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HEIKOOP, KARIN W., MATHIEU DECLERCK, SANDER A. LOS, and IRING KOCH. "Dissociating language-switch costs from cue-switch costs in bilingual language switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000456.
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Cued language switching is used to examine language-control processes by comparing performance in language-switch trials with performance in repetition trials. In 1:1 cue-to-language mappings, language repetitions involve cue repetitions and language switches involve cue switches. Hence, the observed switch costs might reflect cue-switch costs rather than language-related control processes. By introducing a 2:1 cue-to-language mapping, we dissociated language switches (cue and language switched vs. cue switched, but language repeated) and cue switches (repeated language, with vs. without switched cue). We found cue-switch costs, but language-related switch costs were substantial, too, presumably reflecting language-control processes in cued language switching.
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BULTENA, SYBRINE, TON DIJKSTRA, and JANET G. VAN HELL. "Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000145.
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This study investigated two prominent issues in the comprehension of language switches. First, how does language switching direction affect switch costs in sentence context? Second, are switch costs modulated by L2 proficiency and cross-linguistic activation? We conducted a self-paced reading task involving sentences that switched between participants’ L1 Dutch and L2 English. The cognate status of the main verb was manipulated to examine the influence of co-activation on intra-sentential switch costs. The reading times indicated the influence of switch direction: a cost was observed for switches into L2 but not for switches into L1, and the magnitude of the costs was correlated with L2 proficiency, indicating that switch costs in language comprehension depend on language dominance. Verb cognates did not yield a cognate facilitation effect nor did they influence the magnitude of switch costs in either direction. The results are interpreted in terms of an activation account explaining lexical comprehension based on L2 proficiency.
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Wagner, Till J. W., and Dominic Vella. "Switch on, switch off: stiction in nanoelectromechanical switches." Nanotechnology 24, no. 27 (June 13, 2013): 275501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/27/275501.
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Rolle, Charlotte-Paige, Jeffrey Garrett, Jamie Castano, Vu Nguyen, Kiran Patel, Federico Hinestrosa, and Edwin DeJesus. "Change in weight and BMI associated with switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide versus a dolutegravir-based regimen among virologically suppressed adults living with HIV through 144 weeks." Medicine 104, no. 10 (March 7, 2025): e41728. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000041728.
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Increased weight has been observed among treatment-naïve-and-experienced people living with HIV initiating bictegravir (BIC) and dolutegravir (DTG). Here, we report changes in weight and body mass index (BMI) following switch to a BIC versus DTG-based regimen (DBR) through 144 weeks. This observational study collected demographics, clinical characteristics, weight, and BMI from virologically suppressed adults switched to BIC/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), emtricitabine/TAF plus DTG, DTG/abacavir/lamivudine, DTG/rilpivirine (RPV), and DTG/lamivudine 2 years prior to switch through 144 weeks post-switch. Linear spline models were fit to estimate and compare the trajectories of weight and BMI changes observed pre-and-post-switch. Adjusted piecewise linear mixed-effects models were fit to examine factors associated with weight and BMI change pre-and-post-switch. At week 144, switching to BIC/emtricitabine/TAF versus a DBR were both associated with lower annualized weight gain post-switch (‐0.88 kg/year vs −0.39 kg/year respectively, P = .15). DTG plus emtricitabine/TAF switches had the highest annualized weight gain (0.68 kg/year, 95% confidence interval: −0.32, 1.65) whereas, DTG/RPV switches had the lowest annualized weight gain (‐2.22 kg/year, 95% confidence interval: −3.69, −0.62) post-switch. DTG/RPV and BIC/emtricitabine/TAF switches were the only groups with significantly lower annualized weight gain post-switch at week 144. Baseline BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 was associated with the highest annualized weight gain post-switch, whereas switching from protease inhibitors and self-report of dieting were associated with the lowest annualized weight gain post-switch. At week 144, switching to a BIC versus DBR were both associated with lower annualized weight gain post-switch among a large and diverse cohort of treatment-experienced people living with HIV.
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Fleury Veloso da Silveira, Augusto, Felippe dos Santos e Silva, Wanderson Rainer Hilário de Araújo, Darizon Alves de Andrade, and Augusto Wohlgemuth Fleury Veloso da Silveira. "Reduced Switch Count Converter For Switched Reluctance Generators." Eletrônica de Potência 13, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2008.3.177183.
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Gohil, S. "POS0626 MONEY MATTERS: ASSESSING THE VALUE OF THE ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SWITCH FOR RHEUMATOLOGY PATIENTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 551.2–551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2566.
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Background:The adalimumab biosimilar switch plan, actioned 2018-19 was one of the most complex of all biologic switches across several specialties. Non-medical switches are considered to ensure the best value medicines are prescribed for patients in line with NICE Technology Appraisals.Objectives:This 2 year follow up review explores the value of the switch for Rheumatology (R) patients in comparison to two other major specialisms; Dermatology (R) and Gastroenterology (G).Methods:403 homecare (HC) patients had been identified as eligible for switch to a citrate containing biosimilar (R;189, G;176, D;38) between April-December 2019. 35 hospital FP10 patients receiving the citrate-free originator biologic were also identified for switch to the citrate containing biosimilar and prescription processing via HC (R; 24, G; 9, D;2). Biosimilar switch information was communicated via patient letters/clinic reviews. FP10 patients also received remote pharmacist telephone support, as part of a PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) quality improvement pilot. Data in regard to switch refusal, treatment cessation, withheld treatment and patient satisfaction ratings for pharmacist phonecalls (1 = unsatisfactory, 5=very satisfied) was documented.Results:235/403 HC patients successfully switched (R;99, G;107, D;29). 64/403 HC patients switched back to the originator (R;47, G;12; D;5). Of the 64 switch back HC patients; 52% = reported lack of efficacy; 27% = injection site pain and 21% = various other factors such as blepharitis, insomnia and hair loss. 38/403 HC patients refused the switch and remained on the originator biologic (R;11, G;27, D;0). 31/403 HC patients switched to an alternative biologic (R;19, G;9, D;3). 32/403 HC patients stopped treatment (R;13, G;19, D;0). Treatment was withheld for 3/403 HC patients (R;0, G;2, D;1). 100% of FP10 patients switched to HC. 31/35 FP10 patients switched to the biosimilar (R; 22, G; 7, D; 2). 3/31 patients switched back to the originator due to lack of efficacy or side effects. 4 patients refused the switch to biosimilar (R;3, G;1, D;0). 89% of patients were very satisfied with the pharmacist telephone support.Conclusion:In summary, 58% of all eligible HC patients switched in comparison to 89% of FP10 patients who received pharmacist telephone support; total cost saving following HC and FP10 switch = £270,000. Rheumatology demonstrated the least success in HC switching (52%) and the highest HC switch back figure (25%). Injection site pain and subjective lack of efficacy appear to be the main reasons for ongoing switch backs. The PDSA project demonstrates that a thorough pharmacist assessment of patient concerns in rationalising the use of a biologic agent versus biosimilar can be valuable for patients. Further cost effective adalimumab biosimilars have recently been launched. This seminal review emphasises the ongoing need for robust critical appraisals of biosimilars, with consideration for both clinical and cost effective parameters, before establishing their placement in treatment pathways.Acknowledgements:Mark Easter, UHCW and Interim Integrated Care System Chief Pharmacist, Hardeep Bagga, Deputy Chief Pharmacist, UHCW Pharmacy Homecare Team and UHCW Specialist Rheumatology, Gastroenterology and Dermatology Clinical Teams.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Adelakun, Adenike R., Ricky D. Turgeon, Mary A. De Vera, Kimberlyn McGrail, and Peter S. Loewen. "Oral anticoagulant switching in patients with atrial fibrillation: a scoping review." BMJ Open 13, no. 4 (April 2023): e071907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071907.
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IntroductionOral anticoagulants (OACs) prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Several factors may cause OAC switching.ObjectivesTo examine the phenomenon of OAC switching in patients with AF, including all available evidence; frequency and patterns of switch, clinical outcomes, adherence, patient-reported outcomes, reasons for switch, factors associated with switch and evidence gaps.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science, up to January 2022.ResultsOf the 116 included studies, 2/3 examined vitamin K antagonist (VKA) to direct-acting OAC (DOAC) switching. Overall, OAC switching was common and the definition of an OAC switch varied across. Switching from VKA to dabigatran was the most prevalent switch type, but VKA to apixaban has increased in recent years. Patients on DOAC switched more to warfarin than to other DOACs. OAC doses involved in the switches were hardly reported and patients were often censored after the first switch. Switching back to a previously taken OAC (frequently warfarin) occurred in 5%–21% of switchers.The risk of ischaemic stroke and gastrointestinal bleeding in VKA to DOAC switchers compared with non-switchers was conflicting, while there was no difference in the risk of other types of bleeding. The risk of ischaemic stroke in switchers from DOAC versus non-switchers was conflicting. Studies evaluating adherence found no significant changes in adherence after switching from VKA to DOAC, however, an increase in satisfaction with therapy were reported. Reasons for OAC switch, and factors associated with OAC switch were mostly risk factors for stroke and bleeding. Clinical outcomes, adherence and patient-reported outcomes were sparse for switches from DOACs.ConclusionsOAC switching is common in patients with AF and patients often switch back to an OAC they have previously been on. There are aspects of OAC switching that have received little study, especially in switches from DOACs.
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Rosembert, D., A. Malaviya, J. How, J. Tomlison, F. Toh, M. Roe, A. Nightingale, et al. "P505 Different failure rates after non-medical switching of 744 patients from adalimumab originator to 2 different adalimumab biosimilars at Cambridge University Hospitals, UK: real-world experience." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S438—S439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.634.
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Abstract Background Biosimilar adalimumab became available in the UK in October 2018, with payers introducing a series of measures to drive the adoption of the ‘best value’ adalimumab.1 Consideration of value should include risk of loss of efficacy and adverse reactions, which might drive further biologic switches or ‘reverse switches’ to originator. Managing potential ‘nocebo effect’ requires high levels of patient engagement, whilst the presence or absence of citrate buffer may affect patient-reported discomfort, hence patient treatment perceptions. Methods Patients were switched to 2 different biosimilar adalimumabs, one buffered with citrate (ADA1) and one in a citrate-free buffer (ADA2). The choice of adalimumab biosimilar was made for clinical and economic reasons. Patients were informed of the switch to either ADA1 or ADA2 in advance via letter and at clinic visits. Patients who reported problems after switching were reviewed. Results A total of 744 patients were switched from originator adalimumab (ADA0) to ADA1 or ADA2. Rheumatology and dermatology patients were switched to ADA1, whilst gastroenterology patients were switched to ADA2, except for those with a latex allergy, where ADA1 was used (or ADA2 in a latex-free syringe). A total of 49 (6.6%) patients reported problems and a further switch of drug was judged necessary in 48 (Table 1). Switch failure was significantly more likely with ADA1 than ADA2 (7.7% vs. 1.8%; p = 0.006). The median time to switch failure was 97 days (range 5–196 days). The commonest reason for switch failure was disease flare (23 patients, 48%), followed by injection site pain or reaction (21 patients, 44%). Disease flare and injection site problems were more likely to be reported with ADA1 than ADA2 (flare: 23/583 vs. 0/161, p = 0.008; injection site pain 20/583 vs. 1/161, p = 0.06). For patients reporting disease flare, clinicians tended to select a reverse switch to ADA0, whilst for those with injection site problems, a further switch to a different biosimilar was the preferred approach; both strategies were effective at recapture. Conclusion In the context of an effective patient communication strategy, adalimumab biosimilar switching was associated with overall low rates of patient-reported problems in a large cohort. Despite an identical communication strategy, significantly higher rates of injection site problems and disease flares were seen between 2 different biosimilars, reflected in a higher need for further switches. These differences may impact the cost-effectiveness of any chosen strategy. Reference
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Rahman, Rahnuma, and Supriyo Bandyopadhyay. "The Cost of Energy-Efficiency in Digital Hardware: The Trade-Off between Energy Dissipation, Energy–Delay Product and Reliability in Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Binary Switches." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 5590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125590.
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Binary switches, which are the primitive units of all digital computing and information processing hardware, are usually benchmarked on the basis of their ‘energy–delay product’, which is the product of the energy dissipated in completing the switching action and the time it takes to complete that action. The lower the energy–delay product, the better the switch (supposedly). This approach ignores the fact that lower energy dissipation and faster switching usually come at the cost of poorer reliability (i.e., a higher switching error rate) and hence the energy–delay product alone cannot be a good metric for benchmarking switches. Here, we show the trade-off between energy dissipation, energy–delay product and error–probability for an electronic switch (a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), a magnetic switch (a magnetic tunnel junction switched with spin transfer torque) and an optical switch (bistable non-linear mirror). As expected, reducing energy dissipation and/or energy–delay product generally results in increased switching error probability and reduced reliability.
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Lin, Chun-Wei, Chang-Yi Peng, and Huang-Jen Chiu. "A Novel Three-Phase Six-Switch PFC Rectifier with Zero-Voltage-Switching and Zero-Current-Switching Features." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061119.
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A novel three-phase power-factor-correction (PFC) rectifier with zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) in six main switches and zero-current-switching (ZCS) in the auxiliary switch is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally verified. The main feature of the proposed auxiliary circuit is used to reduce the switching loss when the six main switches are turned on and the one auxiliary switch is turned off. In this paper, a detailed operating analysis of the proposed circuit is given. Modeling and analysis are verified by experimental results based on a three-phase 7 kW rectifier. The soft-switched PFC rectifier shows an improvement in efficiency of 2.25% compared to its hard-switched counterpart at 220 V under full load.
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Soesman, Aviva, and Joel Walters. "Codeswitching within prepositional phrases: Effects of switch site and directionality." International Journal of Bilingualism 25, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 747–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069211000855.
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Aims and Research Questions: Codeswitching (CS) was investigated among English-Hebrew bilingual preschool children in a sentence repetition task focusing on switching at different points in prepositional phrases (PPs). We asked the extent to which sentence repetition accuracy differed (1) as a function of the switch site in the PP and (2) as a function of directionality, English-to-Hebrew versus Hebrew-to-English CS. Design/Methodology: English/first language (L1)-Hebrew/second language (L2), sequential bilingual children ( N = 65), ages 5;5–6;5, participated. Thirty-six English and 36 Hebrew stimulus sentences were matched for semantic content and syntax. English stimulus sentences contained switches to Hebrew; Hebrew stimuli contained switches to English. Six ‘switch’ conditions were examined: a single codeswitched noun (N), a determiner–noun switch (DET+N), a codeswitched preposition (P), a preposition–determiner switch (P+DET), a switch of the entire PP (P+DET+N), and a no-switch condition. Data and Analysis: Audio recordings were transcribed and coded. Full sentence repetition was coded as correct/incorrect. The number of errors and the proportion of CS errors were computed. A 6 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance examined the effects of switch site within the PP and directionality (L1-to-L2 versus L2-to-L1). Findings/Conclusions: Accuracy was highest for the non-switched, N, and P+DET+N conditions. Accuracy was lowest for DET+N switches in English sentences, and for P switches in Hebrew sentences, and these two conditions showed the highest proportion of CS errors. The findings show evidence for a hierarchy of processing costs and directionality differences, which are interpreted in terms of contrastive typological features, particularly definiteness marking in the two languages, English by a free morpheme, and Hebrew by a bound clitic.
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Lukáš, Milan, Veronika Hrubá, Jindra Reissigová, Karin Černá, Naděžda Machková, Dana Ďuricová, Martin Kolář, Lea Čermáková, and Milan Lukáš. "Switch from biosimilar infliximab CT-P13 to biosimilar infliximab SB-2 in the long-term maintenance therapy in IBD patients – prospective observational study." Gastroenterologie a hepatologie 77, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/ccgh2023336.
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Introduction: Therapeutical switch from originator to biosimilar infliximab has been proved as effective and safety procedure. We have a few information about non-medical swich from one biosimilar to the another biosimilar infiximab. Aim: This is a prospective observational study from one tercial IBD center, performed in 2021 and 2022 which was focused on efficacy and safety after switch from infliximab CT-P13 to infliximab SB-2 in patients with IBD. Methods: The cohort group comprised with 287 patients with IBD who have been consecutively treated with infliximab CT-P13 and they were switched to infliximab SB-2. All the re cruited patients were in clinical and biological sustained remission at mean for 6 months before the switch. Results: We proved that persistence on infliximab SB-2 therapy after the switch was 86.4% of treated patients, no significant changes in clinical inflammatory activities and biological parameters have been detected after the switch. The therapy termination due to side effects or loss of response in 39 patients (13.9%) has been detected due to lost of clinical response, side effects or lost of follow-up. No higher immunogenicity after the switch was found. Conclusion: Non-medical switch from one biosimilar infliximab (CT-P13) to another one (SB-2) was not associated with higher risks of disease destabilisation or immunogenicity. Keywords inflammatory bowel disease, biosimilar infliximab CT-P13, biosimilar infliximab SB-2, therapeutical switch
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Suryono, Suryono, Supriyati Supriyati, Dadi Dadi, Sri Kusumastuti, and Raditya Artha Rochmanto. "RANCANG BANGUN PENGONTROL LAMPU LISTRIK MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR INFRA RED SWITCH DAN REMOTE." Orbith: Majalah Ilmiah Pengembangan Rekayasa dan Sosial 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.32497/orbith.v20i1.5426.
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AbstrakSaklar adalah salah satu dari perangkat elektrik yang mempunyai fungsi sebagai pengontrol, memutus dan menghubungkan tegangan listrik ke beban yang biasanya berupa lampu listrik. Beban listrik secara umum adalah semua peralatan yang dalam bekerjanya menggunakan energy listrik. Ada banyak jenis saklar yang digunakan dalam rangkaian instalasi cahaya maupun tenaga listrik. Pada rumah tangga, perkantoran, hotel, sekolah, kampus, mall, industri dan bangunan lainnya, saklar digunakan untuk mengontrol nyala dan matinya lampu. Untuk mengubah kedudukan saklar mekanik manual dari menghubung menjadi terputus atau sebaliknya dilakukan dengan cara menekan bagian knob yang biasanya dengan mengguakan jari tangan.Dengan menggunakan saklar elektronik jenis sentuhan (touch switch), untuk menyalakan dan mematikan lampu, cukup dilakukan dengan menyentuh permukaan saklar yang tidak menggunakan knob. Jenis saklar remote jarak jauh (wire less) untuk menyalakan dan mematikan lampu dilakukan dengan menekan tombol “ON” atau “OFF” pada remote transmiternya. Pengontrolan nyala lampu jarak jauh yang menggunakan aplikasi android via Bluetooth atau wifi, untuk menyalakan dan mematikan lampu dilakukan dengan cara menyentuh gambar aplikasi pada layar smartphone.Saklar elektronik yang dirancang pada penelitian ini adalah dengan memanfaatkan sensor infra red switch tanpa sentuh dan remote switch yang diaplikasikan untuk mengganti saklar mekanik manual. Saklar elektronik hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat mengontrol lampu listrik tanpa sentuh dan dapat juga dikontrol melalui remote dari jarak jauh. Infra red swith dan remote switch pada penelitian ini digunakan sebagai masukan dari Arduino mini Seeeduino Xiao SAMD21 dan keluarannya menjadi input Solid State Relai (SSR) yang berfungsi sebagai driver lampu. jika data dari output Arduino= 1 lampu menyala, sebaliknya jika datanya= 0, lampu menjadi mati.Kata kunci: sensor infra red switch, remote switch, Arduino Seeeduino XIAO, saklar elektronik, tanpa sentuhan.AbstractSwitch is one of the electrical devices that functions as a controller, disconnecting and connecting electric voltage to loads, typically in the form of electric lights. The electric load, in general, refers to all equipment that operates using electrical energy. There are many types of switches used in lighting and electrical power installations. In households, offices, hotels, schools, campuses, malls, industries, and other buildings, switches are used to control the on and off of lights. To change the position of a manual mechanical switch from connected to disconnected or vice versa, it is done by pressing the knob, usually with the use of fingers.By using touch-type electronic switches (touch switch), to turn on and off lights, you only need to touch the switch surface without using a knob. Remote switches of the wireless type are used to remotely turn on and off lights by pressing the "ON" or "OFF" button on their remote transmitters. Remote control of light using an Android application via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi is done by touching the application image on the smartphone screen to turn on or off the lights.The electronic switch designed in this research utilizes a touchless infrared sensor switch and a remote switch applied to replace the manual mechanical switch. It is expected that the electronic switch resulting from this research can control electric lights without touch and can also be controlled remotely. The infrared switch and remote switch in this research are used as inputs to the Arduino mini Seeeduino Xiao SAMD21, and its output serves as the input to the Solid State Relay (SSR), which functions as the light driver. If the data from the Arduino output is 1, the light is on; conversely, if the data is 0, the light is off.Keywords: infrared sensor switch, remote switch, Arduino Seeduino XIAO, electronic switch, touchless.
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Shen, Alice, Susanne Gahl, and Keith Johnson. "Didn't hear that coming: Effects of withholding phonetic cues to code-switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 5 (January 31, 2020): 1020–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000877.
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AbstractCode-switching has been found to incur a processing cost in auditory comprehension. However, listeners may have access to anticipatory phonetic cues to code-switches (Piccinini & Garellek, 2014; Fricke et al., 2016), thus mitigating switch cost. We investigated effects of withholding anticipatory phonetic cues on code-switched word recognition by splicing English-to-Mandarin code-switches into unilingual English sentences. In a concept monitoring experiment, Mandarin–English bilinguals took longer to recognize code-switches, suggesting a switch cost. In an eye tracking experiment, the average proportion of all participants' looks to pictures corresponding to sentence-medial code-switches decreased when cues were withheld. Acoustic analysis of stimuli revealed tone-specific pitch contours before English-to-Mandarin code-switches, consistent with previous work on tonal coarticulation. We conclude that withholding anticipatory phonetic cues can negatively affect code-switched recognition: therefore, bilingual listeners use phonetic cues in processing code-switches under normal conditions. We discuss the implications of tonal coarticulation for mechanisms underlying phonetic cues to code-switching.
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Tian, G., Z. Wang, Q. Ge, J. Wang, and S. Shuai. "Control of a spark ignition homogeneous charge compression ignition mode transition on a gasoline direct injection engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto434.
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The hybrid combustion mode is an ideal operation strategy for a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. A stable and smooth spark ignition (SI)/HCCI switch has been an issue in the research on multimode combustion. In this paper, the switch process has two key issues; the cam profile and throttle opening. With the developed two-stage cam system, the valve phase strategy can be switched within one engine cycle, from the normal cam profile for the SI mode to a negative valve overlap (NVO) profile for the HCCI mode, or vice versa. For a smoother and more stable switch, the throttle change was separated from the cam profile switch, which was called the stepped switch. The effect of throttle opening on HCCI combustion was studied, and the results showed that the concept of the stepped switch was reliable. With gasoline direct injection (GDI) the combustion mode switches from both SI and HCCI sides were smooth, rapid, and robust, without any abnormal combustion such as knocking and misfiring.
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McNicol, Megan, Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul, Grant Morris, Brendan Boyle, Jennifer Dotson, Hilary Michel, and Ross Maltz. "NON-MEDICAL SWITCHING FROM INFLIXIMAB TO A BIOSIMILAR IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 29, Supplement_1 (January 26, 2023): S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izac247.117.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Studies in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have demonstrated that a one-time switch from the originator to a biosimilar has not resulted in loss of response, increased side effects, or antibody development. Data describing non-medical switching is limited in adolescents and young adults. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes of one-time switches from the originator to a biosimilar in adolescents and young adults with IBD. METHODS Patients with IBD that underwent a non-medical switch from infliximab originator to a biosimilar were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, physician global assessments (PGA), and laboratory values (albumin, hemoglobin, sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), anti-TNF level, and anti-TNF antibody level) were recorded up to one year prior to the switch and up to one year after the switch. Rates of continuation on the biosimilar was reported at 6 and 12 months post-switch. Linear mixed effect models with random intercepts accounting for within patient correlation were used to compare continuous lab values before and after switching. RESULTS A total of 53 patients completed a switch from infliximab originator to a biosimilar. The mean age at the time of the switch was 18 (+/- 2.86) years old. Fifty-three percent of those undergoing a switch were female, 74% had Crohn’s disease, and 96% were switched to the biosimilar infliximab-dyyb. At the time of the switch, 52 (98%) patients had quiescent disease activity based on PGA and 1 (2%) patient had mild disease. At follow up after receiving at least 2 biosimilar infusions, 51 (96%) patients had quiescent disease and 2 (4%) patients had mild disease based on the PGA. At 6 months post switch, 48 (90%) patients were still on the biosimilar. Three (6%) patients switched back to the originator due to worsening symptoms, one (2%) patient developed worsening psoriasis, and one (2%) patient had ongoing issues with IV access. Of the 33 patients who had a full 12 months of follow-up data, 91% (30/33) remained on the biosimilar, one patient switched back to the originator due to worsening symptoms, and two switched to adalimumab due to the development of psoriasis and an underlying social situation, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in albumin, hemoglobin, ESR, CRP, or anti-TNF levels when comparing pre- and post- switch values. The mean anti-TNF level prior to the switch was 17.3 ug/ml (95% CI: 13.7 -19.0) and 15.1 ug/ml (95% CI: 12.5 - 17.8) after the switch. No patients developed anti-drug antibodies or infusion reactions. CONCLUSION A one-time non-medical switch to an infliximab biosimilar in an adolescent and young adult cohort had no significant effect on clinical remission rates, laboratory markers of inflammation, serious adverse events, anti-TNF levels, or anti-drug antibodies.
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Epple, Dennis, and Martin Kutz. "Parity Lights." Mathematical Gazette 88, no. 511 (March 2004): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200174224.
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Almost everybody has a light in their house that can be switched on and off from two or more different places. If your electrician set up the wiring properly, you are able to toggle the light with every single switch, independent of the others' current configuration.We may think of the switches as implementing a parity function. If we label the two positions of a switch by 0 and 1, the light is on if the sum of switch positions is even and off if this sum is odd (or vice versa). So in the common case of only two switches, ‘light on’ is just the binary relation xor. (Not all real-life installations are of this kind. We also find the binary and implemented in a few houses—which can be very annoying, and even dangerous, at nights.)
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Krishnan, G. Hari, B. V. Sai Thrinath, G. Karthikeyan, V. Ravi, and E. Parimalasundar. "Switched Capacitor-Based Bidirectional Power Converter with Enhanced Voltage Boost and Reduced Switching Strain for Electric Vehicle Applications." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 11, no. 4 (October 30, 2023): 904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110404.
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This research work presents an improved design of a bidirectional converter for EVs, specifically focusing on its buck and boost operations. The proposed design incorporates a switched capacitor-based double switch converter, which offers enhanced performance compared to conventional converters. The utilization of switched capacitors reduces voltage stress on switches and improves overall efficiency, making it well-suited for electric vehicle applications. Moreover, the inclusion of synchronous rectification enables zero voltage switching, further enhancing the converter's performance. The effectiveness of the design is verified through MATLAB simulations, demonstrating improved voltage gain and reduced switch stress in both voltage increasing and decreasing modes.
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P., Suresh, George Fernandez S., Vidyasagar S., Kalyanasundaram V., Vijayakumar K., Archana Vaidheeswaran, and Chatterjee Soham. "Reduction of transients in switches using embedded machine learning." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 235–41. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp235-241.
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Non-linear loads can cause transients in electronic switches. They also result in a fluctuating output when the device is switched ON or OFF. These transients can harm not only the switches but also the devices that they are connected to, by passing excess currents or voltages to the devices. By applying machine learning, we can improve the gate drive voltages of the switches and thereby reduce switch transients. A feedback system is built that measures the output transients and then feeds it to a neural network algorithm that then gives a proper gate drive to the device. This will reduce transients and also improve performances of switch based devices like inverters and converters.
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Shant, Kumar Biradar, and Badi Manjulata. "Analysing Efficiency and Effectiveness of Clap Switch Mechanism." Journal of Recent Trends in Electrical Power System 4, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4706580.
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<em>In this paper, the electronic circuit initiated or activated by outside sound resembling applause sounds occurs at 2200Hz to 2800Hz within. At this point when far off point got the maximum bright once the electronic circuit is switched on. If one data particle proceeded another one, the framework would skip one particle. The basic idea of applauding switch is someone in the next room applauding the building will be turned on and off even though lying in bed. This was directed from the different NE 555 Clap Switches and Arduino Clap Switch. The NE 555 based clapping switch is probably the most cost-effective way for micro controller based clapping controls.</em>
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Ho, P. Joy, Ross D. Brown, Gregory J. Pelka, Antony Basten, John Gibson, and Douglas E. Joshua. "Illegitimate switch recombinations are present in approximately half of primary myeloma tumors, but do not relate to known prognostic indicators or survival." Blood 97, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.2.490.
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Abstract The myeloma plasma cell is a postgerminal center, isotype-switched B cell. Chromosomal translocations into immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) switch regions, recombination sites in isotype switching, were initially demonstrated in myeloma cell lines but only a limited number of primary tumors. Molecular cytogenetics have since been applied to a series of primary tumors, in which IgH translocations accounted for many recurrent aberrations, among numerous nonrecurrent changes of unknown significance. This study, therefore, examined primary myeloma for IgH switch translocations using an established Southern blot assay that detected illegitimate switch recombinations. Sensitivity of the method was established by confining the analysis to 21 samples (4 stable, 17 progressive disease) with demonstrable legitimate isotype switches, of a total of 60 samples. Illegitimate recombinations were found in 12 or 57% (1 stable, 11 progressive) of 21 samples, comparable with estimates by molecular cytogenetics. The presence of switch translocations was supported by demonstrating up-regulated expression in myeloma marrow of cyclin D1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), candidate oncogenes on chromosomes 11q13 and 4p16, respectively. Illegitimate switches were detected most frequently in Sμ, with more than one region involved in 6 cases. Although these results confirmed the presence of switch translocations in primary myeloma, their absence in 43% of cases may imply heterogeneity of pathogenesis. In progressive disease, there was no significant difference between patients with and without illegitimate switches in survival, nor the prognostic indicators of β2microglobulin (β2m) and serum thymidine kinase (STK). Hence IgH switch translocations as a single entity are unlikely to be a feature of disease progression or have prognostic significance.
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Singh, Rachee, Muqeet Mukhtar, Ashay Krishna, Aniruddha Parkhi, Jitendra Padhye, and David Maltz. "Surviving switch failures in cloud datacenters." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 51, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3464994.3464996.
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Switch failures can hamper access to client services, cause link congestion and blackhole network traffic. In this study, we examine the nature of switch failures in the datacenters of a large commercial cloud provider through the lens of survival theory. We study a cohort of over 180,000 switches with a variety of hardware and software configurations and find that datacenter switches have a 98% likelihood of functioning uninterrupted for over 3 months since deployment in production. However, there is significant heterogeneity in switch survival rates with respect to their hardware and software: the switches of one vendor are twice as likely to fail compared to the others. We attribute the majority of switch failures to hardware impairments and unplanned power losses. We find that the in-house switch operating system, SONiC, boosts the survival likelihood of switches in datacenters by 1% by eliminating switch failures caused by software bugs in vendor switch OSes.
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Li, Yiping, Qinjian Wang, Shu Liang, Chuanteng Feng, Hong Yang, Hang Yu, Dan Yuan, and Shujuan Yang. "Effect of Switching Antiretroviral Treatment Regimen in Patients With Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection: Retrospective Observational Cohort Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): e33429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/33429.
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Background Evidence on the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen switches on the mortality of patients with HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is limited. Objective We aim to provide policy guidance for ART regimen selection and evaluate the effectiveness of ART regime switches for people living with HIV and HIV-1 drug resistance. Methods This retrospective observational cohort study included 179 people living with HIV and HIV-1 drug resistance from 2011 to 2020. The time that participants switched treatment regimens either to protease inhibitor (PI)–based ART regimens (PIs) or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)–based ART regimens (NNRTIs) was taken as an observation starting point and followed up every 12 months. The parametric g-formula was used to estimate the 5-year risk of mortality under the situations of (1) natural course, (2) immediate switch to NNRTIs, (3) immediate switch to PIs, and (4) if CD4(+) T cells<200 switched to PIs. Results The follow-up time of the 179 patients ranged from 30 to 119 months. The median follow-up time was 90 months. During a follow-up of 15,606 person-months, 27 individuals died in the cohort. The estimated 5-year risk of mortality under natural course, immediate switch to NNRTIs, immediate switch to PIs, and if CD4(+), and switch to PIs if T cells<200 were 11.62% (95% CI 7.82-17.11), 31.88% (95% CI 20.79-44.94), 2.87% (95% CI 0.32-7.07), and 5.30% (95% CI 2.07-10.21), respectively. The risk ratios (RRs) of immediate switch to NNRTIs, immediate switch to PIs, and switch to PIs if CD4(+) T cells<200, compared with natural course mortality rate, were 2.74 (95% CI 2.01-3.47), 0.25 (95% CI: 0.04-0.54), and 0.46 (95% CI 0.22-0.71), respectively. The risk differences were 20.26% (95% CI 10.96-28.61), –8.76% (95% CI –13.34 to –5.09) and –6.32% (95% CI –9.75 to –3.11), respectively. Conclusions Our study found that a PI-based ART regimen was beneficial for reducing mortality in people living with HIV and HIV-1 drug resistance. More effort should be given to find HIV-1 drug resistance earlier to ensure a timely adjustment to PI-based ART, thereby maximizing the benefit of early switch treatment for people living with HIV and HIV-1 drug resistance.
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Yu, F. Q., T. Pan, K. Li, Z. Z. Zhu, F. Wei, and W. Dai. "The study of active gas-gap heat switch using carbon nanotubes as the adsorption material." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1301, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012037.
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Abstract Heat switches are widely used in cryogenic systems and play an important role in controlling thermodynamic cycles and accelerating the cooling of cryogenic components, etc. Among them, the active gas-gap heat switch, as one of the mainstream heat switches, mostly uses activated carbon as the adsorbent. It desorbs/adsorbs helium by heating/cooling the activated carbon to realize the ON/OFF state. Normally, a short response time, which is related to the adsorption properties of the materials and the heating method of the adsorption bed, is desired. In order to further shorten the response time and improve the performance of the heat switch, a 3He active gas-gap heat switch using carbon nanotubes as the adsorption material was investigated. About 0.06 mW/K OFF-state conductance and 60 mW/K ON-state conductance were obtained at 4 K. The heat switch switched on within 35 s when 1.6 mW heating power was applied to the adsorption bed, and it took about 400 s at 4 K to reduce thermal conductance to 1/10 of ON-state conductance when the heating of the adsorption bed was stopped.
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Suresh, P., S. George Fernandez, S. Vidyasagar, V. Kalyanasundaram, K. Vijayakumar, Vaidheeswaran Archana, and Soham Chatterjee. "Reduction of transients in switches using embedded machine learning." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp235-241.
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<p>Non-linear loads can cause transients in electronic switches. They also result in a fluctuating output when the device is switched ON or OFF. These transients can harm not only the switches but also the devices that they are connected to, by passing excess currents or voltages to the devices. By applying machine learning, we can improve the gate drive voltages of the switches and thereby reduce switch transients. A feedback system is built that measures the output transients and then feeds it to a neural network algorithm that then gives a proper gate drive to the device. This will reduce transients and also improve performances of switch based devices like inverters and converters.</p>
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Wang, Minfeng, Yang Zhang, G. P. Li, and Mark Bachman. "A Novel Frequency Addressable Micro Switch Array." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, DPC (January 1, 2011): 001707–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2011dpc-wp23.
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Addressable switch arrays are widely used in telecommunication, radar and satellite systems for many applications, such as switch network controlling, modularity and expansion. The existing method to achieve addressability of the switch is to design a grid structure switch array and to individually actuate switches with multiplexed control lines , . The MEMS switch array presented in this work addresses individual switches according to the unique intrinsic resonance frequencies of different mechanical structures driven by electro-magnetic force. This approach eliminates the need to have a dedicated control line for each switch, which readily enables the switch array with minimal complexity of control line design thus minimizes the overall footprint. The frequency addressable switch array (FASA) is fabricated directly on printed circuit boards using patented laminate MEMS technology. Instead of building everything bottom-up, three layers including top cantilever structure, middle spacer, bottom electrode and coils are fabricated separately through different processes and later laminated together. The switches are electro-magnetically actuated at operation voltage (~1V), which is much lower than the one of the conventional electrostatic actuation (&gt;30V) . Alternating electro-magnetic force is exerted on a mini neodymium magnet by a series of coils. Only when the maximum vibration stroke is obtained at the resonant frequency of individual switch, the mini magnet mounted on the top cantilever will make contact with the bottom electrode for signal transmission. The quality factors of the switches were measured to be nearly 100 with air damping. The related switch density (defined by the number of the switches per kHz in desired frequency range for individual addressing) in the array is around 10 per kHz. By improving the quality factor of the switch such as hermetic packaging avoiding the air damping, a high value (&gt;200 per kHz) of the switch density is expected.
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YILDIZ, ALI BEKIR. "A MNA-BASED UNIFIED IDEAL SWITCH MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING CIRCUITS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 22, no. 06 (July 2013): 1350046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126613500461.
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The paper proposes a unified switch model for the analysis of circuits with ideal switches. The model is unique and valid for all states of switches. The developed model is based on modified nodal analysis (MNA) that exploits an efficient algorithm developed for linear active circuits. The analysis with the new switch model requires only one topology and uses the uniform system equations regardless of states of switches. The system equations and the states of switches are updated by control variables, used in the model. There are no restrictions on circuit topology and switch connections. The switches can be both externally and internally controlled. The inconsistent initial value problem and Dirac delta impulses occurring because of ideal switch are discussed in detail. Two examples are given concerning the analysis of circuits with ideal switch.
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Li, Zonghui, Hai Wan, Yangdong Deng, Xibin Zhao, Yue Gao, Xiaoyu Song, and Ming Gu. "Time-Triggered Switch-Memory-Switch Architecture for Time-Sensitive Networking Switches." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 39, no. 1 (January 2020): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2883996.
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Selin, P., and H. Obara. "Embedding N × N Crossbar Switches into ILLIAC(N, N − 1) Torus Networks for Optical Interconnection Networks." ISRN Optics 2012 (November 20, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/218541.
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A focus of research for crossbar switches has been to reduce the number of 2×2 switch elements, each of which not only occupies a relatively large area but also costs a lot when implemented with optical devices. We point out that conventional N×N crossbar switches, where N is the switch size, actually function as (N+1)×(N+1) switches and thus have redundant 2×2 switch elements to be removed. We show that ILLIAC(N,N-1) torus networks, which have a less number of 2×2 switching elements than crossbar switches of an identical switch size, are equivalent to true N×N crossbar switches. We describe in detail how the crossbar switches can be embedded into the equivalent torus networks. We also discuss switch control complexity of the equivalent torus networks and show that it can be reduced to O(1).
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Suzuki, Keijiro, Ryotaro Konoike, Shu Namiki, Hitoshi Kawashima, and Kazuhiro Ikeda. "O-band 32 × 32 silicon photonic switch with double Mach-Zehnder switch elements." Optics Express 33, no. 9 (May 2, 2025): 20110. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.558541.
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Silicon photonic switches are expected to offer energy efficient switching in future data center networks and artificial intelligence/machine learning clusters. In this paper, we report a strictly non-blocking silicon photonic switch with 32 inputs and 32 outputs based on a path-independent insertion-loss topology, which consists of double Mach-Zehnder (MZ) switch elements to improve the crosstalk performance. The switch chip, therefore, contains 2048 thermo-optic MZ switches. The switch chip was fabricated using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor pilot line with the 45-nm technology. The fabricated switch chip was flip-chip bonded to a 2114 land-grid-array (LGA) ceramic interposer, and the electrodes on the chip were connected to a control circuit board. To control the 2048 MZ switches through the LGA 2114 interposer, a single arm of each MZ switch was electrically wired, rather than both arms as in our previous 32 × 32 switches. 99.2% of the MZ switches were connected and operated. The fabricated switch exhibited minimum, maximum, and average on-chip insertion loss of 9.3, 15.6, and 11.8 dB, respectively, and a crosstalk of less than -20 dB over a 70-nm bandwidth. Moreover, using a 100G-ER4 optical transceiver, we demonstrate 100-Gbps signal transmission with a bit error ratio of less than 1 × 10-3, which is mostly due to the amplifier noise.
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Wang, Xingxing, Yujie Zhang, Hongjun Ni, Shuaishuai Lv, Yu Zhu, Guosheng Yang, and Weidong Cai. "Research on UHV Isolating Switch Technology with Multi-source Action Signal." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2137, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2137/1/012036.
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Abstract With the improvement of the voltage level of power transmission and transformation lines, the development of smart grids has highlighted a major demand, and relevant enterprises and scientific researchers in the UHV field at home and abroad have explored the research of water intelligent isolation switch equipment. This article explains the current problems of traditional substation isolation switches, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of UHV isolation switch technology and its application status through three aspects: isolation switch, isolation switch contact and isolation switch sensor. Studies have shown that the development and application of isolating switches with multi-source action signals, and further improving the proportion and accuracy of smart devices to replace manual labor are the development trends of UHV isolating switches.
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Burlando, Martina, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Claudio Marasca, Paolo Dapavo, Andrea Chiricozzi, Dalma Malvaso, Valentina Dini, et al. "Adalimumab Originator vs. Biosimilar in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Multicentric Retrospective Study." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102522.
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This study aimed to compare adalimumab originator vs. biosimilar in HS patients, and to evaluate the effect of a switch to a biosimilar, or a switch back to the originator, in terms of treatment ineffectiveness. Patients with a diagnosis of HS were enrolled from 14 Italian sites. Treatment ineffectiveness was measured using Hurley score. The major analyses were 1) comparison between the two treatment groups (non-switcher analysis), and 2) the cross-over trend of Hurley score between treatment switchers (switcher analysis). Cox and Poisson regression models were used to compare the treatment ineffectiveness between groups. A total of 326 patients were divided into four groups: 171 (52.5%) taking originator; 61 (18.7%) patients taking biosimilar; 66 (20.2%) switchers; 28 (8.6%) switchers from originator to biosimilar and switched. A greater loss of efficacy was observed in the group allocated to the biosimilar than the originator group. The switcher analysis showed an effectiveness loss in the biosimilar compared to the originator. These results seem to indicate that a switch from one drug to the other may lead to a greater risk of inefficacy. A return to the previous treatment also does not ensure efficaciousness.
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Paglinco, Samantha, Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul, Megan McNicol, and Ross Maltz. "ASSOCIATED COST DIFFERENCES OF SWITCHING BETWEEN INFLIXIMAB PRODUCTS." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 31, Supplement_1 (February 2025): S34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izae282.075.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION Three infliximab biosimilars are available in the United States and their introduction helped to curb rising healthcare costs associated with infliximab usage. Given existing data surrounding the safety and efficacy of biosimilar use, many insurance payors have been mandating that a patient switches from the originator to a biosimilar to reduce the cost of care. The objectives of this study were to evaluate trends for infliximab product switching using a large commercial claims database and to assess cost-savings associated with switching between infliximab products. METHODS Infliximab outpatient claims from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2021 were reviewed from the Merative MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database. Infliximab originator and biosimilars were identified by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. A patient was considered to have an infliximab product switch if they had at least two claims with two or more different CPT codes within 112 days. The Medical Care Consumer Price Index for Medical Goods was used to adjust for inflation to December 2021 US dollars. Outcomes of interest included the number of times patients switched infliximab products, which infliximab product(s) the patient was switched to, and the assessment of total cost-savings associated with switching. Total cost savings was calculated as the difference between the last claim before the switch and the first claim of the new infliximab product. RESULTS There were 1,785 patients that had at least one infliximab product switch during the time period. Median age was 42 (inter-quartile range (IQR) 26 − 54) years old, 7% occurred in pediatric patients (&lt; 18 years), and 52% were female. Ninety-two percent (n=1,642) of all first-time switches were from the infliximab originator to a biosimilar, with 72% (n=1,286) switching to infliximab-dyyb, 13% (n = 227) to infliximab-abda and 7% (n=129) to infliximab-axxq. Two hundred and thirty-two (13%) patients had two or more infliximab product switches and 78% (n=181) started on infliximab originator, switched to a biosimilar, and then switched back to infliximab originator for their second switch. More than half of the first-time switches (53%, n =944) occurred in 2021. Total infusion savings from switching peaked in 2019 with a median of $1,113 (IQR $742 − $1,876) saved per infusion. The total infusion savings with switching decreased to $93 (IQR $-216 − $678) per infusion in 2021. Median patient out of pocket savings was $0 throughout this study. CONCLUSION The prevalence of switching to an infliximab biosimilar increased throughout the study period with more than half of infliximab product switches occurring in 2021. Cost savings following a switch was most significant in 2019. This study did not demonstrate any savings for patients when switching infliximab products.
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Grose, Christian R. "Is it Better to Join the Majority? The Electoral Effects of Party Switching by Incumbent Southern State Legislators, 1972 to 2000." American Review of Politics 25 (April 1, 2004): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2004.25.0.79-98.
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What are the electoral effects of a change in partisan affiliation for legislators? To answer this question, 6357 state legislative elections from 1972 to 2000 in five southern states are examined. By comparing this subset of party-switching southern legislators to their non-switching colleagues, I am able to examine (1) whether partisan affiliation and changes in party labels affect electoral outcomes over the short- and long-term; and (2) whether switching parties into the majority party in the legislature affects electoral out-comes. The findings are that incumbent legislators who switch parties do worse in general elections following their switch, especially in elections immediately following their switch. However, once these legislators have switched parties, if their party takes control of the legislature, they do no worse than their non-switching colleagues. Interestingly, other results demonstrate that southern legislators who have switched from Democrat to Republican in the 1990s have done worse following their switches, suggesting that partisan realignment among voters has not been realized completely at the state legislative level.
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Schneider, Arnold. "Is commercial lending affected by knowledge of auditor switches from Big 4 firms to regional firms?" Accounting Research Journal 30, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-12-2014-0110.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether knowledge about companies switching auditors from Big 4 firms to regional firms affects commercial lending decisions. Design/methodology/approach The approach used is an experiment where bank loan officers make judgments about risk and probabilities of granting a line of credit. Findings Neither risk assessments nor probabilities of granting credit differed for companies that switch auditors from Big 4 firms to regional firms as compared to companies that did not switch auditors. For companies that did switch auditors, providing a reason for the switch did not influence lending decisions. Research limitations/implications Lenders were given questionnaires that do not contain all of the information they may have used in actual loan decision settings. Also, the hypothetical nature of the decisions and incentives may not produce the responses that would be given in actual lending scenarios. Practical implications When applying for bank loans, companies need not be concerned about having switched auditors from Big 4 to regional firms. Also, companies that switch from Big 4 firms to regional firms need not worry about whether or not to provide a reason for the audit firm switch. Originality value This study adds to the auditor switching literature by investigating the effects of switches from Big 4 firms to regional firms on commercial lending decisions.
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Iqbal, Amjad, Amor Smida, Nazih Mallat, Ridha Ghayoula, Issa Elfergani, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Sunghwan Kim. "Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for Emerging Wireless Communication Systems." Electronics 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2019): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040407.
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A printed and minimal size antenna having the functionality of frequency shifting as well as pattern reconfigurability is presented in this work. The antenna proposed in this work consists of three switches. Switch 1 is a lumped switch that controls the operating bands of the antenna. Switch 2 and Switch 3 controls the beam switching of the antenna. When the Switch 1 is ON, the proposed antenna operates at 3.1 GHz and 6.8 GHz, covering the 2.5–4.2 GHz and 6.2–7.4 GHz bands, respectively. When Switch 1 is OFF, the antenna operates only at 3.1 GHz covering the 2.5–4.2 GHz band. The desired beam from the antenna can be obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF states of Switches 2 and 3. Unique beams can be obtained by different combination of ON and OFF states of the Switches 2 and 3. A gain greater than 3.7 dBi is obtained for all four cases.
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Wen, Hua Bin, Yong Duan Song, and Rui Li. "A Study on Virtual Prototyping Technology for Vacuum Switch." Advanced Materials Research 187 (February 2011): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.187.528.
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The optimal design of vacuum switch is becoming an important research topic with the extensive application and increasing demands of vacuum switches. This paper analyzes the main elements of the vacuum switch design, and gives the design process of the vacuum switch. An optimal design method is proposed for the vacuum switch based on the concept and characteristics of virtual prototyping (VP) technology. By using computer aided design and the related software, we propose a method for vacuum switch modeling VP, the stress field VP of parts, the thermal field VP of electric heat, the electric field VP of insulation parts and the mechanical dynamic VP of kinematics system, which are integrated for optimization design for vacuum switches. This work is expected to provide a new idea for optimal and rapid design of vacuum switches.
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Vasiljevic, Predrag, Milorad Danilovic, Slavica Antonic, and Vladimir Cirovic. "An innovative chainsaw blockage method using alcohol detection." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 124 (2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf2124115v.
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The paper presents the working principle of the alcohol sensor, which is connected to the on/off switch on the chainsaw. The alcohol sensor switches off the chainsaw via the transmitter and receiver, if it detects that the worker is under the influence of alcohol. The connection between the transmitter and the receiver is remote, via radio waves. The alcohol sensor contains a mesh that heats up due to 5V voltage impact and reacts to alcohol vapors. This reaction is an incentive to send a signal from the transmitter to the receiver. Blockage - switching off of the chainsaw occurs when a short circuit is made between the power supply and ground. This short circuit also occurs when the chainsaw stop switch is manually switched to the "0" state. By using an alcohol sensor, a transmitter and a receiver, the "0" state on the switch is achieved wirelessly. The receiver (relay) makes a short circuit instead of a switch, which causes the chainsaw to stop working. This way of stopping the chainsaw indirectly protects the worker from injuries due to alcohol consumption.
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Contreras-Saavedra, Carla E., Klaus Willmes, Iring Koch, Stefanie Schuch, Elena Benini, and Andrea M. Philipp. "Multilingual two-digit number naming: The influence of composition rules on language switching." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 9 (May 24, 2020): 1481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820916108.
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The aim of this study was to examine language switching in a two-digit number naming task. In contrast to single digits, two-digit numbers have a composition rule (i.e., morphological configuration) that may differ between languages. For example, the Arabic number 21 is read with an inverted composition rule in German (unit before decade) and a non-inverted composition rule in English (decade before unit). In the present experiment, one group of German native speakers and one group of Spanish native speakers had to name two-digit numbers in German, English, or Spanish. The results demonstrate a language-switch cost, revealing better performance in language repetition than in language-switch trials. This switch cost was further modulated by repeating or switching the composition rule, since the language repetition benefit (i.e., the switch cost) was reduced in trials with composition-rule switches compared with trials with composition-rule repetitions. This finding indicates that the language in which the number word has to be produced and its composition rule are not switched independently but rather may be integrated into one language schema.
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Quitiqut, Travis, and Vijay Bhuse. "Utilizing Switch Port Link State to Detect Rogue Switches." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 17, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.17.1.45.
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There are many methods to detect rogue wireless access points, but the same case can not be said for rouge switches on a LAN network. Detecting these rogue switches is key to security of any organization. The introduction of a rogue unmanaged network switch has the potential to cripple a network. These types of switches pose a big risk because they are usually plug and play types of devices and can prove difficult to track. A switch becomes rouge when it is connected to a network without proper authorization. Rogue switches are a huge threat to the security and reliability of any network. An attacker could use a rogue switch to launch an attack or spy on network traffic information. Many organizations these days implement a “bring your own device” policy that can prove to be a daunting task to monitor for any network administrator. It is important that these rogue network switches are not introduced to a network, whether by accident or in a malicious attempt. The vulnerability that is introduced could comprise the confidentiality of network messages, degrade network performance, or even allow hackers or authorized users access to critical network infrastructure and data. In this paper we present a method that can help detect these rogue switches by monitoring the ethernet frames across the network and looking at the link state of the network switch ports. We will be using Wireshark, a Windows Computer, and a local switch setup to test methods for detecting a rogue switch. In our scenario we were able to provide some evidence of amethod that could be used in conjuncture with other rules and policies to detect rogue switches connected to a network. We were able to determine based on the port link state that there was another device, most likely a rogue switch between the good switch and the computer.
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MAHANI, ALI, DAVOUD AFRASIABI, and HAMID R. NAJI. "A NOVEL FAULT TOLERANT SWITCH FOR RELIABLE NoC DESIGN." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 10 (October 14, 2014): 1450142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614501424.
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Network on chip (NoC) is a design space covered by the manifold combinations of network topology options, routing algorithms, switch architectures, fault tolerant mechanisms and so on. In NoC structures, switches and links are important components on network layers and the effect of faults on links and switches in NoC leads to disturbance in internal communication and low reliability. The performance reduction of many-core NoC architectures depend strongly on the number of faulty switches. This bottleneck motivates us to propose a fault tolerant switch in which the ring roads help the switch to tolerate the faulty ports and also faulty cores. In the proposed scheme, switch ports are connected via redundant ring roads and so the connection with adjacent nodes is not limited to one port. Moreover, if the switch core is defected, the node stays active and cooperates in packet forwarding process. The main advantages of the proposed scheme are tolerating the permanent faults on core and ports of a switch and handling the input traffic of a faulty switch by preventing the congestion around the faulty region. The simulation results verify the robustness of the proposed intelligent switch against various kinds of permanent faults in NoC architectures.
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Gohil, S. "AB1343-HPR A QUALITATIVE REVIEW ASSESSING THEMATIC OUTCOMES FROM THE PHARMACY-LED ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SWITCH PLAN ACROSS 3 SPECIALITIES; RHEUMATOLOGY, GASTROENTEROLOGY AND DERMATOLOGY AT UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF COVENTRY AND WARWICKSHIRE (UHCW)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1959.1–1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3880.
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Background:The advent of biosimilars has heralded a new era for cost effective biologic prescribing in the NHS. As patents expire for originator biologics, less expensive versions are now widely available as biosimilars. Non-medical switches (for reasons unrelated to a patient’s health) ensure prescribing of best value medicines, and cost savings can be redirected to patient care.1This practice resonates with recommendations from Lord Carter’s 2016 report regarding reducing unwarranted variation in the NHS and adopting cost saving opportunities.2In 2018/19, following loss of patent exclusivity for the expensive adalimumab originator biologic, UHCW worked in accordance with national directives to drive forward one of the largest non-medical biosimilar switches.Objectives:This qualitative review aims to explore the success of the adalimumab biosimilar switch and key themes associated with switch backs/refusals across the Rheumatology (R), Gastroenterology (G) and Dermatology (D) specialities at UHCW.Methods:The switch plan occurred between April-December 2019. 403 patients (R;189, G;176, D; 38) were eligible for switch. Patients were informed of the plan in advance via a patient information leaflet/hospital clinic visits. Switch refusals, withheld treatments and cancellations were documented and patients were advised to contact the hospital pharmacy/clinical teams if they encountered any concerns, adverse effects or lack of efficacy post switch. The clinician would then advise on subsequent management.Results:During April-December 2019, 264/403 patients had been successfully switched (R;122, G;109, D;33). 33/403 patients switched back to the originator biologic (R;22, G;10; D;1). Of the 22 rheumatology switch back patients; 6 patients reported injection site pain and variably headache, fatigue, disease relapse, gastrointestinal (GI) upset, erythema; 10=reported lack of efficacy and variably influenza-type symptoms, relapse in associated psoriasis, difficulty in walking/sleeping, hair loss, excessive perspiration, facial cellulitis, foot drop and GI upset; 1=blepharitis;1=latex allergy before injection; 3=later declined switch; 1=damaged two devices and did not wish to continue biosimilar. Of the 10 gastroenterology switch back patients; 1=injection site pain; 2=lack of efficacy; 1=developed needle phobia; 1=latex allergy before injection; 1=switch detrimental to health; 2=unstable disease; 1=insomnia; 1=pregnancy. The 1 dermatology switch back patient reported injection site pain and bleeding.38/403 patients refused the switch and remained on the originator biologic (R;11, G;27, D;0). 29/403 patients had treatment cancellations and were switched to an alternative biologic (R;17, G;9, D;3). 32/403 patients stopped treatment (R;13, G;19, D;0). Treatment was withheld for 7/403 patients (R;4, G;2, D;1).Conclusion:The UHCW adalimumab biosimilar switch plan succeeded in switching a total of 66% of patients; thus an annual cost saving of £73,020. Injection site pain, most likely due to the biosimilar citrate content, and lack of efficacy according to patient perception and subsequent clinical review, were the most predominant causative themes for switch backs. Gastroenterology patients accounted for 71% (27/38) of the total switch refusals. Additional data regarding patient refusals, identifies future opportunities to improve patient counselling and drive further cost savings.References:[1]Azevedo V, et al. Biosimilars: considerations for clinical practice. Considerations in Medicine. 2017;1(1):13–8[2]Lord Carter of Coles. (2016) Operational productivity and performance in English NHS Acute Hospitals: Unwarranted variations [Online]Acknowledgments:Mark Easter, Chief Pharmacist, Hardeep Bagga, Deputy Chief Pharmacist, UHCW Pharmacy Homecare Team, UHCW Specialist Clinical Teams.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Barabanova, E. A., K. A. Vytovtov, V. M. Vishnevsky, and V. S. Podlazov. "The method for constructing fault-tolerant photonic switches for high-performance computing systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012032.
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Abstract In this paper the new type of fault-tolerant non-blocking photonic switch is presented for the first time. The proposed switch architecture is based on quasi-complete graph topology which use provides non-blocking and fault-tolerant switching process. The new two-stage switch architecture uses the stage of dual photonic switches and pairs of photonic demultiplexers and multiplexers which have been described in detail by authors in their previous works. Depending on the number of different backup connections, the two types of fault-tolerant pho-tonic switches are considered in this paper: single-channel fault-tolerant photonic switch and dual-channel fault-tolerant photonic switch. The mathematical expressions for calculating the switching and fiber complexities of these two types of fault-tolerant photonic switches are also presented here for the first time. The numerical calculations shown that the increasing the reliability of the fault-tolerant photonic switches twice leads to an increasing their switching complexity in 1.4 times and fiber complexity in 1.8 times.
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Deng, Zhong Liang, Cai Hu Chen, Sen Fan, Hua Gong, and Xiao Fei Sun. "Design of a K Band MEMS Switch with CPW Defected Ground Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1844.
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This paper presents a K band (18GHz-26.5GHz) shunt capacitive micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) switch. This switch used the coplanar waveguide (CPW) Defected ground structure (DGS) which is made by etching defect structure in CPW ground line. Furthermore the beam structure of the proposed switch is composed of one girder and two supporting beams. The design of the switchs structure is benefit to the apart between the DC signal and AC signal. The simulated values of the isolation of the switch on off-states is-55 dB at18.9 GHz, and the return loss at K band is greater than-0.3 dB. The pull-in voltage of the switch is 13.3 V.
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Pokhilko, Alexandra, Oliver Ebenhöh, W. Marshall Stark, and Sean D. Colloms. "Mathematical model of a serine integrase-controlled toggle switch with a single input." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 143 (June 2018): 20180160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0160.
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Dual-state genetic switches that can change their state in response to input signals can be used in synthetic biology to encode memory and control gene expression. A transcriptional toggle switch (TTS), with two mutually repressing transcription regulators, was previously used for switching between two expression states. In other studies, serine integrases have been used to control DNA inversion switches that can alternate between two different states. Both of these switches use two different inputs to switch ON or OFF. Here, we use mathematical modelling to design a robust one-input binary switch, which combines a TTS with a DNA inversion switch. This combined circuit switches between the two states every time it receives a pulse of a single-input signal. The robustness of the switch is based on the bistability of its TTS, while integrase recombination allows single-input control. Unidirectional integrase-RDF-mediated recombination is provided by a recently developed integrase-RDF fusion protein. We show that the switch is stable against parameter variations and molecular noise, making it a promising candidate for further use as a basic element of binary counting devices.
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Femi, R., Shibu Clement, Anita Agrawal, and A. Amalin Prince. "Investigation of Microelectromechanical Switches for Next Generation DC Power Distribution System." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0042.
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Abstract This paper investigates the application of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switches for DC power distribution system. Traditional electromechanical switches, solid state switches and solid state switch array are studied and simulated to understand their characteristics. Performance and characteristics of MEMS switches are reviewed and identified that electrostatically actuated MEMS switches are suitable for DC power applications. Scalable total cross tied (TCT) array configuration using MEMS switches has been proposed. The proposed configuration is suitable for variable voltage/current rating. Arc-less behavior of the switch configuration is analyzed using modified Paschen’s curve. 400 V/6 A system is considered for the simulation and comparative study. The simulated result of the proposed MEMS switch array configuration is compared with the traditional switches. The comparative study shows that the proposed switch array configuration gives better performance in terms of voltage drop, leakage current, power loss, arc and size. This can be used in DC power system protection, circuit breaking, battery protection and smart grid load switching applications.
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Gros, B., N. Plevris, N. Constantine-Cooke, M. Lyons, C. O’Hare, C. Noble, I. D. Arnott, G. R. Jones, C. W. Lees, and L. A. A. P. Derikx. "P745 Multiple infliximab biosimilar switches appear to be safe and effective in a real-world inflammatory bowel disease cohort." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 17, Supplement_1 (January 30, 2023): i876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac190.0875.
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Abstract Background Switching from originator to biosimilar infliximab (IFX) is effective and safe. However, data on multiple switching are scarce. The Edinburgh IBD unit has undertaken three switch programmes: (1) Remicade to CT-P13 (2016), (2) CT-P13 to SB2 (2020), and (3) SB2 to CT-P13 (2021). The primary endpoint of this study was to assess CT-P13 persistence following switch from SB2. Secondary endpoints included persistence stratified by the number of biosimilar switches (single, double and triple), effectiveness and safety. Methods We performed a prospective, observational, cohort study. All adult IBD patients on IFX biosimilar SB2 underwent an elective switch to CT-P13. Patients were reviewed in a virtual biologic clinic with protocol driven collection of clinical disease activity, CRP, faecal calprotectin (FC), IFX trough / antibody levels, and drug survival. Results 297 patients (CD n=196 [66%], UC/IBDU n=101, [34%]) were switched. This was the third, second and first IFX switch for 67 /297 (22.5%), 138 /297 (46.5%) and 92 /297 (31%) of the cohort respectively. Patients who underwent multiple IFX biosimilar switches had longer disease duration (p=0.0001) and IFX duration (p=0.0001) and were less often on combination therapy with an immunomodulator (p=0.0001). 90.6% of patients remained on IFX during a median follow-up of 7.5 months [6.8-8.1] (figure 1). The number of switches was not independently associated with IFX persistence after adjusting for confounders (table 1). Clinical (p=0.77), biochemical (CRP ≤5mg/mL; p=0.75) and faecal biomarker (FC&lt;250µg/g; p=0.63) remission were comparable at baseline, week 12 and week 24 (figure 2). Conclusion Multiple successive switches from IFX originator to biosimilars are effective and safe in patients with IBD, irrespective of the number of IFX switches.
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Gadzhanova, Svetla, Elizabeth E. Roughead, and Lisa G. Pont. "Antidepressant switching patterns in the elderly." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 9 (January 30, 2018): 1365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002964.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Switching between antidepressants is complex due to potential adverse outcomes such as serotonin syndrome and antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, yet switching is often required due to non-response to initial treatment. This study aimed to examine the patterns and extent of antidepressant switching in a cohort of older adults in long-term residential care.Methods:A cohort study of medication supply data from 6011 aged care residents in 60 long-term care facilities was conducted. Incident antidepressant users were followed for 12 months and their patterns of antidepressant use determined. The type of switching from and to different antidepressant classes was determined according to National and International recommendations for antidepressant switching.Results:In total, 11% (n = 44) of the residents were initiated on an antidepressant medication (n = 402) switched to a different antidepressant agent within 12 months. Residents commenced on a SNRI or TCA were most likely to switch antidepressants (17% in each group). Almost half of the switches (n = 21, 48% of all switches) were not implemented according to guideline recommendations. Direct switch and taper followed by wash out and switch, accounted for all of the inappropriate switching (29% and 71%, respectfully), with half occurring to mirtazapine (N = 7) or from mirtazapine (N = 3).Conclusions:Over one in 10 long-term aged care residents who commence an antidepressant will switch to a different antidepressant within 12 months. Current antidepressant switching practices in long-term residential aged care may be increasing the risk of harm associated with antidepressant switching, with around half of all switches not following current guideline recommendations.
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Fu, Ming, Qifu Lu, Wang Ran, Quan Shi, and Dong Fu. "Intelligent Detection Algorithm of Medium and Low Voltage Switch Performance Based on the Improved K-means Clustering." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2409, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2409/1/012025.
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Abstract The performance of medium and low voltage switches will directly affect the reliability of medium and low voltage distribution networks. The medium and low voltage switch algorithm’s failure form is mainly mechanical. In order to realize its intelligent detection, a medium and low voltage switch detection algorithm based on the improved K-means clustering algorithm is proposed. Optimizing the algorithm’s clustering center selection establishes a model of the switch working state under different vibration signals and an intelligent detection algorithm for medium and low voltage switches with intelligent judgment, adaptive adjustment, and remote fault diagnosis. Experiments show that: the detection algorithm of the medium and low voltage switch controller based on the improved K-means algorithm can more accurately identify the fault of the switch algorithm according to the vibration signals, which provides a new idea for the fault identification and monitoring of the medium and low voltage switch.
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Pan, Ru Zheng, You Hua Wang, Zhi Zhong Zhao, Wei Xu, Qi Long Jin, Ping Yan, Jue Wang, and Guang Sheng Sun. "Circuit Model of Laser-Triggered Surface Flashover Switch in Vacuum Condition with Pulsed Voltage." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7486.
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Based on the platform of laser-triggered surface flashover in pulsed voltage, experiment of laser-triggered surface flashover switch is carried out in vacuum condition with pulsed voltage. The switch consists of flat electrodes and columned insulator. A single/double harmonic, with wavelength λ of 1064/532 nm, Q-switched Nd: YAG laser is applied to trigger the switch. The results of experiment show that switch delay time and jitter time decrease with increase of pulsed voltage and laser energy density. Based on the waveforms of switch voltage and switch current, the circuit model of laser-trigger flashover switch is set up by circuit method in the paper. The parameters of the circuit model are calculated through the waveforms of the experiment, and the waveforms of switch voltage and switch current are obtain through circuit simulation. The simulation waveforms of the switch model are consistent with the waveforms of the experiment.