Journal articles on the topic 'Syllable duration'
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1
Aldrich, Alexander C., and Miquel Simonet. "Duration of syllable nuclei in Spanish." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 247–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2019-2012.
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AbstractIn many languages, vowel duration is modulated by syllable structure — a phenomenon known asvowel compression— so that vowels are shorter in syllables with more segments than in syllables with fewer segments. Most instrumental evidence to date has reported an effect, in many languages, of the presence (and complexity) of a coda, and some studies have also documented effects of the presence (and complexity) of an onset. However, no prior studies on Spanish vowel duration have captured any effects of syllable structure. Using data from nine speakers and controlled speech materials, the present study addresses the following research question: Does syllable structure modulate vowel duration? The findings are as follows: (a) Relative to simplex onsets (those with a singleton consonant), complex onsets (those with a consonant cluster) trigger vowel compression; and (b) neither simplex nor complex codas consistently drive vowel compression — i.e. codas do not systematically affect vowel duration. Together with the facts for other languages, our findings support a view according to which syllable structure — in particular,onsetcomplexity — modulates acoustic vowel duration. The study discusses the theoretical implications of this finding, which are argued to be in line with some of the principles of the Articulatory Phonology framework or, alternatively, suggest that codas should not be considered part of the articulatory syllable.
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Troyer, Todd W., Michael S. Brainard, and Kristofer E. Bouchard. "Timing during transitions in Bengalese finch song: implications for motor sequencing." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00296.2017.
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To investigate mechanisms of action sequencing, we examined the relationship between timing and sequencing of syllables in Bengalese finch song. An individual’s song comprises acoustically distinct syllables organized into probabilistic sequences: a given syllable potentially can transition to several different syllables (divergence points), and several different syllables can transition to a given syllable (convergence points). In agreement with previous studies, we found that more probable transitions at divergence points occur with shorter intersyllable gaps. One intuition for this relationship is that selection between syllables reflects a competitive branching process, in which stronger links to one syllable lead to both higher probabilities and shorter latencies for transitions to that syllable vs. competing alternatives. However, we found that simulations of competitive race models result in overlapping winning-time distributions for competing outcomes and fail to replicate the strong negative correlation between probability and gap duration found in song data. Further investigation of song structure revealed strong positive correlation between gap durations for transitions that share a common convergent point. Such transitions are not related by a common competitive process, but instead reflect a common terminal syllable. In contrast to gap durations, transition probabilities were not correlated at convergence points. Together, our data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation. This may result from a process in which probabilistic sequencing is first stabilized, followed by a shortening of the latency to syllables that are sung more often. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bengalese finch songs consist of probabilistic sequences of syllables. Previous studies revealed a strong negative correlation between transition probability and the duration of intersyllable gaps. We show here that the negative correlation is inconsistent with previous suggestions that timing at syllable transitions is governed by a race between competing alternatives. Rather, the data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation.
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CANAULT, Mélanie, Naomi YAMAGUCHI, Nikola PAILLEREAU, Jennifer KRZONOWSKI, Johanna-Pascale ROY, Christophe DOS SANTOS, and Sophie KERN. "Syllable duration changes during babbling: a longitudinal study of French infant productions." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 6 (April 29, 2020): 1207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500092000015x.
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AbstractAt the babbling stage, the syllable does not have the temporal characteristics of adult syllables because of the infant's limited oro-motor skills. This research aims to further our knowledge of syllable duration and temporal variability and their evolution with age as an indicator of the development of articulatory skills. The possible impact of syllable position, as well as that of type of intrasyllabic associations and intersyllabic articulatory changes on these parameters has also been tested. Oral productions of 22 French infants were recorded monthly from 8 to 14 months. 11 261 Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables were annotated and temporally analyzed. The mean duration varied according to syllable position, but not to the intrasyllabic or intersyllabic articulatory changes. Moreover, the syllable duration decreased significantly from the age of 10 months onwards, whereas the temporal variability remained the same.
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Lunden, Anya. "Syllable weight and duration: A rhyme/intervals comparison." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4084.
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Steriade (2012) proposed intervals as a more appropriate syllable weight domain than rhymes. This study explores how interval weight cashes out as duration across word positions and compares this to a rhyme-based account. The data reported on in Lunden (2013), from native speakers of Norwegian (a language in which (C)VC syllables are heavy only non-finally) is reanalyzed with intervals. Lunden found that syllable rhymes in all three positions, if taken as a percentage of the average V rhyme in that word position, fell into a coherent pattern for weight. It is shown that interval durations allow for a similar, albeit less robust, pattern. The data from Lunden’s (2013) perception experiment that tested the correlation between increased vowel duration and listeners’ classification of syllable weight is also recast with interval durations, and the importance of the proportional increase over the raw increase, originally found for the rhyme data, is found to hold for the interval data. Thus, taking intervals as the weight domain is shown to result in reasonable durational relations between interval weights, although interval durations show less separation between some light and heavy units than the rhyme durations do.
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Kachkovskaia, Tatiana V., and Maya A. Nurislamova. "ON CONSONANT DURATION IN СУ AND CCV SYLLABLES." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 3 (2017): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2017_3_4_34_44.
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In this paper, we investigate two factors influencing consonant duration: phrase accent and syllable length (in segments). First, we performed a corpus-based analysis of consonant duration in stressed CV and CCV syllables in 3-syllable words using a 30-hour speech corpus. As a result, we have found the following tendencies: (1) consonants in CV syllables are longer than those in CCV syllables; (2) under phrase accent, consonants in CV and CCV syllables are lengthened; (3) the increase in consonant duration is higher for CCV syllables than for CV syllables. As a post hoc experiment, we recorded a set of phrases with target words Natasha (female name), zasada (=ambush) and zastava (=cordon) in neutral context and under contrastive stress. Then consonant duration in the stressed syllables /sa/, /ta/ и /sta/ was measured. The measurements supported the initial tendencies. In addition, we found out that under contrastive stress we may observe extra high consonant lengthening (over 50%).
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Ziegler, Wolfram, Erich Hartmann, and Philip Hoole. "Syllabic Timing in Dysarthria." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 4 (August 1993): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3604.683.
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A new, intensity-based method of measuring syllable duration was used to assess syllabic timing in 75 patients with dysarthria of predominantly traumatic and cerebro-vascular origin and in 30 normal subjects. The applied speech tasks included repetitions of sentences containing chains of plosive-vowel-syllables. The logarithm of the duration of the syllable carrying sentence accent proved to be particularly highly correlated with perceived speech rate. Among the potential sources of temporal variability, segmental influences and the influence of sentence stress were examined. Further, the between-sentence variation of syllable duration was assessed. The resulting measures of variability were correlated with the severity of dysarthric impairment. A strengthening of normal effects was found in the consonant-related variation, whereas intrinsic vowel effects and the influence of sentence stress were largely reduced. These results are discussed from the viewpoint of timing theories in speech and limb motor control. They are considered to provide a valuable background against which the speech impairments of specific neurologic groups can be tested.
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Zhang, Ling. "Syllable isochrony and the prosodic features of stop syllables in Cantonese." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 23, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 20–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00098.zha.
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Abstract Cantonese is a syllable-timed language: that is, the syllable is the isochronous unit of speech. However, in Cantonese, there is a type of closed syllable with the stop codas [-p], [-t], or [-k] (i.e. syllables with the so called “entering-tones”) which sound much shorter than other syllables. On the surface, the shorter duration of stop syllables and the general prosodic feature of syllable-isochrony seem to conflict. This study conducted acoustic investigations of stop syllables in Cantonese in different contexts (i.e. in isolated form, in disyllabic words, and in disyllabic words located at the beginning, middle, and final positions of sentences). The results showed that stop syllables alone are shorter than non-stop syllables in various contexts. However, in disyllabic words or in sentences, there is a supplementary lengthening effect immediately after the stop syllables: there is more acoustic blank, and in some circumstances the initial of the following syllable is lengthened. Therefore, we propose that the phonetic realization of syllable isochrony is beyond the syllable itself in Cantonese. The results and discussions of this study may also shed light on the problem of the disappearance of “entering tones” from various Chinese dialects.
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Sen, Ranjan. "Reconstructing phonological change: duration and syllable structure in Latin vowel reduction." Phonology 29, no. 3 (December 2012): 465–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675712000231.
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During the fixed initial-stress period of Latin (sixth to fifth centuries BC), internal open syllable vowels were totally neutralised, usually raising to /i/ (*per.fa.ki.oː>perficiō ‘I complete’), whereas in closed syllables /a/ was raised to /e/, but the other vowels remained distinct (*per.fak.tos>perfectus ‘completed’). Miller (1972) explains closed syllable resistance by positing internal secondary stress on closed syllables. However, evidence from vowel reduction and syncope suggest that internal syllables never bore stress in early archaic times. A typologically unusual alternative is proposed: contrary to the pattern normally found (Maddieson 1985), vowels had longer duration in closed syllables than in open syllables, as in Turkish and Finnish, thus permitting speakers to attain the targets for non-high vowels in closed syllables. This durational pattern is manifested not only in vowel reduction, but also in the quantitative changes seen in ‘classical’ and ‘inverse’ compensatory lengthenings, the development CVːCV > CVC and ‘superheavy’ degemination (VːCCV > VːCV).
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Robb, Michael P., and John H. Saxman. "Syllable Durations of Preword and Early Word Vocalizations." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 33, no. 3 (September 1990): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3303.583.
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The continuity in development of syllable duration patterns was examined in 7 young children as they progressed from preword to multiword periods of vocalization development. Using a combination of lexical and chronological age points, monthly vocalization samples were analyzed for bisyllable duration and final syllable lengthening. Results revealed no systematic increase or decrease in the duration of bisyllables produced by the children as a group. Lengthening of final syllables was observed across nearly all recording sessions for all children. It is likely that the feature of bisyllable duration is not discernibly sensitive to changes associated with a developing speech mechanism and environmental input. On the other hand, the regularity in final syllable lengthening is consistent with a continuity theory of development.
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Lee, Myoung Soon, and Hyun Park. "Acoustic characteristics of resyllabification process in Korean." Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2021.00549.
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Purpose: This study aims to analyze acoustic characteristics of Korean words and nonwords according to resyllabification and meaningfulness.Methods: The experimental data consisted of 10 homonyms and 10 corresponding words. Computerized Speech Lab (CSL) 4150B was used in a quiet place for recording. Moreover, the randomized word list was presented to 20 subjects, and they were asked to read naturally as if they were talking comfortably to the subjects. The analysis program was Praat 6151 win 64bit (Boersma & Weenink, 2021). Pitch, intensity, and duration of the words and the first and the second syllables were measured, and the resyllabification liaison rules and resyllabification influenced them. To investigate acoustic characteristics according to resyllabification, independent sample t-test and multivariate test were conducted using SPSS 26 for the statistical processing of a syllable’s pitch, intensity, and duration changes.Results: First, there was a significant difference between the groups in post-syllable pitch ratio in words and nonwords, which was 40s–50s pitch change was greater than that of 20s–30s. Second, the post-syllable pitch ratio was a significant difference between gender groups and according to the effect of the liaison rule. Third, the post-syllable duration ratio showed a significant difference between age groups. The post-syllable pitch ratio was a significant difference according to the effect of the liaison rule.Conclusions: Therefore, when resyllabifications are generated by the liaison rule, the change of the post-syllable pitch can be explained by the focus prosody, and further research will be needed to establish a solid basis for this study.
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Czyżowski, Piotr, Sławomir Beeger, Mariusz Wójcik, Dorota Jarmoszczuk, Mirosław Karpiński, and Marian Flis. "Analysis of the Territorial Vocalization of the Pheasants Phasianus colchicus." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 3209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223209.
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The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the duration of the mating season and the time of day on the parameters of the vocalization pheasants (duration of vocalization, frequency of the sound wave, intervals between vocalizations). In the study, pheasant vocalization recorded in the morning (600–800) and in the afternoon (1600–1800) between April and June 2020 was analyzed. In total, the research material consisted of 258 separate vocalizations. After recognition of the individual songs of each bird, frequency-time indicators were collected from the samples to perform statistical analysis of the recorded sounds. The duration of the first syllable [s], the duration of the second syllable [s], the duration of the pause between the syllables [s], the intervals between successive vocalizations [min], and the peak frequency of the syllables I and II [Hz] were specified for each song. The duration of the syllables and the pauses between the syllables and vocalizations were determined through evaluation of spectrograms. The peak amplitude frequencies of the syllables were determined via time-frequency STFT analysis. Statistically significant differences in the distributions of the values of all variables between the analyzed months were demonstrated. The longest duration of total vocalization and the shortest time between vocalizations were recorded in May. Therefore, this month is characterized by the highest frequency and longest duration of vocalization, which is related to the peak of the reproductive period. The time of day was found to exert a significant effect on all variables except the duration of syllable II. The duration of vocalization was significantly shorter in the morning, which indicates that the cooks are more active at this time of day in the study area. The highest peak amplitude frequencies of both syllables were recorded in April, but they decreased in the subsequent months of observation. The time of day was also shown to have an impact on the peak amplitude frequencies, which had the highest values in the morning.
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Łukaszewicz, Beata, and Janina Mołczanow. "The role of vowel parameters in defining lexical and subsidiary stress in Ukrainian." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 54, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2018-0014.
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Abstract Recent work suggests that Ukrainian represents a typologically rare bidirectional stress system with internal lapses, i.e. sequences of unstressed syllables in the vicinity of primary stress (Łukaszewicz and Mołczanow 2018a, b). The system is more intricate than the hitherto known bidirectional systems (e.g. Polish), and thus interesting from the theoretical perspective, as it involves interaction between free lexical stress and secondary stresses. Lexical and subsidiary prominence in Ukrainian have been shown to be expressed acoustically in terms of increased duration of the whole syllable. This leaves open the question of the role of classic vowel parameters in shaping prominence effects in this language. The present study fills this gap by investigating vowel duration, intensity, and F0 as potential acoustic correlates of primary and secondary stress in Ukrainian. It focuses on words with primary stress on the fifth syllable. Such words are predicted to have secondary stress on the first and third syllables. The results point to statistically significant lengthening of vowels carrying lexical stress as well as of those in the initial syllable, but not in the third syllable. A possible explanation is that other parameters, e.g. consonant duration, may be crucial in the case of word-internal subsidiary stress in Ukrainian.
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Service, Elisabet. "The Effect of Word Length on Immediate Serial Recall Depends on Phonological Complexity, Not Articulatory Duration." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 51, no. 2 (May 1998): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755759.
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Immediate recall for sequences of short words is better than for sequences of long words. This word-length effect has been thought to depend on the spoken duration of the words (Baddeley, Thomson, & Buchanan, 1975) or their phonological complexity (Caplan, Rochon, & Waters, 1992). In Finnish both vowel and consonant quantity distinguish between words. Long phonemes behave like phoneme repetitions. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with auditory lists of three kinds of pseudowords based on Finnish phonotactics: short CVCV-structures (e.g. / tepa/), long two-syllable items with long phonemes (e.g. / te: p: a/), and long three-syllable items with CVCVCV structures (e.g. / tepalo/). Although both kinds of long stimuli (of identical spoken length) took longer to read, only three-syllable items were more difficult to remember than the short stimuli. Experiment 2 contrasted the effect of number of syllables with number of different phonemes. The long two-syllable items were replaced by two-syllable items of equal spoken duration but containing six different phonemes (e.g. / tiempa/). These two-syllable items were as difficult to recall as were the three-syllable items. Experiment 3 controlled for the possibility that long stimuli might be rehearsed in a shorter form. It is concluded that aspects of phonological complexity are critical for word-length effects. Implications of this finding for working memory theory are discussed, and future work based on multi-layered phonological representations is proposed.
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Nur, Farah, Dedy Eko Aryanto, and Nelita Indah Islami. "Analisis Segmentasi Silabel dan Fonem dalam Kalimat Perintah (Kajian Fonologi)." GHANCARAN: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 16–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/ghancaran.v3i1.4424.
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This study aims to explain and analyze the segmentation of syllables and phonemes in command sentences using phonological studies. This research uses descriptive quantitative method. The data collection technique used was the analysis of data interpretation and the data source used came from an informant who then segmented the voice of the informant using the PRAAT application. The six data discussed in this study are: (1) images of the annotation results of sound segmentation using the PRAAT application, (2) the number of words, syllables, and syllable patterns in each sentence, (3) description of the number of phonemes in each sentence, (4) sentence duration , (5) the whole syllable, and (6) the whole phoneme. The results of this study indicate that a sentence can be analyzed and segmented using technology-based applications, from this analysis can be seen the duration, syllable, phonemes, and words. Segmentsai analysis is carried out in accordance with what the informant pronounces, so that the sound produced by the informant must be clear.
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Favaro, Livio, Marco Gamba, Eleonora Cresta, Elena Fumagalli, Francesca Bandoli, Cristina Pilenga, Valentina Isaja, Nicolas Mathevon, and David Reby. "Do penguins’ vocal sequences conform to linguistic laws?" Biology Letters 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 20190589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0589.
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Information compression is a general principle of human language: the most frequent words are shorter in length (Zipf's Law of Brevity) and the duration of constituents decreases as the size of the linguistic construct increases (Menzerath–Altmann Law). Vocal sequences of non-human primates have been shown to conform to both these laws, suggesting information compression might be a more general principle. Here, we investigated whether display songs of the African penguin, which mediate recognition, intersexual mate choice and territorial defence, conform with these laws. Display songs are long, loud sequences combining three types of syllables. We found that the shortest type of syllable was the most frequent (with the shortest syllable being repeated stereotypically, potentially favouring signal redundancy in crowded environments). We also found that the average duration of the song's constituents was negatively correlated with the size of the song (a consequence of increasing the relative number of the shortest syllable type, rather than reducing the duration across all syllable types, thus preserving the communication of size-related information in the duration of the longest syllable type). Our results provide the first evidence for conformity to Zipf's and Menzerath–Altmann Laws in the vocal sequences of a non-primate species, indicating that these laws can coexist with selection pressures specific to the species' ecology.
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Marquardt, Thomas P., Georgia Duffy, and Michael P. Cannito. "Acoustic Analysis of Accurate Word Stress Patterning in Patients With Apraxia of Speech and Broca's Aphasia." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 4, no. 4 (November 1995): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0404.180.
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Stress-marking strategies employed by subjects with apraxia of speech were compared to those of matched normal controls, for real disyllabic words produced in isolation and in sentences, across acoustic variables of fundamental frequency, syllable duration, and vocal intensity. Heterogeneity of stress marking in terms of acoustic trading relationships was observed in both the apraxic and normal subjects. Strategies varied depending on whether words were produced in isolation or in sentences, and whether the first or second syllable was stressed. Allowing for marked durational increases in apraxia, there were negligible differences in stress marking between groups. However, some idiosyncratic strategies and a tendency toward reduced durational contrast between stressed and unstressed syllables were observed.
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Duez, Danielle. "Syllable structure, syllable duration and final lengthening in Parkinsonian French speech." Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders 4, no. 1 (January 2006): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14769670500485513.
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Brighenti, Laura, and Peter Homel. "Syllable duration in Italian and Japanese." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 3 (September 1993): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.407531.
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Davidson, Lisa, and 'Ōiwi Parker Jones. "Competing prosodic influences on VOT length in Hawaiian." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016288.
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Previous research on voice onset time shows that VOT in unaspirated stops is at best only weakly affected by prosodic strengthening (Hodgson, 2021; Simonet et al., 2014). VOT duration is analyzed in Hawaiian, which has only /p k/, in conjunction with a prosodic analysis, to determine its stop type, and investigate whether prosodic boundaries condition VOT length. Data comprise speech from seven speakers interviewed on the radio program Ka Leo Hawai‘i in the 1970–80s (Kettig, 2021). Using the computational prosodic grammar in Parker Jones (2010), stops were coded for whether they occurred in lexical word-initial/medial position, in a stressed/unstressed syllable, and in prosodic word-initial/medial position. The results indicate that the average duration of /p/ is 24ms and /k/ is 41ms, the latter being on the higher end of unaspirated stop ranges (Cho and Ladefoged, 1999). VOT is significantly longer before stressed word-medial syllables, but shorter before stressed word-initial syllables. For word-medial stressed syllables, VOT is also significantly longer when the syllable is in prosodic-word initial position. VOT length may have separate functions in Hawaiian unaspirated stops: strengthen a lexical word boundary especially before an unstressed syllable via shortening, but lengthen word-medially to demarcate a prosodic word boundary.
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Ochs, Marleen T., Larry E. Humes, Ralph N. Ohde, and D. Wesley Grantham. "Frequency Discrimination Ability and Stop-Consonant Identification in Normally Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Subjects." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3201.133.
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Identification of place of articulation in the synthesized syllables/bi/,/di/, and /gi/ was examined in three groups of listeners: (a) normal hearers, (b) subjects with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, and (c) normally hearing subjects listening in noise. Stimuli with an appropriate second formant (F2) transition (moving-F2 stimuli) were compared with stimuli in which F2 was constant (straight-F2 stimuli) to examine the importance of the F2 transition in stop-consonant perception. For straight-F2 stimuli, burst spectrum and F2 frequency were appropriate for the syllable involved. Syllable duration also was a variable, with formant durations of 10, 19, 28, and 44 ms employed. All subjects' identification performance improved as stimulus duration increased. The groups were equivalent in terms of their identification of /di/ and /gi/ syllables, whereas the hearing-impaired and noise-masked normal listeners showed impaired performance for/bi/, particularly for the straight-F2 version. No difference in performance among groups was seen for /di/ and /gi/ stimuli for moving-F2 and straight-F2 versions. Second-formant frequency discrimination measures suggested that subjects' discrimination abilities were not acute enough to take advantage of the formant transition in the /di/and /gi/stimuli.
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Keane, Elinor. "Prominence in Tamil." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100306002337.
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This paper investigates whether or not there are phonetic correlates of prominence at the word level in Tamil that can be associated with word-initial stress. There is no lexically distinctive stress but there are indications in previous work – based on impressionistic judgements and experimental evidence of vowel reduction patterns – that word-initial syllables may be prominent. Sets of words containing segmentally identical syllables in different positions within the word, e.g. [nariku], [kanavu] and [w o:dina] were recorded by five speakers in a carrier phrase. The prosodic properties of the test syllables were compared to establish whether syllable position had a significant effect. No consistent results were found for either duration or loudness: their role at the word level in Tamil seems to be confined to marking intrinsic segmental and quantitative distinctions. Significant differences in F0 related to syllable position would be consistent with initial syllables bearing abstract word-level prominence. This would be marked primarily through the association of phrasal pitch accents, unaccompanied by independent differences of loudness or robust durational effects.
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HÄIKIÖ, Tuomo, and Seppo VAINIO. "Syllables and inflectional morphemes in early Finnish readers: evidence from eye-movements." Journal of Child Language 45, no. 5 (May 16, 2018): 1227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000132.
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AbstractFinnish is a language with simple syllable structure but rich morphology. It was investigated whether syllables or morphemes are preferred processing units in early reading. To this end, Finnish first- and second-grade children read sentences with embedded inflected target words while their eye-movements were registered. The target words were either in essive or inessive/adessive (i.e., locative) case. The target words were either non-hyphenated, or had syllable-congruent or syllable-incongruent hyphenation. For the locatives, the syllable-incongruent hyphenation coincided with the morpheme boundary, but this was not the case for the essives. It was shown that the second-graders were slowed down by hyphenation to a larger extent than first-graders. However, there was no slowdown in gaze duration for either age group when the syllable-incongruent hyphen was morpheme-congruent. These findings suggest that Finnish readers already utilize morpheme-level information during the first grade.
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Myers, Scott. "Tone association and F₀ timing in Chichewa." Studies in African Linguistics 28, no. 2 (June 15, 1999): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v28i2.107375.
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In Chichewa (Bantu, Malawi), a high tone is realized as a peak in fundamental frequency (fO). In this study, the timing of fO peaks relative to the duration of the high-toned syllable was measured for high tones in phrase-medial, -penultimate and -final positions. No phonetic support was found for the assumption in the literature that a phrase-medial high tone is spread over two syllables. Instead, it was found that such a high tone is realized with a significantly later fO peak than a high tone in the last two syllables. On the other hand, support was found for Kanerva's proposal that a phrase-final high tone is shifted in phonological representation to the phrase-penultimate syllable.
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Rangarathnam, Balaji, Sreejyothi Bhaskaran, and R. Manjula. "Narrative Anacrusis: A Descriptive Analysis in Healthy Adults Speaking English." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 5, no. 1 (November 14, 2014): 528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v5i1.5198.
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Anacrusis is the tendency to produce one or more unstressed syllables at the beginning of an utterance in a language. Such syllables are often pronounced rapidly and strongly reduced in duration. Anacrusis has been reported extensively in music, while studies related to spoken language are sparse. This study aimed to analyze the occurrences of anacrusis in narrative speech of healthy Asian-Indian adults speaking English. This was carried out by perceptually identifying the intonation groups and to identify anacrustic and non-anacrustic occurrences with reference to the primary stress and to acoustically verify the presence of ‘anacrusis using the measure verage syllable duration index. Ten healthy Asian-Indian adults [5 males and 5 females] within the age range of 18-25 years, proficient in English, participated in the study. The task was to narrate on a topic (college life) for 1 minute. The samples were audio recorded and perceptually analyzed for primary stress. Further, the average syllable duration of each utterance was calculated. Results suggest that anacrusis was often noticed in the initial part of the intonation groups but there were few instances where the anacrustic segments occurred in the medial or final positions also. More identifications of primary stress were observed in the non-anacrustic utterances compared to the anacrustic utterances. Average syllable duration increased as the word position moved from first word position to the final word position in an intonation group suggesting the presence of anacrusis. The anacrustic and non-anacrustic segments in each intonation groups on an average exhibited a 1/3rd: 2/3rd representation.
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Kristoffersen, Gjert. "Level Stress in North Germanic." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 20, no. 2 (June 2008): 87–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542708000044.
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This article is an investigation of the acoustic properties of the so-called level stress prosody still found in some varieties of North Germanic. Level stress occurs in disyllabic words where a light root syllable has been preserved from Old North Germanic, and is described as having stress more or less evenly distributed across the two syllables. It is argued that level stress is the result of a perceptual ambiguity caused by the delayed synchronization of the accent 2 melody in level stress words, due to the shorter duration of the light root syllable. Due to this delay, both syllables may be interpreted as independent tonal and thereby stressed accent 1 domains, competing with the “normal” interpretation of the two syllables as an accent 2 domain with initial stress.*
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TANG, Ping, Ivan YUEN, Nan XU RATTANASONE, Liqun GAO, and Katherine DEMUTH. "Acquisition of weak syllables in tonal languages: acoustic evidence from neutral tone in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 24–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000296.
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AbstractWeak syllables in Germanic and Romance languages have been reported to be challenging for young children, with syllable omission and/or incomplete reduction persisting till age five. In Mandarin Chinese, neutral tone (T0) involves a weak syllable with varied pitch realizations across (preceding) tonal contexts and short duration. The present study examined how and when T0 was acquired by 108 Beijing Mandarin-speaking children (3–5 years) relative to 33 adult controls. Lexicalized (familiar) and non-lexicalized (unfamiliar) T0 words were elicited in different preceding tonal contexts. Unlike previous reports, the present study revealed that children as young as three years have already developed a phonological category for T0, exhibiting contextually conditioned tonal realizations of T0 for both familiar and unfamiliar items. However, mastery of adult-like pitch and duration implementation of T0 is a protracted process not completed until age five. The implications for the acquisition of weak syllables more generally are discussed.
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Cruz, Regina Célia Fernandes, Benedita do Socorro Pinto Borges, Jany Éric Queirós Ferreira, Albert Rilliard, and Emanuel da Silva Fontel. "Acoustic analysis of prosodic features of lexical stress in Brazilian Portuguese." Journal of Speech Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v5i2.15072.
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The current work revisits the prosodic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese (PB) lexical stress, matching an acoustic approach and sociolinguistic corpus. We analyze here speech samples of 6 native speakers of PB, from Pará, stratified into sex and having a high educational level. The corpus is formed of three random repeats of 21 words, being 7 by lexical stress, inserted in a vehicle phrase (Eu digo _____ devagar). As the 3 syllables of each word were analyzed, the final corpus is composed of 1134 tokens (3 kinds of lexical stress x 7 words x 3 syllables x 3 repetitions x 6 speakers). In order to validate the hypothesis, the mean fundamental frequency (F0) was calculated in semitone and the intensity (dB) taken in the nuclear element of each syllable. Duration (ms) was measured considering the whole syllable. The data demonstrate that duration is the most robust physical parameter in the distinction between stressed and unstressed syllables. The pre-tonic syllables, in the case of the paroxytones and oxytones, register the greatest number of F0 variations. The intensity was not a robust parameter in the characterization of lexical stress in BP.
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MIYASAKA, Kiyotaka, Yuji SAKAMOTO, and Takahiro YAMANOI. "Electromyogram Based Prediction of Spoken Syllable Duration." Journal of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Intelligent Informatics 33, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3156/jsoft.33.3_718.
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Wu, Fei, and Michael Kenstowicz. "Duration reflexes of syllable structure in Mandarin." Lingua 164 (September 2015): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.06.010.
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Fletcher, Janet, and Andrew McVeigh. "Segment and syllable duration in Australian English." Speech Communication 13, no. 3-4 (December 1993): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(93)90034-i.
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Lima Junior, Ronaldo Mangueira, and Guilherme Duarte Garcia. "Probing rhythmic patterns in english-L2." Journal of Speech Sciences 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v6i1.14984.
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Languages are traditionally classified as mora-timed, syllable-timed or stress-timed in relation to their rhythmic patterns. The distinction between syllable-timed and stress-timed languages, however, lacks solid evidence in the literature. Syllable-timed languages typically have similar duration across unstressed and stressed syllables, whereas stress-timed languages tend to have similar inter-stress intervals, and unstressed syllables are shorter than stressed syllables. According to this categorical classification, English is a stress-timed language, thus having more reduction in unstressed vowels. Brazilian Portuguese, on the other hand, is typically classified as syllable-timed, and thus has little reduction of unstressed vowels. If these categorical rhythmic differences are correct, then acquiring the rhythmic patterns of English should be a challenging task to Brazilian learners, who are not expected to produce unstressed vowels with as much reduction as English native speakers. However, recent studies have found that the typology of rhythm is best understood as not categorical, but rather gradient, and that Brazilian Portuguese has a mixed classification, with more stress timing than would be expected from a traditional and categorical perspective. We therefore hypothesize that Brazilian learners of English should not have major difficulties reducing unstressed vowels, even when exposed to the second language later in life. To test this hypothesis, we analyze production data of native speakers of English (control group) and of Brazilian advanced learners of English.
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Lim, Byung‐jin. "Effects of syllable structure and syllable boundary on segment duration in Seoul Korean." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, no. 5 (May 2000): 2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.429030.
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García, Nuria Martínez, and Melanie Uth. "Lack of Syllable Duration as a Post-Lexical Acoustic Cue in Spanish in Contact with Maya." Languages 4, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4040084.
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This paper focuses on the duration of stressed syllables in broad versus contrastive focus in Yucatecan Spanish and examines its connection with Spanish–Maya bilingualism. We examine the claim that phonemic vowel length in one language prevents the use of syllable duration as a post-lexical acoustic cue in another. We study the duration of stressed syllables of nouns in subject and object position in subject-verb-object (SVO) sentences (broad and contrastive focus) of a semi-spontaneous production task. One thousand one hundred and twenty-six target syllables of 34 mono- and bilingual speakers were measured and submitted to linear mixed-effects models. Although the target syllables were slightly longer in contrastive focus, duration was not significant, nor was the effect of bilingualism. The results point to duration not constituting a cue to focus marking in Yucatecan Spanish. Finally, it is discussed how this result relates to the strong influence of Yucatec Maya on Yucatecan Spanish prosody observed by both scholars and native speakers of Yucatecan Spanish and other Mexican varieties of Spanish.
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Zhu, Jiaqiang, Xiaoxiang Chen, Fei Chen, and Seth Wiener. "Individuals With Congenital Amusia Show Degraded Speech Perception but Preserved Statistical Learning for Tone Languages." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 65, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00383.
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Purpose: Individuals with congenital amusia exhibit degraded speech perception. This study examined whether adult Chinese Mandarin listeners with amusia were still able to extract the statistical regularities of Mandarin speech sounds, despite their degraded speech perception. Method: Using the gating paradigm with monosyllabic syllable–tone words, we tested 19 Mandarin-speaking amusics and 19 musically intact controls. Listeners heard increasingly longer fragments of the acoustic signal across eight duration-blocked gates. The stimuli varied in syllable token frequency and syllable–tone co-occurrence probability. The correct syllable–tone word, correct syllable-only, correct tone-only, and correct syllable–incorrect tone responses were compared respectively between the two groups using mixed-effects models. Results: Amusics were less accurate than controls in terms of the correct word, correct syllable-only, and correct tone-only responses. Amusics, however, showed consistent patterns of top-down processing, as indicated by more accurate responses to high-frequency syllables, high-probability tones, and tone errors all in manners similar to those of the control listeners. Conclusions: Amusics are able to learn syllable and tone statistical regularities from the language input. This extends previous work by showing that amusics can track phonological segment and pitch cues despite their degraded speech perception. The observed speech deficits in amusics are therefore not due to an abnormal statistical learning mechanism. These results support rehabilitation programs aimed at improving amusics' sensitivity to pitch.
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Isola, Gaurav R., Anca Vochin, and Jon T. Sakata. "Manipulations of inhibition in cortical circuitry differentially affect spectral and temporal features of Bengalese finch song." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 815–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00142.2019.
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The interplay between inhibition and excitation can regulate behavioral expression and control, including the expression of communicative behaviors like birdsong. Computational models postulate varying degrees to which inhibition within vocal motor circuitry influences birdsong, but few studies have tested these models by manipulating inhibition. Here we enhanced and attenuated inhibition in the cortical nucleus HVC (used as proper name) of Bengalese finches ( Lonchura striata var. domestica). Enhancement of inhibition (with muscimol) in HVC dose-dependently reduced the amount of song produced. Infusions of higher concentrations of muscimol caused some birds to produce spectrally degraded songs, whereas infusions of lower doses of muscimol led to the production of relatively normal (nondegraded) songs. However, the spectral and temporal structures of these nondegraded songs were significantly different from songs produced under control conditions. In particular, muscimol infusions decreased the frequency and amplitude of syllables, increased various measures of acoustic entropy, and increased the variability of syllable structure. Muscimol also increased sequence durations and the variability of syllable timing and syllable sequencing. Attenuation of inhibition (with bicuculline) in HVC led to changes to song distinct from and often opposite to enhancing inhibition. For example, in contrast to muscimol, bicuculline infusions increased syllable amplitude, frequency, and duration and decreased the variability of acoustic features. However, like muscimol, bicuculline increased the variability of syllable sequencing. These data highlight the importance of inhibition to the production of stereotyped vocalizations and demonstrate that changes to neural dynamics within cortical circuitry can differentially affect spectral and temporal features of song. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We reveal that manipulations of inhibition in the cortical nucleus HVC affect the structure, timing, and sequencing of syllables in Bengalese finch song. Enhancing and blocking inhibition led to opposite changes to the acoustic structure and timing of vocalizations, but both caused similar changes to vocal sequencing. These data provide support for computational models of song control but also motivate refinement of existing models to account for differential effects on syllable structure, timing, and sequencing.
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Bauer, Anne, Lutz Jäncke, and Karl Theodor Kalveram. "Mechanical Perturbation of Jaw Movements during Speech: Effects on Articulation and Phonation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3_suppl (June 1995): 1108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3c.1108.
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12 subjects uttered the testword /papapas/ repeatedly with three different speech rates and two stress patterns. On 17% randomly chosen trials, a mechanical load was applied unpredictably to the jaw in the direction of the opening movement. Load onset was triggered by the start of the first phonation. Analysis showed that the opening and closing displacements of the jaw movement in the first syllable were not influenced significantly by the perturbation. The load application prolonged the duration of the jaw movement in unstressed syllables but not in stressed syllables. Further, the mechanical perturbation of the jaw led to increased duration of phonation in unstressed syllables only, the effect for duration of phonation being greater at higher speech rates. These results demonstrate a coupling between articulation and phonation.
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Tseng, Shu-Chuan. "Chinese disyllabic words in conversation." Chinese Language and Discourse 5, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.5.2.05tse.
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This paper presents a study of segment duration in Chinese disyllabic words. The study accounts for boundary-related factors at levels of syllable, word, prosodic unit, and discourse unit. Face-to-face conversational speech data annotated with signal-aligned, multi-layer linguistic information was used for the analysis. A series of quantitative results show that Chinese disyllabic words have a long first syllable onset and a long second syllable rhyme, suggesting an edge effect of disyllabic words. This is in line with disyllabic merger in Chinese that preserves the onset of the first syllable and the rhyme of the second syllable. A shortening effect at prosodic and discourse unit initiation locations is due to a duration reduction of the second syllable onset, whereas the common phenomenon of pre-boundary lengthening is mainly a result of the second syllable rhyme prolongation including the glide, nucleus, and coda. Morphologically inseparable disyllabic words in principle follow the “long first onset and long second rhyme” duration pattern. But diverse duration patterns were found in words with a head-complement and a stem-suffix construction, suggesting that word morphology may also play a role in determining the duration pattern of Chinese disyllabic words in conversational speech.
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Aylett, Matthew, and Alice Turk. "Language redundancy predicts syllabic duration and the spectral characteristics of vocalic syllable nuclei." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (May 2006): 3048–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2188331.
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CARTER, ALLYSON, and LOUANN GERKEN. "Do children's omissions leave traces?" Journal of Child Language 31, no. 3 (August 2004): 561–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090400621x.
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When English-speaking two-year-olds begin producing polysyllabic words, they often omit unstressed syllables that precede syllables with primary stress (Allen & Hawkins, 1980; Klein, 1981; Gerken, 1994a). One proposed mechanism for these omissions is that children omit syllables at a phonological level, due to prosodic constraints that act on outputs. Under such accounts, it has been largely assumed that these syllables are simply missing, or deleted, from children's outputs. The present research consists of a pair of experiments that tested this assumption by investigating the acoustic properties of utterances manifesting or lacking weak initial syllable omissions. In the two experiments, 33 two-year-old children were asked to imitate sentences like ‘He kissed Lucinda’ (often reduced as expected to a disyllabic trochaic form, e.g. ‘He kissed _cinda’) and ‘He kissed Cindy’. Durations of each child's imitations were measured from the onset of the verb to the onset of the name, for each pair of sentences containing the reduced or unreduced disyllabic forms, for example, ‘kissed _cinda’ vs. ‘kissed Cindy’. Our results yielded a significantly longer duration for the verb-onset to name-onset portion of sentences containing reduced ‘_cinda’-type names than for sentences with ‘Cindy’-type names. This finding provides evidence that children do not completely delete weak syllables. Rather, the data from the phonetic analysis indicate that some prosodic trace exists of the omitted syllable.
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Zebrowski, Patricia M. "Duration of the Speech Disfluencies of Beginning Stutterers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 3 (June 1991): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3403.183.
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This study compared the duration of within-word disfluencies and the number of repeated units per instance of sound/syllable and whole-word repetitions of beginning stutterers to those produced by age- and sex-matched nonstuttering children. Subjects were 10 stuttering children [9 males and 1 female; mean age 4:1 (years:months); age range 3:2–5:0], and 10 nonstuttering children (9 males and 1 female; mean age 4:0; age range: 2:10–5:1). Mothers of the stuttering children reported that their children had been stuttering for 1 year or less. One 300-word conversational speech sample from each of the stuttering and nonstuttering children was analyzed for (a) mean duration of sound/syllable repetition and sound prolongation, (b) mean number of repeated units per instance of sound/syllable and whole-word repetition, and (c) various related measures of the frequency of all between- and within-word speech disfluencies. There were no significant between-group differences for either the duration of acoustically measured sound/syllable repetitions and sound prolongations or the number of repeated units per instance of sound/syllable and whole-word repetition. Unlike frequency and type of speech disfluency produced, average duration of within-word disfluencies and number of repeated units per repetition do not differentiate the disfluent speech of beginning stutterers and their nonstuttering peers. Additional analyses support findings from previous perceptual work that type and frequency of speech disfluency, not duration, are the principal characteristics listeners use in distinguishing these two talker groups.
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Duanmu, San. "Syllabic weight and syllabic duration: a correlation between phonology and phonetics." Phonology 11, no. 1 (May 1994): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001822.
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This paper explores a correlation between phonology and phonetics. It first reviews a phonological analysis that proposes that all full Mandarin rhymes are heavy and that all Shanghai rhymes are underlyingly light. Then it reports a small phonetic experiment that attempts to determine whether there is a phonetic correlate for the phonological claim. Four Mandarin speakers and five Shanghai speakers were recorded, each reading five sentences four times at normal speed. Average syllable durations were determined. It was found that the average syllable duration in Mandarin was 215 ms and that in Shanghai was 162 ms. Statistics show that the durational difference is significant. The result thus agrees with the phonological analysis. Implications and limitations of the present study will be discussed.
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MOK, PEGGY P. K. "The acquisition of speech rhythm by three-year-old bilingual and monolingual children: Cantonese and English." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 4 (July 19, 2011): 458–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000453.
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This study investigates the acquisition of speech rhythm by Cantonese–English bilingual children and their age-matched monolingual peers. Languages can be classified in terms of rhythmic characteristics that define English as stress-timed and Cantonese as syllable-timed. Few studies have examined the concurrent acquisition of rhythmically different languages in bilingual children. This study uses data of six Cantonese–English bilingual children around age 3;0 and compares them with six monolingual children in each language using recently developed acoustic rhythmic metrics on consonantal, vocalic and syllabic intervals. Qualitative data on syllable structure complexity and vowel quality are also included. Results on syllable duration show that monolingual children display distinct rhythmic patterns while the differences between the two languages of the bilingual children are less distinct. Bilingual English has less durational variability than monolingual English. Bilingual children have a distinct phonological developmental trajectory from monolingual children, which is manifested in acquisition delay and is influenced by language dominance. This shows that the two phonologies interact at the prosodic level.
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Sinnott, Joan M., Charles H. Brown, and Melissa A. Borneman. "Effects of syllable duration on stop-glide identification in syllable-initial and syllable-final position by humans and monkeys." Perception & Psychophysics 60, no. 6 (September 1998): 1032–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03211937.
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Sinnott, Joan M., Melissa A. Borneman, and Paul A. Dagenais. "Effects of syllable duration on syllable‐final stop‐glide perception by humans and monkeys." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97, no. 5 (May 1995): 3247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.413033.
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Chai, Yuan, and Shihong Ye. "Checked Syllables, Checked Tones, and Tone Sandhi in Xiapu Min." Languages 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010047.
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A “checked” syllable usually refers to one with a short vowel and an oral or glottal coda, which results impressionistically in a “short” and “abrupt” quality. Although common in languages of the world, it is unclear how to characterize checked syllables phonetically. In this study, we investigated the acoustic features of checked syllables in citation and sandhi forms in Xiapu Min, an under-documented language from China. We conducted a production experiment and analyzed the F0, phonatory quality, vowel duration, and vowel quality in checked syllables. The results show that, in citation tones, checked syllables are realized with distinct F0 contours from unchecked syllables, along with glottalization in the end and a shorter duration overall. In sandhi tones, checked syllables lose their distinct F0 contours and become less glottalized. However, the shorter duration of checked syllables is retained in sandhi forms. This study lays out the acoustic properties that tend to be associated with checked syllables and can be used when testing checked syllables in other language varieties. The fact that in Xiapu Min sandhi checked tones become less glottalized but preserve their shorter duration suggests that, when checked syllables become unchecked diachronically, glottalization might be lost prior to duration lengthening.
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Jacks, Adam. "Acoustic Correlates of Prosodic Abnormality in Acquired Apraxia of Speech." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 19, no. 3 (October 2009): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld19.3.83.
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Abstract Purpose: Prosodic abnormality is one of the primary characteristics used for the perceptual differentiation between acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) and phonemic paraphasias in the context of fluent aphasia. Acoustic measures of speech prosody are not frequently used in the clinical assessment of AOS, but would be useful as a method of quantifying prosodic abnormality. The purpose of this paper is to describe acoustic characteristics of prosodic abnormality in adult speakers with AOS. Method: Previous investigations of acoustic measures of speech prosody in AOS were reviewed, focusing on studies of duration, fundamental frequency (F0), and speech intensity. Results and Conclusions: Prosodic abnormality in adults with AOS is primarily characterized by articulatory prolongation. In some individuals, relational patterns among syllables are retained despite overall increased duration, while others produce syllables that are temporally isolated, giving the impression that speech is programmed one syllable at a time. Syllable segregation is also noted in F0 and intensity contours that lack continuity across syllables. Metrics are suggested for use in quantification of prosodic abnormality in AOS. The review of findings, particularly slowed speech rate, is interpreted in the context of theoretical models of speech including impaired or intact feedback mechanisms in speakers with AOS.
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van de Ven, Marco, and Mirjam Ernestus. "The role of segmental and durational cues in the processing of reduced words." Language and Speech 61, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 358–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830917727774.
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In natural conversations, words are generally shorter and they often lack segments. It is unclear to what extent such durational and segmental reductions affect word recognition. The present study investigates to what extent reduction in the initial syllable hinders word comprehension, which types of segments listeners mostly rely on, and whether listeners use word duration as a cue in word recognition. We conducted three experiments in Dutch, in which we adapted the gating paradigm to study the comprehension of spontaneously uttered conversational speech by aligning the gates with the edges of consonant clusters or vowels. Participants heard the context and some segmental and/or durational information from reduced target words with unstressed initial syllables. The initial syllable varied in its degree of reduction, and in half of the stimuli the vowel was not clearly present. Participants gave too short answers if they were only provided with durational information from the target words, which shows that listeners are unaware of the reductions that can occur in spontaneous speech. More importantly, listeners required fewer segments to recognize target words if the vowel in the initial syllable was absent. This result strongly suggests that this vowel hardly plays a role in word comprehension, and that its presence may even delay this process. More important are the consonants and the stressed vowel.
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Almadakova, N. D. "Long vowel oo in nominal word forms in the subdialects of Ulagan dialect of Telengit language (in the comparative aspect)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 43 (2021): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/74/16.
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This paper discusses nominal word forms with a long vowel oо in the subdialects of the Ulagan dialect of the Telengit language. The Telengit language is considered as an independent language divided into two large dialects: Ulagan and Chuya. The diphthong oa in the Telos (Cholushman) subdialect of the Ulagan dialect corresponds to the long vowel oo of the first syllable in Balyktuyul, Saratan-Yazuli, Kara-Kuduyur, Chibilin, Chibit subdialects. The long vowel aa in other subdialects corresponds to the long vowel oo in the second syllable of bisyllables in the Chibit subdialect. As opposed to the literary language, in the Altai-Kizhi dialect, bisyllable word forms with a long vowel oo in the first syllable and a variant with a short vowel o in the first syllable are used. In addition, unlike literary language but as in the Ulagan and Chuya dialects of the Telengit language, Altai-Kizhi dialect has bisyllable word forms, with the long syllable oo of the first syllable followed by the labial vowel u in the second syllable. The long vowel oo and the diphthongs oa, ua are formed due to the drop of intervocalic consonants g, y, n, v. The duration (quantitativeness) of the vowel oo in the first syllables depends on the position in front of the narrow vowel in the second syllable and in front of the sonorous consonants r, l, m, n. The longitude of the vowel oo is formed during the morphological buildup of the possessive indicators and affix of the participle with the narrow vowel u.
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Gopal, H. S., and A. K. Syrdal. "Postvocalic consonantal voicing and constancy of syllable duration." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, S1 (December 1986): S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2024062.
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Santos, Raquel Santana, and Eneida Goes Leal. "Os domínios prosódicos e a duração de sílabas no português brasileiro (Prosodic domains and syllable duration in Brazilian Portuguese)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v8i2.1131.
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Este artigo analisa a variação da duração de sílabas em diferentes domínios prosódicos e pretende oferecer mais ferramentas que permitam analisar estruturas sintáticas através de pistas fonológicas. Nossos resultados apontam que sílabas pós-tônicas em final de enunciado são significantemente mais longas do que nos outros domínios. Eles também mostram que, enquanto o tipo de vogal não afeta a duração das sílabas átonas, o vozeamento das consoantes afetou os resultados. Finalmente, não há variação de resultados a depender de as palavras serem parte do léxico ou logatomas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Domínios Prosódicos. Duração. Interface Fonologia-Sintaxe.ABSTRACT This paper discusses syllable duration with respect to different prosodic domains and presents additional tools to analyze syntactic structures through phonological cues. Our results show that post-tonic syllables are longer at the intonational phrase boundary but not at other prosodic boundaries. The results also show that the type of vowel involved does not affect the duration of the syllable, but consonant voicing does. Finally, we show that both real words and logatoms do not affect the results. KEYWORDS: Prosodic Domains. Duration. Syntax-Phonology Interface.