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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Wang, I., J. Choudhury, W. Barker, and S. McNally. "DEVELOPING COAL SEAM METHANE IN THE SYDNEY BASIN." APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03030.

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Sydney Gas Ltd (SGL) believes that the growth of the new and exciting coal seam methane (CSM) industry will certainly offer significant economic, social, and environmental benefits to the State of NSW within both the short and the long-term.This paper overviews SGL’s CSM resource development program for the Sydney Basin in general. SGL’s acreage provides an extensive contiguous coverage of the Sydney Basin, and is ideal as it straddles the main gas transmission line from Wollongong to Newcastle.Gas content is one of the most crucial parameters for CSM resource development. This paper also discusses the method adopted by SGL highlighting the pitfalls in the gas content measurements adopted by previous explorers that caused substantial under-estimation of the CSM resource in the Southern Sydney Basin. Gas content determination comprises three components, i.e. lost gas (Q1), desorbed gas (Q2) and residual gas (Q3). Evaluation of earlier data acquired under an ambient temperature rather than reservoir temperature, was the first source of error which resulted in under-estimating gas content calculation. Zero time for desorption measurements was previously set at core retrieval time rather than core cutting time generating an additional error. That is particularly significant in a highly stress-sensitive coal seam such as the Bulli which is the main target for the CSM resource development in the Southern Sydney Basin.This paper has also addressed the commercial case for developing CSM as a new energy source in NSW, for so long dependent upon coal and interstate gas.

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2

Danis, Cara. "Sydney–Gunnedah–Bowen Basin deep 3D structure." Exploration Geophysics 43, no. 1 (March 2012): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg11043.

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3

Qureshi, I. R. "Positive gravity anomaly over the Sydney basin." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989191.

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A prominent positive gravity anomaly overlies the Macdonald trough in the Sydney basin. Allowing for isostatic compensation and the effect of sedimentary rocks, the anomaly is determined to have an amplitude of 440 GU (mms-2) and a width of 60 km. The anomaly is smoothed using cubic splines, FFT and IFFT. It is interpreted by a large mafic body of density 2.9 g cm-3 underlying the basin to a depth of 13.5 km. A 12 km wide zone with a small positive density contrast underlies the body within the lower crust.The steep western boundary of the body represents a major basement fault underlying the Lapstone monocline and Kurrajong Fault System.The anomaly is a member of the Meandarra Gravity Ridge which marks a zone of crustal extension within which dominant nature of intrusion is mafic in character.

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4

O'Reilly, S. Y. "Discussion: The Sydney Basin: Composition of basement." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 4 (December 1990): 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099008727947.

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5

Gero, A. F., and A. J. Pitman. "The Impact of Land Cover Change on a Simulated Storm Event in the Sydney Basin." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2337.1.

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Abstract The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) was run at a 1-km grid spacing over the Sydney basin in Australia to assess the impact of land cover change on a simulated storm event. The simulated storm used NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, first with natural (i.e., pre-European settlement in 1788) land cover and then with satellite-derived land cover representing Sydney's current land use pattern. An intense convective storm develops in the model in close proximity to Sydney's dense urban central business district under current land cover. The storm is absent under natural land cover conditions. A detailed investigation of why the change in land cover generates a storm was performed using factorial analysis, which revealed the storm to be sensitive to the presence of agricultural land in the southwest of the domain. This area interacts with the sea breeze and affects the horizontal divergence and moisture convergence—the triggering mechanisms of the storm. The existence of the storm over the dense urban area of Sydney is therefore coincidental. The results herein support efforts to develop parameterization of urban surfaces in high-resolution simulations of Sydney's meteorological environment but also highlight the need to improve the parameterization of other types of land cover change at the periphery of the urban area, given that these types dominate the explanation of the results.

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6

Alder, J. D., S. Hawley, T. Maung, J. Scott, R. D. Shaw, A. Sinelnikov, and G. Kouzmina. "PROSPECTIVITY OF THE OFFSHORE SYDNEY BASIN: A NEW PERSPECTIVE." APPEA Journal 38, no. 1 (1998): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97004.

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Approximately 40 per cent of the 52,000 km2 Sydney Basin lies in shallow waters (less than 200 m) off the central New South Wales coast. Containing more than 5,000 m of Permo-Triassic marine and non-marine sediments, and having been the subject of several previous exploration campaigns, no wells have been drilled in the offshore despite widespread numerous occurrences of oil and gas onshore.The Sydney Basin, together with the Bowen and Gunnedah basins, form a major longitudinal Permo-Triassic basinal complex stretching 2,500 km down the eastern margin of Australia. Whereas the onset of this basinal development may have been extensional, reinterpretation of seismic and other geophysical data highlight the potential role played in the early development of the Sydney Basin by easterly directed compression. A compressional style is to be contrasted with the dominantly extensional style interpreted by others for the adjacent onshore areas. The most conspicuous structural element in the offshore, the Offshore Uplift, is interpreted to represent the western overthrust edge of the Currarong Orogen. Accepting the Panthalassan margin geometry of Veevers and Powell (1994) it follows that the Offshore Uplift and restored Dampier Ridge would have constituted a 'greater Currarong Orogen'. A series of progressive westerly directed thrust fronts may have been established across the Panthalassan margin, including the uplifted western margin of the Currarong Orogen, which over-rode and created a thrust load onto the eastern margin of the Lachlan Fold Belt. Much of the Early Permian development of the Sydney Basin therefore could have resulted as a consequence of foreland loading. This is consistent with depositional trends including the overall westerly directed marine transgression which dominated the sedimentary record of the Early Permian. Alternatively, this marine transgression may represent the sag phase induced along a segment of the Bowen-Sydney rift system that had been offset by the Hunter River Transverse Zone from the Gunnedah Basin to a site coincident with the Offshore Syncline.Previous interpretations identified structural development of the Currarong Orogen as either a Cretaceous (Tasman Sea rift related) or Middle to Late Permian phenomena. Early Permian structural growth of the offshore Uplift has important implications for petroleum exploration. The major impediment to exploration appears to be the perception that the Sydney Basin lacks suitable reservoir targets and is gas-prone. Potential source and seal sequences occur extensively within both Early Permian marine shales and siltstones and Early and Late Permian coal measure sequences. The emerging uplift provided a major sediment provenance area and represented a barrier behind which restricted anoxic conditions flourished, conditions favouring the preservation of organic matter. Late Permian and Triassic sequences are absent across the crestal portions of the uplift. However, the emerging, sea-ward facing flank of the uplift would have been subject to marginal and shallow marine, wave-base, barrier and strand bar deposition during the Lower Permian, conditions known in the onshore to favour better reservoir development.Gas demand to the greater Sydney region is anticipated to exceed supply by the year 2000, and new gas markets are being eagerly sought in time for the expiration, in 2006, of the current contract under which gas is supplied to Sydney via the Moomba pipeline.Cretaceous, Tasman Sea rift related, structuring is subordinate to that of the earlier compressional and wrench related structuring. Several new structural targets have been added to the existing inventory of prospects and leads, including some now considered optiminally located with respect to source rock and reservoir development.

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7

Davidson, John, and Felipe Oliveira. "3D Mapping of NSW Project: Sydney-Gunnedah Basin." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018, no. 1 (December 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2018abp013.

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8

Leaman, D. E. "Geological note: The Sydney basin: Composition of basement." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 1 (March 1990): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099008727910.

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9

Grybowski, D. A. "EXPLORATION IN PERMIT NSW/P10 IN THE OFFSHORE SYDNEY BASIN." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91019.

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The offshore Sydney Basin is unique frontier acreage because it is adjacent to Australia's largest gas and petroleum market on the east coast of New South Wales. Although the onshore Sydney Basin has been tested by more than 100 petroleum exploration wells, no wells have been drilled offshore.New South Wales Permit NSW/P10 has an area of 9419 km2 and extends over the offshore northern and central Sydney Basin which contains Upper Carboniferous to Middle Triassic lithiclastic and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks and volcanics. Maximum depth to magnetic basement in NSW/P10 is greater that 9 km in the southern Macquarie Syncline and south of the New England Fold Belt at the continental margin. Recent seismic reprocessing and aeromagnetic surveying have focused the exploration effort on northern NSW/P10 where thick (greater than 1600 m) Upper Permian section containing source and reservoir facies is predicted. Other areas in the permit are less prospective because of widespread intrasedimentary magnetic bodies or the absence by erosion of Upper Permian and Triassic section.The Sydney Basin is an exhumed basin that reached its maximum depth of burial in the Early Cretaceous prior to basinwide uplift of 1.5-3.5 km during the Tasman Sea rifting. The magnitude and timing of the exhumation can be demonstrated with fluid inclusion, magnetisation, fission track and vitrinite reflectance data. The presence of commercial quantities of oil or gas in Upper Permian reservoirs depends on trap integrity having been maintained during the epeirogeny, or the re-migration of hydrocarbon into new traps.

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10

Retallack, Gregory J. "Early Triassic therapsid footprints from the Sydney Basin, Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 20, no. 4 (January 1996): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115519608619473.

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11

Leaman, D. E. "Reply to discussion: The Sydney Basin: Composition of basement." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 4 (December 1990): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099008727948.

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12

Ward, Colin R. "Minerals in bituminous coals of the Sydney basin (Australia) and the Illinois basin (U.S.A.)." International Journal of Coal Geology 13, no. 1-4 (July 1989): 455–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(89)90104-3.

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13

Cowan, E. Jun. "Longitudinal fluvial drainage patterns within a foreland basin-fill: Permo-Triassic Sydney Basin, Australia." Sedimentary Geology 85, no. 1-4 (May 1993): 557–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90102-b.

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14

McLoughlin, Stephen, Chris Mays, Vivi Vajda, Malcolm Bocking, Tracy D. Frank, and Christopher R. Fielding. "DWELLING IN THE DEAD ZONE—VERTEBRATE BURROWS IMMEDIATELY SUCCEEDING THE END-PERMIAN EXTINCTION EVENT IN AUSTRALIA." PALAIOS 35, no. 8 (August 27, 2020): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2020.007.

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ABSTRACT A distinctive burrow form, Reniformichnus australis n. isp., is described from strata immediately overlying and transecting the end-Permian extinction (EPE) horizon in the Sydney Basin, eastern Australia. Although a unique excavator cannot be identified, these burrows were probably produced by small cynodonts based on comparisons with burrows elsewhere that contain body fossils of the tracemakers. The primary host strata are devoid of plant remains apart from wood and charcoal fragments, sparse fungal spores, and rare invertebrate traces indicative of a very simplified terrestrial ecosystem characterizing a ‘dead zone' in the aftermath of the EPE. The high-paleolatitude (∼ 65–75°S) setting of the Sydney Basin, together with its higher paleoprecipitation levels and less favorable preservational potential, is reflected by a lower diversity of vertebrate fossil burrows and body fossils compared with coeval continental interior deposits of the mid-paleolatitude Karoo Basin, South Africa. Nevertheless, these burrows reveal the survivorship of small tetrapods in considerable numbers in the Sydney Basin immediately following the EPE. A fossorial lifestyle appears to have provided a selective advantage for tetrapods enduring the harsh environmental conditions that arose during the EPE. Moreover, high-paleolatitude and maritime settings may have provided important refugia for terrestrial vertebrates at a time of lethal temperatures at low-latitudes and aridification of continental interiors.

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15

Warren, Anne. "A tetrapod fauna from the Permian of the Sydney Basin." Records of the Australian Museum 49, no. 1 (July 4, 1997): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.49.1997.297.

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16

Young, R. W., R. A. L. Wray, K. L. White, and E. R. Hoskins. "Block gliding and rheological deformation in the Southern Sydney basin." Australian Geographer 26, no. 2 (November 1995): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189508703148.

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17

Denham, David. "Earthquake attack in the Sydney Basin: What is the risk?" Exploration Geophysics 23, no. 4 (September 1992): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg992579.

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18

Adamson, C. L., K. H. R. Moelle, and D. R. Mason. "Geological note: Pyro‐intrusive veins in the northeastern Sydney Basin." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no. 4 (December 1987): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098708729431.

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19

Danis, C., C. O'Neill, M. Lackie, L. Twigg, and A. Danis. "Deep 3D structure of the Sydney Basin using gravity modelling." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 5 (July 2011): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.565802.

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20

Nadri, D. "AVO analysis of a shallow reverse polarity in Sydney Basin." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2010, no. 1 (December 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/22020586.2010.12041978.

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21

Greenhalgh, S. A., M. Suprajitno, and D. W. King. "Shallow seismic reflection investigations of coal in the Sydney Basin." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 7 (July 1986): 1426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442191.

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Surface reflection profiling with the Mini‐SOSIE technique successfully mapped shallow coal seam structure in the western Sydney Basin, New South Wales. Several minor faults and zones of fracturing were detected. In regions of thick Triassic sandstone cover, data quality was poor and unsuitable for geologic interpretation. Synthetic seismograms based on nearby borehole and petrophysical control show excellent agreement with the Mini‐SOSIE sections and illustrate the deleterious filtering effects of coal seams and sequences. To establish a phenomenological basis for seismic wave propagation in shallow coal measures, two vertical seismic profiles (VSPs) which used small explosive charges were recorded with high spatial and temporal sampling. Numerous multiple reflections were observed in the downgoing wave display. The isolated upgoing waves were migrated to yield blurred images of the main coal seams. The subsurface velocity function, also deduced from the VSP, shows broad correlation with the geologic log. The VSP seismograms are not simple because of the combined effects of wave absorption, scattering, and interference. Such problems impede recovery of fine structural detail from seismic data in the shallow environment, particularly when a surface energy source is used.

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22

Carr, P. F. "Subduction-related Late Permian shoshonites of the Sydney Basin, Australia." Mineralogy and Petrology 63, no. 1-2 (1998): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01162768.

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23

CLARKE, ANNE, SARAH COLLEY, and MARTIN GIBBS. "Aboriginal prehistory, historical and contemporary archaeology in the Sydney Basin." Archaeology in Oceania 47, no. 2 (July 2012): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2012.tb00116.x.

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24

Rust, B. R., M. R. Gibling, M. A. Best, S. J. Dilles, and A. G. Masson. "A sedimentological overview of the coal-bearing Morien Group (Pennsylvanian), Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1869–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-177.

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The onshore part of the Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia, contains a 2 km fining-upward coal-bearing succession, the Pennsylvanian Morien Group. Facies analysis indicates an upward change in depositional environment from mid- through distal braid-plain to meandering fluvial plain. This change occurred earliest in the southeast part of the basin, where the meandering channels were incised through penecontemporaneous duricrusts. Northeastward drainage was maintained throughout, and the basin fill records gradually decreasing slopes as source relief was worn down and rate of subsidence declined during a period of increasing tectonic quiescence. The uneconomic coals of the lower Morien Group (South Bar and Waddens Cove formations) are thin and inextensive and formed in well-drained swamps of anabranches from the active braided system or between incised meandering channels. The economic coals of the upper Morien (Sydney Mines Formation) are more extensive and formed in broad, humid swamps of large flood basins between the unconfined channels of large meandering rivers.

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25

Danis, C., C. O'neill, and J. Lee. "Geothermal state of the Sydney Basin: assessment of constraints and techniques." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 59, no. 1 (February 2012): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.606504.

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26

Ward, C. R., A. C. Hutton, H. N. Bowman, and K. L. Pinetown. "Geological Advances in the Sydney Basin: introduction to the thematic issue." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, no. 3 (April 3, 2014): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2014.916752.

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27

Hart, D. M. "A fabric contrast soil on dolerite in the Sydney Basin, Australia." CATENA 15, no. 1 (February 1988): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(88)90014-8.

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28

Jones, J. Gilbert, Patrick J. Conaghan, and Kevin L. McDonnell. "Coal measures of an orogenic recess: Late Permian Sydney Basin, Australia." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 58, no. 3-4 (March 1987): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(87)90060-5.

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29

Cisterna, Gabriela A., and G. R. Shi. "Lower Permian Brachiopods from Wasp Head Formation, Sydney Basin, Southeastern Australia." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 3 (May 2014): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-004.

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Although there is a generally accepted framework for the Permian marine biogeography of Australia, significant uncertainties remain concerning the temporal biogeographical changes closely related to the timing of Permian glacial–interglacial events. Several recent studies along these research lines demonstrate the importance of a reliable high-resolution biostratigraphical timescale for paleobiogeographical and paleoclimatic reconstructions. This paper provides, for the first time, a full taxonomic and biostratigraphical study of the brachiopod fauna from the Wasp Head Formation, southern Sydney Basin, southeastern Australia. The fauna is associated with deposits of the first Permian glacial interval suggested for eastern Australia. Three brachiopod assemblages are recognized. The lower and middle assemblages contain scarce brachiopods although associated bivalves are comparatively more common. Despite very low diversity and low abundance, these two brachiopod assemblages contain characteristic species of the Strophalosia concentrica and Strophalosia subcircularis brachiopod zones, both considered of late Asselian age. The third assemblage, occurring in the uppermost part of the formation, contains more brachiopods than bivalves and is referred to early Sakmarian in age. The species diversity and stratigraphic occurrences of the brachiopod assemblages in relation to sedimentary facies suggest that the lower two assemblages may represent an intra-glacial interval while the younger third assemblage, characterized by abundant occurrences of Trigonotreta and Tomiopsis species, accompanied by the bivalve Eurydesma, is more indicative of a post-glacial benthic marine fauna comparable to coeval brachiopod faunas found elsewhere in Gondwana.

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30

Lim, R. "041. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING IMPACTS IN RECEIVING WATERS OF THE SYDNEY BASIN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs041.

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Water reuse for a number of activities including potable water and replacement of environmental flows is becoming more significant due to the prolonged drought Australia has recently experienced. There is also much debate regarding potential impacts of compounds such as steroid endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to environmental and human health. This paper presents an overview of findings on some EDCs in the Sydney Basin to assess the environmental risk they pose. A tiered approach, using a suite of endpoints spanning in vitro (e.g., estrogen receptor binding assay, the 2-hybrid yeast test) to in vivo (using the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) to assess vitellogenin induction, and morphological and behavioural changes) studies was conducted on aquatic systems receiving urban and treated sewage effluents. In vitro bioassays suggest low levels of estrogenicity in sewage contaminated waterways. Both estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) were identified in all river water samples, suggesting that sewage contamination is widespread. The synthetic hormone, ethynylestradiol (EE2), was below detection limits in all samples tested. Results indicate that the STPs were not the only source of EDCs in aquatic systems within the Sydney area. Improvements in treatment technologies in STPs have substantially reduced EDC levels in final effluent as indicated by a reduction inendocrine disrupting effects on the mosquitofish over several years of study. In addition, advanced tertiary treatment technology removed EDCs to levels below that measurable by in vitro assays and in vivo fish testing. This tiered weight of evidence approach provided insights to the risks EDCs in sewage effluent produced from current treatment technologies have on the environment.

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31

McMinn, A. "Palynostratigraphy of the Middle Permian coal sequences of the Sydney Basin." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 3 (September 1985): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098508729332.

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32

Waterhouse, J. B. "Discussion: Macrofaunal zonation of Middle Permian coal sequences in Sydney Basin." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 3 (September 1986): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098608729374.

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33

Faiz, M. M., and A. C. Hutton. "COAL SEAM GAS IN THE SOUTHERN SYDNEY BASIN, NEW SOUTH WALES." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96025.

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The coal seam gas content of the Late Permian Illawarra Coal Measures ranges from Methane that occurs within the basin was mainly derived as a by-product of coalification. Most of the CO2 was derived from intermittent magmatic activity between the Triassic and the Tertiary. This gas has subsequently migrated, mainly in solution, towards structural highs and accumulated in anticlines and near sealed faults.The total desorbable gas content of the coal seams is mainly related to depth, gas composition and geological structure. At depths

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34

Duc, Hiep, Merched Azzi, Herman Wahid, and Q. P. Ha. "Background ozone level in the Sydney basin: assessment and trend analysis." International Journal of Climatology 33, no. 10 (September 7, 2012): 2298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3595.

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35

Leventhal, A. R., and L. P. de Ambrosis. "Geotechnical aspects of coal mining waste disposal in the Sydney Basin." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 22, no. 6 (December 1985): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(85)90197-4.

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36

Faiz, M., L. Stalker, N. Sherwood, A. Saghafi, M. Wold, S. Barclay, J. Choudhury, W. Barker, and I. Wang. "BIO-ENHANCEMENT OF COAL BED METHANE RESOURCES IN THE SOUTHERN SYDNEY BASIN." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02033.

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Coals in the Sydney Basin contain large amounts of gas ranging in composition from pure methane (CH4) to pure carbon dioxide (CO2). These gases are derived from thermogenic, magmatic and biogenic sources and their present-day distribution is mainly related to geological structure, depth and proximity to igneous intrusions.A coal bed methane (CBM) study of the Camden area of the Sydney Basin has been jointly conducted by Sydney Gas Company NL (SGC) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The delineation of high production fairways is vital for any CBM project development to be commercially successful. An integrated research project employing various methods of reservoir characterisation, including geological, geochemical, geomechanical and gas storage analyses contribute to this delineation for the Camden area, where SGC is currently developing the 300-well Camden Gas Project.In particular, accurate determinations of gas content, saturation levels, composition and origin, as well as interpretations about distribution, are essential for identifying sweet spots for CBM production optimisation. The extent of gas saturation is a function of numerous factors, including amounts of gas generated between the Permian and Late Cretaceous, amounts expelled from the system during Late Cretaceous-Tertiary uplift and amounts of subsequent secondary biogenic methane generated and absorbed in the coals. The extent of this secondary biogenic gas generation appears to be greatest in coals proximal to the basin margins, where meteoric waters carrying bacteria and nutrients had ready access. Significant enhancement of methane content also occurs, however, in deeper parts of the basin where permeable structures exist.The integrated study shows that high production CBM wells drilled to date by SGC are located in zones of enhanced permeability. In these locations original thermogenic wet gases have been removed and additional secondary biogenic methane has been generated due to microbial alteration of coal, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. This process has replenished the coals by enhancing the methane contents of the respective seams and this phenomenon can be termed ‘bio-enhancement’ in the context of CBM production.

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37

Harris, JH. "Diet of the Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Perciformes : Percichthyidae), in the Sydney Basin." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 2 (1985): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850219.

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Stomach contents of Australian bass, M. novemaculeata, sampled from the Hawkesbury River and Georges River in the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, between November 1977 and January 1982 were analysed by the occurrence and points methods. Stomach fullness was also recorded. A total of 143 aquatic and terrestrial animal taxa were present in the diet, and these were grouped into 19 food types for analysis. M. novemaculeata is a euryphagic carnivore. Season and habitat type had significant effects on composition of the diet. Insects were the most important food type, followed by fish and large crustaceans. A large proportion of the diet of bass was derived from allochthonous sources, mainly during summer, and especially in lotic habitats. Mean stomach fullness was highest in spring and lowest in winter. Young M. novernaculeata (TL 11-47 mm) from the Hawkesbury River estuary fed on far fewer prey taxa (mainly chironomids and copepods) than did adults. Dietary overlap occurs between M. novemaculeata and many other carnivorous freshwater vertebrates in the Sydney Basin. However, persistent competitive clashes are generally avoided, either by differences in microhabitat preference and feeding behaviour or by larger-scale habitat partitioning.

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38

Pascucci, Vincenzo, Martin R. Gibling, and Mark A. Williamson. "Late Paleozoic to Cenozoic history of the offshore Sydney Basin, Atlantic Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e00-028.

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The Sydney Basin covers a large offshore area south of Newfoundland, with a well-exposed outcrop belt on Cape Breton Island. The geological history of the poorly known offshore area is interpreted using an industry seismic grid and Lithoprobe line 86-5, tied to outcrops and two wells. The mid-Devonian to Upper Carboniferous - Permian basin fill is 6-7 km thick and represents three extensional phases with intervening and succeeding compressive phases. The mid-Devonian McAdams Lake Formation was deposited in a local half-graben during early post-Acadian extension. Following deformation, a suite of Early Carboniferous extensional basins filled mainly with Horton Group conglomerates developed on northeast-trending and southeast-dipping master faults. Some faults developed along Acadian terrane boundaries. The Windsor Group extends over the master faults to onlap basement as a result of thermal sag and Visean eustatic rise. Mid-Carboniferous deformation, linked to the Alleghanian orogeny, reactivated faults and caused basin inversion and a basinwide unconformity. Upper Carboniferous to ?Permian coal measures and redbeds were subsequently deposited in a broad basin that developed over the Early Carboniferous basins. Subsidence may reflect extension on major faults in the Cabot Strait coupled with thermal sag and (or) continued sag on an underlying mid-crustal detachment. After coalification, Acadian terrane boundaries and other lineaments were reactivated during a compressive tectonic episode, probably during the Permian. The basin's polycyclic history, with repeated subsidence and inversion phases, has important implications for hydrocarbon systems.

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39

Maravelis, Angelos G., Jake Breckenridge, Kevin Ruming, Erin Holmes, Yuri Amelin, and William J. Collins. "Re-assessing the Upper Permian Stratigraphic Succession of the Northern Sydney Basin, Australia, by CA-IDTIMS." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110474.

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High precision Chemical abrasion-isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (CA-IDTIMS) U-Pb zircon results from tuff marker beds that are interstratified within the Upper Permian deposits of the northern Sydney Basin add constraints on the timing of sediment deposition, and afford a better understanding of the regional stratigraphy. The results indicate a magmatic influence during the deposition of the sediments, with episodic events spanning at least from 255.65 ± 0.08 to 255.08 ± 0.09 Ma. The zircon data suggest that the studied sedimentary rocks and tuffs have accumulated simultaneously over a short time interval, which contrasts with current stratigraphic models that suggest a much greater period of deposition and stratigraphic thickness. Therefore, an updated stratigraphic correlation of the basin is suggested, which combines the presently defined Lambton, Adamstown, and Boolaroo sub-groups into a single Lambton sub-group. This updated correlation framework is stratigraphically and geochronologically constrained and provides a more precise exploration model for the northern Sydney Basin. This case study highlights the valuable contribution of the CA-IDTIMS method in intrabasinal correlations of sedimentary successions, when integrated with a robust sedimentological framework, to minimize the stratigraphic uncertainties.

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40

Lemenager, Alexandre, Craig O’Neill, and Siqi Zhang. "Numerical modelling of the Sydney Basin using temperature dependent thermal conductivity measurements." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2016, no. 1 (December 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2016ab238.

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41

Asten, Michael W., Alan King, and John Peacock. "Sign Changes in DHEM Surveys for Cindered Coal in the Sydney Basin." Exploration Geophysics 18, no. 3 (June 1987): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg987319.

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42

Fergusson, C. L., A. Bray, and P. Hatherly. "Cenozoic Development of the Lapstone Structural Complex, Sydney Basin, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 1 (February 2011): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.534505.

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43

Burra, A., J. S. Esterle, and S. D. Golding. "Coal seam gas distribution and hydrodynamics of the Sydney Basin, NSW, Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, no. 3 (April 3, 2014): 427–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2014.912991.

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44

Herbert, C. "Sequence stratigraphy of the Late Permian Coal Measures in the Sydney Basin." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 4 (August 1995): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099508728210.

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45

Bai, G. P., and J. B. Keene. "Petrology and diagenesis of Narrabeen group sandstones, Sydney Basin, New South Wales∗." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 5 (October 1996): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099608728274.

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46

Peacock, D. C. P., and J. Shepherd. "Reactivated faults and transfer zones in the Southern Coalfield, Sydney Basin, Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 2 (April 1997): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099708728309.

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47

Ward, Colin R. "Occurrence of Spherical Halloysite in Bituminous Coals of the Sydney Basin, Australia." Clays and Clay Minerals 38, no. 5 (1990): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1990.0380506.

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48

O'neill, Phillip, and Pauline McGuirk. "Reterritorialisation of economies and institutions: The rise of the Sydney basin economy." Space and Polity 9, no. 3 (December 2005): 283–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13562570500510016.

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49

Black, M. P., S. D. Mooney, and S. G. Haberle. "The fire, human and climate nexus in the Sydney Basin, eastern Australia." Holocene 17, no. 4 (May 2007): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683607077024.

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50

Harris, JH. "Age of Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Perciformes : Percichthyidae), in the Sydney Basin." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 2 (1985): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850235.

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The age of M. novemaculeata from the Hawkesbury River and other streams in the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, was determined by using otoliths. Annuli were counted after simple sectioning of otoliths and intensification of the growth-check pattern by a two-stage burning technique. Age determinations were validated by the use of fish of known age; an error of + 1 year occurred in 17% of determinations. Ages of older fish (14+ to 18+ years) were not overestimated by more than 2-4 years, if at all. Progression of year-classes, and the annual nature of growth-check formation, further validated age determinations. Scale-reading seriously underestimated the age of bass. M. novemaculeata is a long-lived species. The oldest fish was 22+ years, and the mean age of the sample (n = 607) was 4.9 years. There are significant differences in longevity between the sexes; fewer males reach the older age-groups. About 10% of juvenlle fish deposited a growth-check in their otoliths during their upstream recruitment migration. The frequency of this 'migration check' was increased to 20% by capture and relocation of juveniles to isolated waters. A procedure was designed to identify migration checks in wild fish.

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