Relevant bibliographies by topics / Switching ratio

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Switching ratio'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Switching ratio"

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Adams, Michael J., and Shannon K. Yee. "Thermal switching ratio of semiconducting polymers with spatially graded doping." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 6 (February 14, 2023): 064501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138758.

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The switching ratio of a thermal switch is a key design parameter, and electrically activated switches based on thermoelectric effects have been reported to produce large switching ratios over a wide range of temperatures. Previous switches based on the Seebeck effect have switching ratios that are limited by the thermoelectric figure-of-merit [Formula: see text]. Perhaps, more importantly, they are limited by their device construction of alternating p-type and n-type materials with soldered junctions. Alternatively, we show that semiconducting polymers with spatially graded doping can offer similar switching ratios due to a volumetric heat absorption effect. This occurs in heavily doped polymers, which exhibit a sharp decrease in the Seebeck coefficient as charge carriers become fully delocalized. Such heat absorption is analogous to the Thomson effect, where heat is locally absorbed due to temperature-dependent variation of the Seebeck coefficient. Here, a theoretical model is derived to solve the 1D heat equation with spatially graded doping, allowing for optimization of the doping profile for a given material system. Four different material systems are compared according to an analysis of reported measurements to determine the upper limit of the switching ratio. A hypothetical Thomson switch based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with ferric tosylate can produce switching ratios up to 12 under a thermal bias of 10 K, a threefold increase compared to a Peltier switch of the same material. Like a Peltier switch, the switching ratio of a Thomson switch diverges under a small thermal bias. Under a large thermal bias, the switching ratio converges toward that of an equivalent Peltier switch.
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Rajewski, Remigiusz. "The Optical Signal-to-Crosstalk Ratio for the MBA(N, e, g) Switching Fabric †." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041534.

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The banyan-type switching networks, well known in switching theory and called the logdN switching fabrics, are composed of symmetrical switching elements of size d×d. In turn, the modified baseline architecture, called the MBA(N,e,g), is only partially built from symmetrical optical switching elements, and it is constructed mostly from asymmetrical optical switching elements. Recently, it was shown that the MBA(N,e,g) structure requires a lower number of passive as well as active optical elements than the banyan-type switching fabric of the same capacity and functionality, which makes it an attractive solution. However, the optical signal-to-crosstalk ratio for the MBA(N,e,g) was not investigated before. Therefore, in this paper, the optical signal-to-crosstalk ratio in the MBA(N,e,g) was determined. Such crosstalk influences the output signal’s quality. Thus, if such crosstalk is lower, the signal quality is better. The switching fabric proposed in the author’s previous work has lower optical signal losses than a typical Beneš and banyan-type switching networks of this same capacity and functionality, which gives better quality of transmitted optical signals at the switching node’s output. The investigated MBA(N,e,g) architecture also contains one stage fewer than banyan-type network of the same capacity, which is an essential feature from the optical switching point of view.
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Kasahara, Hiroyuki, Tatsuyoshi Okimoto, and Katsumi Shimotsu. "Modified Quasi-Likelihood Ratio Test for Regime Switching." Japanese Economic Review 65, no. 1 (November 27, 2013): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jere.12027.

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H, Sudheer, Kodad SF, and Sarvesh B. "Improved Sensorless Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Using Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Based Duty Ratio Controller." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v6.i2.pp79-90.

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This paper presents improvements in Direct Torque control of an induction motor using Fuzzy logic with Fuzzy logic and neural network based duty ratio controller. The conventional DTC (CDTC) of induction motor suffers from major drawbacks like high torque and flux ripples and poor transient response. Torque and flux ripples are reduced by replacing hysteresis controller and switching table with Fuzzy logic switching controller (FDTC). In FDTC the selected switching vector is applied for the complete switching time period. The FDTC steady state performance can be improved by using duty ratio controller, the selected switching vector is applied only for the time determined by the duty ratio (δ) and for the remaining time period zero switching vector is applied. The selection of duty ratio using Fuzzy logic and neural networks is projected in this paper. The effectiveness proposed methods are evaluated using simulation by Matlab/Simulink.
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M. A. Eid, Mahmoud, Ashraf S. Seliem, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd El-Naser A. Mohammed, Mohamed Yassin Ali, and Shaimaa S. Abaza. "Duobinary modulation/predistortion techniques effects on high bit rate radio over fiber systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp978-986.

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<span>The work has presented duobinary modulation and predistortion techniques for the radio over fiber system enhancement for achieving security level. Duobinary modulation technique has more compact modulated spectral linewidth with standard non return to zero modulation code. Different NRZ/RZ rectangle shape employed that are namely exponential rectangle shape (ERS), and Gaussian rectangle shape (GRS) for different transmission bit rates. Switching bias voltage, and switching RF voltage based LiNbO<sub>3</sub> modulator are changed to measure the performance parameters of the radio over fiber (RoF) system. Predistortion technique improves the linearity of transmitter amplifiers and it is considered as a power efficiency technique. The optimum values of the Q-factor, data error rate (BER), electrical power, signal gain, noise figure, and light signal/noise ratio are achieved with 8 Volt for both switching biases/switching RF signal at 100 GHz. Signal quality/BER and electrical power after the receiver enhancement ratio by using this technique at different RF signal frequencies. </span>
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Kwon, Jae Hyun, Hyun Cheol Koo, Hyun Jung Yi, and Suk Hee Han. "Edge Shape Effect on Switching Behavior in a Small Ferromagnetic Pattern." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.911.

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Switching behavior and domain structure greatly depends on the edge shape of mesoscopic patterns. In our simulation, permalloy patterns with elliptical and tapered edge need 80% and 50% more switching field, respectively, than a rectangle for the same overall aspect ratio of four. In the switching dynamics, vortex nucleation and its initial location play a great role in deciding switching field. Elliptical and tapered patterns show high magnetic remanence, which is advantageous for non-volatile device application. It is also demonstrated that small control of tapered edge makes it possible to change the switching behavior without the variation of overall aspect ratio.
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Neubauer, M., and J. Wallaschek. "Analytical and experimental investigation of the frequency ratio and switching law for piezoelectric switching techniques." Smart Materials and Structures 17, no. 3 (March 20, 2008): 035003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/17/3/035003.

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Miyahara, Tsuyoshi, Toshifumi Kosugi, Ayumi Nita, Sasagu Hamada, Atsuko Hiura, Naomi Mori, Yuki Hachiya, Naomi Hirakawa, Hidetoshi Sato, and Hisashi Matsunaga. "Opioid switching to oxycodone injection using simple conversion ratio." Palliative Care Research 9, no. 4 (2014): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2512/jspm.9.125.

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Mercadante, Sebastiano. "Switching to methadone: ’ad libitum‘ or ” xed dose ratio?" Palliative Medicine 18, no. 1 (January 2004): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm860xx.

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Dash, Sidhartha, Girija Shankar Sahoo, and Guru Prasad Mishra. "Current switching ratio optimization using dual pocket doping engineering." Superlattices and Microstructures 113 (January 2018): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.12.025.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Switching ratio"

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Postma, Marius. "Air-fuel ratio control in spark ignition internal combustion engines using switching LPV techniques." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30499.

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The Three-Way Catalytic Converter (TWC) is a critical component for the mitigation of tailpipe emissions of modern Internal Combustion (IC) engines. Because the TWC operates effectively only when a stoichiometric ratio of air and fuel is combusted in the engine, accurate control of the air-fuel ratio is required. To track the desired ratio, a switching Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) air-fuel ratio feedback controller, scheduled based on engine speed and air flow, and providing guaranteed L2 performance, is introduced. The controller measures the air-fuel ratio in the exhaust flow using a Universal Exhaust Gas Oxygen (UEGO) sensor and adjusts the amount of fuel injected accordingly. A detailed model of the air-fuel ratio control problem is developed to demonstrate the non-linear and parameter-dependent nature of the plant, as well as the presence of pure delays. The model’s dynamics vary considerably with engine speed and air flow. A simplified model, widely used in literature and known as a First Order Plus Dead Time (FOPDT) model, is then derived. It effectively captures the control problem using a model which is linear but parameter-varying with engine speed and air flow. Large variation of the FOPDT model across the engine’s operating range has led to conservative LPV controllers in previous literature. For this reason, the operating range is divided into smaller subregions, and an individual LPV controller is designed for each subregion. The LPV controllers are then switched based on the current engine speed and air flow and are collectively referred to as a switching LPV controller. The controller design problem is expressed as a Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI ) convex optimization problem which can be efficiently solved using available LMI techniques. Simulations are performed and the air-fuel ratio tracking performance of the switching LPV controller is compared with that of conventional controllers including, H∞ and LPV, as well as a novel adaptive controller. The switching LPV controller achieves improved performance over the complete operating range of the engine.
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Parsons, Teresa Camille. "Effects of Concurrent Fixed Interval-fixed Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement on Human Responding." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4846/.

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The present study contributes an apparatus and research paradigm useful in generating human performances sensitive to concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Five participants produced performances observed to be under temporal and ratio control of concurrent fixed interval-fixed ratio schedules. Two aspects of interaction between FI and FR schedules were distinguishable in the data. First, interaction between two schedules was observed in that changes in the value of one schedule affected behavior reinforced on another schedule. Second, switching from one pattern to the other functioned as an operant unit, showing stability during schedule maintenance conditions and sensitivity to extinction. These effects are discussed in the context of current views on behavior under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, and some implications for the conceptualization, measurement, analysis, and treatment of complex behavior are presented.
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Kolks, Giacomo, and Jürgen Weber. "Electro-hydrostatic compact drives with variable transmission ratio." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71209.

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Electro-hydrostatic compact drives are an emerging technology within a range of industrially available translational drive solutions, combining the specific advantages of hydraulic and electromechanical screw drives. Compared to electromechanical screw drives, hydrostatic drives can vary their transmission ratio with comparably little effort, giving them the key advantage of downsizing the electric drive components for a given load cycle. This paper provides a guideline on how to calculate the downsizing potential of electric motors and inverters arising from variable transmission ratio based on the load regime of a given application. Furthermore, a comprehensive systematisation of the actual switching process is described for systems that are switched by means of switching valves. The presented set of methodology is applied to demonstrators in order to validate the general findings.
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Radić, Aleksandar. "Comparative analysis of high input voltage and high voltage conversion ratio step-down converters equipped with silicon carbide and ultrafast silicon diodes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/861.

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DC to DC step-down applications with high input voltage and high voltage conversion ratio operational requirements, such as photovoltaic battery chargers, are subject to high conduction losses, high switching losses and substantial reverse-recovery losses when minority carrier principle diodes are used. The recent introduction of silicon carbide diodes with high breakdown voltages has made possible the elimination of reverse-recovery losses at high voltage levels and as such has sparked interest in their use due to the potential efficiency improvements. This report presents the results of a comprehensive analysis on the use of silicon carbide diodes and their counterparts, ultrafast silicon diodes, in conventional buck converters and isolated current-fed buck converters in high input voltage and high voltage conversion ratio step-down applications. The analysis illustrates both theoretically, with the use of steady-state average models, and experimentally the substantial efficiency benefits of the use of reverse-recovery free silicon carbide diodes in the conventional buck converter and the small but significant improvement in the efficiency of the isolated current-fed buck converter. The improvements of the conventional buck converter paired with silicon carbide diodes are shown to be significant enough to grant the variant the most efficient position for power levels below 1 kW. In addition, the four variants are categorized based on their cost and performance; therefore, providing engineers with a convenient guide to aid their selection of the appropriate converter depending on the operational requirements.
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Dowell, Margaret Anne. "Influence of three-tier cost sharing on patient compliance with and switching of cardiovascular medications." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1030118543.

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Thesis (M.S.--Ohio State University, 2002.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 173 p.: ill. Includes abstract and vita. Co-advisors: Craig A. Pedersen, Dept. of Pharmacy; Anne Scheck McAlearney, School of Public Health. Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-173).
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Duan, Quiyi. "Autonomous and Intelligent Radio Switching." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1835.

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With the proliferation of mobile applications and the abundance of wireless devices, it is increasingly common for devices to support multiple radios. When two devices are communicating they should choose the best available radio based on user preference and application requirements. This type of “radio switching” should happen automatically, so that the system optimizes performance dynamically. To achieve this objective, we design an Autonomous and Intelligent Radio Switching (AIRS) system to leverage the radio heterogeneity common in today's wireless devices. The AIRS system consists of three key components. First, we design a radio preference evaluation module to dynamically select the best radio according to users' preference, application's QoS requirements, and the device battery usage. Second, we propose a link quality measurement and prediction module to predict the radio quality under a variety of mobility and interference conditions. Third, we present a radio switching decision making module to switch to the preferred available radio intelligently, based on the preference and link quality evaluations. The AIRS system maintains connectivity, as well as improves link quality, via dynamic and intelligent radio switching, regardless of interference or collisions from the interfaces of other devices. The radio preference evaluation module is able to generate and adjust a preference list dynamically. Multiple users' requirements are satisfied in a mutually beneficial manner and the selected radio is Pareto optimal. The link prediction module is able to achieve an accuracy above 90% under a variety of mobility and interference conditions. The module can dynamically increase the link measurement interval and significantly reduce its power consumption, without sacrificing accuracy. The decision algorithm uses several parameters to avoid switching radios too frequently, and is able to provide dynamic, but stable radio switching, while balancing the competing objectives of high throughput and low power consumption. Overall, the AIRS system is able to achieve high goodput (application level throughput) and long battery life as applied to handoff management in a frequently changing mobile environment.
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Kim, David Storm. "Hybrid free-space and radio frequency switching." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8913.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Dileseigres, Angeline. "Diarylethenes used as molecular switches for the connection of gold nanoparticles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS014.

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Les molécules de diaryléthène utilisées comme interrupteurs moléculaires sont envisagées comme composants de dispositifs électroniques moléculaires. Ces molécules photochromiques présentent une stabilité thermique, une résistance à la fatigue et une efficacité de commutation élevées. Néanmoins, la commutation de la plupart des diaryléthènes (DAEs) est asymétrique : leur réaction de photocycloréversion possède un rendement quantique bien inférieur à celui de leur réaction de photocyclisation. Une stratégie pour résoudre ce problème de commutation asymétrique a été testée, elle consistait à connecter les molécules de diaryléthène à des nanoparticules d'or (AuNPs). En effet, les nanoparticules d'or présentent à la fois une résonance plasmonique de surface localisée (LSPR), très utile pour le suivi de l'adsorption des DAEs à la surface des AuNPs, et un effet de nanoantenne plasmonique. Cet effet de nanoantenne, générant une importante amplification du champ électromagnétique au voisinage immédiat de la nanoparticule, devait augmenter l'efficacité de la réaction de photocycloréversion (son rendement quantique), conduisant à une commutation plus symétrique. La commutation des molécules de dithiényléthène (DTE) a d'abord été caractérisée pour les molécules seules en solution. Ensuite, la fonctionnalisation de nanoparticules d'or de 28 nm déposées sur ITO par les molécules de DTE a été suivie in situ par spectroscopie UV-visible. Les mesures de commutation sur les échantillons ITO/AuNPs/DTE ont été réalisées par spectroscopie UV-visible combinée à un dispositif d'irradiation. Il en est résulté que pour les molécules de diaryléthène choisies pour cette étude connectées à des AuNPs de 28 nm, bien que la capacité de commutation ait été préservée lors du greffage sur les AuNPs, le piégeage (« quenching ») était largement dominant. Par conséquent, un ralentissement des réactions photo-induites a été provoqué et non une accélération. Les nanoparticules d'or ont également été étudiées à l'échelle de la nanoparticule unique par AFM et hypermicroscopie (microscopie en champ sombre couplée à la spectroscopie UV-visible). D'une part, la fonctionnalisation de nanoparticules d'or individuelles de 51 nm a été suivie par hypermicroscopie. Des mesures de commutation ont ensuite été effectuées sur les molécules de diaryléthènes portées par les AuNPs uniques, révélant que cette commutation était comparable à celle précédemment mesurée à une échelle plus globale. D'autre part, des dimères plasmoniques asymétriques constitués d'un AuNP de 51 nm et d'un AuNP de 28 nm ont été préparés et caractérisés
Diarylethene molecules used as molecular switches are envisioned as components of molecular electronic devices. These photochromic molecules exhibit high thermal stability, resistance to fatigue, and switching efficiency. Nevertheless, the switching of most diarylethenes (DAEs) is asymmetric: their photocycloreversion reaction possessing a much lower quantum yield than that of their photocyclization reaction. A strategy to solve that asymmetric switching issue was tested, it consisted in connecting the diarylethene molecules to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Indeed, gold nanoparticles exhibit both a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), very useful for the monitoring of the adsorption of the DAEs at the surface of the AuNPs, and a plasmonic nanoantenna effect. This nanoantenna effect, generating a large enhancement of the electromagnetic field in the close vicinity of the nanoparticle, was expected to increase the efficiency of the photocycloreversion reaction (its quantum yield), leading to a more symmetric switching. The switching of the dithienylethene (DTE) molecules was first characterized for the molecules alone in solution. Then, the functionalization of 28 nm gold nanoparticles deposited on ITO by the DTE molecules was monitored in situ by UV-visible spectroscopy. Switching measurement on the samples ITO/AuNPs/DTE were performed by UV-visible spectroscopy combined with an irradiation set-up. It resulted that for the diarylethene molecules chosen for this study connected to 28 nm AuNPs, although the switching capacity was preserved upon grafting on the AuNPs, the quenching was largely dominant. As a consequence, a slowing of the photo-induced reactions was caused and not an acceleration. Gold nanoparticles were also studied at the unique nanoparticle scale by AFM and hypermicroscopy (dark field microscopy coupled to UV-visible spectroscopy). On the one hand, the functionalization of individual 51 nm gold nanoparticles was monitored by hypermicroscopy. Switching measurements were then conducted on the diarylethenes molecules beard by single AuNPs, revealing that this switching was comparable to the one previously measured on a more global scale. On the other hand, asymmetric plasmonic dimers made of a 51 nm AuNP and a 28 nm AuNP were prepared and characterized
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Lundberg, Oscar. "Channel Characteristics Variations from Switching Between Narrow Beams." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65628.

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The demand for higher throughput and lower latency in telecommunication systems is growing. Upcoming telecommunication systems will operate at higher frequencies (above 15 GHz) compared with previous systems (below 6 GHz). Antenna arrays will be employed in upcoming systems for increased link budget (coverage) and multiple input multiple output channels. This implies that narrow beams will be used. Beam tracking and beam steering is necessary to follow the user equipment. It is hypothesised that changing beam direction changes the channel condition for the communication link. In this work beam changes in data gathered with a 5G testbed is analysed at both 15 GHz and 28 GHz. The results show that the channel is indeed affected by beam changes. Statistical results of the conducted analysis are presented followed by specific examples on how the channel is affected by the beam changes. Knowledge on how the channel is affected by beam changes is of interest when designing systems for beam selection. The results show a nearly threefold increase of rank changes immediately after a beam change at 15 GHz. The probability for a rank change up or down is found to be equal. At 28 GHz the metric used for channel richness is singular value ratio. The statistical results show that the difference in singular value ratio before and after a beam change is increased by a factor 2. It is also shown that grating lobes may have a significant effect on the channel richness when changing beam direction.
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Lam, Wai, and 林蔚. "Code switching and code mixing in the broadcasts of Commercial Radio Hong Kong (CRHK)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192985.

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Being a British colony for more than a century, Hong Kong has been influenced by the western culture in multiple aspects. One of the prominent western footprints is the ubiquitous Cantonese-English code switching and code mixing behavior which permeates all walks of life in this bilingual community. Though having seen its pervasiveness in different domains, limited studies from the sociolinguistic perspective have been conducted in the broadcasting domain, especially within the radio broadcast domain. This research gap prompts a study idea to unravel the sociolinguistic motivations behind the Cantonese-English code switching and code mixing behavior in Hong Kong radio broadcasts. Instances of code-switched and code-mixed which happened during the conversations among radio hosts were transcribed from the broadcasts of Commercial Radio Hong Kong (CRHK) between April 26th and May 24th 2013 for exploratory analysis. The language alternation behavior was investigated through a communicative discourse context. In essence, the reasons motivating code switching and code mixing behavior among radio hosts include ‘principle of economy’, ‘generality/ specificity’, ‘euphemism’ and ‘emotional buffer’. Code switching/ code mixing also serves as a purposeful communicative strategy in tone switching or creating comical effect to enhance the entertainment value of the programs. It also helps the speakers to portray a particular social orientation or specifically, to project a western image. By code switching/ code mixing, the hosts also take into consideration of the societal preference of codes. The ideas of ‘we-code’, ‘they-code’, and ‘social distance’ are also applicable in exploring the social meaning of code switching/ code mixing within the Hong Kong radio broadcasts.
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Books on the topic "Switching ratio"

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Hans-Jörg, Vögel, ed. GSM switching, services, and protocols. Chichester: Wiley, 1999.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. RF MEMS Switches and Integrated Switching Circuits. Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2010.

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1946-, Brownrigg Edwin B., ed. Packet radio networks: Architectures, protocols, technologies and applications. Oxford: Pergamon, 1987.

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Lynch, Clifford A. Packet radio networks: Architectures, protocols, technologies, and applications. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1987.

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Colloquium on Packet Switching of Digital Speech and Data in Radio Systems (1986 London). Colloquium on "Packet Switching of Digital Speech and Data in Radio Systems". London: Institution of Electrical Engineers Electronics Division, 1986.

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Pablo, Tapia, ed. HSPA performance and evolution: A practical perspective. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley, 2009.

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Hugh, Reed Jeffrey, and Van Landingham, Hugh F., 1935-, eds. Radio resource management in cellular systems. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Tripathi, Nishith D. Radio resource management in cellular systems. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Roger, Dalke, and United States. National Telecommunications and Information Administration, eds. Analysis of the RF threat to telecommunications switching stations and cellular base stations. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 2002.

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Sweeting, Andrew. Dynamic product repositioning in differentiated product markets: The case of format switching in the commercial radio industry. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Switching ratio"

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Lim, Teik-Cheng. "Sign-Switching of Poisson’s Ratio with Stress Reversal." In Mechanics of Metamaterials with Negative Parameters, 529–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6446-8_16.

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Lim, Teik-Cheng. "Sign-Switching of Poisson’s Ratio with Temperature Change Reversals." In Mechanics of Metamaterials with Negative Parameters, 591–630. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6446-8_18.

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Coe, Patrick J. "Power issues when testing the Markov switching model with the sup likelihood ratio test using U.S. output." In Advances in Markov-Switching Models, 257–63. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51182-0_11.

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Kislovski, André S., Richard Redl, and Nathan O. Sokal. "Analysis of Power Cells with Duty-Ratio Control at Variable Frequency." In Dynamic Analysis of Switching-Mode DC/DC Converters, 209–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7849-5_8.

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Kislovski, André S., Richard Redl, and Nathan O. Sokal. "Elementary Converters Operating at Constant Frequency with Duty Ratio as Controlled Quantity." In Dynamic Analysis of Switching-Mode DC/DC Converters, 19–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7849-5_2.

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Albers, Susanne, and Jens Quedenfeld. "Algorithms for Energy Conservation in Heterogeneous Data Centers." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 75–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75242-2_5.

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AbstractPower consumption is the major cost factor in data centers. It can be reduced by dynamically right-sizing the data center according to the currently arriving jobs. If there is a long period with low load, servers can be powered down to save energy. For identical machines, the problem has already been solved optimally by [25] and [1].In this paper, we study how a data-center with heterogeneous servers can dynamically be right-sized to minimize the energy consumption. There are d different server types with various operating and switching costs. We present a deterministic online algorithm that achieves a competitive ratio of 2d as well as a randomized version that is 1.58d-competitive. Furthermore, we show that there is no deterministic online algorithm that attains a competitive ratio smaller than 2d. Hence our deterministic algorithm is optimal. In contrast to related problems like convex body chasing and convex function chasing [17, 30], we investigate the discrete setting where the number of active servers must be an integral, so we gain truly feasible solutions.
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Sharma, Pawan, Prakhar Bharadwaj, Kshitij Bhat, K. A. Vyvaswath, Bhavya Dalal, Pradeep K. Singh, Santosh K. Sahu, and Harekrishna Yadav. "Understanding the Heat Transfer Characteristics and Axis Switching Phenomenon in High Aspect Ratio Elliptical Orifice Impinging Synthetic Jets." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 117–26. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7827-4_10.

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Svaluto Moreolo, Michela, Salvatore Spadaro, and Nicola Calabretta. "Optical Switching Systems and Flex-Grid Technologies." In Handbook of Radio and Optical Networks Convergence, 1–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_39-1.

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Koul, Shiban Kishen, and Sukomal Dey. "Single-Pole Multithrow MEMS Switching Networks." In Radio Frequency Micromachined Switches, Switching Networks, and Phase Shifters, 47–65. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351021340-3.

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Koul, Shiban Kishen, and Sukomal Dey. "Lateral MEMS Switches and Switching Networks." In Radio Frequency Micromachined Switches, Switching Networks, and Phase Shifters, 67–75. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351021340-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Switching ratio"

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Heffernan, J. F., M. H. Moloney, J. Hegarty, J. S. Roberts, and M. Whitehead. "All Optical, High Contrast Switching in an Asymmetric Fabry-Perot Etalon." In Photonic Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phs.1991.we8.

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The concept of an absorption modulated Asymmetric Fabry-Perot(AFP) etalon has been reported and demonstrated by several authors1–3, all based on electro-optic modulation. These devices show promise as suitable candidates for optical switches and optical processing elements required for optical computing. They exhibit the high contrast ratios necessary but have a rather high insertion loss and contacting these devices in large scale arrays may prove to be a difficult problem. We report switching in an Asymmetric Fabry-Perot etalon which relies on optical modulation only. The device exhibits a high contrast ratio with low input power and at higher powers has almost no associated insertion loss.
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Boyd, G. D., Gabriela Livescu, L. M. F. Chirovsky, and A. Mark Fox. "Quantum Well Fabry-Perot Electro-Absorption and Refraction Modulators and Bistability." In Photonic Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phs.1991.we3.

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Following the demonstration of the absorption reflection modulator [1], many workers [2-10] have used Fabry-Perot resonators to improve the limited contrast ratio of these multiple quantum well light modulators. Most experiments have been in the normally on (Non), spectral region where absorption increases with field. Using field dependent GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well absorption data, we have created a model that calculates the reflectivity and contrast ratio of resonant and non-resonant modulators in both the normally off (Noff), region where absorption decreases with field, and the normally on (Non) spectral regions for use with photonic devices such as the self-electrooptic effect device (SEEDs). The calculations include both electro-absorption and electro-refraction effects.
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Huang, P. C., W. E. Stephens, S. S. Cheng, T. C. Banwell, and L. A. Reith. "Nonblocking Photonic Space Switch Architectures Utilizing Acousto-Optic Deflectors." In Photonic Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phs.1989.sds140.

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A 4×4 multicasting photonic space switch architecture with minimal hardware and control complexity has been demonstrated utilizing commercially available acousto-optic Bragg cells at λ = 0.83 µm. Insertion loss of 15 dB, crosstalk of -24 dB, extinction ratio of 33 dB, and polarization difference of 0.8 dB are reported.
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Kowalsky, W., T. Hackbarth, and K. J. Ebeling. "Exciton-Enhanced Photonic Switching inGaAs–AlGaAs Fabry–Perot Resonators." In Photonic Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phs.1989.bd48.

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Exciton enhanced photonic switching in GaAs-AlGaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) etalons integrated with quaterwave stacks is demonstrated. For logical AND operation an on-off-ratio of 10 : 1 is achieved at 1 mW control power. An inverting switching characteristic of 4 : 1 is obtained employing an anti-reflection multilayer.
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Shibata, Yasuo, Koichi Wakita, and Kaoru Yoshino. "A High-resolution and Wide-dynamic-range Method to Measure Dynamic Extinction Ratio of Electroabsorption Optical Gates by using an Optical Short Pulse as a Probe." In Photonics in Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ps.1997.pfb6.

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The photonic asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switch is promising because it may overcome the throughput limitations of electrical systems, and various ATM architectures have been proposed [1 ]-[3J. The optical gates are key components in these photonic ATM systems. These gates should be able to switch between cells within a guard time of a few nanoseconds, and their extinction ratio should be sufficiently large, typically more than 30 dB. The dynamic switching characteristics of an optical gate is usually estimated by directly observing the waveform using an oscilloscope, and the switching speed is determined from the 10%-to-90% rise/fall time. However, it is difficult to estimate the switching speed with a 30-dB extinction ratio by using the conventional method. Here, we propose a new and very simple measurement method for optical gates; this method has a high time resolution of 30 ps and a wide dynamic range of over 30 dB. We measured the dynamic extinction ratio of an electroabsorption (EA) optical gate module using this method, and found that the switching speed of an EA gate remains high even in a saturated condition.
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Shirai, Seiichi, Kazuo Kimura, Yukio Irita, Noboru Naito, Tadashi Serikawa, Shigeto Kohda, Noriyoshi Yamauchi, and Masayasu Yamaguchi. "Optical beam-shifter module with high extinction ratio for 1024-input-port optical-switching network." In Topical Meeting on Photonic Switching, edited by Andrey M. Goncharenko, Fedor V. Karpushko, George V. Sinitsyn, and Sergey P. Apanasevich. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.147926.

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Centen, P. "Aspect ratio switching with equal horizontal equal count." In International Broadcasting Convention - IBC '94. IEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19940719.

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Watanabe, Toshio, Naoki Ooba, Yasuhiro Hida, Shoichi Hayashida, Takashi Kurihara, and Saburo Imamura. "Digital Thermo-Optic Switch Formed Using Silicone Resin." In Photonics in Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ps.1997.jfa4.

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Chiba, Akito, Tetsuya Kawanishi, Takahide Sakamoto, Kaoru Higuma, and Masayuki Izutsu. "High-extinction-ratio (>55 dB) port selection by using a high-speed LiNbO3 optical switch with intensity trimmers." In 2007 Photonics in Switching. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ps.2007.4300739.

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Miranda, Alessio, Pável Goor, Kevin Williams, and Xaveer Leijtens. "Arbitrary Ratio Power Splitters Using Bent MultiMode Interferometers." In 2023 International Conference on Photonics in Switching and Computing (PSC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psc57974.2023.10297263.

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Reports on the topic "Switching ratio"

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Sweeting, Andrew. Dynamic Product Repositioning in Differentiated Product Markets: The Case of Format Switching in the Commercial Radio Industry. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13522.

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Friedmann, Michael, Charles J. Arntzen, and Hugh S. Mason. Expression of ETEC Enterotoxin in Tomato Fruit and Development of a Prototype Transgenic Tomato for Dissemination as an Oral Vaccine in Developing Countries. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585203.bard.

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The broad objective of the project was to develop a feasible approach to combat diarrheal disease caused by ETEC through the development of a low-cost oral immunogen in tomato fruit, expressed in the context of a prototype tomato that would answer the shortcomings of plant oral vaccines, especially in terms of produce handling and control of gene escape. Specifically, the goals for Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) on this project were to develop transgenic tomato lines that express the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunits A and/or B for use in oral edible vaccines, and to optimize expression and assembly of these antigens in tomato fruits.LT-B is a useful vaccine antigen against ETEC disease, since antibodies against LT-B can prevent binding and delivery of the holotoxinLT. Mutant forms of the toxic LT-A subunit that have reduced toxicity can be co-expressed and assembled with LT-Bpentamers to form mutant LT (mLT) complexes that could be used as mucosaladjuvants for other oral vaccines. Work on the project is continuing at Arizona State University, after Dr. Mason moved there in August 2002. A number of approaches were taken to ensure the expression of both subunits and bring about their assembly inside the transgenic fruits. Initially, expression was driven by the fruit-specific E-8 promoter for LT-B and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter for LT-A(K63). While LT-B accumulated up to 7 µg per gram ripe fruit, assembled LT-K63 was only 1 µg per gram. Since promoter activities for the two genes likely differed in cell type and developmental stage specificity, the ratios of A and B subunits was not optimal for efficient assembly in all cells. In order to maximize the chance of assembly of mLT in fruit, we focused on constructs in which both genes are driven by the same promoter. These included co-expression plasmids using the 35S promoter for both, while switching to attenuated mLTs (LT-R72 and LT-G192) that have shown greater potential for oral adjuvanticity than the initial LT-K63, and thus are better candidates for a plant-derived adjuvant. Other, more novel approaches were then attempted, including several new vectors using the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter driving expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A, as well as a dicistronic construct for co-expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A genes from a single promoter, and a geminivirusreplicon construct. We describe in the Appendix the results obtained in transgenic tomato lines transformed with these constructs. Overall, each contributed to enhanced expression levels, but the assembly itself of the holotoxin to high levels was not observed in the fruit tissues. The Israeli lab’s specific objective was to develop transgenic tomato lines expressing the LTholotoxin antigen bearing attributes to prevent gene escape (male sterility and orange fruit color) and to improve the dissemination of the oral vaccine (long shelf-life tomato cherry fruit or tomato processing background). Breeding lines bearing a number of attributes to prevent gene escape were developed by combining material and backcrossing either to a tomato cherry background, or two different processing backgrounds. Concomitantly, (these lines can be utilized for the creation of any future oral vaccine or other therapeutic-expressing tomato, either by crosses or transformation), the lines were crossed to the holotoxin-expressing tomatoes received from the United States, and this transgenic material was also incorporated into the backcrossing programs. To date, we have finalized the preparation of the cherry tomato material, both non-transgenic (bearing all the desired attributes), and transgenic, expressing the holotoxin. The level of expression of LT-B in the cherry fruits was comparable to the original transgenic tomatoes. Since it was not higher, this would necessitate the consumption of more fruits to reach a desired dose. A final backcross has been made for both the non-transgenic and the transgenic material in the processing lines. Auxin sprays resulted in high percentages of fruit set, but the processing genotypes gave many puffed fruits.
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