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Journal articles on the topic 'Switching machines'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Zhang, Yongdeng, María Lara-Tejero, Jörg Bewersdorf, and Jorge E. Galán. "Visualization and characterization of individual type III protein secretion machines in live bacteria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (May 22, 2017): 6098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705823114.

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Type III protein secretion machines have evolved to deliver bacterially encoded effector proteins into eukaryotic cells. Although electron microscopy has provided a detailed view of these machines in isolation or fixed samples, little is known about their organization in live bacteria. Here we report the visualization and characterization of theSalmonellatype III secretion machine in live bacteria by 2D and 3D single-molecule switching superresolution microscopy. This approach provided access to transient components of this machine, which previously could not be analyzed. We determined the subcellular distribution of individual machines, the stoichiometry of the different components of this machine in situ, and the spatial distribution of the substrates of this machine before secretion. Furthermore, by visualizing this machine inSalmonellamutants we obtained major insights into the machine’s assembly. This study bridges a major resolution gap in the visualization of this nanomachine and may serve as a paradigm for the examination of other bacterially encoded molecular machines.

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2

Ilhan, E., T. E. Motoasca, J. J. H. Paulides, and E. A. Lomonova. "Energy Conversion Loops for Flux-Switching PM Machine Analysis." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 2, no. 5 (October 6, 2012): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.209.

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Induction and synchronous machines have traditionally been the first choice of automotive manufacturers for electric/hybrid vehicles. However, these conventional machines are not able anymore to meet the increasing demands for a higher energy density due to space limitation in cars. Flux-switching PM (FSPM) machines with their high energy density are very suitable to answer this demand. In this paper, the energy conversion loop technique is implemented on FSPM for the first time. The energy conversion technique is a powerful tool for the visualization of machine characteristics, both linear and nonlinear. Further, the technique provides insight into the torque production mechanism. A stepwise explanation is given on how to create these loops for FSPM along with the machine operation.

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3

Kim, Jang, Chung, and Hwang. "A New Outer-Rotor Hybrid-Excited Flux-Switching Machine Employing the HTS Homopolar Topology." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 2654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142654.

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Currently, studies of flux switching machines are actively underway owing to several advantages of these machines, including their sturdy rotor structure and high output capability. This paper deals with an outer-rotor hybrid-excited flux-switching machine (FSM). The proposed machine embraces a homopolar structure and utilizes permanent magnets (PMs) for field excitation and a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coil for flux regulation. The stator houses the HTS field coil, PMs, and armature windings. The outer rotor consists solely of an iron core. Thus, the machines are cost effective and can serve as a solution to the design and fabrication complexities of field current supplying and cooling systems. In this paper, the machine performance outcomes are analyzed using the 3D finite element method (FEM), and the validity of the proposed machine is verified.

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4

Masoud, M. I., and A. S. Abdelkhalik. "Performance Evaluation of Eleven-Phase Induction Machine with Different PWM Techniques." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol12iss1pp1-14.

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Multiphase induction machines are used extensively in low and medium voltage (MV) drives. In MV drives, power switches have a limitation associated with switching frequency. This paper is a comparative study of the eleven-phase induction machine’s performance when used as a prototype and fed sinusoidal pulse-width-modulation (SPWM) with a low switching frequency, selective harmonic elimination (SHE), and single pulse modulation (SPM) techniques. The comparison depends on voltage/frequency controls for the same phase of voltage applied on the machine terminals for all previous techniques. The comparative study covers torque ripple, stator and harmonic currents, and motor efficiency.

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5

Shuraiji, Ahlam Luaibi, and M. M. J. Al-ani. "Design and optimization of HTS flux-switching permanent magnet machine." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i4.pp1751-1757.

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<p>Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine with high temperature superconductors (HTS) bulks located between the rotor poles to eliminate the flux leakage in the rotor, termed as (HTS-FSPM) machine has been proposed in this paper. Using genetic algorithm, the HTS and the conventional FSPM machines having the same size constraints and load conditions have been globally optimized for max. aveage torque. To highlight the advantages of the HTS-FSPM machine, a performance comparison between the conventional and HTS-FSPM machines has been presented. It is found that the HTS-FSPM machine can increase the torque by 27%, however, this comes with the expense of higher torque ripple and power losses. </p>

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6

Bunker, Bruce C., Dale L. Huber, James G. Kushmerick, Timothy Dunbar, Michael Kelly, Carolyn Matzke, Jianguo Cao, et al. "Switching Surface Chemistry with Supramolecular Machines†." Langmuir 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0615793.

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7

Hwang, Young Jin, Jae Young Jang, and SangGap Lee. "A Flux-Controllable NI HTS Flux-Switching Machine for Electric Vehicle Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051564.

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This paper deals with a flux-controllable NI HTS flux-switching machine (FSM) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. In a variable-speed rotating machine for EVs, such as electric buses, electric aircraft and electric ships, an electric motor capable of regulating the flux offers the advantage of constant output operation. In general, conventional HTS rotating machines have excellent flux-regulation performance, because they excite an HTS field coil. However, it is difficult to ensure any flux-regulation capabilities in HTS rotating machines using HTS field coils that apply the no-insulation (NI) winding technique, due to the inherent charge and discharge delays in these machines. Nevertheless, the NI winding technique is being actively researched as a key technology for the successful development of HTS rotating machines, because it can dramatically improve the operational stability of HTS field coils. Therefore, research to implement an HTS rotating machine with flux-regulation capabilities, while improving the operating stability of the HTS field coil using the NI winding technique, is required for EV applications. In this paper, we propose an HTS rotating machine with a flux switching structure, a type of topology of a rotating machine that is being actively studied for application to the electric motors used in EVs. The proposed HTS flux-switching machine (FSM) uses NI field coils, but additional field windings are applied for flux regulation, which enables flux control. In this study, an NI HTS field coil was also fabricated and tested because the characteristic resistance value should be used for the design and characteristic analyses of machines which utilize an NI coil. The simulation model used to analyze the flux-regulation performance capabilities of the NI HTS FSM were devised based on the characteristic resistance values obtained from a charging test of the fabricated NI HTS field coil. This study can provide a good reference for further research, including work on the manufacturing of a prototype NI HTS FSM for EV applications, and it can be used as a reference for the development of other HTS rotating machines, such as those used in large-scale wind power generation, where flux-regulation capabilities are required.

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8

Shaitor, Nikolay, Michal Kelemen, and Boris Yakimovich. "Analysis and Synthesis in the Design of Magnetic Switching Electric Machines." Actuators 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10070164.

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A systematic approach to the design of electrical machines is implemented by solving problems of analysis and synthesis in various combinations at different stages and stages of design. The questions of the formulation and implementation of synthesis and analysis problems in the study and design of modular-type magnetically commutated electrical machines are considered. They are aimed at reducing weight, size and cost while improving the performance of these newly designed machines. A complex method of parametric synthesis and an automated program containing a calculated mathematical model of an electric machine has been developed. On the basis of numerical full factorial experiments, the optimization parameter is determined, and a regression analysis is performed with the construction of an optimization model. It allows you to find a narrow range of variation of significant factors, at which the optimization parameter satisfies the specified conditions. On the example of studying an inductor generator of axial-radial configuration, new approaches to the formulation and solution of typical problems of analysis and synthesis of modular-type electrical machines are shown. The use of complex parametric synthesis makes it possible to significantly reduce the masses of the designed modular machines in comparison with drum-type inductor machines of the same power.

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9

Cao, Junshuai, Xinhua Guo, Weinong Fu, Rongkun Wang, Yulong Liu, and Liaoyuan Lin. "A Method to Improve Torque Density in a Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 5308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205308.

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With the continuous development of machines, various structures emerge endlessly. In this paper, a novel 6-stator-coils/17-rotor-teeth (6/17) E-shaped stator tooth flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine is introduced, which has magnets added in the dummy slots of the stator teeth. This proposed machine is parametrically designed and then compared with the conventional 6/17 E-shaped stator tooth FSPM machine through finite element method (FEM) analysis. Then, combined with the results of FEM, the performance of two machines is evaluated, such as electromagnetic torque, efficiency, back electromotive force (back-EMF). The final results show that this novel 6/17 FSPM machine has greater output torque and smaller torque ripple.

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10

Pillai, S., and M. F. Jacome. "Predicated switching - optimizing speculation on EPIC machines." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 24, no. 3 (March 2005): 318–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2004.842804.

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11

Li, Dawei, Ronghai Qu, Jian Li, Wei Xu, and Leilei Wu. "Synthesis of Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machines." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 31, no. 1 (March 2016): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.2015.2458312.

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12

Fang, Haiyang, Dawei Li, Ronghai Qu, Jian Li, and Donglai Liang. "Vibration Suppression for Flux-Switching PM Machines." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 33, no. 3 (September 2018): 959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.2017.2785866.

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13

Zhu, Z. Q., and J. T. Chen. "Advanced Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 46, no. 6 (June 2010): 1447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2010.2044481.

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14

Ramesh, P., R. Gokulakrishnan, N. Sathyanarayanan, R. Hemantha Kumar, and N. C. Lenin. "Step by Step Design of Flux Switching Machine Using Electromagnetic Principle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.869.

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Flux switching motor (FSM) is one of the classification of brushless DC motor. The major drawback of the conventional DC machine is presence of brushes and commutator. This makes conventional DC machines not suitable to operate in hazardous conditions. FSM is a type of brushless DC motor without commutator and rotor windings, which has the advantages of both conventional DC and switched reluctance machines. Here a step by step electromagnetic design of FSM using the basic reluctance principle. The designed parameters are verified using two dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). Finally, the analytical results are compared with the simulated results.

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15

Lipinskis, Tadas, and Valerijus Zlosnikas. "THE IMPACT OF SPACE VECTOR SEQUENCE IN THE SWITCHING TABLE ON INVERTERS OUTPUT VOLTAGE / ERDVINIŲ VEKTORIŲ PERJUNGIMO TVARKOS ĮTAKA KOMUTAVIMO TRIUKŠMAMS DAŽNIO KEITIKLIO IŠĖJIMO ĮTAMPOJE." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 7, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2015.799.

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Multiphase AC machines are more reliable that three phase machines due to their ability to work when one or more phases fail. Also multiphase machines have higher starting torque, which enables them to start with heavier loads. Inverters are used to supply power and control parameters of an AC machine. In this paper a six phase inverter with a symmetrical star connected load with a single neutral is discussed. When the inverter's output voltage is formed by space vector pulse width modulation method, a high frequency harmonics appear in the output voltage, which increases power losses. The purpose of this work is to investigate what type of effect on output voltage harmonics has the sequence of space vectors in the switching table. Two methods of creating a switching table are presented in this paper, and two switching tables are created. Inverter's operation with both switching tables is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. Result analysis shows that changing the switching vector sequence in the switching table has an effect on output voltage harmonics of frequency around inverter's switching frequency. Daugiafaziai elektros varikliai yra patikimesni nei trifaziai dėl jų galimybės veikti dingus vienai ar daugiau fazių. Taip pat daugiafazių variklių startinis sukimo momentas yra didesnis, todėl šie varikliai gali pradėti veikti esant didesnei apkrovai. Daugiafaziams varikliams energijai tiekti ir valdyti naudojami dažnio keitikliai. Darbe nagrinėjamas šešių fazių dažnio keitiklis, apkrautas žvaigždės jungimo simetrine apkrova su viena neutrale. Formuojant įtampą erdvinių vektorių impulsų skvarbos moduliacijos metodu, keitiklio išėjimo įtampoje dėl raktų junginėjimo atsiranda komutavimo triukšmų, kurie sukelia energijos nuostolių. Darbo tikslas yra ištirti erdvinių vektorių perjungimo tvarkos įtaką išėjimo įtampos harmonikoms. Darbe tiriami komutavimo triukšmai esant dvejopiems erdvinio vektoriaus perjungimo tvarkos atvejams. Tyrimams naudoti Matlab/Simulink modeliai.

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16

Qasim, Muhammad, Faisal Khan, Basharat Ullah, Himayat Ullah Jan, and Hend I. Alkhammash. "Analysis of Linear Hybrid Excited Flux Switching Machines with Low-Cost Ferrite Magnets." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041346.

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Linear hybrid excited flux switching machines (LHEFSM) combine the features of permanent magnet flux switching machines (PMFSM) and field excited flux switching machines (FEFSM). Because of the widespread usage of rare-earth PM materials, their costs are steadily rising. This study proposes an LHEFSM, a dual stator LHEFSM (DSLHEFSM), and a dual mover LHEFSM (DMLHEFSM) to solve this issue. The employment of ferrite magnets rather than rare-earth PM in these suggested designs is significant. Compared to traditional designs, the proposed designs feature greater thrust force, power density, reduced normal force, and a 25% decrease in PM volume. A yokeless primary structure was used in a DSLHEFSM to minimize the volume of the mover, increasing the thrust force density. In DMLHELFSM, on the other hand, a yokeless secondary structure was used to lower the secondary volume and the machine’s total cost. Single variable optimization was used to optimize all of the proposed designs. By completing a 3D study, the electromagnetic performances acquired from the 2D analysis were confirmed. Compared to conventional designs, the average thrust force in LHEFSM, DSLHEFSM, and DMLHEFSM was enhanced by 15%, 16.8%, and 15.6%, respectively. Overall, the presented machines had a high thrust force density, a high-power density, a high no-load electromotive force, and a low normal force, allowing them to be used in long-stroke applications.

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17

Siami, Mohsen, S. Asghar Gholamian, and Mosayeb Yousefi. "A Comparative Study Between Direct Torque Control and Predictive Torque Control for Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines." Journal of Electrical Engineering 64, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2013-0052.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparative study between direct torque control (DTC) and predictive torque control (PTC) of Axial Flux Permanent magnet Machines (AFPM). In conventional DTC method for permanent magnet machines, only six actives voltage vectors of inverter are used to control torque and flux of machine. But in predictive torque control, in addition to six active voltage vectors, zero voltage vectors are used to control machine. So number of voltage vectors to control AFPM increases that leads to lower ripple of torque and flux. In predictive torque control, the response of torque and flux are computed for all possible switching states of inverter at every sample time according to discrete time model of machine, and then the switching state that optimizes ripple of torque and flux, will be applied in next discrete-time interval. Simulation results which compare the results of implementation of both methods and confirm the good performance of the proposed predictive torque control are presented.

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18

Zhao, Guishu, Wei Hua, and Ji Qi. "Comparative Study of Wound-Field Flux-Switching Machines and Switched Reluctance Machines." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55, no. 3 (May 2019): 2581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2019.2892362.

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19

Ghossini, Hossam Al, Thu Thuy Dang, and Stéphane Duchesne. "A New Concept for Deeper Integration of Converters and Drives in Electrical Machines: Simulation and Experimental Investigations." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0084.

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AbstractThis paper introduces a new concept for integrated electrical motor drives (IEMD) with the aim of minimizing the number of inverter’s power switching components. The latter is switched reluctance motor (SRM) based. The control strategy is jointly designed, inspired by Flyback power supplies operating at very high frequencies. A simple case study on an 8/6 SRM has been carried out. The study enables to highlight most challenging problems that have to be overcome in future works: overvoltages during switching due to the flux leakage, and the efficiency of the magnetic material constituting the machine at high switching frequencies. This concept turns out to be an interesting basis for a very advanced integration of the switching structure within electrical machines.

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20

Amara, Yacine, Georges Barakat, J. J. H. Paulides, and E. A. Lomonova. "Overload Capability of Linear Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.345.

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The 2D nature of magnetic field in permanent magnet flux-switching machines and the presence of all magnetic field sources [permanent magnets and windings (armature windings and eventually excitation coils)] in the stator, which implies a completely passive moving armature, makes them very good candidates in many different applications. Due to these interesting features, rotating and linear permanent magnet flux switching structures attracted considerable research efforts in the last years. However, to date, the overload capability of this kind of structures has not been investigated in detail. The study presented in this paper will help identify main factors limiting the improvement of overload capability for PM flux switching machines. Solutions to improve this characteristic will also be explored.

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21

Mirzaliyev, Boburbek Bakhtiyorovich. "THE PROCESS OF SWITCHING ON UNCHANGED VINE MACHINES." Theoretical & Applied Science 81, no. 01 (January 30, 2020): 772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2020.01.81.139.

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22

Rao, Jing, and Wei Xu. "Modular Stator High Temperature Superconducting Flux-Switching Machines." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 24, no. 5 (October 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2014.2339136.

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23

Du, Yi, Wei Lu, Qi Wang, Xiaoyong Zhu, and Li Quan. "Comparative Investigation of Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Machines." Energies 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2018): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11061428.

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24

Zhu, Z. Q., A. S. Thomas, J. T. Chen, and G. W. Jewell. "Cogging Torque in Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 45, no. 10 (October 2009): 4708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2009.2022050.

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25

Tang, Yang, Johannes J. H. Paulides, and Elena A. Lomonova. "Energy Conversion in DC Excited Flux-Switching Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 50, no. 11 (November 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2014.2325405.

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WASHABAUGH, SCOTT, PAUL D. FRANZON, and H. TROY NAGLE. "SABSA: SWITCHING-ACTIVITY-BASED STATE ASSIGNMENT." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 05, no. 02 (June 1994): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156494000115.

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Many algorithms have been proposed for the state assignment of Finite-State Machines. The usual goal of these algorithms is to reduce the area required to implement these machines. This paper discusses SABSA, an algorithm whose goal is to reduce the number of state bit transitions in the operating environment. SABSA does this by considering measured transition probabilities between states. When combined with a technology such as CMOS, this leads to lower power consumption. A RISC controller was taken from high level design to transistor level layout, and a power reduction of 35% was obtained with this new state assignment algorithm.

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27

Kuang, Wei, Laura E. Brown, and Zhenlin Wang. "Selective switching mechanism in virtual machines via support vector machines and transfer learning." Machine Learning 101, no. 1-3 (July 4, 2014): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10994-014-5448-x.

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Ullah, Noman, Faisal Khan, Abdul Basit, and Mohsin Shahzad. "Experimental Validations of Hybrid Excited Linear Flux Switching Machine." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 7274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217274.

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Linear Flux Switching Machines (LFSMs) possess the capability to generate adhesive thrust force, thus problems associated with conventional rotatory electric machines and mechanical conversion assemblies can be eliminated. Additionally, the unique features of high force/power density, efficiency, and a robust secondary structure make LFSMs a suitable candidate for linear motion applications. However, deficiency of controllable air-gap flux, risk of PM demagnetization, and increasing cost of rare earth PM materials in case of PMLFSMs, and inherent low thrust force capability of Field Excited LFSMs compels researchers to investigate new hybrid topologies. In this paper, a novel Double-Sided Hybrid Excited LFSM (DSHELFSM) with all three excitation sources, i.e., PMs, DC, and AC windings confined to short moving primary and segmented secondary providing short flux paths is designed, investigated, and optimized. Secondly, unequal primary tooth width optimization and additional end-teeth at all four corners of the primary equip proposed design with balanced magnetic circuit and reduced end-effect and thrust force ripples. Thirdly, the measured experimental results of the manufactured proposed machine prototype are compared with corresponding simulated model results and shows good agreements, thus validating the theoretical study.

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Schutz, Jérémie, Anis Chelbi, Nidhal Rezg, and Safa Ben Salem. "Production and maintenance strategies for parallel machines with load transfer in case of failure." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 25, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 525–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-07-2017-0049.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to deal with the problem of integration of production and maintenance policies. In this context, the authors consider production systems made of parallel machines producing a single product over a finite horizon made of equal periods for which a forecasted demand is known. The authors investigate the impact of switching production in case of failure of any given machine.Design/methodology/approachA mathematical model is first developed to find an optimal production plan which minimizes the average total storage, shortage and production costs. Then, using this optimal production plan and taking into account the influence of the production rate on the degradation of each machine, optimal preventive maintenance (PM) policies are proposed for the situations with and without switching.FindingsOptimal production rates are determined for each production period and for each machine. Optimal PM periods are also computed for each machine.Practical implicationsUsually, in manufacturing systems, the production rate of a machine influences its failure rate. In case a machine fails, it takes a random time to repair it during which production is lost. The paper attempts to propose a switching policy (SP) according to which the lost production is compensated by all the other machines. The effects of the SP coupled with the PM strategy are shown through a numerical example.Originality/valueContrarily to previous works, the authors consider more realistic settings with a non-negligible random time for repairing failed machines. In order to compensate the lost production during the repair of a failed machine, a SP is proposed to transfer the load uniformly to all the other machines. As a result, those machines will produce at a higher production rate and will consequently have their failure rate increased. It will therefore be essential to determine an optimal PM schedule knowing that durations of these activities are not negligible. It is shown that the simultaneous implementation of periodic PM and load transfer in case of failure is the most economical integrated strategy.

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Yang, Shuo, Yacine Amara, Wei Hua, and Georges Barakat. "Development of a generic framework for lumped parameter modeling." Open Physics 18, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2020-0168.

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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to present a generic reluctance network modeling tool dedicated to the modeling of electrical machines. This tool is used for the study of permanent magnet machines. The focus will be on the modeling methodology and software implementation. More precisely, the aspects related to genericity will be discussed. In order to validate the developed tool, the simulation of a 12 slot/10 pole flux-switching permanent magnet machine is conducted, and the results obtained from this generic framework are compared to the corresponding finite element analysis.

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Prakht, Vladimir, Vladimir Dmitrievskii, Vadim Kazakbaev, and Ekaterina Andriushchenko. "Comparison of Flux-Switching and Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Direct-Driven Wind Applications Based on Nelder–Mead Optimal Designing." Mathematics 9, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9070732.

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The permanent magnet flux-switching machine (PMFSM) is one of the most promising machines with magnets inserted into the stator. To determine in which applications the use of PMFSM is promising, it is essential to compare the PMFSM with machines of other types. This study provides a theoretical comparison of the PMFSM with a conventional interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) in the gearless generator of a low-power wind turbine (332 rpm, 51.4 Nm). To provide a fair comparison, both machines are optimized using the Nelder–Mead algorithm. The minimized optimization objectives are the required power of frequency converter, cost of active materials, torque ripple and losses of a generator averaged over the working profile of the wind turbine. In order to reduce the computational time, the substituting profile method is applied. Based on the results of the calculations, the advantages and disadvantages of the considered machines were revealed: the IPMSM has significantly lower losses and higher efficiency than the PMFSM, and the PMFSM requires much less rare-earth magnets and copper and is, therefore, cheaper in mass production.

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32

Su, Peng, and Wei Hua. "Performance comparison between rotor flux-switching and stator flux-switching machines considering local demagnetization." AIP Advances 7, no. 5 (May 2017): 056641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4974917.

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Mohamad Nordin, Norjulia, Naziha Ahmad Azli, Nik Rumzi Nik Idris, Nur Huda Ramlan, and Tole Sutikno. "Constant Frequency Torque Controller for DTC with Multilevel Inverter of Induction Machines." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i1.pp28-44.

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Direct Torque Control using multilevel inverter (DTC-MLI) with hysteresis controller suffers from high torque and flux ripple and variable switching frequency. In this paper, a constant frequency torque controller is proposed to enhance the DTC-MLI performance. The operational concepts of the constant switching frequency torque controller of a DTC-MLI system followed by the simulation results and analysis are presented. The proposed system significantly improves the DTC drive in terms of dynamic performance, smaller torque and flux ripple, and retain a constant switching frequency.

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Gronalt, M., M. Grunow, H. O. Günther, and R. Zeller. "A heuristic for component switching on SMT placement machines." International Journal of Production Economics 53, no. 2 (November 1997): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5273(97)00119-9.

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Raminosoa, Tsarafidy, Ayman M. El-Refaie, Di Pan, Kum-Kang Huh, James P. Alexander, Kevin Grace, Stefan Grubic, Steven Galioto, Patel B. Reddy, and Xiaochun Shen. "Reduced Rare-Earth Flux-Switching Machines for Traction Applications." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51, no. 4 (July 2015): 2959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2015.2397173.

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Ilhan, E., B. L. J. Gysen, J. J. H. Paulides, and E. A. Lomonova. "Analytical Hybrid Model for Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 46, no. 6 (June 2010): 1762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2010.2042579.

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Jiabin Wang, Weiya Wang, K. Atallah, and D. Howe. "Design Considerations for Tubular Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 44, no. 11 (November 2008): 4026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2008.2002773.

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Chang, M. W., C. J. Lin, and R. C. H. Weng. "Analysis of Switching Dynamics With Competing Support Vector Machines." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 15, no. 3 (May 2004): 720–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnn.2004.824270.

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Karamanakos, Petros, Peter Stolze, Ralph M. Kennel, Stefanos Manias, and Hendrik du Toit Mouton. "Variable Switching Point Predictive Torque Control of Induction Machines." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 2, no. 2 (June 2014): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2013.2296794.

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Wang, Yu, and Zhiquan Deng. "Comparison of Hybrid Excitation Topologies for Flux-Switching Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 48, no. 9 (September 2012): 2518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2012.2196801.

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Mabhula, Mkhululi, Udochukwu B. Akuru, and Maarten J. Kamper. "Cross-Coupling Inductance Parameter Estimation for More Accurate Performance Evaluation of Wound-Field Flux Modulation Machines." Electronics 9, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111748.

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In this paper, a proposed numerical frozen permeability modeling procedure is fully derived to accurately estimate the parameters of two variants of wound-field flux modulation machines (WF-FMMs) namely: wound-field flux switching machine (WF-FSM) and DC-excited vernier reluctance machine (DC-VRM). During the procedure, the contribution of saturation to the variation of the machine parameters is investigated. The parameter variation effects on the machine performance is also investigated. It is shown that analysis of WF-FMMs is better understood by using the proposed procedure which computes accurately the machine parameters.

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Yang, Jia, Yongkui Sun, Yuan Cao, and Xiaoxi Hu. "Predictive Maintenance for Switch Machine Based on Digital Twins." Information 12, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12110485.

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As a unique device of railway networks, the normal operation of switch machines involves railway safe and efficient operation. Predictive maintenance becomes the focus of the switch machine. Aiming at the low accuracy of the prediction state and the difficulty in state visualization, the paper proposes a predictive maintenance model for switch machines based on Digital Twins (DT). It constructs a DT model for the switch machine, which contains a behavior model and a rule model. The behavior model is a high-fidelity visual model. The rule model is a high-precision prediction model, which is combined with long short-term memory (LSTM) and autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA). Experiment results show that the model can be more intuitive with higher prediction accuracy and better applicability. The proposed DT approach is potentially practical, providing a promising idea for switching machines in predictive maintenance.

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Zhang, Gan, Qing Tong, Anjian Qiu, Xiaohan Xu, Wei Hua, and Zhihong Chen. "Parameter Sensitivity Analysis and Robust Design Approach for Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062194.

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Parameter sensitivity analysis is usually required to select the key parameters with high sensitivity to the optimal goal before the optimization is carried out, especially for flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines where lot of design parameters should be considered. Unlike the traditional studies on parameter sensitivity, which are generally experience- or statistics-based, and are time-consuming, this paper proposes a parameter sensitivity analysis method of a FSPM machine based on a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC), which enables the parameters’ sensitivities to be evaluated by their exponential in the nondimensionalized equations, thus providing a fast and accurate way to obtain the parameter sensitivities. Thereafter, the influences of modular manufacturing methods on magnetic performances are discussed, and the robust design approach for the FSPM machine is introduced, which aims to achieve the best machine stability and robustness by setting boundaries on design dimensions when taking into account the manufacturing tolerances. Experimental validations are also presented.

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Umair, Muhammad, Faisal Khan, and Wasiq Ullah. "Stress and coupled electromagnetic-thermal analysis of field excited flux switching machine." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-04-2020-0141.

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Purpose Field excited flux switching machines (FEFSM) are preferred over induction and synchronous machines due to the confinement of all excitation sources on the stator leaving a robust rotor. This paper aims to perform coupled electromagnetic thermal analysis and stress analysis for single phase FEFSM as, prolonged high-speed operational time with core and copper losses makes it prone to stress and thermal constraints as temperature rise in machine lead to degraded electromagnetic performance whereas the violation of the principle stress limit may result in mechanical deformation of the rotor. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the implementation of coupled electromagnetic-thermal and rotor stress analysis on single-phase FEFSM with non-overlap winding configurations using finite element analysis (FEA) methodology in JMAG V. 18.1. three-dimensional (3D) magnetic loss analysis is performed and extended to 3D thermal analysis to predict temperature distribution on various parts of the machine whereas Stress analysis predicts mechanical stress acting upon edges and faces of the rotor. Findings Analysis reveals that temperature distribution and rotor stress on the machine is within acceptable limits. A maximum temperature rise of 37.7°C was noticed at armature and field windings, temperature distribution in stator near pole proximity was 35°C whereas no significant change in rotor temperature was noticed. Furthermore, principal stress at the speed of 3,000 rpm and 30,000 rpm was found out to be 0.0305 MPa 3.045 MPa, respectively. Research limitations/implications The designed machine will be optimized for improvement of electromagnetic performance followed by hardware implementation and experimental testing in the future. Practical implications The model is developed for axial fan applications. Originality/value Thermal analysis is not being implemented on FEFSM for axial fan applications which is an important analysis to ensure the electromagnetic performance of the machine.

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Zakovorotny, Vilor, and Valery Gvindjiliya. "Determination of optimal coordinates for switching processing cycles on metal-cutting machines." Metal Working and Material Science 23, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2021-23.1-56-67.

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Introduction. One of the ways to improve the efficiency of processing on machines is to coordinate the CNC program with the changing properties of the dynamic cutting system. If this takes into account the tool wear and the associated with it changes in the parameters of the dynamic cutting system, then the cutting speed to ensure the minimum wear rate is reduced along the cutting path. The corresponding feed rate is reduced even faster, since it is necessary to ensure a constant deformation displacement of the tool relative to the workpiece. The evolution of the properties of the cutting process (for matching with which the trajectories of the operating elements of the machine are corrected) depends on the power of irreversible transformations of the energy supplied to cutting. This reduces the processing efficiency. Therefore, a new for the considered subject area problem of determining the coordinates of the tool movement relative to the workpiece is formulated, starting from which further processing is economically inexpedient. In this case, it is necessary, after processing the next part, to ensure the replacement of the tool and carry out its changeover. Subject. A metal-cutting machine of a turning group, the trajectories of the executive elements of which are controlled, for example, by a CNC system. The purpose of the work. Mathematical simulation and methods for determining the coordinates at which it is necessary to replace the tool. Method and methodology. The necessary conditions for the optimality of determining these coordinates are proved. Mathematical tools are provided that allow calculating the coordinates at which the given manufacturing costs take the minimum value according to the given trajectories. The probabilistic characteristics of evolutionary trajectories are taken into account. Results and discussions. The analysis of the efficiency of using the technique in industry depending on the cost of the machine and tool together with its replacement and readjustment is given. The proven optimality conditions and the given mathematical tools complement the knowledge about the optimization of controlled machining processes on machines. Conclusions. The results of the study show new options for the organization of tool replacement, aimed at improving the efficiency of processing by software methods using a CNC system.

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CHEN, DE-SHENG, MAJID SARRAFZADEH, and GARY K. H. YEAP. "STATE ENCODING OF FINITE STATE MACHINES FOR LOW POWER DESIGN." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 06, no. 06 (December 1996): 649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126696000455.

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We address the problem of state encoding for synchronous finite state machines (FSMs), targeted for low power design. Most previous work in FSM state encoding has been focused on minimizing chip area and does not consider switching activity of the circuit. As a result, this does not always lead to a power efficient implementation. Especially in CMOS circuits, the switching activity is a very important factor to power dissipation. In this work, we define a function λ for automatic tradeoff between switching activity and area that contribute to power dissipation. λ is used in determining the encoding affinity between states and is observed to be related to the number of states of an FSM in our experiments. A state encoding algorithm, based on hypercube embedding, is proposed to find encodings of states such that the sum of bit toggles between each pair of states times the encoding affinity between them is minimized. The proposed approach does not require any change in the functional specification of the state machine and can be easily incorporated in present design flow. Results over a wide range of MCNC benchmark examples which show the efficacy of our technique are presented. A simple function for λ is provided, and it is shown to be robust in finding low-power state encodings.

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Khamjan, Sakda, and Supachai Pathumnakul. "Collaborative Production Planning in Multi-Plant Feed Mill Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.663.

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In animal feed production, there are several feed products to be processed through mixer and pelleting machines. To avoid the contamination between two feed products, machines are required to be cleaned (i.e., machine setup) when switching production between different feed products. The cleaning process lessens the machine capacity. In this paper, the production planning based on the collaboration between two feed plants is studied in order to reduce unnecessary machine setup time. The problem is to optimally allocate products to be processed in each plant with suitable production lot size. The trade-off between inter-plant transferring cost and the setup cost is considered. The mathematical model is developed and solved with small size problems. The results indicate that the collaborative plan provides the better plan with the cost 16.05% less than the non-collaborative production plan.

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Kara, Dawid, Tomasz Kołacz, and Jerzy Skwarczyński. "Electrical machines with switched and modulated flux." Science, Technology and Innovation 8, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8981.

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The work compares the value of the produced torque (average value) of a 2.2kW squirrel cage induction motor with new construction machines, i.e. a motor with flux switching and hybrid excitation or DC excited, a motor with flux modulation and hybrid excitation or DC excitation. The external dimensions of the tested machines corresponded to the dimensions of the induction motor.

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Kharlamov, Viktor, Pavel Shkodun, and Andrey Ognevsky. "Effect of transient processes on the switching stability of dc machines." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901036.

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Effective use of fuel and energy resources is one of the main tasks in modern industry and transport. The main directions of increasing the energy efficiency of the electric rolling stock of railways are considered in the paper. For the electric rolling stock of railways, a significant proportion of electric power consumption falls on traction needs. The consumption of electrical energy and its recovery directly depends on the proper operation and fine-tuning of the magnetic system and switching of traction electric motors of the rolling stock. The methods of testing traction electric motors currently used in railway transport do not fully correspond to their operating modes during operation. For more reliable control of their condition, a methodology for estimating the nature of the operation of traction electric motors in conditions close to real ones was proposed. Studies of the influence of transient processes on the quality of switching of traction electric motors taking into account operating conditions are carried out. Based on the results of the study, the analysis of the data obtained is carried out, and a criterion for estimating the switching stability of traction electric motors in transient operation modes is proposed. The proposed criterion allows carrying out quality control of the tuning of the magnetic system and switching of the traction electric motor, and also estimating the nature of its operation in various modes, taking into account the operating conditions.

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Ilhan, E., M. F. J. Kremers, T. E. Motoasca, J. J. H. Paulides, and E. A. Lomonova. "Nonlinear Performance Characteristics of Flux-Switching PM Motors." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/593434.

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Nonlinear performance characteristics of 3-phase flux-switching permanent magnet motors (FSPM) are overviewed. These machines show advantages of a robust rotor structure and a high energy density. Research on the FSPM is predominated by topics such as modeling and machine comparison, with little emphasis given on its performance and limits. Performance characteristics include phase flux linkage, phase torque, and phase inductance. In the paper, this analysis is done by a cross-correlation of rotor position and armature current. Due to the high amount of processed data, which cannot be handled analytically within an acceptable time period, a multistatic 2D finite element model (FEM) is used. For generalization, the most commonly discussed FSPM topology, 12/10 FSPM, is chosen. Limitations on the motor performance due to the saturation are discussed on each characteristic. Additionally, a focused overview is given on energy conversion loops anddq-axes identification for the FSPM.

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