Relevant bibliographies by topics / Switchable systems

Academic literature on the topic 'Switchable systems'

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Published: 4 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Switchable systems"

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Bortakovsky, A. S., and I. V. Uryupin. "Optimization of Switchable Systems’ Trajectories." Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International 60, no. 5 (September 2021): 701–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064230721050051.

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Ramayya, G. P. "Multi-mode switchable breathing systems." Anaesthesia 40, no. 7 (July 1985): 706–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb10968.x.

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Yang, Ying-Wei, Yu-Long Sun, and Nan Song. "Switchable Host–Guest Systems on Surfaces." Accounts of Chemical Research 47, no. 7 (March 17, 2014): 1950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar500022f.

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Katz, Evgeny. "Magneto-switchable Electrodes and Electrochemical Systems." Electroanalysis 28, no. 5 (October 27, 2015): 904–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201500635.

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Mellerup, Soren K., and Suning Wang. "Boron-based stimuli responsive materials." Chemical Society Reviews 48, no. 13 (2019): 3537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00153k.

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Representative types of boron-based molecular systems that respond to external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, light, or chemicals (oxygen, acid, base etc.) are described in this review article. The boron molecules are classified according to their operating mechanisms, with emphasis on systems, which are based on switchable boron-donor bonds and switchable excited states.
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Vassalini, Irene, and Ivano Alessandri. "Switchable Stimuli-Responsive Heterogeneous Catalysis." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120569.

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Heterogeneous catalytic systems based on the use of stimuli-responsive materials can be switched from an “on” active state to an “off” inactive state, which contributes to endowing the catalysts with unique functional properties, such as adaptability, recyclability and precise spatial and temporal control on different types of chemical reactions. All these properties constitute a step toward the development of nature-inspired catalytic systems. Even if this is a niche area in the field of catalysis, it is possible to find in literature intriguing examples of dynamic catalysts, whose systematic analysis and review are still lacking. The aim of this work is to examine the recent developments of stimuli-responsive heterogeneous catalytic systems from the viewpoint of different approaches that have been proposed to obtain a dynamic control of catalytic efficiency. Because of the variety of reactions and conditions, it is difficult to make a quantitative comparison between the efficiencies of the considered systems, but the analysis of the different strategies can inspire the preparation of new smart catalytic systems.
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Dyda, Alexander A., Nguyen Van Thanh Van Thanh, and Ksenya N. Chumakova. "Vessel heading control systems with switchable regulators." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 67 (June 15, 2021): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi67.188.

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The purpose of this work is to study the possibilities of improving the quality of the processes of controlling the movement of the vessel along the course by combining individual standard controllers. Of the known scientific directions devoted to the problem being solved, the closest is the theory of systems with variable structure, in which, due to switching, a unique useful property is achieved, which are not possessed by individual switched structures. The article is devoted to the approach to the construction of the ship course control system, which is based on the principle of switching regulators during the transient process. This makes it possible to improve the quality of control processes in the system by using the features of individual regulators, in particular, the application of the switching principle made it possible to significantly increase the speed of the system in comparison with systems without switching and ensure the desired monotonic nature of the control process. The proposed approach is illustrated based on switchable P-controllers. The results of modeling the developed ship course control system are presented and discussed.
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Fursov, A. S., and E. F. Khusainov. "On the stabilization of switchable linear systems." Differential Equations 51, no. 11 (November 2015): 1518–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012266115110130.

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Green, Katy A., Marie P. Cifuentes, Marek Samoc, and Mark G. Humphrey. "Metal alkynyl complexes as switchable NLO systems." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 255, no. 21-22 (November 2011): 2530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2011.02.021.

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Liu Yang-Zheng, Jiang Chang-Sheng, Lin Chang-Sheng, Xiong Xing, and Shi Lei. "A class of switchable 3D chaotic systems." Acta Physica Sinica 56, no. 6 (2007): 3107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.56.3107.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Switchable systems"

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John, Ejae A. "Novel Switchable Systems and Applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19771.

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This work showcases the utility of switchable materials. Included are a switchable room-temperature ionic liquid, a switchable solvent, a switchable heterogeneous catalyst system, and a switchable gel. First, the switchable ionic liquid 2-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidium methylcarbonate is fully investigated. Its use in a complete chemical process (including reaction, separation, reformation, and recycle) is demonstrated with several reactions. Furthermore, its potential use for bitumen separation and purification and SO2 capture/isolation are discussed, and preliminary data is presented. Next, piperylene sulfone (PS), a switchable solvent, is synthesized and fully characterized. Anionic nucleophilic substitution reactions were performed in PS, the products were isolated in high yields, and then the PS was reformed for reuse. Then, we designed an immobilized fluorous microphase system that uses F-MonoPhos to induce high enantioselectivities as a switchable heterogeneous catalyst system. Finally, stable reversible polyethyleimine-CO2 gels have been synthesized with 1-octanol. Our findings indicate that PEI-1200/octanol/CO2 gels have potential as a possible drug carrier matrix for transdermal delivery applications.
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McCoy, Colin Peter. "Molecular signalling systems employing switchable fluorescence." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241415.

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Al-Atrash, J. B. E. "Investigation of power systems using switchable transformers." Thesis, University of Salford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493170.

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Hurenkamp, Johannes Henricus. "Tuning energy transfer between chromophores switchable molecular photonic systems /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.

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Nano, Adela. "Towards optical memories : switchable optical systems for electron and energy transfer processes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAF011/document.

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Le travail de cette thèse de doctorat est axé sur le design, la synthèse et la caractérisation de systèmes moléculaires organiques et organométalliques luminescents dans le but de déclencher des processus de transfert photoinduit d’électron (PeT) ou d’énergie (EET) pour des applications dans les dispositifs optiques ou électroniques. Nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés aux molécules de type push-pull car elless’avèrent être des modèles intéressants pour l’étude du PeT. Nos systèmes sont construits autour de BτDIPY qui sert d’espaceur entre le donneur d’électron (julolidine ou triazatruxène) et l’accepteur d’électron (une unité dicyanovinyl). Les études en électrochimie et spectroscopie ont montrés un caractère à transfert de charge très prononcé. Entre autre nous avons synthétisé et étudié une série de ligands de type N^O (type base de Schiff) dérivés de la julolidine, une amine cyclique avec des propriétés électroniques très inattendues. Ces ligands, subissent des processus de transfert photoinduit de proton à l’état excité (ESIPT) et leurs spectres d’émission présentent une luminescence panchromatique. La compléxation desligands N^O au BF2 supprime l’ESIPT et augment les rendements quantiques de fluorescence. Les ligands derivés de la julolidine sont combinés avec d’autres unités chromophoriques i.e. Ir(III), Pt(II) afin de construire des systèmes multichromophoriques et stimuler des processus de EET entre les composants.Lors de ces travaux de thèse nous nous somme particulièrement intéressés aux systèmes moléculaires photocommutables dont l’unité centrale est un photochrome, le [1,3]oxazine. L’oxazine est combiné à un module moléculaire qui sert de donneur d’énergie et un module accepteur d’énergie choisie de façon optimale afin d’induire un transfert électronique d’énergie de manière contrôlé
The present doctoral thesis work deals with the design, synthesis and characterization of organic and organometallic luminescent molecular frameworks for triggering Photoinduced electron Transfer (PeT) and Electronic Energy Transfer (EET) processes for applications in optical andelectronic devices. First, we turned toward the organic push-pull chromophores because they are useful model systems for studying the mechanism of PeT process. We synthesized new push-pull systems bearing a dicyanovinyl fragment as the electron-acceptor and a strong electron-donorsuch as julolidine and triazatruxene covalently linked through a BODIPY dye bridge. Electrochemical and photophysical studies showed a pronounced charge transfer character within the new push-pull systems. Furthermore, we synthesized and studied a series of chelating N^O-type ligands (Schiff base-type), based on the strong electron-donating julolidine motif, displaying ESIPT process. Their luminescence profiles exhibited panchromatic luminescence band covering the whole visible spectrum. Complexation of N^O-site with boron difluoride fragment suppressed the ESPIT process and highly increased the fluorescence quantum yield. The N^O-chelating ligands were combined with Pt(II) chromophore, B(III) and Ir(III) such as to obtainmultichromophoric frameworks. According to the photophysical studies, EET processes were observed within the multichromophoric systems. We successfully obtained a new florescent switching triad constructed around a photochromic core, [1,3]oxazine, which bears an energy-donor and an energy-acceptor module such as to directly control the EET process
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Krebs, Ina [Verfasser], and Carsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmuck. "Zwitterion-Perylene diimide-Modules for switchable supramolecular systems / Ina Krebs. Betreuer: Carsten Schmuck." Duisburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1081899565/34.

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Langer, Marcel [Verfasser], and Ch [Akademischer Betreuer] Barner-Kowollik. "Switchable Block Copolymer Systems for Reversible Membrane / Marcel Langer ; Betreuer: Ch. Barner-Kowollik." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1117701794/34.

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Han, Muxin. "Construction of Low‐Symmetric and Light-­Switchable Coordination Cages for Guest Uptake and Catalysis." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-87A6-D.

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Hammer, Christopher-Andrew [Verfasser], Josef [Gutachter] Wachtveitl, and Alexander [Gutachter] Heckel. "Spectroscopic characterization of photoresponsive systems: from chromoproteins to switchable and caged compounds / Christopher-Andrew Hammer ; Gutachter: Josef Wachtveitl, Alexander Heckel." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177143429/34.

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Alhaider, Mohemmed Masooud. "Optimal Demand Response Models with Energy Storage Systems in Smart Grids." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6451.

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This research aims to develop solutions to relieve system stress conditions in electric grids. The approach adopted in this research is based on a new concept in the Smart Grid, namely, demand response optimization. A number of demand response programs with energy storage systems are designed to enable a community to achieve optimal demand side energy management. The proposed models aim to improve the utilization of the demand side energy through load management programs including peak shaving, load shifting, and valley lling. First, a model is proposed to nd the optimal capacity of the battery energy storage system (BESS) to be installed in a power system. This model also aims to design optimal switchable loads programs for a community. The penetration of the switchable loads versus the size of the BESS is investigated. Another model is developed to design an optimal load operation scheduling of a residential heating ventilation and air-conditioning system (HVACs). This model investigates the ability of HVACs to provide optimal demand response. The model also proposes a comfort/cost trade-os formulation for end users. A third model is proposed to incorporate the uncertainty of the photovoltaic power in a residential model. The model would nd the optimal utilization of the PV-output to supply the residential loads. In the first part of this research, mixed integer programming (MIP) formulations are proposed to obtain the optimal capacity of the (BESS) in a power system. Two optimization problems are investigated: (i) When the BESS is owned by a utility, the operation cost of generators and cost of battery will be minimized. Generator on/o states, dispatch level and battery power dispatch level will be determined for a 24-hour period. (ii) When the BESS is owned by a community for peak shaving, the objective function will have a penalty component for the deviation of the importing power from the scheduled power. MIP problems are formulated and solved by CPLEX.The simulation results present the effect of switchable load penetration level on battery sizing parameters. In the second part, a mixed integer programming (MIP) based operation is proposed in this part for residential HVACs. The objective is to minimize the total cost of the HVAC energy consumption under varying electricity prices. A simplied model of a space cooling system considering thermal dynamics is adopted. The optimization problems consider 24-hour operation of HVAC. Comfort/cost trade-o is modeled by introducing a binary variable. The big-M technique is adopted to obtain linear constraints while considering this binary variable. The MIP problems are solved by CPLEX. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of HVAC's ability to respond to varying electricity price. Then, in the final part of this research, two Benders Decomposition strategies are applied to solve a stochastic mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation to obtain the optimal sizing of a photovoltaic system (PV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) to power a residential HVACs. The uncertainty of PV output is modeled using stochastic scenarios with the probability of their occurrence. Total cost including HVAC energy consumption cost and PV/battery installation cost is to be minimized with the system at grid-connected mode over eight hours subject to a varying electricity price. The optimization problem will nd the optimal battery energy capacity, power limit, a number of PV to be installed, and expected HVAC on/o states and BESS charging/discharging states for the next eight hours. This optimization problem is a large-scale MIP problem with expensive computing cost.
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Books on the topic "Switchable systems"

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Katz, Evgeny. Signal-Switchable Electrochemical Systems. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527818761.

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Al-Atrash, J. B. E. Investigation of power systems using switchable transformers. Salford: University of Salford, 1987.

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Brauer, Samuel. Markets and technologies for switchable ferroelectric, electrochromic, and optical materials. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 2002.

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Katz, Evgeny. Signal-Switchable Electrochemical Systems: Materials, Methods, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.

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Katz, Evgeny. Signal-Switchable Electrochemical Systems: Materials, Methods, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.

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Katz, Evgeny. Signal-Switchable Electrochemical Systems: Materials, Methods, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2018.

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Katz, Evgeny. Signal-Switchable Electrochemical Systems: Materials, Methods, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.

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Katz, Evgeny. Signal-Switchable Electrochemical Systems: Materials, Methods, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2018.

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M, Lampert Carl, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Switchable materials and flat panel displays: 21-22 July 1999, Denver, Colorado. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Switchable systems"

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Jonna, Gnaneswara Rao, Vamana Murthi Thuniki, and Madhu Mutyam. "CASCADE: Congestion Aware Switchable Cycle Adaptive Deflection Router." In Architecture of Computing Systems – ARCS 2016, 35–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30695-7_3.

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Hariesh, S. K., M. Reshma, O. K. C. Sivakumar Bapu, U. Vijay Gokul, and Karthigha Balamurugan. "A 60 GHz CMOS VCO Adapting Switchable High Q Inductors." In Inventive Systems and Control, 89–103. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1012-8_7.

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Cunningham, Michael F., Philip G. Jessop, and Ali Darabi. "Stimuli-Responsive Latexes Stabilized by Carbon Dioxide Switchable Groups." In Polymer Reaction Engineering of Dispersed Systems, 143–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_6.

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Anusha, B., and M. Aswanth Manindar. "Implementation of True Random Number Generator with Switchable Ring Oscillator on Xilinx ISE Environment." In Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, 373–81. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1669-4_33.

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Xu, Liu-Jun, and Ji-Ping Huang. "Theory for Thermoelectric Effect Control: Transformation Nonlinear Thermoelectricity." In Transformation Thermotics and Extended Theories, 35–51. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5908-0_4.

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AbstractTemperature-dependent (nonlinear) transformation thermotics provides a powerful tool for designing multifunctional, switchable, or intelligent metamaterials in diffusion systems. However, its extension to multiphysics remains studied, in which the temperature dependence of intrinsic parameters is ubiquitous. Here, we theoretically establish a temperature-dependent transformation method for controlling multiphysics. Taking thermoelectric transport as a typical case, we prove the form invariance of its temperature-dependent governing equations and formulate the corresponding transformation rules. Our finite-element simulations demonstrate robust thermoelectric cloaking, concentrating, and rotating performance in temperature-dependent backgrounds. We further design two practical applications with temperature-dependent transformation: an ambient-responsive cloak-concentrator thermoelectric device that can switch between cloaking and concentrating; an improved thermoelectric cloak with nearly-thermostat performance inside. Our theoretical frameworks and application designs may provide guidance for efficiently controlling temperature-related multiphysics and enlighten subsequent intelligent multiphysical metamaterial research.
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Židek, Kamil, Ján Piteľ, and Peter Lazorík. "IoT System with Switchable GSM, LoRaWAN, and Sigfox Communication Technology for Reliable Data Collection to Open-Source or Industrial Cloud Platforms." In EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing, 311–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40176-4_21.

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Ji, Li, Jiaqi Zhang, Jianghong Zhang, and Fuchen Ge. "Electric-Field Coupled Power Transfer System with Constant Current and Constant Voltage Output Based on Switchable Secondary Side of LCL-LLC/S Structure." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 195–203. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0873-4_21.

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Beyazit, Selim. "Stimuli-Responsive Systems and Applications." In Switchable Bioelectronics, 27–64. Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003056003-2.

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"Magneto-switchable Electrodes and Electrochemical Systems." In Signal-Switchable Electrochemical Systems, 5–70. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527818761.ch2.

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"Electrochemical Systems Switchable by pH Changes." In Signal-Switchable Electrochemical Systems, 177–201. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527818761.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Switchable systems"

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Tabirian, Nelson V., Zhi Liao, Jeoungyeon Hwang, David Roberts, Brian Kimball, Diane Steeves, Timothy J. Bunning, and S. R. Nersisyan. "Chromatic aberration corrected switchable optical systems." In Liquid Crystals XXII, edited by Iam Choon Khoo. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2323033.

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Cole, Martin, Nicolas H. Voelcker, and Helmut W. Thissen. "Switchable coatings for biomedical applications." In Smart Materials, Nano-, and Micro-Smart Systems, edited by Dan V. Nicolau. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.582306.

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Mikhailovskaya, A., D. Dobrykh, A. Slobozhanyuk, D. Filonov, and P. Ginzburg. "Optically switchable scanning antenna." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Antennas, Communications and Electronic Systems (COMCAS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comcas44984.2019.8958040.

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Tavakoli, Mahmoud, Carlos Viegas, Jose Carlos Romao, Pedro Neto, and Anibal T. de Almeida. "Switchable magnets for robotics applications." In 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2015.7353990.

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Morris, Nicholas J., Joaquin M. Gutierrez, Ever J. Barbero, and Darran R. Cairns. "Polymer Skins With Switchable Roughness." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5129.

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films with embedded electrically-responsive liquid crystal (LC) ellipsoids were fabricated to develop a membrane coating featuring tunable roughness. Membranes (∼30 microns thick) were placed between opposing pieces of indium-tin oxide (ITO) glass, creating electrodes for creation of a uniform electric field. Applied voltages ranged from 0V–350 V, as films were observed using an optical microscope. Thin-film interference patterns were observed in various regions of each film and were measured. Contour plots of film displacement were created and showed elevations across the observed region. The area of the first dark fringe regions, assumed to be in contact with the top glass surface, were measured as a function of applied voltage. The maximum displacement of the film was estimated to reach 1.5 microns and the area in contacted with the top glass surface increased 127% between 0–350 V. Finite element modelling results illustrate the influence of polarity on the roughness of the film surface.
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Tabiryan, Nelson V., Jeougyeon Hwang, Haiqing Xianyu, Svetlana V. Serak, Sarik R. Nersisyan, Brian R. Kimball, Diane M. Steeves, Michael McConney, and Timothy Bunning. "Electrically switchable large, thin, and fast optics." In Imaging Systems and Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/isa.2018.im2b.1.

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Kanthamani, S., R. SenthilNathan, Gowri Kumar, S. RamyaShankari, V, Sigappi, K. Devaki, V. Abhaikumar, S. Raju, and Vijay K. Varadan. "RF-MEMS-based switchable low pass filter." In Smart Materials, Structures, and Systems, edited by S. Mohan, B. Dattaguru, and S. Gopalakrishnan. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.514939.

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Bak, Seongjin, Sang Min Park, Gyeong Hun Kim, Soon-Woo Cho, and Chang-Seok Kim. "Switchable wavelengths of 1700 nm pulsed Raman fiber laser for photoacoustic generation." In Imaging Systems and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/isa.2023.im3e.5.

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In this paper, we utilize tunable laser for seed light to make switchable wavelength of 1700 nm pulse Raman fiber laser. The multiple output wavelengths around the 1700 nm can be used for photoacoustic generation.
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Liu, Shijie, Qi Lu, You Zhou, Xueke Xu, Jianda Shao, Zhouling Wu, Jian Chen, and Ming Huang. "Wavelength-switchable Fizeau interferometry and its applications." In Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection XI, edited by Peter Lehmann, Wolfgang Osten, and Armando Albertazzi Gonçalves. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2526377.

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Lu, Chung H., and Shing-Sun Yu. "Picture Coding With Switchable Dynamic Quantizers." In 1989 Symposium on Visual Communications, Image Processing, and Intelligent Robotics Systems, edited by William A. Pearlman. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.970115.

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Reports on the topic "Switchable systems"

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Fine, H., and D. McElroy. Assessment of the energy conservation potential of active (variable thermal resistance and switchable absorptance) building thermal insulation systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6816624.

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Mortazawi, Amir, and Victor Lee. Magnetron Sputtering System for Novel Intrinsically Switchable Thin Film Ferroelectric Resonators and Filters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada580741.

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