESS PLACEMENT." International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) 3, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v3i2.2402.
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Some diphthongs in Pagu, rather than being pronounced as a single syllable in a normal/rapid speed of speech, can alternate to appear in two different adjacent syllables when pronounced in a slow speech. In Pagu, the speed of speech affects the words syllable number and word stress placement. The previous study suggests that word stress in Pagu is placed on the penultimate syllable. This paper will discuss word stress placement in Pagu in two different speed of speech (normal and slow) as well as two adjacent vowels as affected by the speed and their position in the word. This sheds a light on the behaviors of two adjacent vowels in the stress placement area i.e. whether they are different vowels they can alternate between a diphthong or two separate vowels in two different syllables and when they are identical they cannot be separated into two different syllables when occur in the final position.
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Gussenhoven, Carlos. "Asymmetries in the intonation system of the tonal dialect of Maastricht Limburgish." Phonology 29, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 39–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675712000036.
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The lexical tone and intonation contrasts in the Limburgish dialect of Maastricht are remarkable in a number of ways. While a falling pitch contour on an IP-medial syllable signals a non-declarative intonation, on an IP-final syllable it signals a declarative intonation. In addition, although there is a binary tone contrast (Accent 1 vs. Accent 2) and four nuclear intonation contours, only three intonation contours exist for nuclear syllables with Accent 2, while in IP-final position only two intonation contours exist for nuclear syllables with Accent 1, so that the full set of four intonation contours is only observable in IP-medial nuclear syllables with Accent 1. The context-dependent function of the pitch fall and the asymmetries are explained by a grammar in which the OCP is enforced absolutely, and the number of tones per syllable is restricted to two, unless the three tones each represent a different morpheme: OCP, Realise.orph≫#TTT.
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Muncer, Steven J., and David C. Knight. "The bigram trough hypothesis and the syllable number effect in lexical decision." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 11 (November 2012): 2221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.697176.
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There has been an increasing volume of evidence supporting the role of the syllable in various word processing tasks. It has, however, been suggested that syllable effects may be caused by orthographic redundancy. In particular, it has been proposed that the presence of bigram troughs at syllable boundaries cause what are seen as syllable effects. We investigated the bigram trough hypothesis as an explanation of the number of syllables effect for lexical decision in five-letter words and nonwords from the British Lexicon Project. The number of syllables made a significant contribution to prediction of lexical decision times along with word frequency and orthographic similarity. The presence of a bigram trough did not. For nonwords, the number of syllables made a significant contribution to prediction of lexical decision times only for nonwords with relatively long decision times. The presence of a bigram trough made no contribution. The evidence presented suggests that the bigram trough cannot be an explanation of the syllable number effect in lexical decision. A comparison of the results from words and nonwords is interpreted as providing some support for dual-route models of reading.
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MUNSHI, SADAF, and MEGAN J. CROWHURST. "Weight sensitivity and syllable codas in Srinagar Koshur." Journal of Linguistics 48, no. 2 (June 8, 2012): 427–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000096.
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This paper describes and analyses the pattern of word stress found in the standard dialect of Koshur (Kashmiri) spoken in Srinagar. The significance of Koshur for studies of stress lies in that taken together, its pattern of stress assignment and a pervasive pattern of syncope conspire to produce a four-way syllable weight distinction that has sometimes been expressed as the scale CVːC>CVː>CVC>CV. The interesting feature of this type of scale is that closed syllables, CVːC and CVC are preferred as stress peaks over open syllables with vowels of the same length. Other researchers have noted that in languages with this scale, or the abbreviated ternary version CVː>CVC>CV, CVC syllables behave ambiguously with respect to stress. They seem to be heavy in relation to CV when CVː syllables are absent. In a stress clash context however, CVC defers to CVː. ‘Mora-only’ accounts of other languages with this scale have interpreted the ambiguous behaviour of CVC as evidence that CVC syllables are bimoraic where their behaviour seems to group them with CVː but monomoraic elsewhere (e.g. Rosenthall & van der Hulst 1999, Morén 2000). To account for the CVːC>CVː effect, mora-only accounts have been forced to assume that CVːC are trimoraic. We show that a mora-only analysis does not offer a satisfying account of the Koshur facts, and we argue instead that the origin of the CVC>CV and CVːC>CVː effects is the presence of a coda that branches from the final mora of a syllable, making the closed syllables more harmonic as prosodic heads. Under this view, branchingness emerges as another dimension of the mora, along with moraic quantity and the quality of segments linked to moras, which contributes to syllable prominence.
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Ziegler, Wolfram, Ingrid Aichert, and Anja Staiger. "Syllable- and Rhythm-Based Approaches in the Treatment of Apraxia of Speech." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 20, no. 3 (October 2010): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld20.3.59.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents new treatment approaches for patients with apraxia of speech (AOS), which are based on current theoretical work relating to the pathomechanism of AOS. Particularly, we focus on the question of which speech units and structural properties are involved in the error mechanism of speakers with apraxia. Based on a psycholinguistic model of spoken language production (Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer, 1999), we review data from single-word production experiments and from analyses of spontaneous speech demonstrating an impact on (a) the degree of “over-learnedness” of syllables (syllable frequency), (b) the internal structure of syllables (syllable complexity), and (c) supra-syllabic, metrical aspects of utterances (word stress) on error production in AOS. In the second section, we present two experimental learning studies and a treatment study that take these results into consideration. The first learning experiment suggests that syllables are more natural units than segments in the treatment of patients with severe AOS. Based on the results of the second learning study, we recommend a treatment approach which uses formally related training syllables in the reacquisition of complex target syllables. Finally, results of a treatment study using a metrical pacing technique led to the assumption that fluency and segmental accuracy could be enhanced by external rhythmic cues.
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BERG, THOMAS, and CHRISTIAN KOOPS. "Phonotactic constraints and sub-syllabic structure: A difficult relationship." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 1 (June 18, 2014): 3–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671400022x.
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Of late, a controversy has arisen over the internal structure of Korean syllables. While there is general agreement that non-phonotactic criteria argue for left-branching, Lee & Goldrick's (2008) left-branching phonotactic analysis is contradicted by Berg & Koops's (2010) claim as to a phonotactically symmetrical syllable structure. A comparison of the methodologies of the two studies, a revisit of the previous data and a new analysis cement the conclusion that there is neither a left-branching nor a right-branching phonotactic effect in Korean syllables. An investigation of the phonotactic structure of Finnish CVC syllables, which exhibit a psycholinguistic left-branching bias much like Korean, reveals that word-initial syllables possess a largely symmetrical organization whereas word-final syllables tend to show a right-branching slant. This curious set of results is consistent with the following three hypotheses: (i) The phonotactic criterion has an inherent VC bias. (ii) Symmetrical syllable structures represent a compromise between left- and right-branching effects. (iii) The strength of phonotactic constraints increases from earlier to later portions of words. The bottom line of this analysis is that, contra all previous claims, phonotactic constraints cannot be used as an argument for sub-syllabic constituency. We discuss the proposal that the basis of the left-branching bias in Korean syllables is instead to be found in the high degree of coarticulation between the onset consonant and the following vowel.
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HASENÄCKER, JANA, and SASCHA SCHROEDER. "Syllables and morphemes in German reading development: Evidence from second graders, fourth graders, and adults." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 733–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000412.
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ABSTRACTChildren have been found to use units such as syllables and morphemes in fine-grained reading processes, before they transition to a coarse-grained, holistic route. Which units they prefer at different stages in reading development is unresolved. The present study compares the use of syllables and morphemes. Second graders, fourth graders, and adults performed a lexical decision task on multimorphemic and monomorphemic words and pseudowords that were visually disrupted either syllable-congruent or syllable-incongruent (i.e., morpheme-congruent in multimorphemic items). Syllables turned out to be the preferred unit of fine-grained processing for second graders, while fourth graders also used morphemes when morphemes were emphasized by the presentation format. Moreover, the study supports the assumption that children rely more on fine-grained processing, while adults have more coarse-grained processing.
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Kristoffersen, Gjert. "Level Stress in North Germanic." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 20, no. 2 (June 2008): 87–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542708000044.
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This article is an investigation of the acoustic properties of the so-called level stress prosody still found in some varieties of North Germanic. Level stress occurs in disyllabic words where a light root syllable has been preserved from Old North Germanic, and is described as having stress more or less evenly distributed across the two syllables. It is argued that level stress is the result of a perceptual ambiguity caused by the delayed synchronization of the accent 2 melody in level stress words, due to the shorter duration of the light root syllable. Due to this delay, both syllables may be interpreted as independent tonal and thereby stressed accent 1 domains, competing with the “normal” interpretation of the two syllables as an accent 2 domain with initial stress.*
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JIMU, Moyinai. "Prosodic Morphology of Verb and Adjective Syllables in Yi." English Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): p105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eltls.v4n4p105.
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Prosodic morphology is an important research object of prosodic typology, and also one of the important elements of prosody and morphology. This paper briefly discusses the prosodic form of the Yi language in terms of the number of syllables in verbs and adjectives. Pure verbs in Yi language usually appear in the form of single syllables. When restricted in grammatical activities, they are always flexibly used by adding the number of syllables, the most obvious one being nominalization. There are two types of adjectives in the Yi language, namely property adjective and state adjective. They can be mainly differentiated in terms of the syllable numbers of a word: the property adjectives are often monosyllabic, while the state adjectives are polysyllabic. The category of level is also expressed by adjusting the number of syllables. The more syllables, the greater the category of level change.
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Keane, Elinor. "Prominence in Tamil." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100306002337.
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This paper investigates whether or not there are phonetic correlates of prominence at the word level in Tamil that can be associated with word-initial stress. There is no lexically distinctive stress but there are indications in previous work – based on impressionistic judgements and experimental evidence of vowel reduction patterns – that word-initial syllables may be prominent. Sets of words containing segmentally identical syllables in different positions within the word, e.g. [nariku], [kanavu] and [w o:dina] were recorded by five speakers in a carrier phrase. The prosodic properties of the test syllables were compared to establish whether syllable position had a significant effect. No consistent results were found for either duration or loudness: their role at the word level in Tamil seems to be confined to marking intrinsic segmental and quantitative distinctions. Significant differences in F0 related to syllable position would be consistent with initial syllables bearing abstract word-level prominence. This would be marked primarily through the association of phrasal pitch accents, unaccompanied by independent differences of loudness or robust durational effects.