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1
Al-Amin, Mohammed, Sufian Yousef, and Barry Morris. "RF MEMS DPDT Switch Using Novel Simulated Seesaw Design." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-thp23.
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This paper investigates an RF MEMS (Radio Frequency Micro Electro-Mechanical System) switch from DC to 5.8 GHz switching, for use in mobile communications systems and devices. The RF MEMS switch uses a novel seesaw design to create a Double-Pole Double-Throw (DPDT) Switch which increases the capabilities of the seesaw design structure. A low Switching supply voltage with high RF isolation was achieved during its development. After looking at other available seesaw designs, it was discovered that an improvement could be attained by adding additional contacts. An improved concept over existing Single-Pole Single-Throw (SPST) seesaw switches was achieved by using a DPDT switch with a set of upper and lower contacts at each side of the seesaw. To conform to the Microscale, from 1 μm – 100 μm, a length of 41μm was chosen to provide an adequate size for fabrication. Copper Bulk General (Cu) was chosen for the pivot material due to its good electrical conductivity and sufficient flexibility for elastic recovery. A working simulation was achieved without compromising the ‘Air-Gap’ between the contacts, which retains high isolation when the switch is open-circuited. The electrostatic supply voltage has been significantly reduced to a value which is closer to that used in mobile devices.
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Wu, Qiannan, Zemin Shi, Xudong Gao, Jing Li, Yongxin Zhan, Guangzhou Zhu, Junqiang Wang, and Mengwei Li. "The Design of a Novel 2-42 GHz MEMS True-Time Delay Network for Wideband Phased Array Systems." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020246.
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This article presents the design method of a compact MEMS switched-line true-time delay line (TTDL) network over a wide frequency range extending from 2 to 42 GHz using TTDL units. The TTDL units, namely the cascading radio frequency micro-electromechanical system (RF MEMS) switches and GCPW, were employed in the proposed TTDL network to improve the delay-bandwidth product (DBW) while maintaining its compact size and low delay variation (DV). For comparison, a theoretical analysis of the RF MEMS switch was performed while observing the switch performance with various top electrodes. The MEMS TTDL network has a compact size of 5 mm×5 mm, with a maximum delay of 200 ps and a minimum of 30 ps. The maximum insertion loss of 9 states is 10 dB, and the in/out return loss is better than 20 dB across 2-42 GHz. The group delay variations are within ±2.5% for all the delay states over the operating frequency range. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed TTDL network obtains the most control bits among the TTDL networks offered to date.
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Zhao, Chen Xu, Xin Guo, Tao Deng, Ling Li, and Ze Wen Liu. "Power Handling Capability Improvement of Metal-Contact RF MEMS Switches by Optimized Array Configuration Design of Contact Dimples." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 1417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.1417.
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This paper presents a novel approach to enhancing power-handling capability of metal-contact radio-frequency micro-electro-mechanical systems (RF MEMS) switches based on an Optimized Array Configured (OAC) contact dimples design. The simulation results reveal that this strategy can distribute the RF current more uniformly through each contact of the switch than traditional multiple parallel-configured contacts design, thus leading to a more effective reduction of current through each contact. Therefore, probability of micromelding and adhesion at metal contact point owing to localized high current induced Joule heating, which limits the power handling capability of the metal-contact RF MEMS switch, can be effectively reduced by the proposed approach. Comparing with previously fabricated switch, power-handling capability of the switch with OAC contact dimples can be dramatically improved over 390%.
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N, Geethanjali, and Dr Rekha K. R. "Design and Implementation of a Efficient Router using X Y Algorithm." Indian Journal of Data Communication and Networking 1, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijdcn.b5009.061321.
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The engineering for on chip network configuration utilizing dynamic reconfiguration is an answer for Communication Interfaces, Chip cost, Quality of Service, ensure adaptability of the organization. The proposed engineering powerfully arrange itself concerning Hardware Modules like switches, Switch based packet , information to a packet size with changing the correspondence situation and its prerequisites on run time. The NOC Architecture assumes urgent part while planning correspondence frameworks intended for SOC. The NOC engineering be better over traditional transport, mutual transport plan , cross bar interconnection design intended for on chip organizations. In a greater part of the NO C engineering contains lattice, torus or different geographies to plan solid switch. In any case, the greater part of the plans are neglects to advance a Quality of Service, blocking issues, cost, Chip as well as mostly plan throughput, region transparency with inactivity. Proposed plan we are planning a reconfigurable switch for network on chip plan that improve the correspondence performance. The proposed configuration dodges the restrictions of transport based interconnection plans which are frequently applied in part progressively reconfigurable FPGA plans. . With the assistance of this switch plan we can accomplish low inactivity and high information throughput.
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N, Geethanjali, and Dr Rekha K.R. "Design and Implementation of a Efficient Router using X Y Algorithm." Indian Journal of Data Communication and Networking 1, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijdcn.b5009.061321.
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The engineering for on chip network configuration utilizing dynamic reconfiguration is an answer for Communication Interfaces, Chip cost, Quality of Service, ensure adaptability of the organization. The proposed engineering powerfully arrange itself concerning Hardware Modules like switches, Switch based packet , information to a packet size with changing the correspondence situation and its prerequisites on run time. The NOC Architecture assumes urgent part while planning correspondence frameworks intended for SOC. The NOC engineering be better over traditional transport, mutual transport plan , cross bar interconnection design intended for on chip organizations. In a greater part of the NO C engineering contains lattice, torus or different geographies to plan solid switch. In any case, the greater part of the plans are neglects to advance a Quality of Service, blocking issues, cost, Chip as well as mostly plan throughput, region transparency with inactivity. Proposed plan we are planning a reconfigurable switch for network on chip plan that improve the correspondence performance. The proposed configuration dodges the restrictions of transport based interconnection plans which are frequently applied in part progressively reconfigurable FPGA plans. . With the assistance of this switch plan we can accomplish low inactivity and high information throughput.
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Narasimha, S., and Surender Reddy Salkuti. "Design and implementation of smart uninterruptable power supply using battery storage and photovoltaic arrays." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (June 14, 2018): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12305.
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The objective of this paper is to provide an uninterruptable power supply to the customers by selecting the supply from various reliable power sources such as solar photovoltaic, AC mains and battery storage systems. Initially, the load gets power supply from the reliable source (such as solar photovoltaic), if in case it is unavailable, then the proposed modules automatically switch over to the next reliable source (such as AC mains), and so on. If in case all proposed renewable energy sources (RESs) are unavailable than the proposed mod-ule automatically switch over to the local grid supply, if suppose the local grid supply is also unavailable then the proposed module au-tomatically switch over to the power storage bank. Therefore, the proposed intelligent/smart power module can improve the system per-formance and efficiency. The programming instruction of controller, the relay driver switches appropriate relay of sources to maintain uninterruptable power supply to the proposed utility of capacity 0.1kW. The proposed back-up system gets charged from the available reliable RESs with no pollution and noise, and it can also reduce the electricity bill. The proposed intelligent power module functions are displayed on LCD, it has been designed and analyzed in real time environment.
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Wu, Qiannan, Honglei Guo, Qiuhui Liu, Guangzhou Zhu, Junqiang Wang, Yonghong Cao, and Mengwei Li. "Design and fabrication of a series contact RF MEMS switch with a novel top electrode." Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 013006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0016903.
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Radio-frequency (RF) micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) switches are widely used in communication devices and test instruments. In this paper, we demonstrate the structural design and optimization of a novel RF MEMS switch with a straight top electrode. The insertion loss, isolation, actuator voltage, and stress distribution of the switch are optimized and explored simultaneously by HFSS and COMSOL software, taking into account both its RF and mechanical properties. Based on the optimized results, a switch was fabricated by a micromachining process compatible with conventional IC processes. The RF performance in the DC to 18 GHz range was measured with a vector network analyzer, showing isolation of more than 21.28 dB over the entire operating frequency range. Moreover, the required actuation voltage was about 9.9 V, and the switching time was approximately 33 μs. A maximum lifetime of 109 switching cycles was obtained. Additionally, the dimension of the sample is 1.8 mm × 1.8 mm × 0.3 mm, which might find application in the current stage.
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Mizutani, Hiroshi, Ryo Ishikawa, and Kazuhiko Honjo. "Small-signal design consideration for two-dimensional change-over switch GaN MMICs." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 59, SG (February 28, 2020): SGGL07. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ab70a4.
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Baginski, Thomas A., Robert N. Dean, and Ed J. Wild. "A Micromachined Robust Planar Triggered Sparkgap Switch for High Power Pulse Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (January 1, 2010): 001869–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-wp24.
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High voltage (HV) switches capable of operating at high speeds with high current levels are used in a variety of applications in commercial and government systems. Examples of HV switches include triggered sparkgap, dielectric breakdown, and mercury vapor switches. The triggered sparkgap switch is a three-element, gas-filled, ceramic-to-metal, hermetically sealed, pressurized switch that operates in an arc discharge mode. Triggered sparkgaps have been in use for many years, providing precision timing and activation of in-flight functions such as missile stage separation. These applications involve the activation of electro-explosive devices such as an exploding bridge-wire [EBW] or an exploding foil initiator [EFI]. This paper discusses the fabrication and characterization of a novel high voltage planar discharge switch using micromachining techniques. The switch provides a low cost alternative to conventional triggered sparkgaps. The switch is designed for direct integration into the strip-line geometries used in a conventional capacitive discharge unit (CDU). The geometry of the device was selected to minimize parasitic impedances associated with conventional firing circuits. The switch design is microfabricated on an alumina substrate utilizing a patterned electron-beam deposited metallic stack. A polyimide layer selectively deposited over the metal stack provides dielectric isolation and passivation for the switch electrodes. A similar methodology was utilized to fabricate sample EFIs for switch validation tests with insensitive secondary high explosive (HE) pellets. The discharging of the HV capacitor through the patterened bridgefoil of an EFI results in rapid vaporization of the metal stack. The high pressure gas formed by the vaporized metal accelerates the adjacent polyimide layer to high velocity. The polyimde layer then impacts the HE pellet, inducing a shock wave, which results in prompt detonation of the material. Thus, this device is a type of MEMS actuator with a very specialized use. Design, fabrication and test data are presented and discussed.
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Saitou, Kazuhiro, and Mark J. Jakiela. "Subassembly Generation via Mechanical Conformational Switches." Artificial Life 2, no. 4 (July 1995): 377–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1995.2.4.377.
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A question is posed on how a particular subassembly sequence is generated in randomized assembly. An extended design of mechanical conformational switches [16] is proposed that can encode several subassembly sequences. A particular subassembly sequence is generated due to conformational changes of parts during one-dimensional randomized assembly. The optimal subassembly sequence that maximizes the yield of a desired assembly can be found via genetic search over a space of parameterized conformational switch designs, rather than a space of subassembly sequences. The resulting switch design encodes the optimal subassembly sequence so that the desired assemblies are put together only in the optimal sequence. The results of genetic search and rate equation analyses reveal that the optimal subassembly sequence depends on the initial concentration of parts and the defect probabilities during randomized assembly. The results indicate that abundant parts and parts with high defect probabilities should be assembled earlier rather than later.
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Liu, Bai Fen, and Ying Gao. "Design of a High Power Programmable Intelligent Switch." Applied Mechanics and Materials 389 (August 2013): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.421.
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Based on the need to develop and test the products, a single phase DSPbased programmable AC power supply is designed. The power supply is capable of providing a stable AC voltage with adjustable amplitude and frequency over a wide range. Moreover, it can generate various high quality and low frequency arbitrary waveforms. Because of the advantages above, it will have great value in practice and a promising future in testing field. The main circuit of the power supply is to use rectifier and filter to make 220V AC voltage become steady DC voltage firstly. Then the inverter and the LC LPF are employed to produce the AC voltage which is required in the test system. The key part of the inverter is phase shift full bridge.
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Mott, Helen R., and Darerca Owen. "Allostery and dynamics in small G proteins." Biochemical Society Transactions 46, no. 5 (October 9, 2018): 1333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20170569.
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The Ras family of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins behave as molecular switches: they are switched off and inactive when bound to GDP but can be activated by GTP binding in response to signal transduction pathways. Early structural analysis showed that two regions of the protein, which change conformation depending on the nucleotide present, mediate this switch. A large number of X-ray, NMR and simulation studies have shown that this is an over-simplification. The switch regions themselves are highly dynamic and can exist in distinct sub-states in the GTP-bound form that have different affinities for other proteins. Furthermore, regions outside the switches have been found to be sensitive to the nucleotide state of the protein, indicating that allosteric change is more widespread than previously thought. Taken together, the accrued knowledge about small G protein structures, allostery and dynamics will be essential for the design and testing of the next generation of inhibitors, both orthosteric and allosteric, as well as for understanding their mode of action.
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Wei, Shiyan, Jinbai Zou, Quan Sha, and Guoyi Ji. "Design and Verification of Simulation Data Generator for Rail Transit Switch Machine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2365, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2365/1/012022.
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Abstract Because the fault data of rail transit switch machine are difficult to obtain and the site fault is difficult to reproduce, it is difficult to diagnose or predict the switch machine. In this paper, the power fault data of S700K switch machine is divided into creeping fault and mutation fault, and a simulation data generator for generating massive fault data is developed. The generators involve the synthesis of minority over-sampling techniques and generative confrontation networks. Finally, the long-term memory neural network is used to predict the generated gradual fault data to verify the authenticity and reliability of the simulation data generator. The experimental results show that the generated data can predict the future power trend of the switch machine, which proves the authenticity and feasibility of the simulation data generator.
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Solazzi, Francesco, Augusto Tazzoli, Paola Farinelli, Alessandro Faes, Viviana Mulloni, Benno Margesin, and Gaudenzio Meneghesso. "Design and characterization of an active recovering mechanism for high-performance RF MEMS redundancy switches." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 5 (July 1, 2011): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000675.
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This paper presents the design and characterization of an active push/pull toggle RF micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) switch for satellite redundancy networks. The actively controlled pull-up mechanism allows for extended restoring capabilities of the switch in case of ON-state stiction. As a proof of concept an active push/pull MEMS capacitive switch was modeled, designed, and manufactured in shunt configuration on a 50 Ω coplanar transmission line. RF measurement results show a return loss better than 15 dB in the 0.1–40 GHz range and an insertion loss better than 0.5 dB over the same range. The restoring capability of the switch was experimentally proved up to 9 h, and a predictive model was proposed for the estimation of the switch time to failure.
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Warner, Jeremy Lyle, Tarsheen Kaur Sethi, Donna R. Rivera, Neeta K. Venepalli, Travis John Osterman, Ali Raza Khaki, and Sam Rubinstein. "Trends in FDA cancer registration trial design over time, 1969-2020." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.2060.
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2060 Background: The FDA has issued hundreds of cancer drug indications, with many new drugs, expanded indications, and biosimilars approved in recent years. While the gold standard for regulatory approval is the randomized controlled trial (RCT), RCT design including selection of control arms can differ considerably. We sought to investigate trends and patterns in RCT trial design used to support FDA approvals in oncology. Methods: We reviewed the available FDA package inserts of oncology drugs (N=258) for RCTs cited to support initial and expanded indication approvals as of January 2020; biosimilars were excluded. RCTs were linked to the HemOnc ontology, which contains trial-level metadata including publication year, endpoints, and trial design. Log-linear regression was performed to evaluate trends in approvals over time by endpoint. Study drugs were categorized as cytotoxic therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. RCTs were categorized by four designs: escalation (adding a drug or increasing the drug dose in an established regimen), in-class comparison (comparing two drugs in the same therapeutic class), out-of-class switch (comparing drugs in distinct therapeutic classes), and de-escalation (removing a drug or reducing the drug dose in an established regimen). Results: We identified 556 registration trials, 372 (67%) of which were RCTs. Approvals have been increasing exponentially over time (R2 0.9, p<0.001), both for RCTs reporting overall survival (OS) endpoints (R2 0.77, p<0.001), and non-OS endpoints (R2 0.67, p<0.001). Of the three most common trial designs (Table), in-class comparisons were least likely to report OS (28%; escalations 47%; out-of-class switches 43%, p=0.01 by Chi-squared). Class switches were common in immunotherapy trials compared to targeted or cytotoxic therapy. Conclusions: Despite growth in FDA approvals, a minority of registration trials report paradigmatic shifts in therapeutic approach (out-of-class switches), with the relative exception of immunotherapy trials. Escalation is the most common route to FDA approval, even though this design inevitably increases cost and toxicity. This suggests that new oncology drug approvals are not alone a useful metric of practice-changing innovation. [Table: see text]
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Olaby, Osama, Saikat Dutta, Tim Harrison, Christopher P. Ward, and Roger Dixon. "Realisation of a Novel Functionally Redundant Actuation System for a Railway Track-Switch." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020702.
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This paper focuses on modelling, control, realisation and performance analysis of a full-scale demonstrator for a novel railway track switch. For over a century, railway track switches (or points) have been allowing trains to safely change between routes. As they are safety-critical elements of the rail network, when they fail, the signalling system will prevent trains from using that route. This means poor reliability (or lack of availability) leads to significant delays and costs; hence there is huge interest from researchers and engineers in improving the overall reliability of track switches. This paper presents new results, which represent a meaningful first step toward a revolution in the way track switches are actuated. A “REPOINT-Light” railway track switch demonstrator is introduced which uses a new concept of locking to allow redundant actuation with three actuator bearers operating under closed-loop feedback control. The new concept, its control system and its mechanical viability are tested in experiments at the Great Central Railway in the UK. To support the design of the actuators and the control system, a dynamic simulation model is developed by co-simulation involving Simulink and Simpack. The experimental results presented are used to validate the models and the paper discusses how the models themselves are used as the vehicle for the design of feedback controllers. Virtual testing of the controllers in simulation is a vital step prior to the implementation and deployment of the controllers in the demonstrator switch. The major contribution of this work is demonstrating, for the first time at full scale on a real-world track switch, that it is possible to use one-out-of-three actuator redundancy to provide fault-tolerant operation of railway track switch.
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Moerbeek, Mirjam. "Optimal allocation of clusters in stepped wedge designs with a decaying correlation structure." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): e0289275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289275.
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The cluster randomized stepped wedge design is a multi-period uni-directional switch design in which all clusters start in the control condition and at the beginning of each new period a random sample of clusters crosses over to the intervention condition. Such designs often use uniform allocation, with an equal number of clusters at each treatment switch. However, the uniform allocation is not necessarily the most efficient. This study derives the optimal allocation of clusters to treatment sequences in the cluster randomized stepped wedge design, for both cohort and cross-sectional designs. The correlation structure is exponential decay, meaning the correlation decreases with the time lag between two measurements. The optimal allocation is shown to depend on the intraclass correlation coefficient, the number of subjects per cluster-period and the cluster and (in the case of a cohort design) individual autocorrelation coefficients. For small to medium values of these autocorrelations those sequences that have their treatment switch earlier or later in the study are allocated a larger proportion of clusters than those clusters that have their treatment switch halfway the study. When the autocorrelation coefficients increase, the clusters become more equally distributed across the treatment sequences. For the cohort design, the optimal allocation is almost equal to the uniform allocation when both autocorrelations approach the value 1. For almost all scenarios that were studied, the efficiency of the uniform allocation is 0.8 or higher. R code to derive the optimal allocation is available online.
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Liu, Cheng Peng, Jian Gang Shi, Zheng Rong He, and Wei Zou. "DC~10.6GHz Ultra Wideband SPDT Switch." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.520.
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a novel configuration for a novel ultra wideband switch is presented in this paper. This switch using 0.5um GaAs process in ADS2008 simulator. Switch should be designed to trade-off insertion loss, isolation, bandwidth, and return loss. The aims of design are to provide low insertion loss along with high isolation. The design using integration inductor and resistor in parallel, and this switch exhibits high performance: over DC-10.6GHz, insertion loss is lower than-1.624dB; the ripple variation of insertion loss is less than ±0.25dB; The isolation is lower than-51.336dB; input return loss is lower than-16.402dB; on state, output return loss is lower than-15.919dB; off state, output return loss is lower than-18.294dB; on and off time are less than 4ns.
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Kim, Hyun-Woong, Minsik Ahn, Ockgoo Lee, Hyoungsoo Kim, Hyungwook Kim, and Chang-Ho Lee. "Analysis and Design of a Fully-Integrated High-Power Differential CMOS T/R Switch and Power Amplifier Using Multi-Section Impedance Transformation Technique." Electronics 10, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091028.
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In this paper, a new topology for a high-power single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) antenna switch is presented, and its loss mechanisms are fully analyzed. The differential architecture is employed in the proposed switch implementation to prevent unwanted channel formations of OFF-state Rx switch transistors by relieving the voltage swing over the Rx switch devices. In addition to that, the load impedance seen by the Tx switch is stepped down to reduce the voltage swing even more, allowing the antenna switch to handle a high-power signal without distortions. To drop the switch operating impedance, two matching networks are required at the input and the output of the Tx switch, respectively, and they are carefully implemented considering the integration issue of the front-end circuitries. From the loss analysis of the whole signal path, an optimum switch operating impedance is decided in view of a trade-off between power handling capability and insertion loss of the antenna switch. The insertion loss of the proposed design is compared to the conventional design with electromagnetic (EM) simulated transformer and inductors. The proposed antenna switch is implemented in a standard 0.18 µm CMOS process, and all switch devices adopt the deep n-well structure. The measured performance of the proposed transmitter front-end chain shows a 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of 32.1 dBm with 38.3% power-added efficiency (PAE) at 1.9 GHz.
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Wang, Yelin, Suan-Kien Foo, and Qibing He. "Derivation of Closed-Form Design Equations for Idealized Operation of Inverse Class-E Power Amplifiers at Any Duty Ratio." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2015-0037.
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Abstract Complementary to the conventional class-E topology, inverse class-E operation has several advantages over the class-E counterpart, such as lower peak switch voltage and smaller circuit inductance, which are attractive to high power RF design and MMIC implementation. This paper derives the closed-form design equations that can be used to synthesize the idealized operation of inverse class-E power amplifiers at any switch duty ratio. Calculation of the key design parameters, such as the maximum switch voltage and circuit components values, is elaborated and compared with the case of conventional class-E operation. Further, the theoretical analysis is confirmed and verified by numerical simulations performed on a 500 mW, 2.4 GHz idealized inverse class-E power amplifier.
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Lin, Yu-Chun. "The consequences of audit committee quality." Managerial Auditing Journal 33, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 192–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-03-2016-1350.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the consequences when audit committees have different economic incentives (i.e. incentive-based compensation) to switch auditors. Design/methodology/approach The author focuses on companies experiencing an auditor switching event (client-initiated dismissals) and uses Heckman’s (1997) two-stage estimation procedure to control endogenous bias. Audit committee quality is measured by the level of incentive-based compensation. Accrual quality and abnormal audit fees are examined over the periods of auditor switches. Findings Using 1,087 US companies between 2006 and 2014, the author found that audit committees’ incentive-based compensation is negatively (positively) associated with accruals quality (abnormal audit fees) only when companies switch from Big 4 to non-Big 4 auditors or switch within non-Big 4 auditors. For companies that switch from non-Big 4 to Big 4 auditors, she found no evidence. Research limitations/implications This study provides a detailed discussion of the consequences of audit committee quality. The findings also contribute to the literature by concluding that economic incentives are associated with ineffective oversight, particularly after auditor switches. Practical implications Sarbanes–Oxley Act and its associated regulations significantly expanded the oversight role of audit committees. However, regulators bypassed restrictions on audit committee compensation. Accordingly, the author suggests that regulators focus on the issue of economic incentives to improve audit committee quality. Originality/value Minimal research has been conducted on the role of audit committees when companies switch to a new external auditor. The author shows that when companies switch auditors, incentive-based compensation significantly affects the monitoring quality of audit committees.
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Sabbatani, Sergio, Raffaella Cesari, Emanuela Pipitone, and Francesco Chiodo. "Valutazione del turn over dei farmaci antiretrovirali in particolare da IP a NNRTI." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2003): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v4i1.759.
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Objective: To determine the turnover for each antiretroviral drugs present in TP’s of patients under care for HIV infection, with a special focus on PI’s and NNRTI’s. Design/Methods: We have carried out a retrospective analysis with the aim of evaluating the turnover of each drug in the 3-year period 1998-2000. Using a specifically designed software, it was possible to determine the changes in TP for each single patient. We then calculated a different weighted percentage for each drug on the basis of the time interval from the drug entry to its exclusion from the TP: the shorter the interval, the greater the assigned weight. Finally we carried out a cluster analysis in order to obtain homogeneous groups of molecules showing the same degree of therapy switches. We established that a higher average score corresponds to a higher therapy switch rate. Results: Zidovudine/Lamivudine combination, Indinavir, Lamivudine, Nerivapine and Nelfinavir are the drugs with the lowest turnover. On the other hand, Saquinavir, Didanosine, Zidavudine, and Stavudine show the highest turnover. Conclusion: The introduction of NNRTI’s with the associated switch from PI’s (Saquinavir, Nelfinavir) and the Zidavudine/Lamivudine combination enables a simplification of the treatment. This practice appeared to be a good choice in the 3-year period under consideration. The adoption of these therapeutic solutions reduce the turnover, consequently giving more stability to TP’s.
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Rikan, Behnam S., David Kim, Kyung-Duk Choi, Arash Hejazi, Joon-Mo Yoo, YoungGun Pu, Seokkee Kim, Hyungki Huh, Yeonjae Jung, and Kang-Yoon Lee. "T/R RF Switch with 150 ns Switching Time and over 100 dBc IMD for Wideband Mobile Applications in Thick Oxide SOI Process." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020507.
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This paper presents a fast-switching Transmit/Receive (T/R) Single-Pole-Double-Throw (SPDT) Radio Frequency (RF) switch. Thorough analyses have been conducted to choose the optimum number of stacks, transistor sizes, gate and body voltages, to satisfy the required specifications. This switch applies six stacks of series and shunt transistors as big as 3.9 mm/160 nm and 0.75 mm/160 nm, respectively. A negative charge pump and a voltage booster generate the negative and boosted control voltages to improve the harmonics and to keep Inter-Modulation Distortion (IMD) performance of the switch over 100 dBc. A Low Drop-Out (LDO) regulator limits the boosted voltage in Absolute Maximum Rating (AMR) conditions and improves the switch performance for Process, Voltage and Temperature (PVT) variations. To reduce the size, a dense custom-made capacitor consisting of different types of capacitors has been presented where they have been placed over each other in layout considering the Design Rule Checks (DRC) and applied in negative charge pump, voltage booster and LDO. This switch has been fabricated and tested in a 90 nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process. The second and third IMD for all specified blockers remain over 100 dBc and the switching time as fast as 150 ns has been achieved. The Insertion Loss (IL) and isolation at 2.7 GHz are −0.17 dB and −33 dB, respectively. This design consumes 145 uA from supply voltage range of 1.65 V to 1.95 V and occupies 440 × 472 µm2 of die area.
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Chuah, Stephanie Hui-Wen, Philipp A. Rauschnabel, Ming-Lang Tseng, and T. Ramayah. "Reducing temptation to switch mobile data service providers over time." Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, no. 8 (September 10, 2018): 1597–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-07-2017-0326.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a dedication-constraint-temptation (DCT) model to study the factors influencing customers’ loyalty to mobile data service (MDS) providers. The DCT model explicitly explores the important yet overlooked role of alternative attractiveness (the temptation-based mechanism) as a mediator and the boundary condition of their interrelationships (e.g. relationship length). The model also integrates new and established antecedents of customer-based brand equity (C-BBE) (the dedication-based mechanism) and switching barriers (the constraint-based mechanism). Design/methodology/approach The proposed model is tested using partial least squares–structural equation modeling with a sample of 331 MDS users. Findings The results indicate that C-BBE has an indirect effect on customer loyalty (via alternative attractiveness) in both relationship groups (shorter- vs longer-term). However, the indirect effect of switching barriers on customer loyalty only exists in longer established relationships. The results from multi-group analysis reveal that the effect of switching barriers on alternative attractiveness significantly differs across groups. In addition, customer value anticipation and procedural switching costs appear to be the most salient antecedents of C-BBE and switching barriers for both groups. Originality/value This study makes an incremental contribution by incorporating the temptation-based mechanism as a mediator and relationship length as a moderator into the dedication-constraint model. This study also extends the information systems and brand management literatures by demonstrating the strategic importance of customer value anticipation in the information and communication technology brand equity-building.
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Bernabé-Orts, Joan Miquel, Alfredo Quijano-Rubio, Marta Vazquez-Vilar, Javier Mancheño-Bonillo, Victor Moles-Casas, Sara Selma, Silvia Gianoglio, Antonio Granell, and Diego Orzaez. "A memory switch for plant synthetic biology based on the phage ϕC31 integration system." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 6 (February 21, 2020): 3379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa104.
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Abstract Synthetic biology has advanced from the setup of basic genetic devices to the design of increasingly complex gene circuits to provide organisms with new functions. While many bacterial, fungal and mammalian unicellular chassis have been extensively engineered, this progress has been delayed in plants due to the lack of reliable DNA parts and devices that enable precise control over these new synthetic functions. In particular, memory switches based on DNA site-specific recombination have been the tool of choice to build long-term and stable synthetic memory in other organisms, because they enable a shift between two alternative states registering the information at the DNA level. Here we report a memory switch for whole plants based on the bacteriophage ϕC31 site-specific integrase. The switch was built as a modular device made of standard DNA parts, designed to control the transcriptional state (on or off) of two genes of interest by alternative inversion of a central DNA regulatory element. The state of the switch can be externally operated by action of the ϕC31 integrase (Int), and its recombination directionality factor (RDF). The kinetics, memory, and reversibility of the switch were extensively characterized in Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
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Srivastava, Viranjay M., K. S. Yadav, and G. Singh. "Design and performance analysis of double-gate MOSFET over single-gate MOSFET for RF switch." Microelectronics Journal 42, no. 3 (March 2011): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2010.12.007.
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Adams, Michael J., and Shannon K. Yee. "Thermal switching ratio of semiconducting polymers with spatially graded doping." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 6 (February 14, 2023): 064501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138758.
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The switching ratio of a thermal switch is a key design parameter, and electrically activated switches based on thermoelectric effects have been reported to produce large switching ratios over a wide range of temperatures. Previous switches based on the Seebeck effect have switching ratios that are limited by the thermoelectric figure-of-merit [Formula: see text]. Perhaps, more importantly, they are limited by their device construction of alternating p-type and n-type materials with soldered junctions. Alternatively, we show that semiconducting polymers with spatially graded doping can offer similar switching ratios due to a volumetric heat absorption effect. This occurs in heavily doped polymers, which exhibit a sharp decrease in the Seebeck coefficient as charge carriers become fully delocalized. Such heat absorption is analogous to the Thomson effect, where heat is locally absorbed due to temperature-dependent variation of the Seebeck coefficient. Here, a theoretical model is derived to solve the 1D heat equation with spatially graded doping, allowing for optimization of the doping profile for a given material system. Four different material systems are compared according to an analysis of reported measurements to determine the upper limit of the switching ratio. A hypothetical Thomson switch based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with ferric tosylate can produce switching ratios up to 12 under a thermal bias of 10 K, a threefold increase compared to a Peltier switch of the same material. Like a Peltier switch, the switching ratio of a Thomson switch diverges under a small thermal bias. Under a large thermal bias, the switching ratio converges toward that of an equivalent Peltier switch.
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Roemer, Ahmad, Chang, and Lienkamp. "Optimization of a Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter for Electric Vehicle Applications Including Cost Consideration." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 4272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224272.
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This paper presents a method to find the optimal configuration for an electric vehicle energy storage system using a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter. CHB multilevel inverters enable a better utilization of the battery pack, because cells/modules with manufacturing tolerances in terms of capacity can be selectively discharged instead of being passively balanced by discharging them over resistors. The balancing algorithms have been investigated in many studies for the CHB topology. However, it has not yet been investigated to which extend a conventional pack can be modularized in a CHB configuration. Therefore, this paper explores different configurations by simulating different switch models, switch configurations, and number of levels for a CHB inverter along with a reference load model to find the optimal design of the system. The configuration is also considered from an economically point of view, as the most efficient solution might not be cost-effective to be installed in a common production vehicle. It is found that four modules per phase give the best compromise between efficiency and costs. Paralleling smaller switches should be preferred over the usage of fewer, larger switches. Moreover, selecting specific existing components results in higher savings compared to theoretical optimal components.
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ZHAO, ZIJIE, CHAO GAO, FENG LIU, and SHIJUN LUO. "PLASMA FLOW CONTROL OVER FOREBODY AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK." Modern Physics Letters B 24, no. 13 (May 30, 2010): 1405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984910023736.
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Forward blowing from a pair of plasma actuators on the leeward surface and near the apex is used to switch the asymmetric vortex pair over a cone of semi-apex angle 10° at high angles of attack. Wind tunnel pressure measurements show that by appropriate design of the actuators and appropriate choice of the AC voltage and frequency, side forces and yawing moments of opposite signs can be obtained at a given angle of attack by activating one of the plasma actuators. Further work is suggested.
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Miller, Charles, Alan Barr, Raziel Riemer, and Carisa Harris. "The Effect of 5 Mechanical Gaming Keyboard Key Switch Profiles on Typing and Gaming Muscle Activity, Performance and Preferences." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621351.
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Introduction:Single force-displacement characteristics of mechanical key switches have been shown to affect performance, fatigue and discomfort during keyboard use. This study compared the effects of mechanical key switches with differing force-displacement characteristics on forearm muscle activity, typing performance, Fitts Study task performance, subjective fatigue and user preference. Methods: Using a within subjects intervention study of crossover design, 64 subjects completed modified Fitts and typing tasks on five different mechanical key switches to mimic dual word processing and gaming keyboard use. Bilateral muscle activity was recorded using surface electromyography (EMG); typing and Fitts task performance measures were tracked. Results: The key switch with a linear force displacement curve had higher net strokes and lower net typing speed than two key switches with tactile feedback (p<0.05). The key switch with the longest tactile travel, operating travel and highest bottom force required slightly higher peak muscle activity compared to 2 other key switches with lower values (p<0.05). Key switches with shorter tactile and operating travel and lower bottom forces were preferred over other key switches.Conclusions: Among mechanical key switches, a linear force displacement curve had the worst outcomes; key switches with shorter tactile (1.2mm) and operating travel (2.0mm) and a lower bottom force (35-40g) had best outcomes overall.
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Zheng, Chuan-tao, Chun-sheng Ma, Xin Yan, Xian-yin Wang, and Da-ming Zhang. "Optimal design of a high-speed polymer Mach-Zehnder interferometer electro-optic switch over 260 GHz." Optoelectronics Letters 6, no. 5 (September 2010): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11801-010-0063-y.
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Radwin, Robert G., and One-Jang Jeng. "Activation Force and Travel effects on Overexertion in Repetitive Key Tapping." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39, no. 1 (March 1997): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872097778940605.
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Key switch design parameters, including make force, make travel, and over travel, were investigated for minimizing operator-exerted force while maximizing key-tapping speed. A mechanical apparatus was designed, constructed, and used for independently controlling key switch parameters and for directly measuring finger exertions during repetitive key tapping using strain gauge load cells. The task for the 25 participants involved using the index finger of the dominant hand to repeatedly depress a single key as rapidly as possible. Participants received visual and auditory feedback upon a successful keystroke. Peak force exerted decreased 24% and key-tapping rate increased 2% when over travel was distended from 0.0 to 3.0 mm. Although peak force exerted was not significantly affected by make point travel, key-tapping rate increased 2% when make point travel was reduced from 4.0 to 1.0 mm. These results indicate that key switch mechanisms that provide adequate over travel might enable operators to exert less force during repetitive key tapping without inhibiting performance
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Suwarni, Putri Endah, and Riski Aditia. "RANCANGAN ALAT BANTU PENETAS TELUR OTOMATIS KAPASITAS 100 TELUR." Industrika : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 7, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37090/indstrk.v7i1.944.
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Egg incubators are needed by chicken farmers, helping the production process in hatching chicken eggs. From observations made by some farmers in Lampung, they still use manual incubators, giving rise to complaints for breeders. Had to turn the eggs over, measure the humidity even constrained when the heating light suddenly went out. With this, an automatic egg incubator will be designed which has a capacity of 100 eggs. In the design process using the Autocad application. The results of the design have an image scale of 1:10. With a size where the length is 95cm, width 50cm, height 40cm. With internal components there are indicator lights, heating elements, thermohygrostat, time delay relay, thermohygrostat switch, time delay relay switch, indicator light switch, top egg rack, bottom egg rack, water container, heating element 2, dynamo actuator 1, dynamo actuator 2.
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He, Yue Jun, and Ming Qiang Wu. "Design and Application of Motor Start Compensator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 678 (October 2014): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.678.509.
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This paper illustrates the operating principle and design characteristics of a start compensator for medium-sized asynchronous motor powered by Mobile power cars, and describes its application combined with engineering examples. The start compensator detects the motor phase current in real time by using current transformer to determine the switching time of change-over switch in the start compensator. The start compensator operates in a master-slave control mode and can be used as slave computer to communicate with PC based on MODBUS protocol. Its operation is controlled by means of a PC software interface. The whole control system is characterized by reliable performance and low manufacturing cost .
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Hühn, Florian, Andreas Wentzel, and Wolfgang Heinrich. "Highly compact GaN-based all-digital transmitter chain including SPDT T/Rx switch for massive MIMO applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 7 (April 15, 2019): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871900045x.
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AbstractThis paper presents a fully digital transmitter chain from baseband to antenna, including a modulator, two truly digital (i.e. fully switched) microwave power amplifiers and a transmit/receive switch. Both, amplifier and switch monolithic microwave integrated circuits were implemented in a GaN HEMT process. The novel amplifier design provides greatly reduced complexity, needing only three voltage sources. Measurements were conducted using 5, 20, and 100 MHz wide baseband signals. Carrier frequencies cover the 900 and 2000 MHz bands. For the 5 MHz BB signal an ACLR of over 52 dB is reached, fulfilling the 3GPP specs for base station use while still maintaining a final-stage drain efficiency of 46% at 6.5 dB peak to average power ratio. Full-scale output power at 30 V supply voltage was measured to exceed 3 W at 80% drain efficiency. Further features of this digital amplifier approach include small form factor and frequency agility, making it an ideal candidate for software defined radio.
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Saif, Hassan, Yongmin Lee, Hyeonji Lee, Minsun Kim, Muhammad Khan, Jung-Hoon Chun, and Yoonmyung Lee. "A Wide Load Current and Voltage Range Switched Capacitor DC–DC Converter with Load Dependent Configurability for Dynamic Voltage Implementation in Miniature Sensors." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 3092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113092.
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Advancements in low power circuits and batteries have enabled the design of miniature sensors with tiny batteries. In such systems, implementing dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is crucial for maximizing system lifetime. In this paper, a new switched capacitor (SC) converter that is capable of handling a wide range of load currents and output voltages is presented for on-chip DVS implementation. The proposed converter consists of multi-ratio multi-leaf SC stages and reconfigurable interconnect, enabling fine voltage resolution. The stage interconnect scheme enables cascaded or parallel connection of stages. The multi-leaf structure allows load-dependent switch size selection, offering a better trade-off between losses over a wide load range. A limited-voltage-swing switch-driving scheme allows efficient down-conversion from high battery voltage input. A prototype was fabricated in a 180 nm process, providing an output voltage with effective resolution of 16 mV over a load current range of 300 nA to 300 μA (1000×) from a 4 V battery. Efficiency greater than 62% and a peak efficiency of 77% are achieved under a light load (500 nA) over a voltage range of 400 mV to 1.6 V. Efficiency greater than 64% and a peak efficiency of 72% are achieved under a heavy load (200 μA) over a voltage range of 700 mV to 1.6 V.
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Schmidt, Peter Koerver. "A General Income Inclusion Rule as a Tool for Improving the International Tax Regime – Challenges Arising from EU Primary Law." Intertax 48, Issue 11 (October 1, 2020): 983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2020100.
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The overall concept of the OECD’s Global Anti-Base Erosion Proposal is to develop a coordinated set of rules to address ongoing risks from profit shifting and to curb international tax competition. Two important components of the proposal are the income inclusion rule and the switch-over rule and, in this article, these components are examined in consideration of EU primary law. Depending on the final design of the rules, it is concluded that the proposed income inclusion rule – however, probably not the switch-over rule – may end up restricting the fundamental freedoms by treating comparable situations differently. Against that background, a number of policy options for designing the income inclusion rule in accordance with primary EU law requirements are presented, and pros and cons of these design options are discussed. Global anti-base erosion proposal (GloBE), EU tax law, fundamental freedoms, tax avoidance, tax competition, tax policy
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Loktev, Alexey Alexeevich, Vadim Vadimovich Korolev, Irina Viktorovna Shishkina, and Mikhail Evgenyevich Berezovskiy. "Calculation of the speed of movement on the side track for flat grades of switches." Transport of the Urals, no. 2 (2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2020-2-52-56.
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There is a need to speed up the design and implementation of switches on the operated railway network, which can significantly increase the allowed speed of trains, especially on the side track. One of the starting points in the design of switches for high speeds is to provide passengers with a comfortable ride when the train is moving on a side track by limiting the values of the so-called centrifugal acceleration and the increment (change) of the centrifugal acceleration per unit of time (second). If it is necessary to implement the speed of movement on the switch to the side track over 50 km/h, the main factor in determining the radius of the transfer curve under the conditions of driving comfort is to limit the amount of increment (change) of the centrifugal acceleration per unit of time (second). Based on this, when designing switches for high speeds, it is advisable to use curves of variable radius as a translation curve.
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Cao, De-Ming, and Xi-Gang Yuan. "Optimal Design of Batch Plants with Uncertain Demands Considering Switch Over of Operating Modes of Parallel Units." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 18 (September 2002): 4616–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0103310.
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Polydoras, Stamatios, Clio Vossou, and Dimitrios Koulocheris. "An ad hoc decision support method over additive vs. conventional manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801028.
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The mechanical design process considers numerous factors. Requirements related to performance and quality, limitations by legislation, standards, methods utilized or technological boundaries, urgency, cost, data preparation and preservation, design flexibility and organizational aspects. Successful design consists of proper decisions on form, geometry, materials, manufacturing methods, quality, reliability and more. Nowadays, a critical decision during design and realization of technological objects is whether they should be made conventionally or with Additive Manufacturing (AM)/3D Printing methods. Such a decision occurs under time-pressure or via a broader strategy for technological switch, is complex, multi-parametric and bears uncertainty and risk. A simple, effective and substantiated method to assist decisions for switching from conventional to AM could prove very useful. This paper refers to recent trends and activity in international AM-related standards, then presents and discusses preliminary work of the authors for an ad hoc decision method to be used upon specific “go/ no-go” decisions for AM. The method is largely based on the Pareto principle, to limit critical design factors contributing to this decision. All steps of the method towards a final decision are described. The method is demonstrated with a hypothetical, yet realistic example of a short run coolant vessel manufacture.
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Wu, Jiawen. "A Unified Switch Loss Model and Design Consideration for Multilevel Boost PFC With GaN Devices." CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications 6, no. 4 (December 2021): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24295/cpsstpea.2021.00032.
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Recently, multilevel converters with gallium nitride (GaN) devices have shown marvelous advantages for power factor correction (PFC) conversion to meet the increasingly higher efficiency and power density requirements. In the traditional design process for the multilevel PFC converter, it is necessary to separately optimize the devices of the corresponding breakdown voltage under different level number, which causes difficulty to the overall optimization of the entire system. In this paper, a unified minimum loss model for GaN switches regardless of voltage levels is proposed to optimize the efficiency based on device’s new figure-of-merit (NFoM) (NFoM = COSS(ER) RDS(on)). With the help of this unified minimum loss model, it simplifies the efficiency optimizing methodology according to the NFoMs of GaN devices for multilevel PFC converter. According to the methodology, a 2 kW cascaded H-bridge (CHB) PFC prototype is constructed to verify the design methodology, achieving over 99% efficiency with power density over 1000 W/in3 .
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Naghavi, Saeed, Mojde Nematzade, Niloofar Sharifi, Tohid Moradi Khanshan, Adib Abrishamifar, Ziaaddin Daie Kuzekanani, and Jafar Sobhi. "A Simple and Efficient Charge Injection Error Compensation Structure for MOS Sampling Switches." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 08 (April 12, 2018): 1850130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661850130x.
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This paper introduces a new technique to design an analog MOS switch to be used in sampled-data circuits. In any sampled-data system, the accuracy of the sampling switch is a critical parameter to determine the overall performance of the system. To satisfy accuracy requirements of the switch, a novel technique to reduce channel charge injection error is proposed. The proposed switch has a very simple structure and it uses a small area of the chip. Also, it has a low on-resistance and its variation over the input signal range is acceptable. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed switch, simulations are done in a 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m standard CMOS technology. Simulation results show that the sampling errors produced by the channel charge injection is eliminated through a cancellation technique using an auxiliary transistor. The output error charge due to charge injection over a wide range of the input signal variation is very low (less than 1.45[Formula: see text]fC). Also, simulation results show that the proposed switch achieves signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR) of 85.05[Formula: see text]dB, effective number of bits (ENOB) of 13.83, total harmonic distortion (THD) of [Formula: see text]87.23[Formula: see text]dB and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 88.14[Formula: see text]dB for a 1[Formula: see text]MHz sinusoidal input of 800[Formula: see text]mV peak-to-peak amplitude at 50[Formula: see text]MHz sampling rate with a 1.8[Formula: see text]V supply voltage.
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P. Nithin and Dr. R. Rajeswari. "High Gain DC-DC Converter Integrating Dickson Charge Pump with Coupled Inductor Technique." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 7, no. 6 (September 9, 2021): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst0706046.
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In this paper, a novel high voltage gain DC-DC converter based on coupled inductor and voltage multiplier technique is proposed. The benefits of the proposed converter are ultra-high voltage gain, low voltage stress across the power switch and very low input current ripple by employing a low current ripple structure (LCR) at the input side. A low on state resistance (RDS(on)) of the power switch can be employed since the voltage stress is a maximum of 25% of the output voltage and the conduction losses of the switch is also reduced. Design of a 1.9kW, 48V at the low voltage side and 430V at the high voltage side is done and verified by simulation. Simulation results show an efficiency of over 93% when operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM).
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Zhang, Nai Biao, Xun Pang, and Xin Lei Zhou. "Control System Design on Rope Haulage Monorail Transport System Using Frequency Conversion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 678 (October 2014): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.678.333.
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The rope haulage monorail transport system is an important kind of subsidiary transport system in the underground mine. We propose a control system using frequency conversion on rope haulage monorail transport system in this paper, which consists of PLC control console, AC inverter, speed sensor, over-wind protection switch, sound-light alarm, leakage monitoring device, etc. Our control system can realize the start-stop control, the forward and backward control, the frequency conversion control, the over-wind protection, and so on. This control system can also real-timely detect and display the status information of transport system. The field experiments have showed that our control system using frequency conversion can well satisfy the needs of automatic operation of rope haulage monorail transport system.
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Ma, Chun-Sheng. "Design and analysis of a polymer Mach-Zehnder interferometer electro-optic switch over a wide spectrum of 110nm." Optical Engineering 48, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 054601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3129846.
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Zheng, Chuan-Tao, Li-Hua Zheng, Qian-Qian Luo, Lei Liang, Chun-Sheng Ma, and Da-Ming Zhang. "Cross/bar polymer electro–optic routing switch with broadband flatting spectral response over 130nm: Principle, design and analysis." Optics Communications 294 (May 2013): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2012.12.021.
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Pranandari, Rengganis, Sudibyo Supardi, and Retnosari Andrajati. "PARENTERAL ANTIBIOTIC USAGE PATTERNS AND EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL SWITCHING ON THE LENGTH AND COST OF HOSPITALIZATION." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 9 (October 30, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s1.44_50.
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Objective: The prolonged use of intravenous antibiotics might increase the length and cost of hospitalization. The research objective, therefore, was toevaluate the effect of switching antibiotics on the length of hospital stay and hospitalization cost. The prospective cohort research design was adopted.The inclusion criteria were in patients who had received intravenous antibiotics.Methods: The sample comprised 39 patients who switched antibiotics as an exposed group and 39 patients who did not switch as an unexposedgroup. The data were collected using the patient medical records and the financial data from the hospital information system. The Mann–Whitney testand Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was applied in the analysis.Results: The results revealed that the antibiotics most commonly switched were intravenous ceftriaxone (83.3%) and oral cefixime (94.8%). From thefive switching patterns observed, the most common switch was from intravenous ceftriaxone to oral cefixime in patients with acute gastroenteritis.All antibiotics were administered in accordance with the National Formulary (NF) guidelines. Only metronidazole (5 mg/ml dose) was inconsistentwith NF. Switching antibiotics did not impact the length of hospital stay and hospitalization cost; however, comorbidities did have an influence here.Conclusions: Further, switching antibiotics impacted the duration over which intravenous antibiotics were administered and the cost of antibiotics.
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Ullah, Amjad, Jingpeng Li, and Amir Hussain. "Design and evaluation of a biologically-inspired cloud elasticity framework." Cluster Computing 23, no. 4 (February 28, 2020): 3095–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-020-03073-7.
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Abstract The elasticity in cloud is essential to the effective management of computational resources as it enables readjustment at runtime to meet application demands. Over the years, researchers and practitioners have proposed many auto-scaling solutions using versatile techniques ranging from simple if-then-else based rules to sophisticated optimisation, control theory and machine learning based methods. However, despite an extensive range of existing elasticity research, the aim of implementing an efficient scaling technique that satisfies the actual demands is still a challenge to achieve. The existing methods suffer from issues like: (1) the lack of adaptability and static scaling behaviour whilst considering completely fixed approaches; (2) the burden of additional computational overhead, the inability to cope with the sudden changes in the workload behaviour and the preference of adaptability over reliability at runtime whilst considering the fully dynamic approaches; and (3) the lack of considering uncertainty aspects while designing auto-scaling solutions. In this paper, we aim to address these issues using a holistic biologically-inspired feedback switch controller. This method utilises multiple controllers and a switching mechanism, implemented using fuzzy system, that realises the selection of suitable controller at runtime. The fuzzy system also facilitates the design of qualitative elasticity rules. Furthermore, to improve the possibility of avoiding the oscillatory behaviour (a problem commonly associated with switch methodologies), this paper integrates a biologically-inspired computational model of action selection. Lastly, we identify seven different kinds of real workload patterns and utilise them to evaluate the performance of the proposed method against the state-of-the-art approaches. The obtained computational results demonstrate that the proposed method results in achieving better performance without incurring any additional cost in comparison to the state-of-the-art approaches.
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Chen, Hung-Cheng, Shin-Shiuan Li, Shing-Lih Wu, and Chung-Yu Lee. "Design of a Modular Battery Management System for Electric Motorcycle." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123532.
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This paper proposes a modular battery management system for an electric motorcycle. The system not only can accurately measure battery voltage, charging current, discharging current, and temperature but also can transmit the data to the mixed-signal processor for battery module monitoring. Moreover, the system can control the battery balancing circuit and battery protection switch to protect the battery module charging and discharging process safety. The modular battery management system is mainly composed of a mixed-signal processor, voltage measurement, current measurement, temperature measurement, battery balancing, and protection switch module. The testing results show that the errors between the voltage value measured by the voltage measurement module and the actual value are less than 0.5%, about 1% under the conditions of different charging and discharging currents of 9 A and 18 A for the current measuring module, less than 1% for the temperature measurement module; and the battery balancing in the battery management system during the charging process. When the module is charged at 4.5 A for about 805 s, each cell of the battery has reached the balancing state. Finally, the testing results validate that the modular battery management system proposed in this paper can effectively manage the battery balancing of each cell in the battery module, battery module overcharge, over-discharge, temperature protection, and control.
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Patil, Soumya, R. S. Geetha, B. L. Santosh, Bhoopendra Kumar Singh, and Vinod Chippalkatti. "Design and implementation of multiple output forward converter with Mag-amp and LDO as post regulators for space application." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v12i3.5.
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Linear power supplies are commonly used power supplies for many applications. They have some drawbacks such as low efficiency, difficulty in thermal management and also in regulation of the output voltage. Some of these drawbacks can be overcome by Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS). One of the best-suited applications of SMPS is for space applications that require power supplies which are lighter, smaller, more efficient and highly reliable. Multiple-output DC-DC converters are an important topology of SMPS that can be used for space applications. But, in multiple output converters usually, only the master output is regulated and the other outputs are left unregulated and this can result in cross-regulation. In this paper, post regulators such as Magnetic amplifiers (Mag-amp) and Low DropOut regulator (LDO) are proposed to regulate each output and also to improve load regulation. In addition to this, the input voltage feed-forward control technique is proposed to control the duty cycle of the switch, which is dynamically faster and provides better line regulation when compared to the voltage feedback controller. Besides, over current protection circuit for the converter is discussed in detail.
Keywords: Cross regulation effect, Mag-amp and LDO, multiple output forward converter, output over current protection, voltage feed forward control.