Journal articles on the topic 'Switch'
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HEIKOOP, KARIN W., MATHIEU DECLERCK, SANDER A. LOS, and IRING KOCH. "Dissociating language-switch costs from cue-switch costs in bilingual language switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000456.
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Cued language switching is used to examine language-control processes by comparing performance in language-switch trials with performance in repetition trials. In 1:1 cue-to-language mappings, language repetitions involve cue repetitions and language switches involve cue switches. Hence, the observed switch costs might reflect cue-switch costs rather than language-related control processes. By introducing a 2:1 cue-to-language mapping, we dissociated language switches (cue and language switched vs. cue switched, but language repeated) and cue switches (repeated language, with vs. without switched cue). We found cue-switch costs, but language-related switch costs were substantial, too, presumably reflecting language-control processes in cued language switching.
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BULTENA, SYBRINE, TON DIJKSTRA, and JANET G. VAN HELL. "Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000145.
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This study investigated two prominent issues in the comprehension of language switches. First, how does language switching direction affect switch costs in sentence context? Second, are switch costs modulated by L2 proficiency and cross-linguistic activation? We conducted a self-paced reading task involving sentences that switched between participants’ L1 Dutch and L2 English. The cognate status of the main verb was manipulated to examine the influence of co-activation on intra-sentential switch costs. The reading times indicated the influence of switch direction: a cost was observed for switches into L2 but not for switches into L1, and the magnitude of the costs was correlated with L2 proficiency, indicating that switch costs in language comprehension depend on language dominance. Verb cognates did not yield a cognate facilitation effect nor did they influence the magnitude of switch costs in either direction. The results are interpreted in terms of an activation account explaining lexical comprehension based on L2 proficiency.
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Li, Junru, Youyou Lu, Yiming Zhang, Qing Wang, Zhuo Cheng, Keji Huang, and Jiwu Shu. "SwitchTx." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, no. 11 (July 2022): 2881–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551838.
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Online-transaction-processing (OLTP) applications require the underlying storage system to guarantee consistency and serializability for distributed transactions involving large numbers of servers, which tends to introduce high coordination cost and cause low system performance. In-network coordination is a promising approach to alleviate this problem, which leverages programmable switches to move a piece of coordination functionality into the network. This paper presents a fast and scalable transaction processing system called SwitchTx. At the core of SwitchTx is a decentralized multi-switch in-network coordination mechanism, which leverages modern switches' programmability to reduce coordination cost while avoiding the central-switch-caused problems in the state-of-the-art Eris transaction processing system. SwitchTx abstracts various coordination tasks (e.g., locking, validating, and replicating) as in-switch gather-and-scatter (GaS) operations, and offloads coordination to a tree of switches for each transaction (instead of to a central switch for all transactions) where the client and the participants connect to the leaves. Moreover, to control the transaction traffic intelligently, SwitchTx reorders the coordination messages according to their semantics and redesigns the congestion control combined with admission control. Evaluation shows that SwitchTx outperforms current transaction processing systems in various workloads by up to 2.16X in throughput, 40.4% in latency, and 41.5% in lock time.
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Wagner, Till J. W., and Dominic Vella. "Switch on, switch off: stiction in nanoelectromechanical switches." Nanotechnology 24, no. 27 (June 13, 2013): 275501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/27/275501.
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Fleury Veloso da Silveira, Augusto, Felippe dos Santos e Silva, Wanderson Rainer Hilário de Araújo, Darizon Alves de Andrade, and Augusto Wohlgemuth Fleury Veloso da Silveira. "Reduced Switch Count Converter For Switched Reluctance Generators." Eletrônica de Potência 13, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2008.3.177183.
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Gohil, S. "POS0626 MONEY MATTERS: ASSESSING THE VALUE OF THE ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SWITCH FOR RHEUMATOLOGY PATIENTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 551.2–551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2566.
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Background:The adalimumab biosimilar switch plan, actioned 2018-19 was one of the most complex of all biologic switches across several specialties. Non-medical switches are considered to ensure the best value medicines are prescribed for patients in line with NICE Technology Appraisals.Objectives:This 2 year follow up review explores the value of the switch for Rheumatology (R) patients in comparison to two other major specialisms; Dermatology (R) and Gastroenterology (G).Methods:403 homecare (HC) patients had been identified as eligible for switch to a citrate containing biosimilar (R;189, G;176, D;38) between April-December 2019. 35 hospital FP10 patients receiving the citrate-free originator biologic were also identified for switch to the citrate containing biosimilar and prescription processing via HC (R; 24, G; 9, D;2). Biosimilar switch information was communicated via patient letters/clinic reviews. FP10 patients also received remote pharmacist telephone support, as part of a PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) quality improvement pilot. Data in regard to switch refusal, treatment cessation, withheld treatment and patient satisfaction ratings for pharmacist phonecalls (1 = unsatisfactory, 5=very satisfied) was documented.Results:235/403 HC patients successfully switched (R;99, G;107, D;29). 64/403 HC patients switched back to the originator (R;47, G;12; D;5). Of the 64 switch back HC patients; 52% = reported lack of efficacy; 27% = injection site pain and 21% = various other factors such as blepharitis, insomnia and hair loss. 38/403 HC patients refused the switch and remained on the originator biologic (R;11, G;27, D;0). 31/403 HC patients switched to an alternative biologic (R;19, G;9, D;3). 32/403 HC patients stopped treatment (R;13, G;19, D;0). Treatment was withheld for 3/403 HC patients (R;0, G;2, D;1). 100% of FP10 patients switched to HC. 31/35 FP10 patients switched to the biosimilar (R; 22, G; 7, D; 2). 3/31 patients switched back to the originator due to lack of efficacy or side effects. 4 patients refused the switch to biosimilar (R;3, G;1, D;0). 89% of patients were very satisfied with the pharmacist telephone support.Conclusion:In summary, 58% of all eligible HC patients switched in comparison to 89% of FP10 patients who received pharmacist telephone support; total cost saving following HC and FP10 switch = £270,000. Rheumatology demonstrated the least success in HC switching (52%) and the highest HC switch back figure (25%). Injection site pain and subjective lack of efficacy appear to be the main reasons for ongoing switch backs. The PDSA project demonstrates that a thorough pharmacist assessment of patient concerns in rationalising the use of a biologic agent versus biosimilar can be valuable for patients. Further cost effective adalimumab biosimilars have recently been launched. This seminal review emphasises the ongoing need for robust critical appraisals of biosimilars, with consideration for both clinical and cost effective parameters, before establishing their placement in treatment pathways.Acknowledgements:Mark Easter, UHCW and Interim Integrated Care System Chief Pharmacist, Hardeep Bagga, Deputy Chief Pharmacist, UHCW Pharmacy Homecare Team and UHCW Specialist Rheumatology, Gastroenterology and Dermatology Clinical Teams.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Rosembert, D., A. Malaviya, J. How, J. Tomlison, F. Toh, M. Roe, A. Nightingale, et al. "P505 Different failure rates after non-medical switching of 744 patients from adalimumab originator to 2 different adalimumab biosimilars at Cambridge University Hospitals, UK: real-world experience." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S438—S439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.634.
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Abstract Background Biosimilar adalimumab became available in the UK in October 2018, with payers introducing a series of measures to drive the adoption of the ‘best value’ adalimumab.1 Consideration of value should include risk of loss of efficacy and adverse reactions, which might drive further biologic switches or ‘reverse switches’ to originator. Managing potential ‘nocebo effect’ requires high levels of patient engagement, whilst the presence or absence of citrate buffer may affect patient-reported discomfort, hence patient treatment perceptions. Methods Patients were switched to 2 different biosimilar adalimumabs, one buffered with citrate (ADA1) and one in a citrate-free buffer (ADA2). The choice of adalimumab biosimilar was made for clinical and economic reasons. Patients were informed of the switch to either ADA1 or ADA2 in advance via letter and at clinic visits. Patients who reported problems after switching were reviewed. Results A total of 744 patients were switched from originator adalimumab (ADA0) to ADA1 or ADA2. Rheumatology and dermatology patients were switched to ADA1, whilst gastroenterology patients were switched to ADA2, except for those with a latex allergy, where ADA1 was used (or ADA2 in a latex-free syringe). A total of 49 (6.6%) patients reported problems and a further switch of drug was judged necessary in 48 (Table 1). Switch failure was significantly more likely with ADA1 than ADA2 (7.7% vs. 1.8%; p = 0.006). The median time to switch failure was 97 days (range 5–196 days). The commonest reason for switch failure was disease flare (23 patients, 48%), followed by injection site pain or reaction (21 patients, 44%). Disease flare and injection site problems were more likely to be reported with ADA1 than ADA2 (flare: 23/583 vs. 0/161, p = 0.008; injection site pain 20/583 vs. 1/161, p = 0.06). For patients reporting disease flare, clinicians tended to select a reverse switch to ADA0, whilst for those with injection site problems, a further switch to a different biosimilar was the preferred approach; both strategies were effective at recapture. Conclusion In the context of an effective patient communication strategy, adalimumab biosimilar switching was associated with overall low rates of patient-reported problems in a large cohort. Despite an identical communication strategy, significantly higher rates of injection site problems and disease flares were seen between 2 different biosimilars, reflected in a higher need for further switches. These differences may impact the cost-effectiveness of any chosen strategy. Reference
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Rahman, Rahnuma, and Supriyo Bandyopadhyay. "The Cost of Energy-Efficiency in Digital Hardware: The Trade-Off between Energy Dissipation, Energy–Delay Product and Reliability in Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Binary Switches." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 5590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125590.
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Binary switches, which are the primitive units of all digital computing and information processing hardware, are usually benchmarked on the basis of their ‘energy–delay product’, which is the product of the energy dissipated in completing the switching action and the time it takes to complete that action. The lower the energy–delay product, the better the switch (supposedly). This approach ignores the fact that lower energy dissipation and faster switching usually come at the cost of poorer reliability (i.e., a higher switching error rate) and hence the energy–delay product alone cannot be a good metric for benchmarking switches. Here, we show the trade-off between energy dissipation, energy–delay product and error–probability for an electronic switch (a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), a magnetic switch (a magnetic tunnel junction switched with spin transfer torque) and an optical switch (bistable non-linear mirror). As expected, reducing energy dissipation and/or energy–delay product generally results in increased switching error probability and reduced reliability.
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Lin, Chun-Wei, Chang-Yi Peng, and Huang-Jen Chiu. "A Novel Three-Phase Six-Switch PFC Rectifier with Zero-Voltage-Switching and Zero-Current-Switching Features." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061119.
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A novel three-phase power-factor-correction (PFC) rectifier with zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) in six main switches and zero-current-switching (ZCS) in the auxiliary switch is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally verified. The main feature of the proposed auxiliary circuit is used to reduce the switching loss when the six main switches are turned on and the one auxiliary switch is turned off. In this paper, a detailed operating analysis of the proposed circuit is given. Modeling and analysis are verified by experimental results based on a three-phase 7 kW rectifier. The soft-switched PFC rectifier shows an improvement in efficiency of 2.25% compared to its hard-switched counterpart at 220 V under full load.
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Soesman, Aviva, and Joel Walters. "Codeswitching within prepositional phrases: Effects of switch site and directionality." International Journal of Bilingualism 25, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 747–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069211000855.
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Aims and Research Questions: Codeswitching (CS) was investigated among English-Hebrew bilingual preschool children in a sentence repetition task focusing on switching at different points in prepositional phrases (PPs). We asked the extent to which sentence repetition accuracy differed (1) as a function of the switch site in the PP and (2) as a function of directionality, English-to-Hebrew versus Hebrew-to-English CS. Design/Methodology: English/first language (L1)-Hebrew/second language (L2), sequential bilingual children ( N = 65), ages 5;5–6;5, participated. Thirty-six English and 36 Hebrew stimulus sentences were matched for semantic content and syntax. English stimulus sentences contained switches to Hebrew; Hebrew stimuli contained switches to English. Six ‘switch’ conditions were examined: a single codeswitched noun (N), a determiner–noun switch (DET+N), a codeswitched preposition (P), a preposition–determiner switch (P+DET), a switch of the entire PP (P+DET+N), and a no-switch condition. Data and Analysis: Audio recordings were transcribed and coded. Full sentence repetition was coded as correct/incorrect. The number of errors and the proportion of CS errors were computed. A 6 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance examined the effects of switch site within the PP and directionality (L1-to-L2 versus L2-to-L1). Findings/Conclusions: Accuracy was highest for the non-switched, N, and P+DET+N conditions. Accuracy was lowest for DET+N switches in English sentences, and for P switches in Hebrew sentences, and these two conditions showed the highest proportion of CS errors. The findings show evidence for a hierarchy of processing costs and directionality differences, which are interpreted in terms of contrastive typological features, particularly definiteness marking in the two languages, English by a free morpheme, and Hebrew by a bound clitic.
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Shen, Alice, Susanne Gahl, and Keith Johnson. "Didn't hear that coming: Effects of withholding phonetic cues to code-switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 5 (January 31, 2020): 1020–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000877.
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AbstractCode-switching has been found to incur a processing cost in auditory comprehension. However, listeners may have access to anticipatory phonetic cues to code-switches (Piccinini & Garellek, 2014; Fricke et al., 2016), thus mitigating switch cost. We investigated effects of withholding anticipatory phonetic cues on code-switched word recognition by splicing English-to-Mandarin code-switches into unilingual English sentences. In a concept monitoring experiment, Mandarin–English bilinguals took longer to recognize code-switches, suggesting a switch cost. In an eye tracking experiment, the average proportion of all participants' looks to pictures corresponding to sentence-medial code-switches decreased when cues were withheld. Acoustic analysis of stimuli revealed tone-specific pitch contours before English-to-Mandarin code-switches, consistent with previous work on tonal coarticulation. We conclude that withholding anticipatory phonetic cues can negatively affect code-switched recognition: therefore, bilingual listeners use phonetic cues in processing code-switches under normal conditions. We discuss the implications of tonal coarticulation for mechanisms underlying phonetic cues to code-switching.
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Tian, G., Z. Wang, Q. Ge, J. Wang, and S. Shuai. "Control of a spark ignition homogeneous charge compression ignition mode transition on a gasoline direct injection engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto434.
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The hybrid combustion mode is an ideal operation strategy for a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. A stable and smooth spark ignition (SI)/HCCI switch has been an issue in the research on multimode combustion. In this paper, the switch process has two key issues; the cam profile and throttle opening. With the developed two-stage cam system, the valve phase strategy can be switched within one engine cycle, from the normal cam profile for the SI mode to a negative valve overlap (NVO) profile for the HCCI mode, or vice versa. For a smoother and more stable switch, the throttle change was separated from the cam profile switch, which was called the stepped switch. The effect of throttle opening on HCCI combustion was studied, and the results showed that the concept of the stepped switch was reliable. With gasoline direct injection (GDI) the combustion mode switches from both SI and HCCI sides were smooth, rapid, and robust, without any abnormal combustion such as knocking and misfiring.
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McNicol, Megan, Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul, Grant Morris, Brendan Boyle, Jennifer Dotson, Hilary Michel, and Ross Maltz. "NON-MEDICAL SWITCHING FROM INFLIXIMAB TO A BIOSIMILAR IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 29, Supplement_1 (January 26, 2023): S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izac247.117.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Studies in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have demonstrated that a one-time switch from the originator to a biosimilar has not resulted in loss of response, increased side effects, or antibody development. Data describing non-medical switching is limited in adolescents and young adults. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes of one-time switches from the originator to a biosimilar in adolescents and young adults with IBD. METHODS Patients with IBD that underwent a non-medical switch from infliximab originator to a biosimilar were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, physician global assessments (PGA), and laboratory values (albumin, hemoglobin, sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), anti-TNF level, and anti-TNF antibody level) were recorded up to one year prior to the switch and up to one year after the switch. Rates of continuation on the biosimilar was reported at 6 and 12 months post-switch. Linear mixed effect models with random intercepts accounting for within patient correlation were used to compare continuous lab values before and after switching. RESULTS A total of 53 patients completed a switch from infliximab originator to a biosimilar. The mean age at the time of the switch was 18 (+/- 2.86) years old. Fifty-three percent of those undergoing a switch were female, 74% had Crohn’s disease, and 96% were switched to the biosimilar infliximab-dyyb. At the time of the switch, 52 (98%) patients had quiescent disease activity based on PGA and 1 (2%) patient had mild disease. At follow up after receiving at least 2 biosimilar infusions, 51 (96%) patients had quiescent disease and 2 (4%) patients had mild disease based on the PGA. At 6 months post switch, 48 (90%) patients were still on the biosimilar. Three (6%) patients switched back to the originator due to worsening symptoms, one (2%) patient developed worsening psoriasis, and one (2%) patient had ongoing issues with IV access. Of the 33 patients who had a full 12 months of follow-up data, 91% (30/33) remained on the biosimilar, one patient switched back to the originator due to worsening symptoms, and two switched to adalimumab due to the development of psoriasis and an underlying social situation, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in albumin, hemoglobin, ESR, CRP, or anti-TNF levels when comparing pre- and post- switch values. The mean anti-TNF level prior to the switch was 17.3 ug/ml (95% CI: 13.7 -19.0) and 15.1 ug/ml (95% CI: 12.5 - 17.8) after the switch. No patients developed anti-drug antibodies or infusion reactions. CONCLUSION A one-time non-medical switch to an infliximab biosimilar in an adolescent and young adult cohort had no significant effect on clinical remission rates, laboratory markers of inflammation, serious adverse events, anti-TNF levels, or anti-drug antibodies.
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Epple, Dennis, and Martin Kutz. "Parity Lights." Mathematical Gazette 88, no. 511 (March 2004): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200174224.
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Almost everybody has a light in their house that can be switched on and off from two or more different places. If your electrician set up the wiring properly, you are able to toggle the light with every single switch, independent of the others' current configuration.We may think of the switches as implementing a parity function. If we label the two positions of a switch by 0 and 1, the light is on if the sum of switch positions is even and off if this sum is odd (or vice versa). So in the common case of only two switches, ‘light on’ is just the binary relation xor. (Not all real-life installations are of this kind. We also find the binary and implemented in a few houses—which can be very annoying, and even dangerous, at nights.)
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Li, Zonghui, Hai Wan, Yangdong Deng, Xibin Zhao, Yue Gao, Xiaoyu Song, and Ming Gu. "Time-Triggered Switch-Memory-Switch Architecture for Time-Sensitive Networking Switches." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 39, no. 1 (January 2020): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2883996.
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Ho, P. Joy, Ross D. Brown, Gregory J. Pelka, Antony Basten, John Gibson, and Douglas E. Joshua. "Illegitimate switch recombinations are present in approximately half of primary myeloma tumors, but do not relate to known prognostic indicators or survival." Blood 97, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.2.490.
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Abstract The myeloma plasma cell is a postgerminal center, isotype-switched B cell. Chromosomal translocations into immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) switch regions, recombination sites in isotype switching, were initially demonstrated in myeloma cell lines but only a limited number of primary tumors. Molecular cytogenetics have since been applied to a series of primary tumors, in which IgH translocations accounted for many recurrent aberrations, among numerous nonrecurrent changes of unknown significance. This study, therefore, examined primary myeloma for IgH switch translocations using an established Southern blot assay that detected illegitimate switch recombinations. Sensitivity of the method was established by confining the analysis to 21 samples (4 stable, 17 progressive disease) with demonstrable legitimate isotype switches, of a total of 60 samples. Illegitimate recombinations were found in 12 or 57% (1 stable, 11 progressive) of 21 samples, comparable with estimates by molecular cytogenetics. The presence of switch translocations was supported by demonstrating up-regulated expression in myeloma marrow of cyclin D1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), candidate oncogenes on chromosomes 11q13 and 4p16, respectively. Illegitimate switches were detected most frequently in Sμ, with more than one region involved in 6 cases. Although these results confirmed the presence of switch translocations in primary myeloma, their absence in 43% of cases may imply heterogeneity of pathogenesis. In progressive disease, there was no significant difference between patients with and without illegitimate switches in survival, nor the prognostic indicators of β2microglobulin (β2m) and serum thymidine kinase (STK). Hence IgH switch translocations as a single entity are unlikely to be a feature of disease progression or have prognostic significance.
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Singh, Rachee, Muqeet Mukhtar, Ashay Krishna, Aniruddha Parkhi, Jitendra Padhye, and David Maltz. "Surviving switch failures in cloud datacenters." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 51, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3464994.3464996.
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Switch failures can hamper access to client services, cause link congestion and blackhole network traffic. In this study, we examine the nature of switch failures in the datacenters of a large commercial cloud provider through the lens of survival theory. We study a cohort of over 180,000 switches with a variety of hardware and software configurations and find that datacenter switches have a 98% likelihood of functioning uninterrupted for over 3 months since deployment in production. However, there is significant heterogeneity in switch survival rates with respect to their hardware and software: the switches of one vendor are twice as likely to fail compared to the others. We attribute the majority of switch failures to hardware impairments and unplanned power losses. We find that the in-house switch operating system, SONiC, boosts the survival likelihood of switches in datacenters by 1% by eliminating switch failures caused by software bugs in vendor switch OSes.
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Li, Yiping, Qinjian Wang, Shu Liang, Chuanteng Feng, Hong Yang, Hang Yu, Dan Yuan, and Shujuan Yang. "Effect of Switching Antiretroviral Treatment Regimen in Patients With Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection: Retrospective Observational Cohort Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): e33429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/33429.
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Background Evidence on the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen switches on the mortality of patients with HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is limited. Objective We aim to provide policy guidance for ART regimen selection and evaluate the effectiveness of ART regime switches for people living with HIV and HIV-1 drug resistance. Methods This retrospective observational cohort study included 179 people living with HIV and HIV-1 drug resistance from 2011 to 2020. The time that participants switched treatment regimens either to protease inhibitor (PI)–based ART regimens (PIs) or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)–based ART regimens (NNRTIs) was taken as an observation starting point and followed up every 12 months. The parametric g-formula was used to estimate the 5-year risk of mortality under the situations of (1) natural course, (2) immediate switch to NNRTIs, (3) immediate switch to PIs, and (4) if CD4(+) T cells<200 switched to PIs. Results The follow-up time of the 179 patients ranged from 30 to 119 months. The median follow-up time was 90 months. During a follow-up of 15,606 person-months, 27 individuals died in the cohort. The estimated 5-year risk of mortality under natural course, immediate switch to NNRTIs, immediate switch to PIs, and if CD4(+), and switch to PIs if T cells<200 were 11.62% (95% CI 7.82-17.11), 31.88% (95% CI 20.79-44.94), 2.87% (95% CI 0.32-7.07), and 5.30% (95% CI 2.07-10.21), respectively. The risk ratios (RRs) of immediate switch to NNRTIs, immediate switch to PIs, and switch to PIs if CD4(+) T cells<200, compared with natural course mortality rate, were 2.74 (95% CI 2.01-3.47), 0.25 (95% CI: 0.04-0.54), and 0.46 (95% CI 0.22-0.71), respectively. The risk differences were 20.26% (95% CI 10.96-28.61), –8.76% (95% CI –13.34 to –5.09) and –6.32% (95% CI –9.75 to –3.11), respectively. Conclusions Our study found that a PI-based ART regimen was beneficial for reducing mortality in people living with HIV and HIV-1 drug resistance. More effort should be given to find HIV-1 drug resistance earlier to ensure a timely adjustment to PI-based ART, thereby maximizing the benefit of early switch treatment for people living with HIV and HIV-1 drug resistance.
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Suresh, P., S. George Fernandez, S. Vidyasagar, V. Kalyanasundaram, K. Vijayakumar, Vaidheeswaran Archana, and Soham Chatterjee. "Reduction of transients in switches using embedded machine learning." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp235-241.
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<p>Non-linear loads can cause transients in electronic switches. They also result in a fluctuating output when the device is switched ON or OFF. These transients can harm not only the switches but also the devices that they are connected to, by passing excess currents or voltages to the devices. By applying machine learning, we can improve the gate drive voltages of the switches and thereby reduce switch transients. A feedback system is built that measures the output transients and then feeds it to a neural network algorithm that then gives a proper gate drive to the device. This will reduce transients and also improve performances of switch based devices like inverters and converters.</p>
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Wang, Minfeng, Yang Zhang, G. P. Li, and Mark Bachman. "A Novel Frequency Addressable Micro Switch Array." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, DPC (January 1, 2011): 001707–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2011dpc-wp23.
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Addressable switch arrays are widely used in telecommunication, radar and satellite systems for many applications, such as switch network controlling, modularity and expansion. The existing method to achieve addressability of the switch is to design a grid structure switch array and to individually actuate switches with multiplexed control lines , . The MEMS switch array presented in this work addresses individual switches according to the unique intrinsic resonance frequencies of different mechanical structures driven by electro-magnetic force. This approach eliminates the need to have a dedicated control line for each switch, which readily enables the switch array with minimal complexity of control line design thus minimizes the overall footprint. The frequency addressable switch array (FASA) is fabricated directly on printed circuit boards using patented laminate MEMS technology. Instead of building everything bottom-up, three layers including top cantilever structure, middle spacer, bottom electrode and coils are fabricated separately through different processes and later laminated together. The switches are electro-magnetically actuated at operation voltage (~1V), which is much lower than the one of the conventional electrostatic actuation (>30V) . Alternating electro-magnetic force is exerted on a mini neodymium magnet by a series of coils. Only when the maximum vibration stroke is obtained at the resonant frequency of individual switch, the mini magnet mounted on the top cantilever will make contact with the bottom electrode for signal transmission. The quality factors of the switches were measured to be nearly 100 with air damping. The related switch density (defined by the number of the switches per kHz in desired frequency range for individual addressing) in the array is around 10 per kHz. By improving the quality factor of the switch such as hermetic packaging avoiding the air damping, a high value (>200 per kHz) of the switch density is expected.
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YILDIZ, ALI BEKIR. "A MNA-BASED UNIFIED IDEAL SWITCH MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING CIRCUITS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 22, no. 06 (July 2013): 1350046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126613500461.
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The paper proposes a unified switch model for the analysis of circuits with ideal switches. The model is unique and valid for all states of switches. The developed model is based on modified nodal analysis (MNA) that exploits an efficient algorithm developed for linear active circuits. The analysis with the new switch model requires only one topology and uses the uniform system equations regardless of states of switches. The system equations and the states of switches are updated by control variables, used in the model. There are no restrictions on circuit topology and switch connections. The switches can be both externally and internally controlled. The inconsistent initial value problem and Dirac delta impulses occurring because of ideal switch are discussed in detail. Two examples are given concerning the analysis of circuits with ideal switch.
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Selin, P., and H. Obara. "Embedding N × N Crossbar Switches into ILLIAC(N, N − 1) Torus Networks for Optical Interconnection Networks." ISRN Optics 2012 (November 20, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/218541.
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A focus of research for crossbar switches has been to reduce the number of 2×2 switch elements, each of which not only occupies a relatively large area but also costs a lot when implemented with optical devices. We point out that conventional N×N crossbar switches, where N is the switch size, actually function as (N+1)×(N+1) switches and thus have redundant 2×2 switch elements to be removed. We show that ILLIAC(N,N-1) torus networks, which have a less number of 2×2 switching elements than crossbar switches of an identical switch size, are equivalent to true N×N crossbar switches. We describe in detail how the crossbar switches can be embedded into the equivalent torus networks. We also discuss switch control complexity of the equivalent torus networks and show that it can be reduced to O(1).
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Burlando, Martina, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Claudio Marasca, Paolo Dapavo, Andrea Chiricozzi, Dalma Malvaso, Valentina Dini, et al. "Adalimumab Originator vs. Biosimilar in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Multicentric Retrospective Study." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102522.
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This study aimed to compare adalimumab originator vs. biosimilar in HS patients, and to evaluate the effect of a switch to a biosimilar, or a switch back to the originator, in terms of treatment ineffectiveness. Patients with a diagnosis of HS were enrolled from 14 Italian sites. Treatment ineffectiveness was measured using Hurley score. The major analyses were 1) comparison between the two treatment groups (non-switcher analysis), and 2) the cross-over trend of Hurley score between treatment switchers (switcher analysis). Cox and Poisson regression models were used to compare the treatment ineffectiveness between groups. A total of 326 patients were divided into four groups: 171 (52.5%) taking originator; 61 (18.7%) patients taking biosimilar; 66 (20.2%) switchers; 28 (8.6%) switchers from originator to biosimilar and switched. A greater loss of efficacy was observed in the group allocated to the biosimilar than the originator group. The switcher analysis showed an effectiveness loss in the biosimilar compared to the originator. These results seem to indicate that a switch from one drug to the other may lead to a greater risk of inefficacy. A return to the previous treatment also does not ensure efficaciousness.
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Wang, Xingxing, Yujie Zhang, Hongjun Ni, Shuaishuai Lv, Yu Zhu, Guosheng Yang, and Weidong Cai. "Research on UHV Isolating Switch Technology with Multi-source Action Signal." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2137, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2137/1/012036.
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Abstract With the improvement of the voltage level of power transmission and transformation lines, the development of smart grids has highlighted a major demand, and relevant enterprises and scientific researchers in the UHV field at home and abroad have explored the research of water intelligent isolation switch equipment. This article explains the current problems of traditional substation isolation switches, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of UHV isolation switch technology and its application status through three aspects: isolation switch, isolation switch contact and isolation switch sensor. Studies have shown that the development and application of isolating switches with multi-source action signals, and further improving the proportion and accuracy of smart devices to replace manual labor are the development trends of UHV isolating switches.
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Grose, Christian R. "Is it Better to Join the Majority? The Electoral Effects of Party Switching by Incumbent Southern State Legislators, 1972 to 2000." American Review of Politics 25 (April 1, 2004): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2004.25.0.79-98.
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What are the electoral effects of a change in partisan affiliation for legislators? To answer this question, 6357 state legislative elections from 1972 to 2000 in five southern states are examined. By comparing this subset of party-switching southern legislators to their non-switching colleagues, I am able to examine (1) whether partisan affiliation and changes in party labels affect electoral outcomes over the short- and long-term; and (2) whether switching parties into the majority party in the legislature affects electoral out-comes. The findings are that incumbent legislators who switch parties do worse in general elections following their switch, especially in elections immediately following their switch. However, once these legislators have switched parties, if their party takes control of the legislature, they do no worse than their non-switching colleagues. Interestingly, other results demonstrate that southern legislators who have switched from Democrat to Republican in the 1990s have done worse following their switches, suggesting that partisan realignment among voters has not been realized completely at the state legislative level.
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Schneider, Arnold. "Is commercial lending affected by knowledge of auditor switches from Big 4 firms to regional firms?" Accounting Research Journal 30, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-12-2014-0110.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether knowledge about companies switching auditors from Big 4 firms to regional firms affects commercial lending decisions. Design/methodology/approach The approach used is an experiment where bank loan officers make judgments about risk and probabilities of granting a line of credit. Findings Neither risk assessments nor probabilities of granting credit differed for companies that switch auditors from Big 4 firms to regional firms as compared to companies that did not switch auditors. For companies that did switch auditors, providing a reason for the switch did not influence lending decisions. Research limitations/implications Lenders were given questionnaires that do not contain all of the information they may have used in actual loan decision settings. Also, the hypothetical nature of the decisions and incentives may not produce the responses that would be given in actual lending scenarios. Practical implications When applying for bank loans, companies need not be concerned about having switched auditors from Big 4 to regional firms. Also, companies that switch from Big 4 firms to regional firms need not worry about whether or not to provide a reason for the audit firm switch. Originality value This study adds to the auditor switching literature by investigating the effects of switches from Big 4 firms to regional firms on commercial lending decisions.
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Iqbal, Amjad, Amor Smida, Nazih Mallat, Ridha Ghayoula, Issa Elfergani, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Sunghwan Kim. "Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for Emerging Wireless Communication Systems." Electronics 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2019): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040407.
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A printed and minimal size antenna having the functionality of frequency shifting as well as pattern reconfigurability is presented in this work. The antenna proposed in this work consists of three switches. Switch 1 is a lumped switch that controls the operating bands of the antenna. Switch 2 and Switch 3 controls the beam switching of the antenna. When the Switch 1 is ON, the proposed antenna operates at 3.1 GHz and 6.8 GHz, covering the 2.5–4.2 GHz and 6.2–7.4 GHz bands, respectively. When Switch 1 is OFF, the antenna operates only at 3.1 GHz covering the 2.5–4.2 GHz band. The desired beam from the antenna can be obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF states of Switches 2 and 3. Unique beams can be obtained by different combination of ON and OFF states of the Switches 2 and 3. A gain greater than 3.7 dBi is obtained for all four cases.
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Rebeiz, G. M., and J. B. Muldavin. "RF MEMS switches and switch circuits." IEEE Microwave Magazine 2, no. 4 (2001): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6668.969936.
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Küsters, Ferdinand, and Stephan Trenn. "Switch observability for switched linear systems." Automatica 87 (January 2018): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2017.09.024.
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Wen, Hua Bin, Yong Duan Song, and Rui Li. "A Study on Virtual Prototyping Technology for Vacuum Switch." Advanced Materials Research 187 (February 2011): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.187.528.
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The optimal design of vacuum switch is becoming an important research topic with the extensive application and increasing demands of vacuum switches. This paper analyzes the main elements of the vacuum switch design, and gives the design process of the vacuum switch. An optimal design method is proposed for the vacuum switch based on the concept and characteristics of virtual prototyping (VP) technology. By using computer aided design and the related software, we propose a method for vacuum switch modeling VP, the stress field VP of parts, the thermal field VP of electric heat, the electric field VP of insulation parts and the mechanical dynamic VP of kinematics system, which are integrated for optimization design for vacuum switches. This work is expected to provide a new idea for optimal and rapid design of vacuum switches.
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Vasiljevic, Predrag, Milorad Danilovic, Slavica Antonic, and Vladimir Cirovic. "An innovative chainsaw blockage method using alcohol detection." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 124 (2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf2124115v.
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The paper presents the working principle of the alcohol sensor, which is connected to the on/off switch on the chainsaw. The alcohol sensor switches off the chainsaw via the transmitter and receiver, if it detects that the worker is under the influence of alcohol. The connection between the transmitter and the receiver is remote, via radio waves. The alcohol sensor contains a mesh that heats up due to 5V voltage impact and reacts to alcohol vapors. This reaction is an incentive to send a signal from the transmitter to the receiver. Blockage - switching off of the chainsaw occurs when a short circuit is made between the power supply and ground. This short circuit also occurs when the chainsaw stop switch is manually switched to the "0" state. By using an alcohol sensor, a transmitter and a receiver, the "0" state on the switch is achieved wirelessly. The receiver (relay) makes a short circuit instead of a switch, which causes the chainsaw to stop working. This way of stopping the chainsaw indirectly protects the worker from injuries due to alcohol consumption.
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Contreras-Saavedra, Carla E., Klaus Willmes, Iring Koch, Stefanie Schuch, Elena Benini, and Andrea M. Philipp. "Multilingual two-digit number naming: The influence of composition rules on language switching." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 9 (May 24, 2020): 1481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820916108.
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The aim of this study was to examine language switching in a two-digit number naming task. In contrast to single digits, two-digit numbers have a composition rule (i.e., morphological configuration) that may differ between languages. For example, the Arabic number 21 is read with an inverted composition rule in German (unit before decade) and a non-inverted composition rule in English (decade before unit). In the present experiment, one group of German native speakers and one group of Spanish native speakers had to name two-digit numbers in German, English, or Spanish. The results demonstrate a language-switch cost, revealing better performance in language repetition than in language-switch trials. This switch cost was further modulated by repeating or switching the composition rule, since the language repetition benefit (i.e., the switch cost) was reduced in trials with composition-rule switches compared with trials with composition-rule repetitions. This finding indicates that the language in which the number word has to be produced and its composition rule are not switched independently but rather may be integrated into one language schema.
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Quitiqut, Travis, and Vijay Bhuse. "Utilizing Switch Port Link State to Detect Rogue Switches." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 17, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.17.1.45.
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There are many methods to detect rogue wireless access points, but the same case can not be said for rouge switches on a LAN network. Detecting these rogue switches is key to security of any organization. The introduction of a rogue unmanaged network switch has the potential to cripple a network. These types of switches pose a big risk because they are usually plug and play types of devices and can prove difficult to track. A switch becomes rouge when it is connected to a network without proper authorization. Rogue switches are a huge threat to the security and reliability of any network. An attacker could use a rogue switch to launch an attack or spy on network traffic information. Many organizations these days implement a “bring your own device” policy that can prove to be a daunting task to monitor for any network administrator. It is important that these rogue network switches are not introduced to a network, whether by accident or in a malicious attempt. The vulnerability that is introduced could comprise the confidentiality of network messages, degrade network performance, or even allow hackers or authorized users access to critical network infrastructure and data. In this paper we present a method that can help detect these rogue switches by monitoring the ethernet frames across the network and looking at the link state of the network switch ports. We will be using Wireshark, a Windows Computer, and a local switch setup to test methods for detecting a rogue switch. In our scenario we were able to provide some evidence of amethod that could be used in conjuncture with other rules and policies to detect rogue switches connected to a network. We were able to determine based on the port link state that there was another device, most likely a rogue switch between the good switch and the computer.
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MAHANI, ALI, DAVOUD AFRASIABI, and HAMID R. NAJI. "A NOVEL FAULT TOLERANT SWITCH FOR RELIABLE NoC DESIGN." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 10 (October 14, 2014): 1450142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614501424.
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Network on chip (NoC) is a design space covered by the manifold combinations of network topology options, routing algorithms, switch architectures, fault tolerant mechanisms and so on. In NoC structures, switches and links are important components on network layers and the effect of faults on links and switches in NoC leads to disturbance in internal communication and low reliability. The performance reduction of many-core NoC architectures depend strongly on the number of faulty switches. This bottleneck motivates us to propose a fault tolerant switch in which the ring roads help the switch to tolerate the faulty ports and also faulty cores. In the proposed scheme, switch ports are connected via redundant ring roads and so the connection with adjacent nodes is not limited to one port. Moreover, if the switch core is defected, the node stays active and cooperates in packet forwarding process. The main advantages of the proposed scheme are tolerating the permanent faults on core and ports of a switch and handling the input traffic of a faulty switch by preventing the congestion around the faulty region. The simulation results verify the robustness of the proposed intelligent switch against various kinds of permanent faults in NoC architectures.
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SRIVASTAVA, VIRANJAY M., K. S. YADAV, and G. SINGH. "ANALYSIS OF DRAIN CURRENT AND SWITCHING SPEED FOR SPDT SWITCH AND DPDT SWITCH WITH THE PROPOSED DP4T RF CMOS SWITCH." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 04 (June 2012): 1250026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612500260.
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Conventional CMOS switch uses NMOS as transistors in its main architecture requiring a control voltage of 5.0 V and a large resistance at the receivers and antennas (ANTs) to detect the signal. A CMOS integrated circuit switch uses FET transistors to achieve switching between multiple paths, because of its high value of control voltage. Hence it is not suitable for modern portable devices which demand lesser power consumption. Therefore, we proposed a new Double-Pole Four-Throw (DP4T) switch by using RF CMOS technology and analyzed its performance. Further, main objective is to provide a plurality of such switches arranged in a densely configured switch array, where the power and area could be reduced as compared to already existing switch configuration as SPDT and Double-Pole Double-Throw (DPDT) transceiver switches, which is simply a reduction of signal strength during transmission of the RF signals. The presented result for the proposed DP4T switch reveals the peak output currents (drain current) around 0.116–0.387 mA and a switching speed of 19–36 ps.
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Gohil, S. "AB1343-HPR A QUALITATIVE REVIEW ASSESSING THEMATIC OUTCOMES FROM THE PHARMACY-LED ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SWITCH PLAN ACROSS 3 SPECIALITIES; RHEUMATOLOGY, GASTROENTEROLOGY AND DERMATOLOGY AT UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF COVENTRY AND WARWICKSHIRE (UHCW)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1959.1–1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3880.
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Background:The advent of biosimilars has heralded a new era for cost effective biologic prescribing in the NHS. As patents expire for originator biologics, less expensive versions are now widely available as biosimilars. Non-medical switches (for reasons unrelated to a patient’s health) ensure prescribing of best value medicines, and cost savings can be redirected to patient care.1This practice resonates with recommendations from Lord Carter’s 2016 report regarding reducing unwarranted variation in the NHS and adopting cost saving opportunities.2In 2018/19, following loss of patent exclusivity for the expensive adalimumab originator biologic, UHCW worked in accordance with national directives to drive forward one of the largest non-medical biosimilar switches.Objectives:This qualitative review aims to explore the success of the adalimumab biosimilar switch and key themes associated with switch backs/refusals across the Rheumatology (R), Gastroenterology (G) and Dermatology (D) specialities at UHCW.Methods:The switch plan occurred between April-December 2019. 403 patients (R;189, G;176, D; 38) were eligible for switch. Patients were informed of the plan in advance via a patient information leaflet/hospital clinic visits. Switch refusals, withheld treatments and cancellations were documented and patients were advised to contact the hospital pharmacy/clinical teams if they encountered any concerns, adverse effects or lack of efficacy post switch. The clinician would then advise on subsequent management.Results:During April-December 2019, 264/403 patients had been successfully switched (R;122, G;109, D;33). 33/403 patients switched back to the originator biologic (R;22, G;10; D;1). Of the 22 rheumatology switch back patients; 6 patients reported injection site pain and variably headache, fatigue, disease relapse, gastrointestinal (GI) upset, erythema; 10=reported lack of efficacy and variably influenza-type symptoms, relapse in associated psoriasis, difficulty in walking/sleeping, hair loss, excessive perspiration, facial cellulitis, foot drop and GI upset; 1=blepharitis;1=latex allergy before injection; 3=later declined switch; 1=damaged two devices and did not wish to continue biosimilar. Of the 10 gastroenterology switch back patients; 1=injection site pain; 2=lack of efficacy; 1=developed needle phobia; 1=latex allergy before injection; 1=switch detrimental to health; 2=unstable disease; 1=insomnia; 1=pregnancy. The 1 dermatology switch back patient reported injection site pain and bleeding.38/403 patients refused the switch and remained on the originator biologic (R;11, G;27, D;0). 29/403 patients had treatment cancellations and were switched to an alternative biologic (R;17, G;9, D;3). 32/403 patients stopped treatment (R;13, G;19, D;0). Treatment was withheld for 7/403 patients (R;4, G;2, D;1).Conclusion:The UHCW adalimumab biosimilar switch plan succeeded in switching a total of 66% of patients; thus an annual cost saving of £73,020. Injection site pain, most likely due to the biosimilar citrate content, and lack of efficacy according to patient perception and subsequent clinical review, were the most predominant causative themes for switch backs. Gastroenterology patients accounted for 71% (27/38) of the total switch refusals. Additional data regarding patient refusals, identifies future opportunities to improve patient counselling and drive further cost savings.References:[1]Azevedo V, et al. Biosimilars: considerations for clinical practice. Considerations in Medicine. 2017;1(1):13–8[2]Lord Carter of Coles. (2016) Operational productivity and performance in English NHS Acute Hospitals: Unwarranted variations [Online]Acknowledgments:Mark Easter, Chief Pharmacist, Hardeep Bagga, Deputy Chief Pharmacist, UHCW Pharmacy Homecare Team, UHCW Specialist Clinical Teams.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Barabanova, E. A., K. A. Vytovtov, V. M. Vishnevsky, and V. S. Podlazov. "The method for constructing fault-tolerant photonic switches for high-performance computing systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012032.
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Abstract In this paper the new type of fault-tolerant non-blocking photonic switch is presented for the first time. The proposed switch architecture is based on quasi-complete graph topology which use provides non-blocking and fault-tolerant switching process. The new two-stage switch architecture uses the stage of dual photonic switches and pairs of photonic demultiplexers and multiplexers which have been described in detail by authors in their previous works. Depending on the number of different backup connections, the two types of fault-tolerant pho-tonic switches are considered in this paper: single-channel fault-tolerant photonic switch and dual-channel fault-tolerant photonic switch. The mathematical expressions for calculating the switching and fiber complexities of these two types of fault-tolerant photonic switches are also presented here for the first time. The numerical calculations shown that the increasing the reliability of the fault-tolerant photonic switches twice leads to an increasing their switching complexity in 1.4 times and fiber complexity in 1.8 times.
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Deng, Zhong Liang, Cai Hu Chen, Sen Fan, Hua Gong, and Xiao Fei Sun. "Design of a K Band MEMS Switch with CPW Defected Ground Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1844.
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This paper presents a K band (18GHz-26.5GHz) shunt capacitive micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) switch. This switch used the coplanar waveguide (CPW) Defected ground structure (DGS) which is made by etching defect structure in CPW ground line. Furthermore the beam structure of the proposed switch is composed of one girder and two supporting beams. The design of the switchs structure is benefit to the apart between the DC signal and AC signal. The simulated values of the isolation of the switch on off-states is-55 dB at18.9 GHz, and the return loss at K band is greater than-0.3 dB. The pull-in voltage of the switch is 13.3 V.
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Pokhilko, Alexandra, Oliver Ebenhöh, W. Marshall Stark, and Sean D. Colloms. "Mathematical model of a serine integrase-controlled toggle switch with a single input." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 143 (June 2018): 20180160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0160.
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Dual-state genetic switches that can change their state in response to input signals can be used in synthetic biology to encode memory and control gene expression. A transcriptional toggle switch (TTS), with two mutually repressing transcription regulators, was previously used for switching between two expression states. In other studies, serine integrases have been used to control DNA inversion switches that can alternate between two different states. Both of these switches use two different inputs to switch ON or OFF. Here, we use mathematical modelling to design a robust one-input binary switch, which combines a TTS with a DNA inversion switch. This combined circuit switches between the two states every time it receives a pulse of a single-input signal. The robustness of the switch is based on the bistability of its TTS, while integrase recombination allows single-input control. Unidirectional integrase-RDF-mediated recombination is provided by a recently developed integrase-RDF fusion protein. We show that the switch is stable against parameter variations and molecular noise, making it a promising candidate for further use as a basic element of binary counting devices.
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Femi, R., Shibu Clement, Anita Agrawal, and A. Amalin Prince. "Investigation of Microelectromechanical Switches for Next Generation DC Power Distribution System." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0042.
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Abstract This paper investigates the application of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switches for DC power distribution system. Traditional electromechanical switches, solid state switches and solid state switch array are studied and simulated to understand their characteristics. Performance and characteristics of MEMS switches are reviewed and identified that electrostatically actuated MEMS switches are suitable for DC power applications. Scalable total cross tied (TCT) array configuration using MEMS switches has been proposed. The proposed configuration is suitable for variable voltage/current rating. Arc-less behavior of the switch configuration is analyzed using modified Paschen’s curve. 400 V/6 A system is considered for the simulation and comparative study. The simulated result of the proposed MEMS switch array configuration is compared with the traditional switches. The comparative study shows that the proposed switch array configuration gives better performance in terms of voltage drop, leakage current, power loss, arc and size. This can be used in DC power system protection, circuit breaking, battery protection and smart grid load switching applications.
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Gadzhanova, Svetla, Elizabeth E. Roughead, and Lisa G. Pont. "Antidepressant switching patterns in the elderly." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 9 (January 30, 2018): 1365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002964.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Switching between antidepressants is complex due to potential adverse outcomes such as serotonin syndrome and antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, yet switching is often required due to non-response to initial treatment. This study aimed to examine the patterns and extent of antidepressant switching in a cohort of older adults in long-term residential care.Methods:A cohort study of medication supply data from 6011 aged care residents in 60 long-term care facilities was conducted. Incident antidepressant users were followed for 12 months and their patterns of antidepressant use determined. The type of switching from and to different antidepressant classes was determined according to National and International recommendations for antidepressant switching.Results:In total, 11% (n = 44) of the residents were initiated on an antidepressant medication (n = 402) switched to a different antidepressant agent within 12 months. Residents commenced on a SNRI or TCA were most likely to switch antidepressants (17% in each group). Almost half of the switches (n = 21, 48% of all switches) were not implemented according to guideline recommendations. Direct switch and taper followed by wash out and switch, accounted for all of the inappropriate switching (29% and 71%, respectfully), with half occurring to mirtazapine (N = 7) or from mirtazapine (N = 3).Conclusions:Over one in 10 long-term aged care residents who commence an antidepressant will switch to a different antidepressant within 12 months. Current antidepressant switching practices in long-term residential aged care may be increasing the risk of harm associated with antidepressant switching, with around half of all switches not following current guideline recommendations.
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Lehane, Mike. "Switch off to switch off." Nursing Standard 17, no. 43 (July 9, 2003): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.17.43.25.s47.
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Fu, Ming, Qifu Lu, Wang Ran, Quan Shi, and Dong Fu. "Intelligent Detection Algorithm of Medium and Low Voltage Switch Performance Based on the Improved K-means Clustering." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2409, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2409/1/012025.
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Abstract The performance of medium and low voltage switches will directly affect the reliability of medium and low voltage distribution networks. The medium and low voltage switch algorithm’s failure form is mainly mechanical. In order to realize its intelligent detection, a medium and low voltage switch detection algorithm based on the improved K-means clustering algorithm is proposed. Optimizing the algorithm’s clustering center selection establishes a model of the switch working state under different vibration signals and an intelligent detection algorithm for medium and low voltage switches with intelligent judgment, adaptive adjustment, and remote fault diagnosis. Experiments show that: the detection algorithm of the medium and low voltage switch controller based on the improved K-means algorithm can more accurately identify the fault of the switch algorithm according to the vibration signals, which provides a new idea for the fault identification and monitoring of the medium and low voltage switch.
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Chen, Zhe, Ji-Xin Chen, Pinpin Yan, Debin Hou, and Fang Zhu. "K-Band Low Phase Noise VCO Based on Q-Boosted Switched Inductor." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 8, 2019): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101132.
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In this article, the development of the K-band low phase noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) based on Q-boosted switched inductor is presented. Compared with the conventional switched inductor, the eddy current will be decreased using a 2-turn secondary coil, and then the dissipated power from the switch on-resistance will also be decreased, leading to a boosted inductor Q at switch ON-state. The equivalent inductance, quality factor, and self-resonance frequency at switch ON/OFF states are analyzed and derived. For comparison, K-band VCOs have been designed and fabricated in a 130nm BiCMOS process with the Q-boosted and conventional switched inductors. Measured results show that the phase noise has been typically improved by 2–5dB at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offset at switch ON-state, using the Q-boosted switched inductor.
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Pan, Ru Zheng, You Hua Wang, Zhi Zhong Zhao, Wei Xu, Qi Long Jin, Ping Yan, Jue Wang, and Guang Sheng Sun. "Circuit Model of Laser-Triggered Surface Flashover Switch in Vacuum Condition with Pulsed Voltage." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7486.
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Based on the platform of laser-triggered surface flashover in pulsed voltage, experiment of laser-triggered surface flashover switch is carried out in vacuum condition with pulsed voltage. The switch consists of flat electrodes and columned insulator. A single/double harmonic, with wavelength λ of 1064/532 nm, Q-switched Nd: YAG laser is applied to trigger the switch. The results of experiment show that switch delay time and jitter time decrease with increase of pulsed voltage and laser energy density. Based on the waveforms of switch voltage and switch current, the circuit model of laser-trigger flashover switch is set up by circuit method in the paper. The parameters of the circuit model are calculated through the waveforms of the experiment, and the waveforms of switch voltage and switch current are obtain through circuit simulation. The simulation waveforms of the switch model are consistent with the waveforms of the experiment.
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Kiltz, Uta, Styliani Tsiami, Xenofon Baraliakos, Ioana Andreica, David Kiefer, and Jürgen Braun. "Effectiveness and safety of a biosimilar-to-biosimilar switch of the TNF inhibitor etanercept in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases." Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 14 (January 2022): 1759720X2211195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720x221119593.
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Background: Biosimilar disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bsDMARDs) has created a financial incentive to encourage switching to cheaper products. Objectives: We aim to study the effectiveness and safety of a non-medical bsDMARD-to-bsDMARD switch from originator etanercept (ETN) to bsDMARD ETN (SB4) and successive to another bsDMARD ETN (GP2015) in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in a real-life setting. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) who had been treated with originator ETN and were switched twice to ETN bsDMARD for non-medical reasons thereafter. All patients received ETN 50 mg/week. Disease activity and physical function was assessed every 12 weeks with standardized questionnaires. Results: A total of 100 patients who switched twice [54 RA, 27 axSpA, 19 PsA, mean age 54.3 (15.1), 46% male] were included. Patients with axSpA were younger than RA and PsA patients. Patients with SpA were less likely to receive conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) than RA patients. Duration of treatment with originator ETN before the first switch was 3.3 (2.3) years. Retention rate 6 months after the second ETN bsDMARD switch was 89%. Disease activity and physical function scores remained rather unchanged in patients with RA and axSpA longitudinally, while there was some more fluctuation in PsA patients. Six patients lost efficacy and were switched back to originator ETN in month 6 ( n = 4) or to another mode of action ( n = 2). There were 14 adverse events (AE) reported in eight patients. One patient re-administered bsDMARD GP2015 successfully 3 months after healing of mucosal erosions. Conclusion: No relevant change in disease activity and physical function were observed in a non-medical bsDMARD-to-bsDMARD switch scenario. The retention rate after switches from originator ETN to two ETN bsDMARD was close to 90%. Multiple switches resulted in a high adherence rate without clinically important efficacy or safety signals.
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Yao, Xingzhe, Chao Chen, Yefei Wang, Sheng Dong, Ya-Jun Liu, Yifei Li, Zhenling Cui, et al. "Discovery and mechanism of a pH-dependent dual-binding-site switch in the interaction of a pair of protein modules." Science Advances 6, no. 43 (October 2020): eabd7182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd7182.
Full textAbstract:
Many important proteins undergo pH-dependent conformational changes resulting in “on-off” switches for protein function, which are essential for regulation of life processes and have wide application potential. Here, we report a pair of cellulosomal assembly modules, comprising a cohesin and a dockerin from Clostridium acetobutylicum, which interact together following a unique pH-dependent switch between two functional sites rather than on-off states. The two cohesin-binding sites on the dockerin are switched from one to the other at pH 4.8 and 7.5 with a 180° rotation of the bound dockerin. Combined analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, crystal structure determination, mutagenesis, and isothermal titration calorimetry elucidates the chemical and structural mechanism of the pH-dependent switching of the binding sites. The pH-dependent dual-binding-site switch not only represents an elegant example of biological regulation but also provides a new approach for developing pH-dependent protein devices and biomaterials beyond an on-off switch for biotechnological applications.
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Kumar, K. Bharath, Dongari Vamshy, and Mahesh Chanda. "A Novel Three phase Three Wire UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) Configuration using Ten Switch Topology for linear RL loads." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 4 (February 28, 2021): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.d8458.0210421.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a novel configuration scheme for UPQC using ten switch topology. Generally, two six-switch inverters connected back to back will form the basic power structure of three wire three phase UPQC. But there are some switches which are less utilized all the time. In order to improve the efficiency of the system, or to improve the effective utilization of the IGBTs there is a need to reduce the switch count in the system. The proposed topology uses only ten switches and gives all the results pertaining to twelve switch toplogy. The Simulation results of proposed UPQC Topology are validated through MATLAB/Simulink environment.
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LOGINOV, SERGEY V. "Cutoff of the current in plasma opening switches." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 3 (November 26, 2012): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812001043.
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AbstractThe paper considers the erosion mechanism of operation of nano- and microsecond plasma opening switches (POSs). For this purpose, postulates of the well-known erosion model of the POS operation are reviewed and some remarks on its individual statements are discussed. A voltage scaling for a nanosecond switch with rarefied plasma (~1013 cm−3) is derived. It is shown that the peak voltage across the nanosecond switch on its opening is proportional to the switch conduction current. The formation of an erosion gap in a microsecond switch with high-density plasma (~1015 cm−3) is put to phenomenological analysis and a voltage scaling for the switch is obtained. It is found that in the microsecond switch, unlike the nanosecond switch, the peak voltage is inversely proportional to the switch conduction current.
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Scognamiglio, Viviana, and Amina Antonacci. "Structural Changes as a Tool for Affinity Recognition: Conformational Switch Biosensing." Crystals 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091209.
Full textAbstract:
Biosensors draw inspiration from natural chemosensing based on molecular switches between different bond-induced conformational states. Proteins and nucleic acids can be adapted into switch-based biosensors with a wide plethora of different configurations, taking advantage of the variety of transduction systems, from optical to electrochemical or electrochemiluminescence, as well as from nanomaterials for signal augmentation. This review reports the latest trends in conformational switch biosensors reported in the literature in the last 10 years, focusing on the main representative and recent examples of protein-based switching biosensors, DNA nanomachines, and structure-switched aptamers being applied for the detection of a wide range of target analytes with interest in biomedical and agro-environmental sectors.