Journal articles: 'Switching ability'

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ZHAO, Hong-ming, and Yan-ping DONG. "Interpreter advantages in switching ability." Advances in Psychological Science 29, no. 4 (2021): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2021.00625.

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Yehene, Einat, and Nachshon Meiran. "Is there a general task switching ability?" Acta Psychologica 126, no. 3 (November 2007): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.11.007.

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White, Holly A., and Priti Shah. "Training Attention-Switching Ability in Adults With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 10, no. 1 (August 2006): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054705286063.

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Ruggiero, Gennaro, Francesco Ruotolo, and Tina Iachini. "Congenital blindness limits allocentric to egocentric switching ability." Experimental Brain Research 236, no. 3 (January 16, 2018): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5176-8.

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Boerma, Tessel, Merel van Witteloostuijn, and Elma Blom. "Nonverbal Switching Ability of Monolingual and Bilingual Children with and without Developmental Language Disorder." Languages 7, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020108.

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Bilingualism is associated with enhanced switching skills, while a developmental language disorder (DLD) may negatively impact switching ability. However, both studies with bilinguals as well as studies including children with DLD have revealed mixed results. Moreover, the interaction of bilingualism and DLD has not been addressed and the origin of the stronger or weaker switching performance is unknown. The current study aimed to fill these gaps. Monolingual and bilingual children with and without DLD (n = 32 in each of the four groups) completed a nonverbal color/shape switching task when they were 7 to 8 years old, and a Continuous Performance Task two years earlier. The latter tapped into their response inhibition and sustained attention skills, which may underlie switching ability. No differences between monolinguals and bilinguals were found on the switching task. Children with DLD had higher mixing costs than peers without DLD, which was driven by differences in sustained attention skills. These results add to the body of research indicating that the cognitive advantages of bilingualism are unstable. Additionally, the results substantiate the hypothesis that attention processes are foundational for complex cognitive skills, such as switching, and suggest cascading effects for children with weaker attention skills, such as children with DLD.

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Back, Mitja D., Stefan C. Schmukle, and Boris Egloff. "Measuring Task-Switching Ability in the Implicit Association Test." Experimental Psychology 52, no. 3 (January 2005): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.3.167.

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Abstract. Recently, the role of method-specific variance in the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was examined ( McFarland & Crouch, 2002 ; Mierke & Klauer, 2003 ). This article presents a new content-unspecific control task for the assessment of task-switching ability within the IAT methodology. Study 1 showed that this task exhibited good internal consistency and stability. Studies 2-4 examined method-specific variance in the IAT and showed that the control task is significantly associated with conventionally scored IAT effects of the IAT-Anxiety. Using the D measures proposed by Greenwald, Nosek, and Banaji (2003 ), the amount of method-specific variance in the IAT-Anxiety could be reduced. Possible directions for future research are outlined.

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Ramos, Sara, Yuriem Fernández García, Eneko Antón, Aina Casaponsa, and Jon Andoni Duñabeitia. "Does learning a language in the elderly enhance switching ability?" Journal of Neurolinguistics 43 (August 2017): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.09.001.

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Simba, A. Y., M. Yamamoto, T. Nojima, and K. Itoh. "Circularly polarised proximity-fed microstrip antenna with polarisation switching ability." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 1, no. 3 (2007): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map:20050273.

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PRIOR, ANAT, and BRIAN MACWHINNEY. "A bilingual advantage in task switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 2 (December 17, 2009): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990526.

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This study investigated the possibility that lifelong bilingualism may lead to enhanced efficiency in the ability to shift between mental sets. We compared the performance of monolingual and fluent bilingual college students in a task-switching paradigm. Bilinguals incurred reduced switching costs in the task-switching paradigm when compared with monolinguals, suggesting that lifelong experience in switching between languages may contribute to increased efficiency in the ability to shift flexibly between mental sets. On the other hand, bilinguals did not differ from monolinguals in the differential cost of performing mixed-task as opposed to single-task blocks. Together, these results indicate that bilingual advantages in executive function most likely extend beyond inhibition of competing responses, and encompass flexible mental shifting as well.

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Guerrero, A., N. Jain, D. L. Goldman, and B. C. Fries. "Phenotypic switching in Cryptococcus neoformans." Microbiology 152, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28451-0.

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Phenotypic switching has been described in serotype A and D strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. It occurs in vivo during chronic infection and is associated with differential gene expression and changes in virulence. The switch involves changes in the polysaccharide capsule and cell wall that affect the yeast's ability to resist phagocytosis. In addition, the phenotypic switch variants elicit qualitatively different inflammatory responses in the host. In animal models of chronic cryptococosis, the immune response of the host ultimately determines which of the switch variants are selected and maintained. The importance of phenotypic switching is further underscored by several findings that are relevant in the setting of human disease. These include the ability of the mucoid colony variant of RC-2 (RC-2 MC) but not the smooth variant (RC-2 SM) to promote increased intracerebral pressure in a rat model of cryptococcal meningitis. Furthermore, chemotherapeutic and immunological antifungal interventions can promote the selection of the RC-2 MC variant during chronic murine infection.

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Astani, Widi, Dwi Rukmini, and Djoko Sutopo. "The The Impact of Code Switching in Conversation of â€œNebeng Boyâ€ Youtube Vlogs Towards Communication in English Among The Participants." English Education Journal 10, no. 2 (June 20, 2020): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v10i1.34192.

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The present study is aimed at investigating the impact of code switching realized in the conversation of â€œNebeng Boyâ€ youtube vlog. This qualitative research is conducted by observing and analysing the conversations from four downloaded video as the data which then transcribed them in a written form. The data analysis also included the types and the functions of code switching which occurred in those four transcribed conversations in order to ease the researcher in determining the impact. The finding shows that intra-sentential code switching is the most frequent type and repetition is the most frequent function of code switching which occurred, and the impact is that the participants experienced language loss and language gain as the result of bilingualism through code switching. The English ability that is improving, results in the loss of Indonesian language ability. Bilingualism and oppression of using English language are external factors that also result code switching, which is then give impact to the loss of language that participants have learned before. The findings in this study indicated that three types of code-switching found in the conversations; inter-sentential code-switching (31.3%), intra-sentential code-switching (41.9%), and emblematic/ tag switching (26.8%). The participants also used code-switching for various functions. The most significant function was repetition which got the highest percentage (18.5%) among the other functions of code-switching in four transcribed conversations. It is also found that code-switching brought impact to the participants in term od language capabilities. It resulted in the loss of Indonesian language and the gain of English ability. The most significant factors that cause language loss and language gain were the bilingual settings they experienced and the oppression to use the English language in their daily life to communicate with others. An interesting phenomenon of code-switching that occurred in the bilingual community was shown in the analysis and findings. It is proven that the participants in this study performed code-switching as one of the strategies in communication. The existence of code-switching also open up a realistic view that by using alternative languages, it helps to reduce the gap of misunderstanding in a conversation, so that the intimacy or solidarity can be built among the participants

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Liu, Huanhuan, Susan Dunlap, Lijuan Liang, and Baoguo Chen. "The effect of inhibitory control and its training on L1 and a new learned language switching." International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 6 (February 1, 2017): 653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916688335.

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Aims: This study aimed to investigate how individuals’ inhibitory control (IC) ability affects language switching in the initial period of language learning. Design: Using a pretest/posttest design and event-related potential (ERP) methodology, we investigated the effect of IC on Chinese–English bilinguals during their language switching between Chinese (L1) and Korean (a language new to the participants, Lnew). All participants were required to name pictures (picture-naming task) in their L1 and Lnew in the pretest and posttest. Low-IC participants received an IC task training between the pretest and the posttest, while the high-IC group did not. Data and analysis: Analyses of both response latencies and ERP data were conducted by repeated-measures ANOVA. Findings: Results showed that the high-IC group exhibited symmetrical switch costs in both the pretest and the posttest. Besides, a more obvious late positive component (LPC) was observed when the high-IC participants switched from L1 to Lnew than the other way around, indicating their ability to inhibit cross-language interference. In contrast, the low-IC group exhibited asymmetrical switch costs, and no amplitude difference when switching between Lnew and L1 in the pretest. However, in the posttest, the switch costs pattern and the LPC results of the low-IC group became similar to those of the high-IC group. Innovation: The present study was a first attempt to provide electrophysiological evidence that IC ability plays an important role during L1–Lnew switching. Significance: These findings support the hypothesis that individuals’ IC ability plays a role of suppressing the non-target lexical access during language switching in the initial period of second language learning. The results also indicate that the relevant training in IC ability could contribute to the improvement of the language-switching efficiency in the initial period of language learning.

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Morin, Christopher, and Olga Petricevic. "Institutional Logics and Frame-Switching Ability: A Model of Entrepreneurial Insight." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 17082. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.17082abstract.

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Shaw, Dana C., Heather A. Hansen, Molly R. McKinney, Jessica L. Irons, and Andrew B. Leber. "Does task switching ability predict the selection of attentional control strategies?" Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.804.

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Suben, A., and B. J. Scholl. "Switching Percepts of Ambiguous Figures: Specific skills or a General Ability?" Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 13, 2010): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.1175.

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Nishizawa, N., K. Nishibayashi, and H. Munekata. "A spin light emitting diode incorporating ability of electrical helicity switching." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 11 (March 17, 2014): 111102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4868874.

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Watanabe, Masashi, Naoko Wakimoto, Toshihiro Hirai, and Mikito Yokoyama. "Thermal switching of the actuation ability of an electroactive polymer actuator." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 95, no. 6 (2005): 1566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.21365.

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Parikakis, George S., and Anna Merika. "Evaluating volatility dynamics and the forecasting ability of Markov switching models." Journal of Forecasting 28, no. 8 (December 2009): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/for.1135.

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Hossain, Munshi Sahid, Sk Atiur Rahaman, Joydev Hatai, Monochura Saha, and Subhajit Bandyopadhyay. "Switching the recognition ability of a photoswitchable receptor towards phosphorylated anions." Chemical Communications 56, no. 30 (2020): 4172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00926a.

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Seo, Young Jun, Il Joon Lee, and Byeang Hyean Kim. "Detection of structure-switching in G-quadruplexes using end-stacking ability." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18, no. 14 (July 2008): 3910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.033.

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Choi, Chang-Shik, Mi-Kyoung Kim, Ki-Seok Jeon, and Ki-Hwan Lee. "A functionalized dianthryl tetraaza macrocycle having the recognizing and switching ability." Journal of Luminescence 109, no. 2 (August 2004): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2004.01.091.

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Gross, Megan C., Haliee Patel, and Margarita Kaushanskaya. "Processing of Code-Switched Sentences in Noise by Bilingual Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 1283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00388.

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Purpose The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of code-switching on bilingual children's online processing and offline comprehension of sentences in the presence of noise. In addition, the study examined individual differences in language ability and cognitive control skills as moderators of children's ability to process code-switched sentences in noise. Method The participants were 50 Spanish–English bilingual children, ages 7;0–11;8 (years;months). Children completed an auditory moving window task to examine whether they processed sentences with code-switching more slowly and less accurately than single-language sentences in the presence of noise. They completed the Dimensional Change Card Sort task to index cognitive control and standardized language measures in English and Spanish to index relative language dominance and overall language ability. Results Children were significantly less accurate in answering offline comprehension questions about code-switched sentences presented in noise compared to single-language sentences, especially for their dominant language. They also tended to exhibit slower processing speed, but costs did not reach significance. Language ability had an overall effect on offline comprehension but did not moderate the effects of code-switching. Cognitive control moderated the extent to which offline comprehension costs were affected by language dominance. Conclusions The findings of the current study suggest that code-switching, especially in the presence of background noise, may place additional demands on children's ability to comprehend sentences. However, it may be the processing of the nondominant language, rather than code-switching per se, that is especially difficult in the presence of noise.

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Liu, Shijing, Amy Wadeson, Na Young Kim, and Chang S. Nam. "Effects of Working Memory Capacity, Task Switching, and Task Difficulty on Multitasking Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601114.

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Multitasking requires human operators to handle the demands of multiple tasks through task switching at the same time and this ability is required in many jobs. Previous studies showed that different levels of working memory capacity (WMC) and task switching abilities can lead to differences on multitasking performance. With increased complexity of tasks, maintaining task performance is challenging. This study sought to find the relations of WMC, task switching, task difficulty, and multitasking performance. Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (MATB-II) was employed in this study as a platform to assess multitasking. Automated OSPAN and Trail Making Tasks (TMT) were used to assess WMC and the task switching ability, respectively. Results indicated that there were significant effects of these three parameters on multitasking performance. Other dimensions of multitasking performance will be addressed in future studies.

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King, R. J. "Capital Switching and the Role of Ground Rent: 2 Switching between Circuits and Switching between Submarkets." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 6 (June 1989): 711–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210711.

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In the first paper of this series of three, Harvey's ‘circuits of capital’ argument was discussed, and was linked first to ground rent theory, and second to forms of social change and crisis in advanced, Western-style economies. In the present paper these various theoretical insights are used to reflect upon the urban housing market in Melbourne from the 1930s to the 1980s. It is concluded (1) that average rent (average annual cost relative to wages), and thereby housing-related accumulation, rose virtually uninterrupted from 1932 to 1977, providing the incentive to the suburbanisation boom of the 1950s and 1960s; (2) that an extraordinary rise in average rent in 1973 – 74 (to be viewed as ‘absolute rent’) created an affordability barrier, inhibiting the ability of the housing sector to provide an outlet for speculative investment in the current ‘global crisis’; and (3) that differentiated shifts in monopoly ground rent (that is, price rises in some submarkets and falls in others) thereby became increasingly important in providing incentive for both speculative and productive investment in housing. The third paper will extend this empirical exploration to the social conditions enabling these processes, and in turn affected by them.

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Nahak, Yulius, and Barli Bram. "CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING UTTERED BY CINTA LAURA IN OKAY BOSS TRANS7’S TALK SHOW." Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy 5, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/journey.v5i1.1831.

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Code-mixing and code-switching can effectively deal with the complex communicative demands that arise when participants have varied levels of linguistic ability. This paper aimed to examine the types and the functions of code-mixing and code-switching uttered by Cinta Laura Kiehl in Okay Boss Trans7’s Talk Show on 23/06/2020, entitled “Ada Apa Dengan Cinta Laura Kiehl dan Aero'' (What happened to Cinta Laura Kiehl and Aero). The design of this study used a qualitative descriptive method. Data were gathered from the talk show in written data. An explanatory sample was used to analyze the collected data. The findings revealed 27 data of code-mixings used by Cinta Laura Kiehl: 19 were intra-sentential code-mixing, and eight were intra-lexical code-mixing. Besides, 19 data of code-switching were identified: 10 were intra-sentential switching, eight were inter-sentential switching, and one was emblematic code-switching. Furthermore, the most dominant function of code-mixing was incompetence, with 15 data, and the most dominant function of code-switching was covering the ability to speak a specific language, with eight data. The study results are expected to contribute to students and lecturers of English and researchers engaging in sociolinguistic research to explore further the purpose of using code-mixing and code-switching in conversation.

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Fiorensera, Rika, and Nurma Dhona Handayani. "CODE SWITCHING USED BY PUBLIC FIGURES IN DEDDY CORBUZIER'S PODCAST: SOCIOLINGUISTICS APPROACH." JURNAL BASIS 8, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/basisupb.v8i1.2769.

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Sociolinguistics is a joint scientific discipline between sociology and linguistics which means the relationship between society and language. In this case, sociolinguistics is the relationship and mutual influence between language behavior and social behavior. A language is an object of study of the social structures in society as means of communication and group identity. The ability of each human being in the language is different. Some people use two languages in their daily life which is called bilingual. most people like to switch languages with their interlocutors as needed. In sociolinguistics, there is code-switching which is related to bilingualism. Code-switching refers to a kind of code to switch between two languages of the same language at the same time. Code-switching here is a necessary ability to build in an ever-evolving multicultural environment. From social media, people can learn many languages and explore various languages used by others. Almost everyone uses social media. One famous artist who has a YouTube channel with many subscribers is Deddy Corbuzier. In Deddy Corbuzier's podcast, Deddy Corbuzier tends to switch Indonesian English with the other public figures. Therefore, this research aims to describe the types of code-switching using in Deddy Corbuzier podcast. There are three types such as tag switching, intersentential switching, and intrasentential switching. The data was analyzed by using Stockwell (2002) theory. The researchers used descriptive qualitative research methods to research by using (Sudaryanto, 2015). The results of this research, researchers found 3 data for tag switching, 1 data for intersentential switching, and 5 data for intrasentential switching.

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Sun, Ji, and Pei Sun. "The relationship between numerosity perception and mathematics ability in adults: the moderating role of dots number." PeerJ 9 (December 21, 2021): e12660. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12660.

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Background It has been proposed that numerosity perception is the cognitive underpinning of mathematics ability. However, the existence of the association between numerosity perception and mathematics ability is still under debate, especially in adults. The present study examined the relationship between numerosity perception and mathematics ability and the moderating role of dots number (i.e., the numerosity of items in dot set) in adults. Methods Sixty-four adult participants from Anshun University completed behavioral measures that tested numerosity perception of small numbers and large numbers, mathematics ability, inhibition ability, visual-spatial memory, and set-switching ability. Results We found that numerosity perception of small numbers correlated significantly with mathematics ability after controlling the influence of inhibition ability, visual-spatial memory, and set-switching ability, but numerosity perception of large numbers was not related to mathematics ability in adults. Conclusions These findings suggest that the dots number moderates the relationship between numerosity perception and mathematics ability in adults and may contribute to explaining the contradictory findings in the previous literature about the link between numerosity perception and mathematics ability.

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Tao, Lily, Marcus Taft, and Tamar H. Gollan. "The Bilingual Switching Advantage: Sometimes Related to Bilingual Proficiency, Sometimes Not." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 7 (August 2015): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000521.

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AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between bilingualism and task switching ability using a standardized measure of switching and an objective measure of bilingual language proficiency. Heritage Language (HL) speaking Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals and English speaking monolinguals completed all four subtests of the Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT), an English verbal fluency task, and a picture naming test (the Multilingual Naming Test) in English. Bilinguals also named pictures in their HL to assess HL proficiency. Spanish-English bilinguals were advantaged in task switching, exhibiting significantly smaller switching cost than monolinguals, but were disadvantaged in verbal fluency and picture naming. Additionally, performance on these cognitive and linguistic tasks was related to degree of HL proficiency, so that increased ability to name pictures in Spanish was associated with greater switching advantage, and greater disadvantage in both verbal fluency and picture naming. Mandarin-English bilinguals, who differed from the Spanish-English bilinguals on several demographic and language-use characteristics, exhibited a smaller but statistically significant switching advantage, but no linguistic disadvantage, and no clear relationship between HL proficiency and the switching advantage. Together these findings demonstrate an explicit link between objectively measured bilingual language proficiency and both bilingual advantages and disadvantages, while also showing that consequences of bilingualism for cognitive and linguistic task performance can vary across different language combinations. (JINS, 2015, 21, 531–544)

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ZHONG QUAN-DE. "OPTICAL SWITCHING AND BIST ABILITY IN A FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER CONTAINING PLASMA." Acta Physica Sinica 34, no. 2 (1985): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.34.182.

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Alejo, Teresa, Laura Uson, and Manuel Arruebo. "Reversible stimuli-responsive nanomaterials with on-off switching ability for biomedical applications." Journal of Controlled Release 314 (November 2019): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.036.

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Kim, Moon-Hwan, Muhammad Saleem, Ji-Su Seo, Chang-Shik Choi, and Ki Hwan Lee. "The photophysical behavior of the photochromic naphthopyran derivative having photo-switching ability." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 136 (February 2015): 1291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.016.

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Kagawa, Fumitaka, Sachio Horiuchi, Nao Minami, Shoji Ishibashi, Kensuke Kobayashi, Reiji Kumai, Youichi Murakami, and Yoshinori Tokura. "Polarization Switching Ability Dependent on Multidomain Topology in a Uniaxial Organic Ferroelectric." Nano Letters 14, no. 1 (December 12, 2013): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl403828u.

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Florio, Tiziana M., Giuseppina Confalone, Alessandro Sciarra, Antonello Sotgiu, and Marcello Alecci. "Switching ability of over trained movements in a Parkinson’s disease rat model." Behavioural Brain Research 250 (August 2013): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.020.

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Klein, Elad. "The personal vote and legislative party switching." Party Politics 24, no. 5 (November 29, 2016): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816678886.

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How do electoral rules affect the occurrence of legislative party switching? Existing research addressing this question is limited and does not reach a consistent conclusion. This article argues that electoral systems that encourage politicians to cultivate a personal vote dampen parties’ ability to retain members. The greater incentives to cultivate a personal vote in candidate-centred electoral systems result in politicians relying more on local supporters and less on party label for their re-election. In such systems, compared to party-centred systems, I expect that only parties that suffer electoral setbacks to be more likely to witness switching, as their candidates are less concerned with party labels, and local supporters might follow them to the new party, thus reducing switching costs. Drawing on data from 17 European democracies over the period 1990–2013, I find support for my hypothesis. While there is no direct effect of electoral rules on switching, the results suggest that this effect hinges upon parties’ ability to deliver seats: losing parties are more likely to witness switching in candidate-centred systems than in party-centred systems. Further findings also demonstrate how this effect is especially significant when district magnitude is large and the next election is approaching.

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Chan, Clara G. H., Wei Quin Yow, and Adam Oei. "Active Bilingualism in Aging: Balanced Bilingualism Usage and Less Frequent Language Switching Relate to Better Conflict Monitoring and Goal Maintenance Ability." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): e231-e241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa058.

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Abstract Objectives Experience-related neuroplasticity suggests that bilinguals who actively manage their two languages would develop more efficient neural organization at brain regions related to language control, which also overlap with areas involved in executive control. Our aim was to examine how active bilingualism—manifested as the regular balanced use of two languages and language switching—may be related to the different domains of executive control in highly proficient healthy older adult bilinguals, controlling for age, processing speed, and fluid intelligence. Methods Participants were 76 community-dwelling older adults who reported being physically and mentally healthy and showed no signs of cognitive impairment. They completed a self-report questionnaire on their language background, two computer measures for previously identified covariates (processing speed as measured by two-choice reaction time (RT) task and fluid intelligence as measured by the Raven’s Progressive Matrices), as well as a battery of computerized executive control tasks (Color-shape Task Switching, Stroop, Flanker, and Spatial 2-back task). Results Regression analyses showed that, even after controlling for age, processing speed, and fluid intelligence, more balanced bilingualism usage and less frequent language switching predicted higher goal maintenance (nonswitch trials RT in Color-shape Task Switching) and conflict monitoring abilities (global RT in Color-shape Task Switching and Flanker task). Discussion Results suggest that active bilingualism may provide benefits to maintaining specific executive control abilities in older adult bilinguals against the natural age-related declines.

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Gao, Bin, Qiaoping Zhang, Khan Muhammad, Xiangkui Ren, Jintang Guo, Shihai Xia, Wencheng Zhang, and Yakai Feng. "A progressively targeted gene delivery system with a pH triggered surface charge-switching ability to drive angiogenesis in vivo." Biomaterials Science 7, no. 5 (2019): 2061–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm00132h.

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Díaz-Méndez, Rogelio, Guido Pupillo, Fabio Mezzacapo, Mats Wallin, Jack Lidmar, and Egor Babaev. "Phase-change switching in 2D via soft interactions." Soft Matter 15, no. 3 (2019): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01738g.

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Sagala, Rakhmat Wahyudin, and Bambang Panca Syahputra. "CODE SWITCHING IN BILINGUAL CLASSROOM." Jurnal Serunai Bahasa Inggris 11, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37755/jsbi.v11i1.143.

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Nowadays, universal language which is used in the world is English. The ability of speaking English is being a prerequisite to be someone’s success in the future. The aim of this study is to find the phenomenon of code switching in bilingual classroom which focused on types of grammatical code switching and reasons of using grammatical code switching. This research applied descriptive qualitative research which obtained the data from the discourse of lecturers and students in bilingual classroom at Universitas Negeri Medan. The researchers applied observation, interview and documentation. The data showed that lecturers and students used grammatical code switching in the classroom such as 2 tag code switching, 12 inter-sentential code switching, 22 intra-sentential code switching, 3 proper nouns, 1 negative words, 8 similarity of words in languages and 3 discourse marker. There are some reasons why the participants used code switching in their discourse. First, code switching made students more understand what the lecturers explained because not all bilingual students are able to speak English. Second, they used code switching because lack of vocabulary in English and so that they switched languages to make the material were easier to be understood.Keywords— Code Switching, Types of Grammatical Code Switching, Reasons of Code Switching, Bilingual Education

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Airey, John. "The Ability of Students to Explain Science Concepts in Two Languages." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 23, no. 45 (October 24, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v23i45.97344.

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This paper analyses the ability of twenty-one physics undergraduates at two Swedish universities to orally describe and explain in both Swedish and English the science concepts met in their lectures. This ability is related back to the language used to teach the concepts (English, Swedish or both languages). Transcripts of student descriptions in both languages are rated using three measures:1. Fluency (in terms of syllables per second and mean length of runs)2. Code-switching3. A judgment about the ‘disciplinarity’ of what is said.Comparison between languages ﬁnds that students speak on average 45% slower and have 33% shorter runs in their English descriptions. However, these differences in speaking rate and run length become much lower (28% and 26% respectively) in those transcripts where students appear to have adequately understood the concepts that were presented in the lectures. These latter values are in line with ﬁndings in comparative studies of other types of speech event (See Hincks 2010). Analysis of code-switching identiﬁes some students (n=3) who have great difﬁculty describing disciplinary concepts in English. These were ﬁrst year students and were being taught in English for the ﬁrst time. It is thus concluded that for some students disciplinary English is indeed a problem. However, from a disciplinary point of view, all other students give similarly good (or bad) descriptions of physics concepts in both Swedish and English, regardless of the language used in the lectures.

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Shi, Yong, and Zhuoyi Xu. "Wide Load Range ZVS Three-level DC-DC Converter: Modular Structure, Redundancy Ability, and Reduced Filters Size." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2019): 3537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183537.

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In future dc distributed power systems, high performance high voltage dc-dc converters with redundancy ability are welcome. However, most existing high voltage dc-dc converters do not have redundancy ability. To solve this problem, a wide load range zero-voltage switching (ZVS) three-level (TL) dc-dc converter is proposed, which has some definitely good features. The primary switches have reduced voltage stress, which is only Vin/2. Moreover, no extra clamping component is needed, which results simple primary structure. Redundancy ability can be obtained by both primary and secondary sides, which means high system reliability. With proper designing of magnetizing inductance, all primary switches can obtain ZVS down to 0 output current, and in addition, the added conduction loss can be neglected. TL voltage waveform before the output inductor is obtained, which leads small volume of the output filter. Four secondary MOSFETs can be switched in zero-current switching (ZCS) condition over wide load range. Finally, both the primary and secondary power stages are modular architecture, which permits realizing any given system specifications by low voltage, standardized power modules. The operation principle, soft switching characteristics are presented in this paper, and the experimental results from a 1 kW prototype are also provided to validate the proposed converter.

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Thesa, Khodiyo, Nababan Nababan, and Sri Marmanto. "PENGGUNAAN ALIH KODE DALAM PERCAKAPAN PADA JARINGAN WHATSAPP OLEH MAHASISWA KNB YANG BERKULIAH DI UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET." PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics 2, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v2i1.1720.

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The aims of this research are (1) to find the types of code switching that used in what’sapp conversation by KNB students of Sebelas Maret University (2) to describe the factors of code switching by KNB students of Sebelas Maret University (3) to describe the functions of code switching by KNB students of Sebelas Maret University. This research is adescriptive qualitative research employing etnography method (analizing of domain, taxonomy, and componential) in order tofix the pattern of the culture theme. The source of data taken from the code switching conversations of KNB Students. The data are conversations of KNB students in Sebelas Maret University that joined in Sibling What’sApp Group from August until November 2016 and contain of code switching. The collecting data is conversation transcription in Sibling What’sApp group that relates with switching code.The research results were (1) the types of switching code that used by KNB students wereintersentencial switching, intrasentencial switching, and tag switching. The result of analizing research that refers to Spreadly theory or etnography theory showed that intrasentential was the dominan switching code that appear on KNB students conversation about 43% (2) the factors that caused KNB students switching the code of on their conversation were speaker, addresse speaker, topic, situation, humor, ability, technology, familiarity, and relation whereas (3) the functions of switching codes on the KNB students conversations were to familiar between the speaker and address speaker, to respect the local culture they stayed, to make easy the communication, words of technology, to rich language ability, to remind something to address speaker, to respond the questions, to begin, middle and to end the conversations, to emphasize the speaker meaning, invitation, to change formal situation to informal, perception, to express the speaker feeling, to quote the other person conversation, humor, to address specification, to ask a help, to explain the speaker meaning, and to change a topic.The result of this research showed that switching code on KNB students conversation that join on Sibling What’s App group had three types and it had the factors that can influence switching code and for each KNB students conversation had the function. Intrasentencial code is the dominan switching code because KNB students often use the switching code in words or phrase form. Keywords: KNB students, code switching, intersentential switching, intrasentential switching, tag.

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WISEHEART, MELODY, MYTHILI VISWANATHAN, and ELLEN BIALYSTOK. "Flexibility in task switching by monolinguals and bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 1 (December 29, 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000273.

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Many bilinguals routinely switch between their languages, yet mixed evidence exists about the transfer of language switching skills to broader domains that require attentional control such as task switching. Monolingual and bilingual young adults performed a nonverbal task-switching paradigm in which they viewed colored pictures of animals and indicated either the animal or its color in response to a cue. Monolinguals and bilinguals performed similarly when switching between tasks (local switch cost) in a mixed-task block, but bilinguals demonstrated a smaller mixing effect (global switch cost) than monolinguals, indicating better ability to reconfigure stimulus–response associations. These results suggest that regular practice using multiple languages confers a broader executive function advantage shown as improved flexibility in task switching.

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Blanco-Elorrieta, Esti, Karen Emmorey, and Liina Pylkkänen. "Language switching decomposed through MEG and evidence from bimodal bilinguals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 39 (September 11, 2018): 9708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809779115.

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A defining feature of human cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately alternate between complex behaviors. One striking example of such an ability is bilinguals’ capacity to rapidly switch between languages. This switching process minimally comprises disengagement from the previous language and engagement in a new language. Previous studies have associated language switching with increased prefrontal activity. However, it is unknown how the subcomputations of language switching individually contribute to these activities, because few natural situations enable full separation of disengagement and engagement processes during switching. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) from American Sign Language–English bilinguals who often sign and speak simultaneously, which allows to dissociate engagement and disengagement. MEG data showed that turning a language “off” (switching from simultaneous to single language production) led to increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), while turning a language “on” (switching from one language to two simultaneously) did not. The distinct representational nature of these on and off processes was also supported by multivariate decoding analyses. Additionally, Granger causality analyses revealed that (i) compared with “turning on” a language, “turning off” required stronger connectivity between left and right dlPFC, and (ii) dlPFC activity predicted ACC activity, consistent with models in which the dlPFC is a top–down modulator of the ACC. These results suggest that the burden of language switching lies in disengagement from the previous language as opposed to engaging a new language and that, in the absence of motor constraints, producing two languages simultaneously is not necessarily more cognitively costly than producing one.

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Wang, Qi, Wen Hai Wu, Bin Tuan Wang, and Shuang Zhong Ya Zhang. "Switching Control Blending Methodology with Single Parameter Dependent and its Application to Tiltrotor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 1015–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1015.

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Because direct switching between controllers will generate abrupt change of control signal causing severe actuators workload, a switching control blending methodology is presented in this paper. By the blending of weighted multi-controllers output signals in which the weight value depends on a single switching parameter, the control signals can be switched smoothly and the closed-loop dynamic acts continuously. In this method, the design of multi-controllers can use any available methods while the closed-loop switching stability is insured by rational division of closed-loop state-space along the switching parameter. The closed-loop switching stability under control blending is presented, and a state-space division algorithm is developed. With the application to the tiltrotor, the simulation results show that the presented control methodology can provide all modes control ability and make control signals switched smoothly.

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Abuishmais, Ibrahim, and Tore M. Undeland. "SiC Devices for Renewable and High Performance Power Conversion Applications." Advances in Power Electronics 2012 (March 26, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/765619.

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The unique properties of SiC devices enable substantial improvement of existing power conversion systems. SiC devices offer lower conduction and switching losses which increases converter efficiency. With high switching speed ability, employing SiC is expected to reduce weight and cost of conversion systems. This paper investigates the potential impact of SiC devices on renewable energy applications.

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Armbruster, Diana J. N., Kai Ueltzhöffer, Ulrike Basten, and Christian J. Fiebach. "Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms Underlying Individual Differences in Cognitive Flexibility and Stability." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 12 (December 2012): 2385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00286.

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The pFC is critical for cognitive flexibility (i.e., our ability to flexibly adjust behavior to changing environmental demands), but also for cognitive stability (i.e., our ability to follow behavioral plans in the face of distraction). Behavioral research suggests that individuals differ in their cognitive flexibility and stability, and neurocomputational theories of working memory relate this variability to the concept of attractor stability in recurrently connected neural networks. We introduce a novel task paradigm to simultaneously assess flexible switching between task rules (cognitive flexibility) and task performance in the presence of irrelevant distractors (cognitive stability) and to furthermore assess the individual “spontaneous switching rate” in response to ambiguous stimuli to quantify the individual dispositional cognitive flexibility in a theoretically motivated way (i.e., as a proxy for attractor stability). Using fMRI in healthy human participants, a common network consisting of parietal and frontal areas was found for task switching and distractor inhibition. More flexible persons showed reduced activation and reduced functional coupling in frontal areas, including the inferior frontal junction, during task switching. Most importantly, the individual spontaneous switching rate antagonistically affected the functional coupling between inferior frontal junction and the superior frontal gyrus during task switching and distractor inhibition, respectively, indicating that individual differences in cognitive flexibility and stability are indeed related to a common prefrontal neural mechanism. We suggest that the concept of attractor stability of prefrontal working memory networks is a meaningful model for individual differences in cognitive stability versus flexibility.

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Zappullo, Isa, Luigi Trojano, Roberta Cecere, Gennaro Raimo, Monica Positano, and Massimiliano Conson. "Switching between the Forest and the Trees: The Contribution of Global to Local Switching to Spatial Constructional Abilities in Typically Developing Children." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120955.

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Background: Spatial analysis encompasses the ability to perceive the visual world by arranging the local elements (“the trees”) into a coherent global configuration (“the forest”). During childhood, this ability gradually switches from a local to a global precedence, which contributes to changes in children’s spatial construction abilities, such as drawing or building blocks. At present, it is not clear whether enhanced global or local processing or, alternatively, whether switching between these two levels best accounts for children’s spatial constructional abilities. Methods: We assessed typically developing children 7 to 8 years old on a global/local switching task and on two widely used spatial construction tasks (the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and the Block Design test). Results: The ability to switch from global to local level, rather than a global or a local advantage, best accounted for children’s performance on both spatial construction tasks. Conclusions: The present findings contribute to elucidate the relationship between visual perception and spatial construction in children showing that the ease with which children switch perception from global to local processing is an important factor in their performance on tasks requiring complex drawing and block assembling.

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Cui, Qiaoling, Qian Li, Hongyan Geng, Lei Chen, Nancy Y. Ip, Ya Ke, and Wing-Ho Yung. "Dopamine receptors mediate strategy abandoning via modulation of a specific prelimbic cortex–nucleus accumbens pathway in mice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 21 (May 7, 2018): E4890—E4899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717106115.

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The ability to abandon old strategies and adopt new ones is essential for survival in a constantly changing environment. While previous studies suggest the importance of the prefrontal cortex and some subcortical areas in the generation of strategy-switching flexibility, the fine neural circuitry and receptor mechanisms involved are not fully understood. In this study, we showed that optogenetic excitation and inhibition of the prelimbic cortex–nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway in the mouse respectively enhances and suppresses strategy-switching ability in a cross-modal spatial-egocentric task. This ability is dependent on an intact dopaminergic tone in the NAc, as local dopamine denervation impaired the performance of the animal in the switching of tasks. In addition, based on a brain-slice preparation obtained from Drd2-EGFP BAC transgenic mice, we demonstrated direct innervation of D2 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) in the NAc by prelimbic cortical neurons, which is under the regulation by presynaptic dopamine receptors. While presynaptic D1-type receptor activation enhances the glutamatergic transmission from the prelimbic cortex to D2-MSNs, D2-type receptor activation suppresses this synaptic connection. Furthermore, manipulation of this pathway by optogenetic activation or administration of a D1-type agonist or a D2-type antagonist could restore impaired task-switching flexibility in mice with local NAc dopamine depletion; this restoration is consistent with the effects of knocking down the expression of specific dopamine receptors in the pathway. Our results point to a critical role of a specific prelimbic cortex–NAc subpathway in mediating strategy abandoning, allowing the switching from one strategy to another in problem solving.

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ZAJĄCZKOWSKA, Maria, Kirsten ABBOT-SMITH, and Christina S. KIM. "Using shared knowledge to determine ironic intent; a conversational response paradigm." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 6 (April 27, 2020): 1170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000920000045.

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AbstractMentalising has long been suggested to play an important role in irony interpretation. We hypothesised that another important cognitive underpinning of irony interpretation is likely to be children's capacity for mental set switching – the ability to switch flexibly between different approaches to the same task. We experimentally manipulated mentalising and set switching to investigate their effects on the ability of 7-year-olds to determine if an utterance is intended ironically or literally. The component of mentalising examined was whether the speaker and listener shared requisite knowledge.We developed a paradigm in which children had to select how a listener might reply, depending on whether the listener shared knowledge needed to interpret the utterance as ironic. Our manipulation of requisite set switching found null results. However, we are the first to show experimentally that children as young as seven years use mentalising to determine whether an utterance is intended ironically or literally.

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Langeard, Antoine, Ramzi Houdeib, Kathia Saillant, Navin Kaushal, Maxime Lussier, and Louis Bherer. "Switching Ability Mediates the Age-Related Difference in Timed Up and Go Performance." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 71, s1 (September 19, 2019): S23—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-181176.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Switching ability'

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