Academic literature on the topic 'Switch over Design'
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Journal articles on the topic "Switch over Design"
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Al-Amin, Mohammed, Sufian Yousef, and Barry Morris. "RF MEMS DPDT Switch Using Novel Simulated Seesaw Design." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-thp23.
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This paper investigates an RF MEMS (Radio Frequency Micro Electro-Mechanical System) switch from DC to 5.8 GHz switching, for use in mobile communications systems and devices. The RF MEMS switch uses a novel seesaw design to create a Double-Pole Double-Throw (DPDT) Switch which increases the capabilities of the seesaw design structure. A low Switching supply voltage with high RF isolation was achieved during its development. After looking at other available seesaw designs, it was discovered that an improvement could be attained by adding additional contacts. An improved concept over existing Single-Pole Single-Throw (SPST) seesaw switches was achieved by using a DPDT switch with a set of upper and lower contacts at each side of the seesaw. To conform to the Microscale, from 1 μm – 100 μm, a length of 41μm was chosen to provide an adequate size for fabrication. Copper Bulk General (Cu) was chosen for the pivot material due to its good electrical conductivity and sufficient flexibility for elastic recovery. A working simulation was achieved without compromising the ‘Air-Gap’ between the contacts, which retains high isolation when the switch is open-circuited. The electrostatic supply voltage has been significantly reduced to a value which is closer to that used in mobile devices.
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Wu, Qiannan, Zemin Shi, Xudong Gao, Jing Li, Yongxin Zhan, Guangzhou Zhu, Junqiang Wang, and Mengwei Li. "The Design of a Novel 2-42 GHz MEMS True-Time Delay Network for Wideband Phased Array Systems." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020246.
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This article presents the design method of a compact MEMS switched-line true-time delay line (TTDL) network over a wide frequency range extending from 2 to 42 GHz using TTDL units. The TTDL units, namely the cascading radio frequency micro-electromechanical system (RF MEMS) switches and GCPW, were employed in the proposed TTDL network to improve the delay-bandwidth product (DBW) while maintaining its compact size and low delay variation (DV). For comparison, a theoretical analysis of the RF MEMS switch was performed while observing the switch performance with various top electrodes. The MEMS TTDL network has a compact size of 5 mm×5 mm, with a maximum delay of 200 ps and a minimum of 30 ps. The maximum insertion loss of 9 states is 10 dB, and the in/out return loss is better than 20 dB across 2-42 GHz. The group delay variations are within ±2.5% for all the delay states over the operating frequency range. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed TTDL network obtains the most control bits among the TTDL networks offered to date.
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Zhao, Chen Xu, Xin Guo, Tao Deng, Ling Li, and Ze Wen Liu. "Power Handling Capability Improvement of Metal-Contact RF MEMS Switches by Optimized Array Configuration Design of Contact Dimples." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 1417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.1417.
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This paper presents a novel approach to enhancing power-handling capability of metal-contact radio-frequency micro-electro-mechanical systems (RF MEMS) switches based on an Optimized Array Configured (OAC) contact dimples design. The simulation results reveal that this strategy can distribute the RF current more uniformly through each contact of the switch than traditional multiple parallel-configured contacts design, thus leading to a more effective reduction of current through each contact. Therefore, probability of micromelding and adhesion at metal contact point owing to localized high current induced Joule heating, which limits the power handling capability of the metal-contact RF MEMS switch, can be effectively reduced by the proposed approach. Comparing with previously fabricated switch, power-handling capability of the switch with OAC contact dimples can be dramatically improved over 390%.
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N, Geethanjali, and Dr Rekha K. R. "Design and Implementation of a Efficient Router using X Y Algorithm." Indian Journal of Data Communication and Networking 1, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijdcn.b5009.061321.
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The engineering for on chip network configuration utilizing dynamic reconfiguration is an answer for Communication Interfaces, Chip cost, Quality of Service, ensure adaptability of the organization. The proposed engineering powerfully arrange itself concerning Hardware Modules like switches, Switch based packet , information to a packet size with changing the correspondence situation and its prerequisites on run time. The NOC Architecture assumes urgent part while planning correspondence frameworks intended for SOC. The NOC engineering be better over traditional transport, mutual transport plan , cross bar interconnection design intended for on chip organizations. In a greater part of the NO C engineering contains lattice, torus or different geographies to plan solid switch. In any case, the greater part of the plans are neglects to advance a Quality of Service, blocking issues, cost, Chip as well as mostly plan throughput, region transparency with inactivity. Proposed plan we are planning a reconfigurable switch for network on chip plan that improve the correspondence performance. The proposed configuration dodges the restrictions of transport based interconnection plans which are frequently applied in part progressively reconfigurable FPGA plans. . With the assistance of this switch plan we can accomplish low inactivity and high information throughput.
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N, Geethanjali, and Dr Rekha K.R. "Design and Implementation of a Efficient Router using X Y Algorithm." Indian Journal of Data Communication and Networking 1, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijdcn.b5009.061321.
Full textAbstract:
The engineering for on chip network configuration utilizing dynamic reconfiguration is an answer for Communication Interfaces, Chip cost, Quality of Service, ensure adaptability of the organization. The proposed engineering powerfully arrange itself concerning Hardware Modules like switches, Switch based packet , information to a packet size with changing the correspondence situation and its prerequisites on run time. The NOC Architecture assumes urgent part while planning correspondence frameworks intended for SOC. The NOC engineering be better over traditional transport, mutual transport plan , cross bar interconnection design intended for on chip organizations. In a greater part of the NO C engineering contains lattice, torus or different geographies to plan solid switch. In any case, the greater part of the plans are neglects to advance a Quality of Service, blocking issues, cost, Chip as well as mostly plan throughput, region transparency with inactivity. Proposed plan we are planning a reconfigurable switch for network on chip plan that improve the correspondence performance. The proposed configuration dodges the restrictions of transport based interconnection plans which are frequently applied in part progressively reconfigurable FPGA plans. . With the assistance of this switch plan we can accomplish low inactivity and high information throughput.
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Narasimha, S., and Surender Reddy Salkuti. "Design and implementation of smart uninterruptable power supply using battery storage and photovoltaic arrays." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (June 14, 2018): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12305.
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The objective of this paper is to provide an uninterruptable power supply to the customers by selecting the supply from various reliable power sources such as solar photovoltaic, AC mains and battery storage systems. Initially, the load gets power supply from the reliable source (such as solar photovoltaic), if in case it is unavailable, then the proposed modules automatically switch over to the next reliable source (such as AC mains), and so on. If in case all proposed renewable energy sources (RESs) are unavailable than the proposed mod-ule automatically switch over to the local grid supply, if suppose the local grid supply is also unavailable then the proposed module au-tomatically switch over to the power storage bank. Therefore, the proposed intelligent/smart power module can improve the system per-formance and efficiency. The programming instruction of controller, the relay driver switches appropriate relay of sources to maintain uninterruptable power supply to the proposed utility of capacity 0.1kW. The proposed back-up system gets charged from the available reliable RESs with no pollution and noise, and it can also reduce the electricity bill. The proposed intelligent power module functions are displayed on LCD, it has been designed and analyzed in real time environment.
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Wu, Qiannan, Honglei Guo, Qiuhui Liu, Guangzhou Zhu, Junqiang Wang, Yonghong Cao, and Mengwei Li. "Design and fabrication of a series contact RF MEMS switch with a novel top electrode." Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 013006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0016903.
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Radio-frequency (RF) micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) switches are widely used in communication devices and test instruments. In this paper, we demonstrate the structural design and optimization of a novel RF MEMS switch with a straight top electrode. The insertion loss, isolation, actuator voltage, and stress distribution of the switch are optimized and explored simultaneously by HFSS and COMSOL software, taking into account both its RF and mechanical properties. Based on the optimized results, a switch was fabricated by a micromachining process compatible with conventional IC processes. The RF performance in the DC to 18 GHz range was measured with a vector network analyzer, showing isolation of more than 21.28 dB over the entire operating frequency range. Moreover, the required actuation voltage was about 9.9 V, and the switching time was approximately 33 μs. A maximum lifetime of 109 switching cycles was obtained. Additionally, the dimension of the sample is 1.8 mm × 1.8 mm × 0.3 mm, which might find application in the current stage.
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Mizutani, Hiroshi, Ryo Ishikawa, and Kazuhiko Honjo. "Small-signal design consideration for two-dimensional change-over switch GaN MMICs." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 59, SG (February 28, 2020): SGGL07. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ab70a4.
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Baginski, Thomas A., Robert N. Dean, and Ed J. Wild. "A Micromachined Robust Planar Triggered Sparkgap Switch for High Power Pulse Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (January 1, 2010): 001869–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-wp24.
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High voltage (HV) switches capable of operating at high speeds with high current levels are used in a variety of applications in commercial and government systems. Examples of HV switches include triggered sparkgap, dielectric breakdown, and mercury vapor switches. The triggered sparkgap switch is a three-element, gas-filled, ceramic-to-metal, hermetically sealed, pressurized switch that operates in an arc discharge mode. Triggered sparkgaps have been in use for many years, providing precision timing and activation of in-flight functions such as missile stage separation. These applications involve the activation of electro-explosive devices such as an exploding bridge-wire [EBW] or an exploding foil initiator [EFI]. This paper discusses the fabrication and characterization of a novel high voltage planar discharge switch using micromachining techniques. The switch provides a low cost alternative to conventional triggered sparkgaps. The switch is designed for direct integration into the strip-line geometries used in a conventional capacitive discharge unit (CDU). The geometry of the device was selected to minimize parasitic impedances associated with conventional firing circuits. The switch design is microfabricated on an alumina substrate utilizing a patterned electron-beam deposited metallic stack. A polyimide layer selectively deposited over the metal stack provides dielectric isolation and passivation for the switch electrodes. A similar methodology was utilized to fabricate sample EFIs for switch validation tests with insensitive secondary high explosive (HE) pellets. The discharging of the HV capacitor through the patterened bridgefoil of an EFI results in rapid vaporization of the metal stack. The high pressure gas formed by the vaporized metal accelerates the adjacent polyimide layer to high velocity. The polyimde layer then impacts the HE pellet, inducing a shock wave, which results in prompt detonation of the material. Thus, this device is a type of MEMS actuator with a very specialized use. Design, fabrication and test data are presented and discussed.
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Saitou, Kazuhiro, and Mark J. Jakiela. "Subassembly Generation via Mechanical Conformational Switches." Artificial Life 2, no. 4 (July 1995): 377–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1995.2.4.377.
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A question is posed on how a particular subassembly sequence is generated in randomized assembly. An extended design of mechanical conformational switches [16] is proposed that can encode several subassembly sequences. A particular subassembly sequence is generated due to conformational changes of parts during one-dimensional randomized assembly. The optimal subassembly sequence that maximizes the yield of a desired assembly can be found via genetic search over a space of parameterized conformational switch designs, rather than a space of subassembly sequences. The resulting switch design encodes the optimal subassembly sequence so that the desired assemblies are put together only in the optimal sequence. The results of genetic search and rate equation analyses reveal that the optimal subassembly sequence depends on the initial concentration of parts and the defect probabilities during randomized assembly. The results indicate that abundant parts and parts with high defect probabilities should be assembled earlier rather than later.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Switch over Design"
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Huang, Henna Priscilla. "Transport layer protocol design over flow-switched data networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75711.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-136).
In this work, we explore transport layer protocol design for an optical flow-switched network. The objective of the protocol design is to guarantee the reliable delivery of data files over an all-optical end-to- end flow-switched network which is modeled as a burst-error channel. We observe that Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is not best suited for Optical Flow-Switching (OFS). Specifically, flow control and fair resource allocation through windowing in TCP are unnecessary in an OFS network. Moreover TCP has poor throughput and delay performance at high transfer rates due to window flow control and window closing with missing or dropped packets. In OFS, flows are scheduled and congestion control is performed by a scheduling algorithm. Thus, we focus on defining a more efficient transport protocol for optical flow-switched networks that is neither a modification of TCP nor derived from TCP. The main contribution of this work is to optimize the throughput and delay performance of OFS using file segmentation and reassembly, forward error-correction (FEC), and frame retransmission. We analyze the throughput and delay performance of four example transport layer protocols: the Simple Transport Protocol (STP), the Simple Transport Protocol with Interleaving (STPI), the Transport Protocol with Framing (TPF) and the Transport Protocol with Framing and Interleaving (TPFI). First, we show that a transport layer protocol without file segmentation and without interleaving and FEC (STP) results in poor throughput and delay performance and is not well suited for OFS. Instead, we found that interleaving across a large file (STPI) results in the best theoretical delay performance, though the large code lengths and interleaver sizes in this scheme will be hard to implement. Also, in the unlikely case that a file experiences an uncorrectable error, STPI requires extra network resources equal to that of an entire transaction for file retransmission and adds to the delay of the transaction significantly. For the above reason, we propose the segmentation of a file into large frames combined with FEC, interleaving, and retransmission of erroneous frames (TPFI) as the protocol of choice for an OFS network. In TPFI, interleaving combined with FEC and frame retransmission allows a file to be segmented into large frames (>100 Mbits). In addition, TPFI also allows for fewer processing and file segmentation and reassembly overhead compared with a transport layer protocol that does not include interleaving and FEC (TPF).
by Henna Priscilla Huang.
S.M.
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Kumar, Vijay. "Electronic Photonic Circuit Design for RF Transceiver." Thesis, 2022. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5833.
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RF over fibre (RoF) based communication system combines features of mm-wave and optical fibre communication. The RoF-based system has the advantage of both optical fibre systems (such as high bandwidth, signal transparency, low-loss and lesser weight of optical fibre) and RF systems (such as mobility and distribution). This RoF transceiver can be made more efficient by combining it with beamforming techniques and reconfigurability. Spatial beamforming techniques help in minimizing the interference in the wavefront by active beam alignment in the transmit and receive paths. Even though, the realization of transceiver chip with electronics and optical circuits is very challenging, it can potentially be realized in future using silicon-photonics technology. This technology is commercially viable for mass-production, since it is compatible with matured CMOS technology. This dissertation presents different design techniques and architectures of electronic components, such as, phase-shifter, attenuator, SPDT switch and TIA, for improving the performance of RoF based phased array transceiver using CMOS/BiCMOS technologies.
The trade-offs in the beamforming architectures have been first discussed in terms of their performance, circuit design complexity and realization cost. Overview of the functionalities and implementation of each electronics and photonics component used in the RoF based phased array transceiver has been presented. The research objectives have been outlined based on the available literature and implementation strategy.
The design of a 7-bit S-band digital passive phase shifter realized using CMOS 65 nm technology is first described. This phase-shifter utilizes novel switched delay network- based topologies for 5.625 degree and 2.8 degree phase bit, along with modified switched filter topologies for other phase-bits. The experimental results of the fabricated chip have shown 7-bit performance with an average insertion loss, root mean square (RMS) phase error and RMS amplitude error of ≤ 11 dB, ≤ 2.0 degree and ≤ 0.6 dB, respectively, with S11 ≥ 7.5 dB and S22 ≥ 14.5 dB across the target frequency band of 2.6 to 3.2 GHz. In addition, design techniques for the realization of broadband switched type IF passive phase-shifter have been presented. These techniques include custom design of a two-metals inductor, a cross-coupled inductor with centre taping and setting the DC bias at RF input/output to 0 V. Design and EM simulation results of a 22.5 degree passive phase-shifter, with and without these broadband techniques, have been discussed for demonstrating their validity. The proposed topology has shown broadband phase-shifter response across 2.5-to-8.0 GHz, with RMS phase error, amplitude error and insertion loss of < 0.78 degree, < 1.26 dB, and < 1.52 dB, respectively, with S11/S22 > 9.2 dB.
The design details and simulations of an 8-bit S-band digital passive attenuator, and proposal of a bit topology selection algorithm to achieve low RMS phase error and low amplitude error have been described next. This attenuator has been designed by using new phase compensated Π−, T−and T −bridge attenuator bit topologies for 32 dB to 0.25 dB attenuator bits, and adopting the bit topology selection algorithm. This attenuator has been designed using 65 nm CMOS technology, and its performance has been characterized with the help of exhaustive post-layout simulation in 2.8 GHz to 4.0 GHz frequency band. The designed attenuator has demonstrated significant improvement in performance with 8-bit attenuation accuracy, insertion-loss of ≤ 5.1 dB, RMS amplitude error of ≤ 0.1 dB, RMS phase error of ≤ 0.78 degree, and S11/S22 > 12 dB in 2.8 GHz to 4.0 GHz frequency band.
Thirdly, the design details of a fully differential Ka-band single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch with virtual grounding, realized using 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology, have been discussed. This SPDT switch with fully differential topology inherently offers cancellation of common-mode disturbance and has high P−1dB. Further, an asymmetri- cally tapered inductor utilization has been introduced in this SPDT switch with a normal spiral inductor to reduce the layout area of the SPDT switch. Experimental results of the fabricated differential SPDT switch with normal spiral inductor has exhibited the best insertion loss of 2.9 dB and an isolation of -39 dB in 25 GHz to 40 GHz frequency-band, with input P−1dB of 12.6 dBm at 34 GHz and 0.47 mm2 chip-area. Compact differential SPDT switch with asymmetrically tapered inductor has occupied an area of 0.11 mm^2 in the layout and demonstrated superior insertion loss of 1.8 dB and isolation of -39 dB in the same frequency-band with improved input P−1dB of 14.1 dBm at 34 GHz. For further improving the input P−1dB of this SPDT switch, a design of SPDT switch design 3 with pass-gate switch configuration has been presented next. In this design 3, pass-gate tran- sistor terminals biasing is set to 0 V through a 20 KΩ resistance for reducing variations in device parasitics. This SPDT switch has demonstrated a minimum insertion-loss of 1.29 dB, maximum isolation of 41.2 dB and S11/S22 better than 12 dB across the frequency band of operation. This SPDT switch has also shown input P1dB of 15.4 dBm with a layout area of 0.11 mm^2
Design trade-offs, mathematical analysis and circuit architecture of a new low-noise, broadband single-stage transimpedance amplifier (TIA) using 130 nm bipolar complemen- tary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) has been next presented in detail. This TIA is designed as a Common-emitter (CE) shunt-shunt feedback topology with active inductor peaking, and scalable bandwidth enabling better noise, gain and driving capability. The validity of the active inductive peaking and mathematical analysis has been proved with the help of simulations and measurement results. The experimental results of Ku-band TIA (10 MHz to 14 GHz) designed using this architecture have shown a transimpedance gain of 53.2 dBΩ, input-referred current noise of 16.8 pA/√Hz with power consumption of 9.8 mW. Further, another TIA covering K- and Ka-bands (10 MHz to 35 GHz) has been presented to demonstrate the architecture’s adaptability for higher bandwidth. This K-and Ka-bands TIA has demonstrated a transimpedance gain of 33.4 dBΩ, input-referred current noise of 29.4 pA/√Hz with a power consumption of 28.1 mW in the post-layout simulation results, and occupies the same chip area as that of Ku-band TIA, i.e., 0.1 × 0.21 mm^2.
Finally, the feasibility of a 35 GHz RoF communication link has been presented with the help of an experimental demonstration of a 2D integrated RoF photonic transmitter link. This demonstration has addressed the challenges associated with 2D integration. This test-jig has been assembled on a Kovar substrate using a silicon-photonics microring modulator die, driver amplifier die, and interconnected using 50 Ω transmission line. The integrated transmitter link has demonstrated the measured electro-optical (S21) band- width of 35 GHz, the maximum gain of 12.4 dB, RF matching at driver amplifier input in the range of -5 dB to -42 dB and optical matching at microring modulator input in the range of -8 dB to -21 dB for 50 Ω load across 35 GHz frequency bandwidth.
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Von, Gordon Albert Fredrich Johannes. "The design of a software architectural framework for tunnelling metering protocols over TCP/IP and low bandwidth packet switched networks with support for proprietary addressing." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29032.
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This document discusses the concept of drivers implemented within the context of the REMPLI (Real-Time Energy Management over Power line and Internet, see section 1.8.) network. The process image approach and the tunnelling approach are presented and reasoning is given why the tunnelling approach is preferred. Each of the drivers implemented is associated with a specific metering protocol. This document further discusses the general architecture of such a driver structure. The generic software architecture serves as a framework for integrating serial communication based metering protocols over packet-orientated remote networks and meters, by tunnelling the protocol data units to the remote meters. Principally each Protocol Driver consists of three parts, one part situated at the Application Server, one at the Access Point and one at the Node. This document then gives a description of the general driver structure within the REMPLI network and briefly explains the functions of all the modules contained within the driver structure. An example is used to show how these modules, which make up the software architecture of the Protocol Driver, are used to send an application generated request from the Application Server to the Metering Equipment and sending the response back from the remote Metering Equipment to the Application Server. This dissertation further discusses the need for address translation within the REMPLI network and the need to restrict access to meters by using these addresses and an access control list. This document also discusses the need for a “Keep-alive” signalling scheme, if supported by the underlying protocol and gives a general concept as to how it should be implemented. The role of an Optimization Module is also discussed for low bandwidth networks by means of an M-Bus example. Finally the M-Bus protocol driver implementation is discussed. The results achieved are presented, showing that the driver architecture can successfully be used to tunnel the M-Bus protocol to remote meters, provided the underlying network conforms to the quality of service requirements determined by the implemented metering protocol. The work proposed in this document started off as part of the REMPLI project by the REMPLI team but was completed independently.Dissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
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Books on the topic "Switch over Design"
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S, Kingston Smiler. OpenFlow Cookbook: Over 110 Recipes to Design and Develop Your Own OpenFlow Switch and OpenFlow Controller. Packt Publishing, Limited, 2015.
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OpenFlow cookbook : over 110 recipes to design and develop your own OpenFlow switch and OpenFlow controller. Packt Publishing, 2015.
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Switch & Knit Stitch Dictionary: Choose any yarn and any of the 12 PATTERNS for cowls, hats, sweaters & more * Customize with over 85 STITCH PATTERNS * 700+ DESIGN POSSIBILITIES. Stackpole Books, 2020.
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Datta, Debasish. Optical Networks. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834229.001.0001.
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This book presents an in-depth deliberation on optical networks in four parts, capturing the past, present, and ensuing developments in the field. Part I has two chapters presenting an overview of optical networks and the enabling technologies. Part II has three chapters dealing with the single-wavelength optical networks: optical LANs/MANs, optical access networks using passive optical network architecture, SONET/SDH, optical transport network and resilient packet ring. Part III consists of four chapters on WDM-based optical networks, including WDM-based local/metropolitan networks (LANs/MANs) using single and multihop architectures over passive-star couplers, WDM/TWDM access networks as an extension of PONs with WDM transmission, WDM metro ring networks covering circuit-switched (using point-to-point WDM and wavelength-routed transmission) plus packet-switched architectures and WDM long-haul backbone networks presenting the offline and online design methodologies using wavelength-routed transmission. Part IV deals with some selected topics in six chapters. The first deals with transmission impairments and power-consumption issues in optical networks, while the next three chapters deal with the survivable optical networks, network control and management techniques, including GMPLS, ASON, and SDN/SDON, and datacenter networks using electrical, optical, and hybrid switching techniques. The final two chapters present elastic optical networks using flexible grid for better utilization of the optical-fiber spectrum and optical packet and burst-switched networks. The three appendices present the basics of the linear programming techniques, noise processes encountered in the optical communication systems, and the fundamentals of queuing theory and its applications in telecommunication networks. (238 words)
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Allende, Marcos. LACChain Framework for Permissioned Public Blockchain Networks: From Blockchain Technology to Blockchain Networks. Edited by Alejandro Pardo and Marcelo Da Silva. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003747.
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Over the past decade, different blockchain technologies have contributed to the creation of thousands of blockchain networks which have hosted thousands of proofs of concepts and pilots, with generally satisfactory results for stakeholders. However, scalability has been a big roadblock for most of these projects. We believe that the reasons why most blockchain-based solutions do not scale well are that they are built on ledgers that are not properly designed as the instrumental piece of architecture needed by these projects and that it is not clear who is liable for what. There is rarely an upfront discussion about governance, data management and privacy, technical support, operational fees (e.g., tx fees), maintenance, regulatory risks, or sustainability in these decentralized networks. This framework is a set of recommendations that enables the creation of multipurpose network of networks that are robust, reliable, sustainable, compliant, scalable, and have clear definition of accountabilities. The framework can also be applied to both permissionless public and permissioned private blockchain networks, but can only be fully realized in a permissioned public infrastructure. The framework builds on the idea that in order to develop scalable blockchain projects and solutions, it is necessary to switch the conversation from blockchain technologies to blockchain networks.
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Valkyrie, Zek. Game Worlds Get Real. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400655548.
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Twenty million people worldwide play Massively Multi-Player Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs). Online role-playing gaming is no longer an activity of a tiny niche community. World of Warcraft—the most popular game within the genre—is more than a decade old. As technology has advanced and MMORPGs became exponentially more popular, gaming culture has evolved dramatically over the last 20 years. Game Worlds Get Real: How Who We Are Online Became Who We Are Offline presents a compelling insider's examination of how adventuring through virtual worlds has transformed the meaning of play for millions of gamers. The book provides a historical review of earlier incarnations of virtual world games and culture in the late 1990s, covering the early years of popular games like EverQuest, to the soaring popularity of World of Warcraft, to the current era of the genre and its more general gaming climate. Author Zek Valkyrie—a researcher in the areas of gaming culture, digital communities, gender, sexualities, and visual sociology as well as an avid gamer himself—explores the evolution of the meaning of “play” in the virtual game world, explains how changes in game design have reduced opportunities for social experimentation, and identifies how player types such as the gender switcher, the cybersexual, the explorer, and the trial-and-error player have been left behind in the interest of social and informational transparency.
Book chapters on the topic "Switch over Design"
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Lal, Ratan, Aaron McKinnis, Dustin Hauptman, Shawn Keshmiri, and Pavithra Prabhakar. "Formally Verified Switching Logic for Recoverability of Aircraft Controller." In Computer Aided Verification, 566–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81685-8_27.
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AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the design of a safe hybrid controller for an aircraft that switches between a classical linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller and a more intelligent artificial neural network (ANN) controller. Our objective is to switch safely between the controllers, such that the aircraft is always recoverable within a fixed amount of time while allowing the maximum time of operation for the ANN controller. There is a priori known safety zone for the LQR controller operation in which the aircraft never stalls, over accelerates, or exceeds maximum structural loading, and hence, by switching to the LQR controller just before exiting this zone, one can guarantee safety. However, this priori known safety zone is conservative, and therefore, limits the time of operation for the ANN controller. We apply reachability analysis to expand the known safety zone, such that the LQR controller will always be able to drive the aircraft back to the safe zone from the expanded zone (“recoverable zone") within a fixed duration. The “recoverable zone" extends the time of operation of the ANN controller. We perform simulations using the hybrid controller corresponding to the recoverable zone and observe that the design is indeed safe.
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Manjaiah, D. H., and P. Payaswini. "Design Issues of 4G-Network Mobility Management." In Mobile Computing and Wireless Networks, 634–62. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8751-6.ch028.
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Fourth Generation wireless networking (4G network) is expected to provide global roaming across different types of wireless and mobile networks. In this environment, roaming is seamless and users are always connected to the best network. Moreover, 4G networks will be packet switched systems entirely based on the IPv6 protocol. The essentiality of Quality of Service (QoS) and the heterogeneous nature of 4G pose high demands onto the mobility management technology. Due to this, one of the most challenging research areas for the 4G network is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among various access technologies. In order to address the issue of heterogeneity of the networks, IEEE 802.21 working group proposed Media Independent Handover (MIH). The scope of the IEEE 802.21 MIH standard is to develop a specification that provides link layer intelligence and other related network information to upper layers to optimize handovers between heterogeneous media. The IEEE 802.21 group defines the media independent handover function that will help mobile devices to roam across heterogeneous networks and stationary devices to switch over to any of the available heterogeneous networks around it.
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Manjaiah, D. H., and P. Payaswini. "Design Issues of 4G-Network Mobility Management." In Advances in Secure Computing, Internet Services, and Applications, 210–38. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4940-8.ch011.
Full textAbstract:
Fourth Generation wireless networking (4G network) is expected to provide global roaming across different types of wireless and mobile networks. In this environment, roaming is seamless and users are always connected to the best network. Moreover, 4G networks will be packet switched systems entirely based on the IPv6 protocol. The essentiality of Quality of Service (QoS) and the heterogeneous nature of 4G pose high demands onto the mobility management technology. Due to this, one of the most challenging research areas for the 4G network is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among various access technologies. In order to address the issue of heterogeneity of the networks, IEEE 802.21 working group proposed Media Independent Handover (MIH). The scope of the IEEE 802.21 MIH standard is to develop a specification that provides link layer intelligence and other related network information to upper layers to optimize handovers between heterogeneous media. The IEEE 802.21 group defines the media independent handover function that will help mobile devices to roam across heterogeneous networks and stationary devices to switch over to any of the available heterogeneous networks around it.
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Lelli, Colleen, Kelly M. Ballard, and Amber Gentile. "Navigating the Barriers Presented by the COVID-19 Pandemic." In Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, 44–65. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7275-7.ch003.
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As educators and students navigated the changes amid COVID-19 and the switch to on-line learning, there became a critical need to identify and address the challenges experienced by all. This chapter highlights the findings and recommendations of a study that surveyed over 400 educators to gather their perceptions of the barriers presented by COVID-19 and their experiences as they adjusted to educating students during a pandemic. The COVID-19 Educator Impact Survey developed by the researchers focused on educators' perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 on instructional practices, emotional health, and student learning. Innovative practices to create a more equitable education with the intentional inclusion of Trauma Informed Practices and the newly created Guideposts for Trauma Informed Strategies are described. These guideposts can serve as recommendations for stakeholders with the goal of reimagining pedagogical practices and educational policies including trauma informed frameworks related to equity, access, and social-emotional learning skills for vulnerable populations.
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Titton, Monica. "Theory as Practice: Notes on the Sociology of a Practice-Based Fashion Theory." In Fashion Knowledge: Theories, Methods, Practices and Politics, 27–35. Intellect Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/9781789385182_2.
Full textAbstract:
The essay unpacks the institutionalization of practice-based fashion research and the formalization of design research degrees by framing this joint development within the context of the neo-liberalization of higher education. Through the lens of Bourdieu’s writings on the academic field, the establishment of practice-based research is then examined as the expression of a power struggle over influence and relevance, a struggle that is further intensified by the aforementioned neo-liberalization of academia. In the second part of the essay, I switch my analytic perspective and discuss theory as a neglected domain of knowledge production, both in academic research and in practice-based enquiries, and propose theory as a crucial, analytically cohesive tool in the production of fashion knowledge. The magazine as the paradigmatic fashion publication is proposed in the conclusion as the ideal ecology for the publication and enactment of this type of fashion knowledge, be it written or visual.
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Bourdena, Athina, Prodromos Makris, Dimitrios N. Skoutas, Charalabos Skianis, George Kormentzas, Evangelos Pallis, and George Mastorakis. "Joint Radio Resource Management in Cognitive Networks." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 50–80. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4189-1.ch003.
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In this chapter, Joint Radio Resource Management (JRRM) issues in cognitive networks are discussed presenting the TV White Spaces (TVWS) spectrum exploitation use case. TVWS are portions of UHF spectrum, which will be released and interleaved according to the geographical region due to the gradual switch-off of analogue TV and the adoption of digital TV. With the availability of TVWS and their temporary lease, traditional network planning and RRM design rationale points need to be enhanced. This chapter provides state-of-the-art work for existing cognitive radio network architectures, while a reference architecture for commons and secondary TVWS trading is proposed. Subsequently, JRRM concepts for heterogeneous Radio Access Technologies’ extension over TVWS aiming to continuously guarantee the QoS, the network key performance indicators, and at the same time targeting the overall highest system capacity, are presented. Finally, a thorough classification of existing admission control and scheduling techniques are provided, outlining the need for including continuously more cognitive and context-aware features in JRRM algorithms being applicable in advanced Heterogeneous Networking (HetNet) environments.
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Glinsky, Albert. "The Island of Electronicus." In Switched On, 235–47. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197642078.003.0019.
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Abstract The Minimoog D was in production, but Bob’s business was being severely tested. Customers like Paul Bley had defected to ARP; Eric Siday became a scofflaw; and Herb Deutsch threatened a suit over Project Pulse, an educational initiative he had hoped to launch with Bob. Just when things couldn’t get worse, a new competitor showed up on the scene—one who had defected from Bob’s own ranks. Gene Zumchak had signed on with Bill Waytena to design a new synth, the Sonic V, under the Musonics name. Waytena was now competing directly with Bob, though without much success, as Tom Gullo, one of his engineers, remembered. Waytena made preliminary plans to assume Bob’s debts and take over R. A. Moog. Meanwhile, the owner of Taco Bell helped David Van Koevering start “The Island of Electronicus,” a quasi-night-club—sans alcohol—where kids could try out Minimoogs and hopefully buy them.
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Hardy, Lawrence Harold. "A History of Computer Networking Technology." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 613–18. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch082.
Full textAbstract:
The computer has influenced the very fabric of modern society. As a stand-alone machine, it has proven itself a practical and highly efficient tool for education, commerce, science, and medicine. When attached to a network—the Internet for example—it becomes the nexus of opportunity, transforming our lives in ways that are both problematic and astonishing. Computer networks are the source for vast amounts of knowledge, which can predict the weather, identify organ donors and recipients, or analyze the complexity of the human genome (Shindler, 2002). The linking of ideas across an information highway satisfies a primordial hunger humans have to belong and to communicate. Early civilizations, to satisfy this desire, created information highways of carrier pigeons (Palmer, 2006). The history of computer networking begins in the 19th century with the invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the radiotelegraph. The first communications information highway based on electricity was created with the deployment of the telegraph. The telegraph itself is no more than an electromagnet connected to a battery, connected to a switch, connected to wire (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The telegraph operates very straightforwardly. To send a message (electric current), the telegrapher rapidly opens and closes the telegraph switch. The receiving telegraph uses the electric current to create a magnetic field, which causes an observable mechanical event (Calvert, 2004). The first commercial telegraph was patented in Great Britain by Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke in 1837 (The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2007). The Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph required six wires and five magnetic needles. Messages were created when combinations of the needles were deflected left or right to indicate letters (Derfler & Freed, 2002). Almost simultaneous to the Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph was the Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph in the United States in 1837 (Calvert, 2004). In comparison, the Morse Telegraph was decidedly different from its European counterpart. First, it was much simpler than the Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph: to transmit messages, it used one wire instead of six. Second, it used a code and a sounder to send and receive messages instead of deflected needles (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The simplicity of the Morse Telegraph made it the worldwide standard. The next major change in telegraphy occurred because of the efforts of French inventor Emile Baudot. Baudot’s first innovation replaced the telegrapher’s key with a typewriter like keyboard. His second innovation replaced the dots and dashes of Morse code with a five-unit or five-bit code—similar to American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) or extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC)—he developed. Unlike Morse code, which relied upon a series of dots and dashes, each letter in the Baudot code contained a combination of five electrical pulses. Eventually all major telegraph companies converted to Baudot code, which eliminated the need for a skilled Morse code telegrapher (Derfler & Freed, 2002). Finally, Baudot, in 1894, invented a distributor which allowed his printing telegraph to multiplex its signals; as many as eight machines could send simultaneous messages over one telegraph circuit (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia , 2006). The Baudot printing telegraph paved the way for the Teletype and Telex (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The second forerunner of modern computer networking was the telephone. It was a significant advancement over the telegraph for it personalized telecommunications, bringing the voices and emotions of the sender to the receiver. Unlike its predecessor the telegraph, telephone networks created virtual circuit to connect telephones to one another (Shindler, 2002). Legend credits Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the telephone in 1876. He was not. Bell was the first to patent the telephone. Historians credit Italian- American scientist Antonio Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. Meucci began working on his design for a talking telegraph in 1849 and filed a caveat for his design in 1871 but was unable to finance commercial development. In 2002, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution recognizing his accomplishment to telecommunications (Library of Congress, 2007).
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Hardy, Lawrence Harold. "A History of Computer Networking Technology." In Networking and Telecommunications, 26–32. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-986-1.ch003.
Full textAbstract:
The computer has influenced the very fabric of modern society. As a stand-alone machine, it has proven itself a practical and highly efficient tool for education, commerce, science, and medicine. When attached to a network—the Internet for example—it becomes the nexus of opportunity, transforming our lives in ways that are both problematic and astonishing. Computer networks are the source for vast amounts of knowledge, which can predict the weather, identify organ donors and recipients, or analyze the complexity of the human genome (Shindler, 2002). The linking of ideas across an information highway satisfies a primordial hunger humans have to belong and to communicate. Early civilizations, to satisfy this desire, created information highways of carrier pigeons (Palmer, 2006). The history of computer networking begins in the 19th century with the invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the radiotelegraph. The first communications information highway based on electricity was created with the deployment of the telegraph. The telegraph itself is no more than an electromagnet connected to a battery, connected to a switch, connected to wire (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The telegraph operates very straightforwardly. To send a message (electric current), the telegrapher rapidly opens and closes the telegraph switch. The receiving telegraph uses the electric current to create a magnetic field, which causes an observable mechanical event (Calvert, 2004). The first commercial telegraph was patented in Great Britain by Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke in 1837 (The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2007). The Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph required six wires and five magnetic needles. Messages were created when combinations of the needles were deflected left or right to indicate letters (Derfler & Freed, 2002). Almost simultaneous to the Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph was the Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph in the United States in 1837 (Calvert, 2004). In comparison, the Morse Telegraph was decidedly different from its European counterpart. First, it was much simpler than the Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph: to transmit messages, it used one wire instead of six. Second, it used a code and a sounder to send and receive messages instead of deflected needles (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The simplicity of the Morse Telegraph made it the worldwide standard. The next major change in telegraphy occurred because of the efforts of French inventor Emile Baudot. Baudot’s first innovation replaced the telegrapher’s key with a typewriter like keyboard. His second innovation replaced the dots and dashes of Morse code with a five-unit or five-bit code—similar to American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) or extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC)—he developed. Unlike Morse code, which relied upon a series of dots and dashes, each letter in the Baudot code contained a combination of five electrical pulses. Eventually all major telegraph companies converted to Baudot code, which eliminated the need for a skilled Morse code telegrapher (Derfler & Freed, 2002). Finally, Baudot, in 1894, invented a distributor which allowed his printing telegraph to multiplex its signals; as many as eight machines could send simultaneous messages over one telegraph circuit (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia , 2006). The Baudot printing telegraph paved the way for the Teletype and Telex (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The second forerunner of modern computer networking was the telephone. It was a significant advancement over the telegraph for it personalized telecommunications, bringing the voices and emotions of the sender to the receiver. Unlike its predecessor the telegraph, telephone networks created virtual circuit to connect telephones to one another (Shindler, 2002). Legend credits Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the telephone in 1876. He was not. Bell was the first to patent the telephone. Historians credit Italian- American scientist Antonio Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. Meucci began working on his design for a talking telegraph in 1849 and filed a caveat for his design in 1871 but was unable to finance commercial development. In 2002, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution recognizing his accomplishment to telecommunications (Library of Congress, 2007).
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Sloan, Nate, Charlie Harding, and Iris Gottlieb. "What Makes Pop So Catchy." In Switched On Pop, 70–78. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190056650.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 7 examines Ariana Grande’s “Break Free,” a platonic pop song designed to grab listeners’ ears and never let go. It works its infectious magic through a constellation of hooks, some of the more derided elements of modern pop music. Hooks may be engineered for mass appeal, but no two are created alike. “Break Free” is an ideal site for analyzing how hooks work because it utilizes a number of different types: motif hooks, section hooks, and conceptual hooks. Producers Zedd and Max Martin don’t just create catchy melodies, riffs, and choruses, they connect them through an over-arching theme of “breaking free.” Together, they make Grande’s hit impossible to resist.
Conference papers on the topic "Switch over Design"
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Zhou, Bing, and Jing Hui Zhao. "Design of multi-channel automatic switch high precision low voltage change-over switch." In 2015 Joint International Mechanical, Electronic and Information Technology Conference. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jimet-15.2015.169.
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Fujihashi, C., M. Kimura, and K. Maezawa. "Over-size packet accepting scheduler and optical switch design." In 2008 International Conference on Photonics in Switching (PS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ps.2008.4804157.
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Maninder, K., Deepak Bansal, and K. J. Rangra. "Design of MEMS based ‘cross over junction’ for T-type switch." In 5TH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES: (NCTP‐09). American Institute of Physics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4945175.
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Raman, Shubham Kumar, Shrijeet Das, and Ayush Sinha. "Design of Accident Protection System with switch over technique using Arduino Uno." In 2018 International Conference on Advanced Computation and Telecommunication (ICACAT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacat.2018.8933641.
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Geatches, Rachel M., Susan V. Dewar, and Richard V. Penty. "Vertical couplers: all-optical switch design." In Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1996.nme.1.
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Nonlinear directional couplers (NLDCs) have been shown to have great potential as the basis for all-optical switching devices (reviewed, for example by Agrawal and Boyd [1]). The potential for nonlinear switching has been demonstrated in InGaAsP NLDCs, by utilizing resonant non-linearities near the band gap, i.e., λ = 1.55μm, thereby requiring moderate switching powers [2]. However, the required swiching power is higher than that ideally required for semiconductor laser optical sources and so it is important that this is minimised. Significant reductions in switching power have been predicted in coupled fibers with asymmetric configurations when compared to corresponding symmetric designs [3]. Chen et al also forecast further reductions in switching power by matching gain in one guide to loss in the other. We have studied the design of asymmetric semiconductor couplers, where the coupling is finely balanced, and predict the switching power to be substantially reduced when compared with symmetric designs. These investigations are now being extended to vertical configurations, which are expected to have significant advantages over the more conventional horizontal designs. By adopting a vertical configuration, the waveguiding regions can be realistically closer together, thereby reducing the coupling length, which will allow for a minimum of loss over the distance required for switching. Furthermore, the geometrical asymmetry of the coupler can be maximized, by coupling a planar-guide to a rib-guide. Likewise material asymmetry can be introduced easily into a vertical configuration. Finally, by having the guides in different planes, the doping requirements needed for biasing in order to induce gain (at transparency), can be more easily realised.
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Maas, Toon, Laurent Ney, and Eric Bodarwè. "ViA15 - A paradigm switch for bridge design." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.2035.
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<p>Designing new highway infrastructure creates accessibility and improve traffic situations, however, on the direct environment, a positive impact is less evident. This paper discusses the project vision and the bridge design of the new highway infrastructure over the Pannerdensch Kanaal and its surrounding Natura-2000 area. The project is part of the extension of the A15 and connection to the A12 in Gelderland, The Netherlands. When designing new highway infrastructure, the car is the biggest winner. The others unfortunately tend to lose. The others are, what we like to call, “The local habitat”: local population, cyclists and pedestrians, but as well the flora and fauna. A paradigm switch is needed and lays at the basis of this nature-inclusive infrastructure, with the longest covered cycle bridge in the world.</p>
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Maas, Toon, Laurent Ney, and Eric Bodarwè. "ViA15 - A paradigm switch for bridge design." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.2035.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Designing new highway infrastructure creates accessibility and improve traffic situations, however, on the direct environment, a positive impact is less evident. This paper discusses the project vision and the bridge design of the new highway infrastructure over the Pannerdensch Kanaal and its surrounding Natura-2000 area. The project is part of the extension of the A15 and connection to the A12 in Gelderland, The Netherlands. When designing new highway infrastructure, the car is the biggest winner. The others unfortunately tend to lose. The others are, what we like to call, “The local habitat”: local population, cyclists and pedestrians, but as well the flora and fauna. A paradigm switch is needed and lays at the basis of this nature-inclusive infrastructure, with the longest covered cycle bridge in the world.</p>
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Birman, Victor, and Sarp Adali. "Active Optimum Control of Orthotropic Plates Using Piezoelectric Stiffeners." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0157.
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Abstract Active control of orthotropic plates subjected to an impulse loading is considered. The dynamic response is minimized using in-plane forces or bending moments induced by piezoelectric stiffeners bonded to the opposite surfaces of the plate and placed symmetrically with respect to the middle plane. The control forces and moments are activated by a piece-wise constant alternating voltage with varying switch-over time intervals. The magnitude of voltage is bounded while the switch-over time intervals are constantly adjusted to achieve an optimum control. Numerical examples presented in the paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and the possibility of reducing the vibrations to very small amplitudes within a short time interval which is in the order of a second.
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Rai, Palash Kailash, Ayoush Johari, Shivoy Srivastava, and Pooja Gupta. "Design and Implementation of Women Safety Band with switch over methodology using Arduino Uno." In 2018 International Conference on Advanced Computation and Telecommunication (ICACAT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacat.2018.8933713.
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Vieites, Angela Souto, and Roberto R. Osorio. "Architecture and Implementation of a Data Compression System at Switch-Level in ATA-over-Ethernet Storage Networks." In 2013 Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsd.2013.122.
Full textReports on the topic "Switch over Design"
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.
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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.