Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Syllables'
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Takahashi, Toyomi. "Syllable theory without syllables." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406644.
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Popescu, Anisia. "Temporal organization of liquid consonants in complex syllables : implications for a dynamic articulatory model of the syllable." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC068.
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Cette thèse est une étude du comportement spécifique des consonnes liquides en position coda à la fois du point de vue de la production et de la représentation phonologique. L’étude combine deux ensembles de résultats de la littérature dans le but d’expliquer pourquoi les liquides sont une classe de consonnes à part. D’un point de vue de la production, les consonnes liquides en position coda en anglais présentent des patrons d’organisation temporelle spécifiques à la position attaque. D’un point de vue de la représentation phonologique, il a été montré qu’en anglais, les intuitions des locuteurs natifs sur le nombre de syllabes de mots,traditionnellement monosyllabiques, comportant une voyelle longue suivie par une liquide,sont variables. Une description unifiée, de ces deux résultats, intégrant à la fois des données quantitatives et qualitatives est proposée. La proposition principale comporte deux aspects.Premièrement, je postule que les deux résultats, présentés séparément dans la littérature,doivent être considérés comme étant liés/pris ensemble. Le comportement atypique des consonnes liquides observés à la fois dans la production et la représentation peut être expliqué par la présence d’un double geste articulatoire (un geste vocalique et un geste consonantique)et en particulier par la coordination temporelle de ces deux gestes à l’intérieur de la rime.Deuxièmement, je postule que la composition gestuelle et la coordination temporelle des consonnes liquides prédisent le comportement des consonnes liquides à travers les langues.Ces hypothèses sont vérifiées et confirmée par des expériences de production et de jugements sur le nombre de syllabes dans plusieurs langues (anglais, roumain, russe et allemand). Basée sur les résultats expérimentaux, une modélisation pour les patrons de coordination observés en anglais est proposée. Les résultats montrent que c’est le geste vocalique est articulé avant le geste consonantique, ce qui détermine le comportement atypique observé pour les consonnes liquides en coda. L’articulation en premier du geste vocalique a deux conséquences importantes. Premièrement, cela donne lieu à une séquence de deux gestes vocaliques (le geste vocalique du noyau suivi par le geste vocalique de la liquide), créant un noyau complexe, qui entraine la création d’une structure de coordination compétitive à l’intérieur de la rime. Cette structure de coordination compétitive explique le comportement hors-norme des consonnes liquides en position coda. Deuxièmement, l’articulation en premier du geste vocalique rajoute des unités de poids syllabique à la structure métrique de mots monosyllabiques, ce qui explique la variabilité observée parmi les jugements du nombre de syllabes des locuteurs natifsThis dissertation investigates the behavior of coda liquid consonants from both a production and a representational standpoint. The goal is to combine two different sets of results from the literature in order to provide a clearer image on why liquids are a special class of consonants. From a production standpoint, coda liquids exhibit coordination patterns reserved for onsets. From a representation standpoint, native speakers attribute variable syllable count judgments to monosyllabic words involving a tense vowel/diphthong followed by a liquid. A unified account of liquids consonants integrating both quantitative and qualitative elements is provided.The main claim of this dissertation is two fold. First, we claim that the two results, presented separately in the literature must be considered and interpreted together. We propose that they are linked. The atypical patterns observed in the production and the representation of coda liquids stem from the presence of two gestures (one vocalic and one consonantal gesture) in the production of coda liquids, and more importantly from their relative timing with respect to other gestures in the syllable rime. Second we state that the gestural composition and the timing of liquid gestures predict liquid coda behavior cross-linguistically. These claims are tested and confirmed by cross-linguistic production and parallel production-syllable- countjudgment experiments. Furthermore, a gestural model, supported by simulations, is proposed for American English. Results show that the atypical timing pattern observed in syllables with liquid codas in American English is linked to the earlier occurrence of the vocalic gesture involved in the production of the coda liquids. This earlier occurrence of the vocalic gesture in the liquid following the vowel nucleus has two important consequences. First, it brings the liquid closer to the vowel nucleus, creating a complex nucleus, and triggering a specific competitive coordinative structure in rimes. This competitive coordinative pattern can explain the atypical temporal patterns observed for coda liquids. Second, the earlier occurrence of the vocalic gesture relative to the consonantal gesture adds weight to the metrical structure of monosyllabic words with tense vowels/diphthong nuclei followed by a liquid coda, explaining the variability in native speakers’ syllable count judgments
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Yun, Yungdo. "Glides and high vowels in Korean syllables /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8372.
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Emonts, Michael William. "Memory-based Tone Recognition of Cantonese Syllables." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/60.
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Speech recognition has only recently been applied to Cantonese. Considerable effort, however, has been spent in recognizing Mandarin, the standard dialect of Chinese. Prior to this thesis, the only published work on monosyllabic Cantonese tone recognition is from Tan Lee et al. (1993,1995). This thesis is the first of its kind in that it explores memory-based learning as a viable approach for Cantonese tone recognition. The memory-based learning algorithm employed in this thesis outperforms the highly respected and widely used neural network approach. Various numbers of tones and features are modeled to find the best method for feature selection and extraction. To further optimize this approach, experiments are performed to isolate the best feature weighting method, best class voting weights method, and the best number of k-values to implement. A detailed error analysis is also reported. This thesis will prove valuable as a future reference for memory-based learning in application to more complex tasks such as continuous speech tone recognition.
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Gramfors, Dexter, and Andreas Johansson. "Emotionally expressive song synthesis using formants and syllables." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146304.
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Speech synthesis is an area of computer science with many practical uses, such as enabling people with visual impairments to take part of text and to provide more human-like feedback from information systems. A similar area of research is text-to-song, where systems comparable to those used in text-to-speech pro- vide mappings from text to melodic units of song. This paper discusses how a text-to-song algorithm can be developed and what parameters affect what emotion is communicated. Fifty participants listened to music generated with our algorithm. Results show that tempo and mode both heavily account for what emotion is communicated; a melody performed with a tempo of 250 bpm was perceived as significantly more happy than a performance with a tempo of 120 bpm, and a melody in major tonality was perceived as significantly more happy than a melody in minor tonality. Combined, these parameters gave even more significant results. A fast tempo combined with major tonality produced a performance that was perceived as even more happy. The opposite was observed when a slow tempo was combined with minor tonality. When a fast tempo was combined with a minor tonality the average answer was neu- tral with answers distributed over the whole spectrum from sad to happy. A slow tempo combined with a major tonality gave almost identical results. We concluded that generating emotionally expressive song with the use of an al- gorithm is definitely possible, but that the methodology can be improved in order to convey emotions even more clearly.
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Zhu, Hong. "Dynamic programming algorithm for segmentation of CVC syllables." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/MQ29004.pdf.
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Sloan, Kelly Dawn. "Syllables and templates : evidence from southern Sierra Miwok." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13166.
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Fountain, Amy Velita 1963. "An optimality theoretic account of Navajo prefixal syllables." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288795.
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Navajo is a Southern Athapaskan language spoken by approximately 160,000 people in Arizona and New Mexico. This dissertation examines the syllable structure alternations in the prefixes of the Navajo verb. Specifically, the distribution of open and closed syllables in the verbal prefixes are at issue. This distribution is seen to follow from the interaction of constraints on phonological well-formedness including Markedness, Faithfulness and Alignment constraints, under Optimality Theory. The dissertation makes the following empirical and theoretical points. Empirically, the analysis is based on a description of the surface forms of the Navajo verb, without recourse to diachronic or comparative data. In this respect, the analysis is in line with the kind of reasoning that would have to be undertaken by the language-learner, and which must form some part of the phonological knowledge of native speakers of this language. Furthermore, the analysis is undertaken without reference to the specialized terminology which permeates linguistic analyses of Navajo in particular, and of the language family in general. Thus the description and analysis of the data are presented in such a way that a non-specialist in the language family might understand the data and analysis. Theoretically the analysis shows the utility of Optimality Theory in dealing with the complex interactions between morphology and phonology that characterize this language. It is demonstrated that the interaction of cross-linguistically motivated constraints on well-formedness results in the attested surface patterns. It is further argued that this analysis fills out a typological prediction of Optimality Theory by attesting one of the possible rankings of Markedness, Faithfulness and Alignment constraints. The basics of Navajo syllable structure, and of Optimality Theory are presented first, followed by a discussion of the fundamental morphological and phonological properties of the system. A set of Navajo verbal paradigms is then analyzed and input forms of the morphemes which participate in syllable structure alternations are derived. The Optimality Theoretic analysis is presented, and the dissertation concludes with a discussion of the issues raised, and of a set of alternative analyses of the same data.
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Chow, Choi-seung, and 周彩嫦. "A study of "lazy syllables" in Hong Kong Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43781202.
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Jacokes, M. Brian (Michael Brian). "Syllables and the M Language : improving unknown word guessing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46158.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-72).
Despite the huge amount of computer data that exists today, the task of sharing information between organizations is still tackled largely on a case-by-case basis. The M Language is a data language that improves data sharing and interoperability by building a platform on top of XML and a semantic dictionary. Because the M Language is specifically designed for real-world data applications, it gives rise to several unique problems in natural language processing. I approach the problem of understanding unknown words by devising a novel heuristic for word decomposition called "probabilistic chunking," which achieves a 70% success rate in word syllabification and has potential applications in automatically decomposing words into morphemes. I also create algorithms which use probabilistic chunking to syllabify unknown words and thereby guess their parts of speech and semantic relations. This work contributes valuable methods to the areas of natural language processing and automatic data processing.
by M. Brian Jacokes.
M.Eng.
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Blokland, Robert Arthur. "Two uses for syllables in a speech recognition system." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20082.
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Many acoustic and phonetic studies attest to the value of the syllable as a unit of linguistic description. Phenomena of coarticulation and assimilation often occur within a syllable, and the acoustic realisation of some phenomes also correlate with their position in a syllable. For example, stops are more often released at the beginning of a syllable than at the end, and the clear allophone of 'I' is also more often found at the beginning than the dark allophone. Despite the prevalence of such studies, there have been relatively few attempts to apply this knowledge in a speech recognition system. This is what is attempted here. The matter is investigated by modifying the CSTR speech recogniser, which is not based on syllables. It is a modular system, with a separate front end and back end. The front end uses hidden Markov models to produce a phoneme lattice, and the back end uses a dynamic programming algorithm to construct words out of the lattice. Syllable information is incorporated in both the front and the back end. Because the system is modular, the effects of incorporating syllables can be studied independently. The experiments in the front end centre on the choice of a set of allophones that correlate well with their position in a syllable. Segmentation in then constrained to produce only those segment sequences that form valid syllables. The experiments in the back end centre on specialising the confusion matrix for syllable position.
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Sulima, Krystyna. "Acquisition of Polish nasal vowel syllables by native English speakers /." View abstract, 2000. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1601.html.
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Thesis (M.S .)--Central Connecticut State University, 2000.Thesis advisor: Andrea G. Osburne. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in TESOL." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-104).
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Hong, Ying. "Phonation types of the entering tone syllables in Chaozhou dialect /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?HUMA%202009%20HONG.
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Hayes, Rachel Anne. "Speech perception in infancy : infants' perception of rhyming and alliterative syllables." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248118.
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Lee, Kit-mei Gloria, and 李潔媚. "Syllable fusion in Cantonese connected speech." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30253494.
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Sy, Madeline. "A Riddle in Nine Syllables: The Maternal Body in Sylvia Plath's Maternity Poems." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1103.
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This thesis endeavors to intervene in the manner Plath’s maternity poems have been discussed by examining the psychological negotiations of identity that occurred while the speaker’s in Plath’s poems are pregnant with child. The method of this thesis is also a departure from the historicized criticism and interpretations of Plath’s poems that often conflate the experience of the speaker with the details of Plath’s life. This analysis will focus on the poems “Metaphors,” “You’re” and “Nick and the Candlestick” which feature subtle imagery that not only illustrate the speaker’s preoccupation with her own pregnancy but also constructs a metaphorical representation of the maternal body as the locus for the mother’s negotiation of identity. The different forms that the maternal body is represented through, from inanimate objects to a cavernous opening, allow the speaker to fully explore a broad gamut of emotions related to motherhood. The enlargement and reduction of the maternal body, the use of relational language and local instances of transformation are all motifs and conventions that the speakers in Plath’s poems use to navigate the shifting terrain of individual identity during and after maternity. In examining the more abstract poems related to maternity that depict the maternal body through metaphor, this article endeavors to explore the disparate sensations and experiences conveyed in Plath’s poetry.
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Nolan, Susan K. "A Spelling Error Analysis of Words with Closed Syllables for At-risk Readers." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1178150380.
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Fire, Kevin M. "Identification of natural and synthetic consonant/vowel syllables by young and elderly persons /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487676847115579.
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Berry, Lynn Maree. "Alignment and Adjacency in Optimality Theory: evidence from Warlpiri and Arrernte." University of Sydney, Linguistics, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/383.
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The goal of this thesis is to explore alignment and adjacency of constituents in the framework of Optimality Theory. Under the notion of alignment, certain categories, prosodic and morphological, are required to correspond to certain other categories, prosodic or morphological. The alignment of categories is achieved through the operation of constraints which evaluate the wellformedness of outputs. The constraints on the alignment of categories and the ranking of these constraints are examined with emphasis on two Australian languages, Warlpiri and Arrernte. The aim is to provide an adequate account in the theory of Optimality of the processes of stress, reduplication and vowel harmony evident in the data. The thesis expands on the range of edges for the alignment of feet. Foot alignment is developed to account for the fact that the edges of intonational phrases, morphemes, and specific morphemes, as well as phonologically specific syllables, play an active role in determining the location of feet. An additional finding is that the location of feet can also be determined by adjacency, resolving conflict between morphological alignment, and ensuring rhythmic harmony. Requirements on adjacency are further supported to account for segmental harmony, where harmony provides evidence for the simultaneous action of segmental and prosodic processes. The analysis provides a unified account of binary and ternary rhythm recommending modifications to alignment of certain categories, thereby laying the groundwork to deal with variation. The account of variation involves relaxing certain constraints. In addition, the notion of rhythm is expanded to account for onset sensitivity to stress, with evidence of this sensitivity found in reduplication and allomorphy. The interaction of prosodic categories with each other and with morphological categories can be directly captured in OT, providing a unified and coherent account of phenomena, some of which were previously seen as exceptions and, therefore unrelated and arbitrary.
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Berry, Lynn Maree. "Alignment and Adjacency in Optimality Theory: evidence from Warlpiri and Arrernte." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/383.
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The goal of this thesis is to explore alignment and adjacency of constituents in the framework of Optimality Theory. Under the notion of alignment, certain categories, prosodic and morphological, are required to correspond to certain other categories, prosodic or morphological. The alignment of categories is achieved through the operation of constraints which evaluate the wellformedness of outputs. The constraints on the alignment of categories and the ranking of these constraints are examined with emphasis on two Australian languages, Warlpiri and Arrernte. The aim is to provide an adequate account in the theory of Optimality of the processes of stress, reduplication and vowel harmony evident in the data. The thesis expands on the range of edges for the alignment of feet. Foot alignment is developed to account for the fact that the edges of intonational phrases, morphemes, and specific morphemes, as well as phonologically specific syllables, play an active role in determining the location of feet. An additional finding is that the location of feet can also be determined by adjacency, resolving conflict between morphological alignment, and ensuring rhythmic harmony. Requirements on adjacency are further supported to account for segmental harmony, where harmony provides evidence for the simultaneous action of segmental and prosodic processes. The analysis provides a unified account of binary and ternary rhythm recommending modifications to alignment of certain categories, thereby laying the groundwork to deal with variation. The account of variation involves relaxing certain constraints. In addition, the notion of rhythm is expanded to account for onset sensitivity to stress, with evidence of this sensitivity found in reduplication and allomorphy. The interaction of prosodic categories with each other and with morphological categories can be directly captured in OT, providing a unified and coherent account of phenomena, some of which were previously seen as exceptions and, therefore unrelated and arbitrary.
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Yeung, Dit-yan, and 楊瓞仁. "A hierarchical approach to the automatic identification of Putonghua unvoiced consonants in isolated syllables." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42128195.
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Yeung, Dit-yan. "A hierarchical approach to the automatic identification of Putonghua unvoiced consonants in isolated syllables." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42128195.
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Meiling, Giselle Gimenez. "Stressed Syllables in Argentine Spanish in Queens, NYC: Lengthening and F0 Early Peak Alignment." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5553.
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This thesis investigates the intonation of Argentine Spanish in Queens, NYC, with the goal of verifying if the unique prosody of producing early peak alignments in the F0 of Argentine Spanish, specifically of Porteños (those from Buenos Aires), is maintained among the intense contact influences with other varieties of Spanish in the area. Previous studies have reported this early peak alignment phenomenon in the Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires, and this paper strives to see if this still occurs among Argentine Spanish speakers in New York City. The Buenos Aires speakers were compared with other native Argentine Spanish speakers in New York City who originated from provinces other than Buenos Aires (primarily from Mendoza) to verify if the dialectal varieties of Argentine Spanish had remained the same under the intense language contact situation of living in Queens. The data in the current study are from interviews recorded during the summer of 2014 in the Queens, NYC neighborhood of Elmhurst. Acoustic information obtained includes total syllable duration, F0 measurements, and F0 patterns. Additional linguistic variables included vowel type and vowel syllable position within a word. Extralinguistic variables included speaker sex, age, origin in Argentina, educational level, number of years in NYC, and number of years in Argentina. Results indicate that early peak alignment does indeed occur among Argentine speakers in Queens, NYC; however, it is interesting to note that it not only occurs in the informants from Buenos Aires as predicted, but in the informants from outside Buenos Aires as well. This suggests that the Outside Buenos Aires speakers are undergoing prosodic dialectal leveling with their pitch accent patterns and an increase in stressed syllable duration as occur naturally among the Buenos Aires speakers.
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Smith, Jean Louise Mercier. "Spanish-speaking kindergarteners' detection of initial syllables or phonemes : selecting an indicator of phonological awareness /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3181129.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-139). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Field, John Colin. "Lexical segmentation in first and foreign language listening : with special reference to the segmentation of weak syllables." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411216.
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Probert, Tracy Nicole. "A comparative study of syllables and morphemes as literacy processing units in word recognition: IsiXhosa and SeTswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/3266.
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Word recognition is a core foundation of reading (Invenizzi and Hayes 2010) and involves interactions of language skills, metalinguistic skills and orthography. The extent of the interaction with one another in reading has yet to be fully explored, especially in the Southern-Bantu languages. This comparative study of isiXhosa and Setswana explores this three-way interaction between language skills (effect of Language of Learning and Teaching (LoLT)), metalinguistic skills (Phonological and Morphological Awareness) and orthography (conjunctivism vs. disjunctivism). This thesis is novel in three respects, (a) a set of linguistic-informed reading measures were developed in isiXhosa and Setswana for the first-time, (b) to my knowledge, the comparisons made and study of Morphological Awareness in the Southern-Bantu languages have never been done, and (c) the use of d-prime as a way of testing for grain size in reading is an innovative approach. Grade 3 and Grade 4 learners were tested on four independent linguistic tasks: an open-ended decomposition task, a Phonological Awareness task, a Morphological Awareness task and an independent reading measure. These tasks were administered to determine the grain size unit (Ziegler and Goswami 2005, Ziegler et al. 2001) which learners use in word recognition, with the grain sizes of syllables and morphemes being studied. Results showed that syllables were the dominant grain size in both isiXhosa and Setswana, with morphemes as secondary grains in isiXhosa. Grain size differed slightly between the two orthographies. These results are reflected in the scores on the metalinguistic tasks. LoLT was not shown to have a significant impact on word recognition in first-language reading. The Psycholinguistic Grain Size Theory (PGST) was found to be the most applicable model of word recognition to the Southern- Bantu languages, as opposed to the Dual-Route Cascade Model and Orthographic Depth Hypothesis. This thesis concludes with suggested adaptations to this theory in order to allow for morpheme grain size to be included. This study has implications for teaching practice and curriculum design, and contributes to a broader understanding of literacy in the foundation phase in the Southern-Bantu languages.
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Chow, Choi-seung. "A study of "lazy syllables" in Hong Kong Cantonese Xianggang yue yu "lan yin" te se chu tan /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43781202.
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Karimi, Hamid. "Issues with Stuttering Measurement." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9956.
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Introduction Percent syllables stuttered (%SS) and severity rating (SR) scales are simple measures in common use by researchers and clinicians to quantify stuttering severity. This study aimed to investigate (1) whether a 10-minute unscheduled telephone call – in the form that have been frequently used in stuttering clinical trials – is representative of a whole day speech sample, (2) the variability of stuttering frequency across an entire day, (3) the relative and absolute reliability of %SS and SR scales, and (4) the relationship between %SS and SR scores. Method The speech of 10 adults who stutter (AWS) recorded for a 12-hour day during different speaking activities and during an unscheduled telephone call. %SS for the entire day was compared to the %SS of the unscheduled telephone call. The Statistical process control chart was used to explore the variability of %SS across the entire day. For the second study, 87 AWS received a 10 minute unscheduled telephone call and their %SS and SR were measured by three experienced judges. The absolute and relative reliability between judges for each of the measures were measured. Results No significant differences were found between %SS of the study day and the unscheduled telephone calls. According to control charts, the %SS scores of half the participants were indicative of unpredictable, out of control systems, and the %SS scores of the other half of the participants were not. Relative reliability was satisfactory for both %SS and SR scales, but absolute reliability was poor. Conclusion The appropriateness of measuring %SS from an unscheduled telephone call in stuttering clinical trials was approved. However, such a speech sample failed to reveal variations of stuttering frequency during different speech tasks. %SS and SR scales can be used in clinical research dealing with changes of participant groups. However, these measures are not capable of evaluating small changes within individual participants.
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Mujumdar, Monali. "Estimation of the number of syllables using hidden Markov models and design of a dysarthria classifier using global statistics of speech." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1283963331&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Banzina, Elina. "The Role of Secondary-stressed and Unstressed-unreduced Syllables in Word Recognition: Acoustic and Perceptual Studies with Russian Learners of English." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1340114580.
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Stevanovic, Bettina. "The effect of learning on pitch and speech perception : influencing perception of Shepard tones and McGurk syllables using classical and operant conditioning principles." Thesis, View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/33694.
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This thesis is concerned with describing and experimentally investigating the nature of perceptual learning. Ecological psychology defines perceptual learning as a process of educating attention to structural properties of stimuli (i.e., invariants) that specify meaning (i.e., affordances) to the perceiver. Although such definition comprehensively describes the questions of what humans learn to perceive, it does not address the question of how learning occurs. It is proposed in this thesis that the principles of classical and operant conditioning can be used to strengthen and expand the ecological account of perceptual learning. The perceptual learning of affordances is described in terms of learning that a stimulus is associated with another stimulus (classical conditioning), and in terms of learning that interacting with a stimulus is associated with certain consequences (operant conditioning). Empirical work in this thesis investigated the effect of conditioning on pitch and speech perception. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 were designed to modify pitch perception in Shepard tones via tone-colour associative training. During training, Shepard tones were paired with coloured circles in a way that the colour of the circles could be predicted by either the F0 (pitch) or by an F0-irrelevant auditory invariant. Participants were required to identify the colour of the circles that was associated with the tones and they received corrective feedback. Hypotheses were based on the assumption that F0-relevant/F0- irrelevant conditioning would increase/decrease the accuracy of pitch perception in Shepard tones. Experiment 1 investigated the difference between F0-relevant and F0- irrelevant conditioning in a between-subjects design, and found that pitch perception in the two conditions did not differ. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the effect of F0- relevant and F0-irrelevant conditioning (respectively) on pitch perception using a within subjects (pre-test vs. post-test) design. It was found that the accuracy of pitch perception increased after F0-relevant conditioning, and was unaffected by F0-irrelevant conditioning. The differential trends observed in Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that conditioning played some role in influencing pitch perception. However, the question whether the observed trends were due to the facilitatory effect of F0-relevant conditioning or the inhibitory effect of F0-irrelevant conditioning warrants future investigation. Experiments 4, 5, and 6 were designed to modify the perception of McGurk syllables (i.e., auditory /b/ paired with visual /g/) via consonant-pitch associative training. During training, participants were repeatedly presented with /b/, /d/, and /g/ consonants in falling, flat, and rising pitch contours, respectively. Pitch contour was paired with either the auditory signal (Experiments 4 and 5) or the visual signal (Experiment 6) of the consonant. Participants were required to identify the stop consonants and they received corrective feedback. The perception of McGurk stimuli was tested before and after training by asking participants to identify the stop consonant in each stimulus as /b/ or /d/ or /g/. It was hypothesized that conditioning would increase (1) /b/ responses more in the falling than in the flat/ rising contour conditions, (2) /d/ responses more in the flat than in the falling/ rising contour conditions, and (3) /g/ responses more in the rising than in the falling/flat contour conditions. Support for the hypotheses was obtained in Experiments 5 and 6, but only in one response category (i.e., /b/ and /g/ response categories, respectively). It is suggested that the subtlety of the observed conditioning effect could be enhanced by increasing the salience of pitch contour and by reducing the clarity of auditory/visual invariants that specify consonants.
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Stevanovic, Bettina. "The effect of learning on pitch and speech perception influencing perception of Shepard tones and McGurk syllables using classical and operant conditioning principles /." View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/33694.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2007.A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, School of Psychology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliography.
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Luque, Jenna Silver. "Neural and Behavioral Mechanisms of Clear Speech." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7053.
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Clear speech is a speaking style that has been shown to improve intelligibility in adverse listening conditions, for various listener and talker populations. Clear-speech phonetic enhancements include a slowed speech rate, expanded vowel space, and expanded pitch range. Although clear-speech phonetic enhancements have been demonstrated across a variety of talkers, only a subset of these changes may be required for listeners to benefit perceptually from clear speech. Furthermore, while current literature has provided some understanding of the phonetic enhancements that are typical of clear speech and the improvements in intelligibility resulting from its use, less is understood regarding how listeners benefit from clear speech. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of clear speech will provide insight into speech processing more generally. To that end, two studies were conducted to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying clear-speech benefits. The first study tests the hypothesis that clear speech reduces the amount of information needed for syllable identification. The amount of information presented to listeners was controlled using a silent-center syllable paradigm, in which various amounts of the center or edge of the syllables were removed. The second study tests the hypothesis that phonetic processing of clear speech requires fewer neuro-cognitive resources than typical, or conversational, speech. An Event Related Potential (ERP) paradigm, focused on the Phonological Mismatch Negativity (PMN) component, was used to compare participants’ neurophysiological responses to conversational- and clear-speech stimuli. Results from the first experiment supported the hypothesis of a clear-speech benefit in partial syllables, although the effect was stronger for some vowels than for others. The second experiment demonstrated differences in the way the brain responds to clear versus conversational speech, for syllables in which only the nucleus varied across stimuli. Match-mismatch differences were found in the MMN and PMN components, while the N600 component was found to respond to style differences.
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Chobert, Julie. "Influence de l'apprentissage musical sur le traitement des syllabes chez des enfants normolecteurs et dyslexiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20678.
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Mon thème de recherche est d’étudier l’influence de l’apprentissage de la musique sur le traitement acoustique et phonologique de la syllabe chez des enfants normolecteurs et dyslexiques. Dans ce but, j’ai conduit plusieurs expériences basées sur l’utilisation conjointe des méthodes issues de la psychologie expérimentale (Temps de Réaction, TRs, et pourcentage d’erreurs, %err) et de l’électrophysiologie chez l’homme (Potentiels Evoqués, PEs). En comparant des enfants musiciens et non-musiciens de 9 ans, j’ai d’abord testé les effets de l’expertise musicale sur les traitements attentif (TRs et %err) et pré-attentif (en utilisant la Mismatch Negativity, MMN) de paramètres acoustiques, fréquence et durée des syllabes, et d’un paramètre phonologique, le Voice Onset Time (VOT; Expérience I). Les résultats montrent que l'expertise musicale améliore les traitements pré-attentif et attentif de la durée et du VOT dans les syllabes et le traitement attentif des variations de fréquence. Dans une seconde étude, j’ai utilisé la MMN pour comparer le traitement de ces mêmes paramètres chez des enfants dyslexiques et normolecteurs. Les enfants dyslexiques montrent un déficit du traitement de la durée des syllabes et du VOT comparés aux enfants normolecteurs. Enfin, dans les deux dernières études, j’ai utilisé la méthode longitudinale pour tester l’influence de l’apprentissage de la musique sur le traitement pré-attentif (MMN) de ces mêmes paramètres chez des enfants normolecteurs (Expérience III) et dyslexiques (Expérience IV). Les résultats de l’Expérience III montrent que 12 mois d’apprentissage de la musique améliorent le traitement pré-attentif de la durée et du VOT chez les enfants normolecteurs. En reproduisant les effets trouvés dans l’Expérience I, ces résultats soulignent que l’avantage mis en évidence chez les enfants musiciens ne résulterait pas uniquement de prédispositions génétiques pour la musique mais serait causalement lié à l’apprentissage musical. Enfin, les résultats de l’Expérience IV montrent que 6 mois d’apprentissage de la musique améliorent le traitement pré-attentif du VOT chez les enfants dyslexiques, suggérant que l’apprentissage musical pourrait être utilisé comme une aide à la remédiation de la dyslexie.Pris dans leur ensemble, ces résultats démontrent une relation forte entre traitements acoustique et phonologique. L’apprentissage de la musique, en améliorant la sensibilité des enfants aux paramètres acoustiques dans la musique et dans le langage (processus communs), augmenterait également leur sensibilité aux paramètres phonologiques associés et permettrait ainsi la construction de représentations phonologiques plus robustes (transfert d’apprentissage de la musique vers le langage)My research is aimed at studying the influence of musical training on the acoustic and phonological processing of syllables in children with dyslexia and in normal-reading children. To this aim, I conducted several experiments by using methods issued from experimental psychology (Reaction Times, RTs, and error rates, %err) and from human electrophysiology (Event-Related brain Potentials, ERPs)By comparing 9-year-old musician and non-musician children, I first tested for the effects of musical expertise on attentive (RTs and %err) and preattentive processing (by using the Mismatch Negativity, MMN) of the acoustical parameters, frequency and duration, of syllables and of a phonological parameter, the Voice Onset Time (VOT; Experiment I). Results showed enhanced preattentive and attentive processing of syllables’ duration and VOT in musicians compared to nonmusician children. Secondly, I compared the processing of these same parameters in dyslexic and normal-reading children (Experiment II) by using the MMN. Results revealed that children with dyslexia showed deficits for the processing of duration and VOT in syllables compared to normal-readers. Finally, in the last two studies, I used the longitudinal method to test for the influence of musical training on the processing of the same acoustic and phonological parameters of syllables, in normal-reading children (Experiment III) and in children with dyslexia (Experiment IV). Results of Experiment III showed that 12 months of musical training enhanced duration and VOT processing in syllables, thereby demonstrating that the effects of musical expertise shown in Experiment I are not likely to only result from specific genetic predispositions for music but are causally linked to musical training. Finally, results of Experiment IV revealed that 6 months of musical training in children with dyslexia enhanced their sensitivity to VOT processing, suggesting that musical training could be an aid for the remediation of dyslexia.These results highlight the relationship between acoustical and phonological processing. Musical training, by refining the acoustical network responsible for the acoustic processing in music and speech sounds (common processing) also enhances sensitivity to phonological associated features and, consequently, the building-up of more robust phonological representations (transfer of training effect from music to language processing)
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LIMA, Gisele Ramos. "Uma análise dos exercícios com sílabas em Diários de Classe de professoras alfabetizadoras (1973 - 2010)." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1639.
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Previous issue date: 2013-09-16The present Master Degree Paper presents an analysis about the types and the recurrence of activities involving syllables, observed in 68 Class Diaries that belonged to literacy teachers from a period between the years of 1973 and 2010. These Diaries belong to the collection from the Research Group HISALES, linked to the Universidade Federal de Pelotas /Faculdade de Educação. The objective of the research is to understand why the activities with syllables are recurring and were kept during the studied period. This study is inserted in the field of history of the literacy, which in Brazil, according to Maciel (2003), groups mainly the problematization around two axis: os métodos de leitura e escrita e os manuais escolares cartilhas ( The methods of writing and reading and the school manuals primer ) (MACIEL, 2003, p. 233). The nature of this research is qualitative (LÜDKE & ANDRÉ, 1986), having as epistemological model the evidentiary paradigm proposed by Ginzburg (2011), that presents as presupposition the search for traces , clues , evidences in the researched documents, aiming to find in the details what is possible to consider as relevant elements to answer the questions from the research. In relation to the results found, among other observed questions, it was possible to contrast the predominance of traditional methods of literacy in the planning registered in the Diaries. In relation specifically to the work with syllables, the most frequent activities worked by the literacy teachers were those that privilege the copy and the memorization of such structure. The study also showed that the divulgation of studies of the Psicogênese da Língua Escrita (FERREIRO; TEBEROSKY, 1985) seems to have had little influence in the planning of great part of the researched Diaries. Such results aim to the need that the activities with syllables must be rethought and resignified, considering the studies about the Psicogênese da Língua Escrita and other studies in the field that reference the writing as a notational system and not a code to be deciphered.
A presente Dissertação de Mestrado apresenta uma análise sobre os tipos e a recorrência de atividades envolvendo sílabas, observados em 68 Diários de Classe pertencentes a professoras alfabetizadoras no período compreendido entre os anos de 1973 a 2010. Esses Diários pertencem ao acervo do Grupo de Pesquisa HISALES, vinculado à Universidade Federal de Pelotas/Faculdade de Educação. O intuito da pesquisa é compreender por que razão as atividades com sílabas são recorrentes e se mantiveram ao longo do período de abrangência. Este estudo está inserido no campo da história da alfabetização, que, no Brasil, segundo Maciel (2003), agrupa principalmente a problematização em torno da alfabetização em dois eixos: os métodos de leitura e escrita e os manuais escolares cartilhas (MACIEL, 2003, p. 233). A pesquisa é de cunho qualitativo (LÜDKE & ANDRÉ, 1986), tendo como modelo epistemológico o paradigma indiciário proposto por Ginzburg (2011), que apresenta como pressuposto a busca de vestígios , pistas , indícios nos documentos pesquisados, objetivando encontrar nos detalhes o que é possível considerar como elementos relevantes para responder às questões da pesquisa. Em relação aos resultados encontrados, entre outras questões observadas, foi possível constatar a predominância dos métodos tradicionais de alfabetização nos planejamentos registrados nos Diários. Em relação especificamente ao trabalho com sílabas, as atividades mais recorrentes trabalhadas pelas professoras alfabetizadoras foram aquelas que privilegiam a cópia e a memorização de tais estruturas. O estudo também mostrou que a divulgação dos estudos da Psicogênese da Língua Escrita (FERREIRO; TEBEROSKY, 1985) parece ter tido pouca influência nos planejamentos de grande parte dos Diários pesquisados. Tais resultados apontam para a necessidade de que as atividades com sílabas sejam repensadas e resignificadas, considerando os estudos sobre a Psicogênese da Língua Escrita e os demais estudos na área da alfabetização que referenciam a escrita como um sistema notacional e não como um código a ser decifrado.
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Martin, Terrence Lance. "Towards improved speech recognition for resource poor languages." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35771/1/Terrence_Martin_Thesis.pdf.
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In recent times, the improved levels of accuracy obtained by Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technology has made it viable for use in a number of commercial products. Unfortunately, these types of applications are limited to only a few of the world’s languages, primarily because ASR development is reliant on the availability of large amounts of language specific resources. This motivates the need for techniques which reduce this language-specific, resource dependency. Ideally, these approaches should generalise across languages, thereby providing scope for rapid creation of ASR capabilities for resource poor languages. Cross Lingual ASR emerges as a means for addressing this need. Underpinning this approach is the observation that sound production is largely influenced by the physiological construction of the vocal tract, and accordingly, is human, and not language specific. As a result, a common inventory of sounds exists across languages; a property which is exploitable, as sounds from a resource poor, target language can be recognised using models trained on resource rich, source languages. One of the initial impediments to the commercial uptake of ASR technology was its fragility in more challenging environments, such as conversational telephone speech. Subsequent improvements in these environments has gained consumer confidence. Pragmatically, if cross lingual techniques are to considered a viable alternative when resources are limited, they need to perform under the same types of conditions. Accordingly, this thesis evaluates cross lingual techniques using two speech environments; clean read speech and conversational telephone speech. Languages used in evaluations are German, Mandarin, Japanese and Spanish. Results highlight that previously proposed approaches provide respectable results for simpler environments such as read speech, but degrade significantly when in the more taxing conversational environment. Two separate approaches for addressing this degradation are proposed. The first is based on deriving better target language lexical representation, in terms of the source language model set. The second, and ultimately more successful approach, focuses on improving the classification accuracy of context-dependent (CD) models, by catering for the adverse influence of languages specific phonotactic properties. Whilst the primary research goal in this thesis is directed towards improving cross lingual techniques, the catalyst for investigating its use was based on expressed interest from several organisations for an Indonesian ASR capability. In Indonesia alone, there are over 200 million speakers of some Malay variant, provides further impetus and commercial justification for speech related research on this language. Unfortunately, at the beginning of the candidature, limited research had been conducted on the Indonesian language in the field of speech science, and virtually no resources existed. This thesis details the investigative and development work dedicated towards obtaining an ASR system with a 10000 word recognition vocabulary for the Indonesian language.
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Ritter, Christiane. "Entwicklung und empirische Überprüfung eines Lesetrainings auf Silbenbasis." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1003/.
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Auf der Grundlage psycholinguistischer, deutsch-didaktischer und linguistischer Forschungsergebnisse wurde ein Lesetraining auf Silbenbasis entwickelt, in dem Kindern mit Leseschwierigkeiten explizit Strategien zur visuellen Gliederung von Wörtern in größere funktionale Einheiten (Silben, einzelne Wörter (bei Zusammensetzungen), Präfixe) vermittelt werden. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass Kinder mit Leseschwierigkeiten Wörter in zu kleinen linguistischen Einheiten erlesen. Das Training basiert linguistisch auf der Schreibsilbe als funktionaler Einheit beim Lesen. Basis des Lesetrainings ist ein von Scheerer-Neumann (1981) durchgeführtes Training zur Verbesserung der Lesegenauigkeit von Grundschulkindern.
Die empirische Überprüfung des Lesetrainings hatte zum einen das Ziel, die Wirksamkeit des Trainingsprogramms als solches zu überprüfen und zum anderen, ob das Training zu einer deutlich verbesserten Lesegeschwindigkeit und -genauigkeit bei Grundschulkindern der 3. und 4. Klassen führt. Das Training wurde von der Autorin ohne den Einsatz von Hilfskräften mit einer relativ kleinen Zahl von Kindern (N=11) durchgeführt, um so intensiv auf die Bedürfnisse der einzelnen Kinder eingehen und gegebenenfalls flexibel reagieren zu können. Aus organisatorischen und ethischen Gründen wurde auf eine Kontrollgruppe verzichtet. Die Wirksamkeit des Trainings wurde als Prätest-Training-Posttest-Follow-up Test-Design überprüft. Das Training umfasst 18 Einheiten (je 45 Minuten) und fand zweimal wöchentlich statt. Trainingsgruppen bestanden aus einer Dreiergruppe und einer Zweiergruppe; die anderen sechs Kinder wurden einzeln trainiert.
Der Posttest nach Abschluss des Trainings zeigte deutliche Verbesserungen der Lesegeschwindigkeit und -genauigkeit, die zum Teil auch signifikant waren. Der Follow-up Test drei Monate nach Ende des Trainings zeigte weitere Verbesserungen, die ebenfalls zum Teil signifikant waren.
Die Befunde sprechen dafür, dass das Trainingsprogramm geeignet ist, die Lesefähigkeit von leseschwachen Grundschulkindern der dritten und vierten Klasse zu verbessern. Die Teilnehmerzahl ist allerdings relativ gering, so dass die Ergebnisse nicht ohne weiteres auf die allgemeine Population von Kindern mit Leseschwierigkeiten übertragen werden können. Eine erneute Durchführung des Trainingsprogramms mit einer größeren Stichprobe und einer parallelisierten Kontrollgruppe, bei der die Kinder der Experimentalgruppe in größeren Gruppen trainiert werden, erscheint deshalb sinnvoll.
A syllable-based training program for reading disabled children was developed on the basis of psycholinguistic, educational and linguistic research results. The program teaches explicit strategies to visually segment words in larger functional linguistic units (syllables, prefixes, single words (in compound words)).
It is assumed that children with reading difficulties process words in linguistic units that are too small to make use of the linguistic structure of words. The training program, Potsdamer Lesetraining, emphasizes the role of the orthographical syllable as a functional unit in reading development. The program is based on a training program developed by Scheerer-Neumann (1981) that aimed at improving reading accuracy in reading disabled elementary school children.
The aim of the empirical test was to check if the training program had a positive effect on the decoding speed and accuracy of elementary school children with reading disabilities (3rd and 4th grade). The program was carried out by the author with a relatively small sample of children (N=11) and without further staff. This procedure made it possible to react intensively and flexible to the children's individual needs. A control group was not implemented for ethical and organizational reasons.
The validity of the training program was tested with a pretest-posttest-follow-up-test design. The program consisted of 18 training units (45 minutes each) and took place twice a week. The training groups consisted of one group with three children, another group with two children; the remaining six children were trained individually.
The posttests which were carried out immediately after training ended, showed significant effects of training for decoding speed and an increase of accuracy for several subtests. Follow-up tests carried out three months after the training had ended showed further improvement in decoding speed and an increase in accuracy; several subtests revealed significant effects.
The results indicate that the training program is suitable to improve the decoding speed and accuracy of dyslexic elementary school children in 3rd and 4th grade. A transfer of this conclusion to the general dyslexic population, however, is limited due to the small number of participants.
A replication of the study with a larger sample of reading disabled children trained in groups of two and three children and a matched control group would therefore seem necessary.
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Sausset, Solen. "La syllabe dans la production écrite de mots." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT5015/document.
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L'objectif général de cette thèse est de préciser le niveau de traitement auquel la syllabe intervient au cours de la production écrite de mots, le rôle qu'elle joue, ainsi que la dynamique de mobilisation de cette unité. Dans le premier chapitre expérimental nous explorons les relations entre l'activation des syllabes et les traitements graphomoteurs. L'activation syllabique apparaît dissociée des traitements graphomoteurs (Expériences 1a et 1b), et la dynamique d'activation des syllabes est sous l'influence des contraintes qui pèsent sur ces traitements graphomoteurs uniquement quand les contraintes sont très fortes (Expériences 2a, 2b, 2c). Les relations entre l'activation des syllabes et le traitement orthographique font l'objet du deuxième chapitre expérimental. Nos résultats montrent que les deux processus semblent dissociés (Expérience 3a et contrôle), et que la dynamique d'activation des syllabes apparaît modifiée en fonction des contraintes orthographiques, étudiée ici à travers la fréquence lexicale (Expérience 3b). L'ensemble de nos données tend à confirmer l'idée selon laquelle les syllabes sont des unités mobilisées à l'interface des traitements orthographiques et graphomoteurs, i.e., dans le buffer graphémique. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le cadre d'un modèle en cascade de la production écrite, auquel il semble que nous ajoutons un niveau de traitement spécifique à la syllabeThis research aims at specifying the processing level at which the syllable is involved during handwriting, the role that it plays, as well as the dynamics of its activation. In the first experimental chapter, we explore about relations between syllable activation and graphomotor processing. Our results show that syllable activation and graphomotor processing appear to be distinct (Experiments 1a and 1b), and that the dynamics of syllable activation vary as function of graphomotor constraints when these constraints are very strong. The relations between syllable activation and spelling are addressed is the second experimental chapter. The results show that both processes are distinct (Experiment 3a and control), and that the dynamics of syllable activation change according to spelling constraints, studied here via lexical frequency (Experiment 3b). Taken together, all these data support the assumption that syllables are activated between spelling and graphomotor processing, i.e., in the graphemic buffer. These results are discussed in a cascade model of handwriting, in which might be integrated a specific level of processing devoted to the syllable
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Bell, Jacqueline Susan. "Syllabus interpretations : understanding the construction and implementation of locally agreed syllabuses for religious education through case studies." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247118.
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Swaileh, Wassim. "Des modèles de langage pour la reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR024/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur le développement d'une chaîne de traitement complète pour réaliser des tâches de reconnaissance d'écriture manuscrite non contrainte. Trois difficultés majeures sont à résoudre: l'étape du prétraitement, l'étape de la modélisation optique et l'étape de la modélisation du langage. Au stade des prétraitements il faut extraire correctement les lignes de texte à partir de l'image du document. Une méthode de segmentation itérative en lignes utilisant des filtres orientables a été développée à cette fin. La difficulté dans l’étape de la modélisation optique vient de la diversité stylistique des scripts d'écriture manuscrite. Les modèles optiques statistiques développés sont des modèles de Markov cachés (HMM-GMM) et les modèles de réseaux de neurones récurrents (BLSTM-CTC). Les réseaux récurrents permettent d’atteindre les performances de l’état de l’art sur les deux bases de référence RIMES (pour le Français) et IAM (pour l’anglais). L'étape de modélisation du langage implique l'intégration d’un lexique et d’un modèle de langage statistique afin de rechercher parmi les hypothèses proposées par le modèle optique, la séquence de mots (phrase) la plus probable du point de vue linguistique. La difficulté à ce stade est liée à l’obtention d’un modèle de couverture lexicale optimale avec un minimum de mots hors vocabulaire (OOV). Pour cela nous introduisons une modélisation en sous-unités lexicales composée soit de syllabes soit de multigrammes. Ces modèles couvrent efficacement une partie importante des mots hors vocabulaire. Les performances du système de reconnaissance avec les unités sous-lexicales dépassent les performances des systèmes de reconnaissance traditionnelles de mots ou de caractères en présence d’un fort taux de mots hors lexique. Elles sont équivalentes aux modèles traditionnels en présence d’un faible taux de mots hors lexique. Grâce à la taille compacte du modèle de langage reposant sur des unités sous-lexicales, un système de reconnaissance multilingue unifié a été réalisé. Le système multilingue unifié améliore les performances de reconnaissance par rapport aux systèmes spécialisés dans chaque langue, notamment lorsque le modèle optique unifié est utiliséThis thesis is about the design of a complete processing chain dedicated to unconstrained handwriting recognition. Three main difficulties are adressed: pre-processing, optical modeling and language modeling. The pre-processing stage is related to extracting properly the text lines to be recognized from the document image. An iterative text line segmentation method using oriented steerable filters was developed for this purpose. The difficulty in the optical modeling stage lies in style diversity of the handwriting scripts. Statistical optical models are traditionally used to tackle this problem such as Hidden Markov models (HMM-GMM) and more recently recurrent neural networks (BLSTM-CTC). Using BLSTM we achieve state of the art performance on the RIMES (for French) and IAM (for English) datasets. The language modeling stage implies the integration of a lexicon and a statistical language model to the recognition processing chain in order to constrain the recognition hypotheses to the most probable sequence of words (sentence) from the language point of view. The difficulty at this stage is related to the finding the optimal vocabulary with minimum Out-Of-Vocabulary words rate (OOV). Enhanced language modeling approaches has been introduced by using sub-lexical units made of syllables or multigrams. The sub-lexical units cover an important portion of the OOV words. Then the language coverage depends on the domain of the language model training corpus, thus the need to train the language model with in domain data. The recognition system performance with the sub-lexical units outperformes the traditional recognition systems that use words or characters language models, in case of high OOV rates. Otherwise equivalent performances are obtained with a compact sub-lexical language model. Thanks to the compact lexicon size of the sub-lexical units, a unified multilingual recognition system has been designed. The unified system performance have been evaluated on the RIMES and IAM datasets. The unified multilingual system shows enhanced recognition performance over the specialized systems, especially when a unified optical model is used
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Orosanu, Luiza. "Reconnaissance de la parole pour l’aide à la communication pour les sourds et malentendants." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0172/document.
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Cette thèse fait partie du projet RAPSODIE dont l’objectif est de proposer une reconnaissance vocale spécialisée sur les besoins des personnes sourdes et malentendantes. Deux axes sont étudiées : la modélisation lexicale et l’extraction d’informations para-lexicales. Concernant la modélisation lexicale, nous avons étudié les modèles de langage hybrides combinant mots et syllabes, et nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche basée sur une notion de similarité entre mots pour l’ajout de nouveaux mots dans le modèle de langage. Concernant l’extraction d’informations para-lexicales, nous avons étudié l'utilisation des paramètres prosodiques, des paramètres linguistiques ou de leur combinaison pour la détection des questions et des affirmations. Cette détection a comme but de signaler aux personnes sourdes ou malentendantes quand une question leur est adresséeThis thesis is part of the RAPSODIE project which aims at proposing a speech recognition device specialized on the needs of deaf and hearing impaired people. Two aspects are studied: optimizing the lexical models and extracting para-lexical information. Regarding the lexical modeling, we studied hybrid language models combining words and syllables, and we proposed a new approach based on a similarity measure between words to add new words in the language model. Regarding the extraction of para-lexical information, we investigated the use of prosodic features, of linguistic features and of their combination for the detection of questions and statements. This detection aims to inform the deaf and hearing impaired people when a question is addressed to them
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Åkerström, Johanna. "Translating Song Lyrics : A Study of the Translation of the Three Musicals by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-4612.
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The primary aim of the present study is to gain an understanding of the translation process involved when translating song lyrics by investigating to what extent 10 translation features occur in a corpus of 12 song lyrics from the musicals CHESS, MAMMA MIA! and Kristina från Duvemåla. Comparing the source texts to the translated texts, taking into account: number of words, syllables vs. words, word-for-word translations, additions/omissions, metaphors, rhymes, reorganization of text, paraphrases and last if there were any untranslated English words kept in the Swedish version – led to the conclusion that the translation strategy of using paraphrases (express something written in other words) was the most common translation strategy used when translating song lyrics. In addition, translating song lyrics also requires a translator who is musical, has good association skills, a large vocabulary and is also very good at playing with words. Taking the findings into consideration it could be said that the word 'translation' should be avoided in reference to the act of transferring the song lyrics of a musical in one language into another language. More apt descriptive phrases for this process would probably be 'text arrangement' or 'interpretation'.
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Paradis, Johanne Catherine. "The syllable structure of Japanese." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28262.
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The question of how to represent prosodic structure is of current theoretical interest in three dimensional phonology. Two current theories/models of representation are the onset/rime model (Kaye and Lowenstamm 1982, Kaye Lowenstamm and Vergnaud 1987 and Levin 1985) and the mora model (Hyman 1985, McCarthy and Prince 1986 and Hayes 1988). This thesis consists of a detailed investigation of the descriptive adequacy of these two theories for the Japanese language. Japanese can be considered an archetypal mora language since in the indigenous linguistic tradition it is analysed into moras.
The version of each model which I am adopting is explicitly stated in a set of universal syllabification rules. This syllabification algorithm is compatible with the following assumptions:
(1) a. No predictable prosodic structure is present in the underlying representation. The distribution of glides in most cases is predictable.
b. Prosodic structure is built by rule and is erected around a syllabic peak which is determined by the relative sonority of segments and not by a feature [syllabic].
Furthermore, the version of the onset/rime model I propose is a paramaterized model where the unmarked setting does not include a nucleus constituent. This onset/rime model is designed to account for weight distinctions as well as the mora theory. Sample structures from both theories are given below.
(2) [Diagram Omitted]
A syllabification algorithm for Japanese is adapted from the general algorithm and fitted into a model of the lexical phonology of Japanese. It is shown that Japanese prosodic structure can be generated by rule, in either model, with no underlying distinctions between glides and high vowels, and with no feature [syllabic].
Therefore, it is concluded that both the onset/rime model and the mora model are adequate for describing the Japanese language. This conclusion crucially depends on the parameterization within the onset/rime model. Because Japanese is not the only language which employs the weight distinctions a Type I model represents, the parameterization is necessary for the onset/rime model to remain equal in descriptive power with the mora model.Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate
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Sen, Ranjan. "Syllable and Segment in Latin." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517335.
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Stewart, Darryl William. "Syllable based continuous speech recognition." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325993.
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DAVIS, STUART MICHAEL. "TOPICS IN SYLLABLE GEOMETRY (PHONOLOGY)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187997.
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A central topic of recent research in phonological theory has been the syllable and the question of its internal structure. A common view that emerges from this work is that the syllable consists of two major constituents, the onset and the rhyme. A careful scrutiny of the major arguments for the rhyme, however, reveals that the class of phonological generalizations (rule-types) that are only supposed to make reference to elements within the rhyme make reference to other elements as well. To cite one example, some stress rules are required to make reference to onsets. Moreover, there is other evidence in addition to that from stress rules. Phonotactic constraints can hold across segments in the onset and segments within the constituents of the rhyme. Thus, arguments which have been cited to support the rhyme actually do not support it when additional evidence is taken into consideration. In addition, I demonstrate that analyses of stress rules sensitive to the rhyme and formulated in the metrical framework are also compatible with a rhymeless syllable containing an onset, a nucleus, and a coda. In fact, when onset-sensitive stress rules are considered (and these have not really been considered in the literature until now) it is the latter type of syllable that is best able to handle such stress rules. Finally, external evidence that bears on the nature of syllable structure, such as the "movement" phenomena involved in speech errors and language games, provides indirect support for a syllable that consists of onset, nucleus, and coda, and not a structure containing an onset and a rhyme. I conclude that the syllable structure with the highest degree of descriptive and explanatory adequacy is one that only consists of an onset, a nucleus, and coda.
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Kuoppa, Harriet. "Varumärket för meänkieli – användningen av h i efterstavelsen i skrift." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-104962.
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Denna studie handlar om variation i skriven meänkieli med fokus på variation i ett specifikt drag, h i efterstavelsen (t.ex. saunhaan > sauhnaan 'till bastun'). Tidigare forskning har visat att detta språkdrag påträffas med omfattande variation efter ett särskilt mönster i talspråket (t.ex. Mantila 1992, 2010; Vaattovaara 2009). Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om, och i vilken omfattning, det mönster som beskrivits för det talade språket också påträffas i skriven text på meänkieli. Studien föranleds av det faktum att meänkieli för närvarande befinner sig i en standardiseringsprocess. h i efterstavelsen i talat språk utgör ett komplext system, som kan uppfattas av vanliga språkanvändare som ”svårt att beskriva”. Hur som helst har tidigare forskning indikerat att användningen av h i talat språk är ganska systematiserat och ett mönster för variationen har utvecklats i en bestämd riktning över tid. Med tanke på denna studie är det av intresse att undersöka om mönstret är liknande i skriftlig form, det vill säga om de enskilda författarna i den undersökta korpusen använder sig av ett liknande system för h i sina litterära verk. Studien har inte som syfte att diskutera språkplanering eller principer för standardisering, utan syftet är att skapa en helhetsbild av språklig variation i användningen av h i skriftspråket. Korpusen består av 43 böcker av 18 olika författare från tre olika decennier (1980–2000). Från varje publikation är de första 5250 orden excerperade om verket innehåller fler ord (barnböckerna, som är kortare och till antalet 18, har excerperats i sin helhet.) Studiens primära fokus besvaras med hjälp av frågorna huruvida det förekommer variation mellan de olika författarna, och vilken typ av variation som förekommer inom de texter varje enskild författare skrivit, även över tid betraktat. Syftet med studien är att avslöja om variationsmönster eventuellt sprider sig, eller om mönstret indikerar lika användningssätt mellan de enskilda författarna. Enligt sociolingvistiska teorier om språklig förändring borde en s.k. undersökning i verklig tid över flera decennier visa huruvida en pågående förändring är på gång. Hypotesen för denna studie (huvudsakligen på basis av Mantila 2010) är, att ett liknande system som påträffas i talspråket också påträffas i skriven form. h i efterstavelsen har en historisk utveckling med många förändringar och är ur ett morfologiskt och fonologiskt perspektiv ett mångfacetterat språkdrag. Studien fokuserar enbart på de sex olika lingvistiska positioner där den metatetiska varianten av h i efterstavelsen kan förekomma, vilket alltid sker i samband med en tonande konsonant exempelvis på följande sätt: 1. Stockholmhiin > Stockholhmiin 'till Stockholm', 2. koulhuun > kouhluun 'till skolan', 3. korjaamhaan > korjaahmaan 'för att städa', 4. Pajalhaan > Pajahlaan 'till Pajala', 5. istumhaan > istuhmaan 'för att sitta', 6. ymmärtänheet > ymmärtähneet 'har förstått'). Tidigare forskning har ansett denna specifika variant av h med metates vara ”ett varumärke för Tornedalen” och språkdraget har visat ett tydligt mönster för variation i Tornedalen. I denna studie speglas variationen av h‑metatesen i litteraturen på meänkieli mot tidigare forskningsresultat rörande talspråk, där språkdraget undersökts både i svenska och finska Tornedalen. Bengt Pohjanen (med det största antalet utgivningar), tillsammans med tre andra författare har undersökts närmare. Ett intressant resultat är att det förekommer relativt omfattande variation mellan dessa författare, samtliga bördiga från en och samma kommun, nämligen Pajala. I motsats till vad som hävdas i traditionell sociolingvistik stämmer inte här antagandet att författarnas härkomst skulle vara en styrande faktor i författarnas språkliga val. Det allra viktigaste resultatet i studien är att enskilda böcker har under de tre undersökta decennierna visat ett överraskande resultat i fråga om variation under 1980- och 1990-talet, men under 2000-talet har det mönster som påträffats i talat språk systematiserats och tagits i bruk på ett enhetligt sätt i litteraturen på meänkieli mer eller mindre hos samtliga författare. I positionerna 1–4 sker metates systematiskt i mellan 85 – 98 % av fallen, medan den i positionerna 5–6 endast påträffas i 0,8 – 1,4 % av fallen.This study deals with variation in written Meänkieli, focusing on the variation of one specific feature, h in non-initial syllables (e.g. saunhaan, sauhnaan 'into sauna') which has been found to be rich in variation in spoken language according to earlier research (e.g. Mantila 1992, 2010; Vaattovaara 2009). The aim of this study is to investigate if, and to what extent, the variation patterns found in the spoken variety correspond to literature written in Meänkieli. The study is motivated by the fact that Meänkieli is currently undergoing standardization process. The variation of h in non-initial syllables forms a complex system in spoken language which, as a folk belief, is “difficult to describe”. However, earlier research has indicated that in the spoken language the use of the h is linguistically quite systematically structured and the variation patterns have developed in certain direction across time. In the interest of the present study is to investigate if the pattern is similar in the written form in the chosen corpus, that is, if the individual authors are implementing a similar system in their literary work. The principal aim of this study is not to deal with language planning and principles of language standardization but to form an overall picture of linguistic variation in the use of h in written language. The data consist of 43 books from 18 authors, and from three decades (1980–2000). From each publication, the first 5250 words are extracted into analysis, if the word count exceeds this number (children’s books, 18 included in the corpus, typically do not). The main interest of the current work lies in the question whether or not there is remarkable variation found between the different authors, and what kind of variation may appear within the texts authored by each individual author or across time. The aim of the study is to reveal if the variation patterns possibly scatter, or if the patterns indicate agreement between the individual authors. According to sociolinguistic theories of linguistic change, the so called real time investigation across the decades should indicate if there is an ongoing change. The hypothesis of the research (mainly on the basis of Mantila 2010) is that the variation pattern similar to spoken language is being adopted also in written forms. Since the h in non-initial syllables is both from the point of view of historical development as well as morphological and phonological conditions a very rich feature, this study focuses only on the six linguistic environments concerning the metathetic h variant (e.g. 1. Stockholmhiin > Stockholhmiin 'to Stockholm', 2. koulhuun > kouhluun 'to school', 3. korjaamhaan > korjaahmaan 'to clean', 4. Pajalhaan > Pajahlaan 'to Pajala', 5. istumhaan > istuhmaan ' to sit', 6. ymmärtänheet > ymmärtähneet 'have understood'), which always involves a voiced consonant. Earlier research has regarded this particular variant as “the trademark of Torne Valley” which has, on the present Finnish and Swedish side of the area, shown a clear pattern of variation. In this study, the variation of the metathetic h in Meänkieli literature is mirrored against earlier findings from the Torne Valley spoken data. Bengt Pohjanen (with the largest number of publications) together with three other authors have been investigated in more detail. An interesting finding is that there is relatively much variation among authors from one municipality, Pajala. Against the traditional sociolinguistic expectations, the origins of the authors is not a governing factor in linguistic choices. The main outcome of the whole analysis is that during the three decades investigated, individual books have indicated unexpected variation in the 1980s and 1990s, but by the 2000’s the same variation pattern found in spoken language has been more systematically and strongly adopted also into written Meänkieli by more or less all of the authors: in the phonotactic positions 1–4 the metathesis is systematic (85–98 %) while in the positions 5–6 only 0,8 to 1,4 %.
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Chi, Man-yu. "Incidence of backing affecting syllable-initial and syllable-final consonants in normal Cantonese-speaking children /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36209636.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1998."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 1998." Also available in print.
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Parana, Jeanne Marie Feder. "Lexical syllabus." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/24503.
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Orosanu, Luiza. "Reconnaissance de la parole pour l’aide à la communication pour les sourds et malentendants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0172.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse fait partie du projet RAPSODIE dont l’objectif est de proposer une reconnaissance vocale spécialisée sur les besoins des personnes sourdes et malentendantes. Deux axes sont étudiées : la modélisation lexicale et l’extraction d’informations para-lexicales. Concernant la modélisation lexicale, nous avons étudié les modèles de langage hybrides combinant mots et syllabes, et nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche basée sur une notion de similarité entre mots pour l’ajout de nouveaux mots dans le modèle de langage. Concernant l’extraction d’informations para-lexicales, nous avons étudié l'utilisation des paramètres prosodiques, des paramètres linguistiques ou de leur combinaison pour la détection des questions et des affirmations. Cette détection a comme but de signaler aux personnes sourdes ou malentendantes quand une question leur est adresséeThis thesis is part of the RAPSODIE project which aims at proposing a speech recognition device specialized on the needs of deaf and hearing impaired people. Two aspects are studied: optimizing the lexical models and extracting para-lexical information. Regarding the lexical modeling, we studied hybrid language models combining words and syllables, and we proposed a new approach based on a similarity measure between words to add new words in the language model. Regarding the extraction of para-lexical information, we investigated the use of prosodic features, of linguistic features and of their combination for the detection of questions and statements. This detection aims to inform the deaf and hearing impaired people when a question is addressed to them