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Journal articles on the topic 'Switch controls'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Iqbal, Amjad, Amor Smida, Nazih Mallat, Ridha Ghayoula, Issa Elfergani, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Sunghwan Kim. "Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for Emerging Wireless Communication Systems." Electronics 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2019): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040407.

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A printed and minimal size antenna having the functionality of frequency shifting as well as pattern reconfigurability is presented in this work. The antenna proposed in this work consists of three switches. Switch 1 is a lumped switch that controls the operating bands of the antenna. Switch 2 and Switch 3 controls the beam switching of the antenna. When the Switch 1 is ON, the proposed antenna operates at 3.1 GHz and 6.8 GHz, covering the 2.5–4.2 GHz and 6.2–7.4 GHz bands, respectively. When Switch 1 is OFF, the antenna operates only at 3.1 GHz covering the 2.5–4.2 GHz band. The desired beam from the antenna can be obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF states of Switches 2 and 3. Unique beams can be obtained by different combination of ON and OFF states of the Switches 2 and 3. A gain greater than 3.7 dBi is obtained for all four cases.

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2

Pedini, Giorgia, and Claudia Bagni. "Epigenetic switch controls social actions." Neuron 110, no. 7 (April 2022): 1085–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.028.

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3

Sumner, Seirian, and Solenn Patalano. "A switch that controls cells also controls insects." New Scientist 214, no. 2866 (May 2012): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(12)61351-7.

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4

Knight, Kathryn. "Brain switch controls glow-worm light." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): jeb232835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.232835.

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5

Mayr, Ulrich, Jörn Diedrichsen, Richard Ivry, and Steven W. Keele. "Dissociating Task-set Selection from Task-set Inhibition in the Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892906775250085.

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Patients with focal lesions in the left (n = 7) and right (n = 4) prefrontal cortex were compared with controls (n = 16) in a task-switching experiment using four different, simple spatial tasks. Each of these tasks involved a left-right decision, either regarding an arrow, the word “left” or “right”, a circle position, or the direction of a moving line. We compared performance on trials that required rule switches versus rule repetitions (local switch costs) and we compared performance between blocks with bivalent stimuli (two dimensions present) and blocks with univalent stimuli (only one dimension present) to assess global switch costs. Patients with left prefrontal lesions, but not patients with right prefrontal lesions, exhibited increased costs on trials in which the relevant dimension switched (local switch costs), but also on no-switch trials with bivalent stimuli (global costs). We also assessed task-set inhibition in the form of the backward-inhibition effect [increased response times to recently abandoned tasks; Mayr, U., & Keele, S. Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 4-26, 2000]. Although left frontal patients showed normal inhibition, right frontal patients showed no evidence for inhibition. These results suggest a neurocognitive dissociation between task-set selection and inhibition.

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Esposito, Daniela, Emanuele Bobbio, Rosa Di Fraia, Pasquale Mone, Giacomo Accardo, Annamaria De Bellis, Sergio Iorio, et al. "Patients with adrenal insufficiency have cardiovascular features associated with hypovolemia." Endocrine 70, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02458-3.

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Abstract Context Patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) have excess mortality and morbidity, mainly due to cardiovascular (CV) diseases. The mechanisms for this is unclear. Objective To assess CV structure and function in AI patients on conventional replacement therapy and after switching to once-daily, modified-release hydrocortisone (OD-HC) in comparison with healthy matched controls. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 17 adult AI patients (11 with primary AI, 6 with secondary AI) on stable replacement with cortisone acetate [median (minimum, maximum) 33.5 (12.5–50) mg] and, if needed, fludrocortisone [0.1 (0.05–0.2) mg], and 17 healthy matched controls. Ten patients were switched to an equivalent dose of OD-HC. Data from echocardiography, 24 h Holter-ECG and 24 h blood pressure monitoring were collected at baseline and 6 months after the switch to OD-HC. Results At baseline, AI patients had smaller left ventricular diastolic diameter (47.1 ± 4.2 vs. 51.6 ± 2.3 mm; P = 0.001) and left atrial diameter (34.9 ± 4.7 vs. 38.2 ± 2.6 cm; P = 0.018), and a higher ejection fraction (62.5 ± 6.9% vs. 56.0 ± 4.7%; P = 0.003) than controls. AI patients had lower nocturnal systolic and diastolic blood pressure than controls (108 ± 15 mmHg vs. 117 ± 8 mmHg; P = 0.038 and 65 ± 9 mmHg vs. 73 ± 7 mmHg; P = 0.008, respectively). After the switch to OD-HC, nocturnal diastolic blood pressure normalised. No significant changes were observed in echocardiographic and Holter-ECG parameters following the switch. Conclusions AI patients on conventional treatment display cardiovascular abnormalities that could be related to hypovolemia. Switch to OD-HC seems to have beneficial effect on blood pressure profile, but no effect on cardiovascular structure and function.

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7

SCHMITTER-EDGECOMBE, MAUREEN, and CHAD SANDERS. "Task switching in mild cognitive impairment: Switch and nonswitch costs." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15, no. 1 (January 2009): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708090140.

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AbstractThe ability to switch rapidly and fluidly between tasks is an important component of many everyday activities. In this study, we used a predictable, externally cued task-switching paradigm to investigate executive control processes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants were 26 individuals with amnestic MCI and 26 healthy older adult (OA) controls. In the mixed-task trials, participants switched between classifying whether a digit was odd/even or a letter was a consonant/vowel on every fourth trial. In the single-task trials, participants completed only the digit task or letter task throughout the entire block. Task switching costs were decomposed into nonswitch costs, which reflect the dual nature of the task, and switch costs, which reflect set-shifting abilities. The results revealed that the MCI group was not affected more than the healthy OAs by the requirement of keeping two tasks sets active in working memory (nonswitch costs). In contrast, the cost of switching between the two tasks was significantly greater for the MCI group compared with the OA controls (switch costs). Future research is needed to better understand the nature and implications for daily living of the greater switch costs found for individuals with MCI. (JINS, 2009, 15, 103–111.)

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8

Wu, Lindsay E., and David A. Sinclair. "SIRT 2 controls the pentose phosphate switch." EMBO Journal 33, no. 12 (May 13, 2014): 1287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.201488713.

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9

Chaneton, Barbara, and Eyal Gottlieb. "PGAMgnam Style: A Glycolytic Switch Controls Biosynthesis." Cancer Cell 22, no. 5 (November 2012): 565–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2012.10.014.

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10

ROTKIN, SLAVA V., and ILYA ZHAROV. "NANOTUBE LIGHT-CONTROLLED ELECTRONIC SWITCH." International Journal of Nanoscience 01, no. 03n04 (June 2002): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x02000280.

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A novel carbon nanotube electronic device is proposed: a light-controlled electronic switch. A charged molecule has been designed for a noncovalent modification of the nanotube. Photon absorption by the molecule results in nanomechanical switching of the charge position which controls the electron/hole transport through the nanotube.

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11

Wiesler, Simone C., Patricia C. Burrows, and Martin Buck. "A dual switch controls bacterial enhancer-dependent transcription." Nucleic Acids Research 40, no. 21 (September 8, 2012): 10878–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks844.

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12

Seale, Patrick, Bryan Bjork, Wenli Yang, Shingo Kajimura, Sherry Chin, Shihuan Kuang, Anthony Scimè, et al. "PRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch." Nature 454, no. 7207 (August 2008): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07182.

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13

Guo, Rui, Chang Jiang, Yuchen Zhang, Apurva Govande, Stephen J. Trudeau, Fang Chen, Christopher J. Fry, et al. "MYC Controls the Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Switch." Molecular Cell 78, no. 4 (May 2020): 653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.025.

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14

Liu, Lijun, Susy C. Kohout, Qiang Xu, Simone Müller, Christopher R. Kimberlin, Ehud Y. Isacoff, and Daniel L. Minor. "A glutamate switch controls voltage-sensitive phosphatase function." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 19, no. 6 (May 6, 2012): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2289.

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15

Friedland, J. C., M. H. Lee, and D. Boettiger. "Mechanically Activated Integrin Switch Controls 5 1 Function." Science 323, no. 5914 (January 30, 2009): 642–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1168441.

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16

Li, Ting Jun, Ji Wen Fan, Zhi Yong Liu, Jie Wang, and Lian Sheng Wang. "Design and Implement of a TACAN Simulation Cabinet Turns On/Off." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 2002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.2002.

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TACAN beacon is expensive. It can not meet the needs of training and learning. The use of simulation cabinet can effectively training the personnel who operate TACAN. There are two modes of TACAN beacon switch. They are automatic and manual. There is a SCM system in the simulation cabinet. The SCM system collects the state of switches, and controls the display. It communicates with the host computer through the serial port. The computer controls the SCM through the VB program. It can simplify the writing of SCM programming and the function expanding. The method is feasible effective by the experiment, and the simulation cabinet has practical value.

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17

Tang, Yangfeng, Shangyi Yu, Yang Liu, Jiajun Zhang, Lin Han, and Zhiyun Xu. "MicroRNA-124 controls human vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch via Sp1." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 313, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): H641—H649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00660.2016.

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Phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and aortic dissection. However, the mechanisms of phenotypic modulation are still unclear. MicroRNAs have emerged as important regulators of VSMC function. We recently found that microRNA-124 (miR-124) was downregulated in proliferative vascular diseases that were characterized by a VSMC phenotypic switch. Therefore, we speculated that the aberrant expression of miR-124 might play a critical role in human aortic VSMC phenotypic switch. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we found that miR-124 was dramatically downregulated in the aortic media of clinical specimens of the dissected aorta and correlated with molecular markers of the contractile VSMC phenotype. Overexpression of miR-124 by mimicking transfection significantly attenuated platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced human aortic VSMC proliferation and phenotypic switch. Furthermore, we identified specificity protein 1 (Sp1) as the downstream target of miR-124. A luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm direct miR-124 targeting of the 3′-untranslated region of the Sp1 gene and repression of Sp1 expression in human aortic VSMCs. Furthermore, constitutively active Sp1 in miR-124-overexpressing VSMCs reversed the antiproliferative effects of miR-124. These results demonstrated a novel mechanism of miR-124 modulation of VSMC phenotypic switch by targeting Sp1 expression. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-124 is involved in the proliferation of a variety of cell types. However, miRNAs are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. We first identified miR-124 as a critical regulator in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation, proliferation, and phenotype switch by targeting the 3′-untranslated region of specificity protein 1.

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Mishra, Abhishek Kumar, Cornelia Fritsch, Roumen Voutev, Richard S. Mann, and Simon G. Sprecher. "Homothorax controls a binary Rhodopsin switch in Drosophila ocelli." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 7 (July 27, 2021): e1009460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009460.

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Visual perception of the environment is mediated by specialized photoreceptor (PR) neurons of the eye. Each PR expresses photosensitive opsins, which are activated by a particular wavelength of light. In most insects, the visual system comprises a pair of compound eyes that are mainly associated with motion, color or polarized light detection, and a triplet of ocelli that are thought to be critical during flight to detect horizon and movements. It is widely believed that the evolutionary diversification of compound eye and ocelli in insects occurred from an ancestral visual organ around 500 million years ago. Concurrently, opsin genes were also duplicated to provide distinct spectral sensitivities to different PRs of compound eye and ocelli. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Rhodopsin1 (Rh1) and Rh2 are closely related opsins that originated from the duplication of a single ancestral gene. However, in the visual organs, Rh2 is uniquely expressed in ocelli whereas Rh1 is uniquely expressed in outer PRs of the compound eye. It is currently unknown how this differential expression of Rh1 and Rh2 in the two visual organs is controlled to provide unique spectral sensitivities to ocelli and compound eyes. Here, we show that Homothorax (Hth) is expressed in ocelli and confers proper rhodopsin expression. We find that Hth controls a binary Rhodopsin switch in ocelli to promote Rh2 expression and repress Rh1 expression. Genetic and molecular analysis of rh1 and rh2 supports that Hth acts through their promoters to regulate Rhodopsin expression in the ocelli. Finally, we also show that when ectopically expressed in the retina, hth is sufficient to induce Rh2 expression only at the outer PRs in a cell autonomous manner. We therefore propose that the diversification of rhodpsins in the ocelli and retinal outer PRs occurred by duplication of an ancestral gene, which is under the control of Homothorax.

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Kaneda, Megan M., Karen S. Messer, Natacha Ralainirina, Hongying Li, Christopher J. Leem, Sara Gorjestani, Gyunghwi Woo, et al. "PI3Kγ is a molecular switch that controls immune suppression." Nature 539, no. 7629 (September 19, 2016): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19834.

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Sellars, MacLean, Bernardo Reina-San-Martin, Philippe Kastner, and Susan Chan. "Ikaros controls isotype selection during immunoglobulin class switch recombination." Journal of Experimental Medicine 206, no. 5 (May 4, 2009): 1073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20082311.

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Class switch recombination (CSR) allows the humoral immune response to exploit different effector pathways through specific secondary antibody isotypes. However, the molecular mechanisms and factors that control immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype choice for CSR are unclear. We report that deficiency for the Ikaros transcription factor results in increased and ectopic CSR to IgG2b and IgG2a, and reduced CSR to all other isotypes, regardless of stimulation. Ikaros suppresses active chromatin marks, transcription, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) accessibility at the γ2b and γ2a genes to inhibit class switching to these isotypes. Further, Ikaros directly regulates isotype gene transcription as it directly binds the Igh 3′ enhancer and interacts with isotype gene promoters. Finally, Ikaros-mediated repression of γ2b and γ2a transcription promotes switching to other isotype genes by allowing them to compete for AID-mediated recombination at the single-cell level. Thus, our results reveal transcriptional competition between constant region genes in individual cells to be a critical and general mechanism for isotype specification during CSR. We show that Ikaros is a master regulator of this competition.

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Kelly, B. T., S. C. Graham, N. Liska, P. N. Dannhauser, S. Honing, E. J. Ungewickell, and D. J. Owen. "AP2 controls clathrin polymerization with a membrane-activated switch." Science 345, no. 6195 (July 24, 2014): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254836.

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22

Ke, Ailong, Kaihong Zhou, Fang Ding, Jamie H. D. Cate, and Jennifer A. Doudna. "A conformational switch controls hepatitis delta virus ribozyme catalysis." Nature 429, no. 6988 (May 2004): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02522.

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23

Yan, Yingyi, Fred C. Lee, and Paolo Mattavelli. "Unified Three-Terminal Switch Model for Current Mode Controls." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 27, no. 9 (September 2012): 4060–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2012.2188841.

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Sellars, MacLean, Bernardo Reina-San-Martin, Philippe Kastner, and Susan Chan. "Ikaros controls isotype selection during immunoglobulin class switch recombination." Journal of Cell Biology 185, no. 4 (May 18, 2009): i10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb1854oia10.

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Li, Dong, Ting Liu, Xiaobing Zuo, Tao Li, Xiangyun Qiu, and Alex Evilevitch. "Ionic switch controls the DNA state in phage λ." Nucleic Acids Research 43, no. 13 (June 19, 2015): 6348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv611.

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Shalizi, A. "A Calcium-Regulated MEF2 Sumoylation Switch Controls Postsynaptic Differentiation." Science 311, no. 5763 (February 17, 2006): 1012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1122513.

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27

Bier, Carolin, Shirley K. Knauer, Dominic Docter, Günter Schneider, Oliver H. Krämer, and Roland H. Stauber. "The Importin-Alpha/Nucleophosmin Switch Controls Taspase1 Protease Function." Traffic 12, no. 6 (April 13, 2011): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01191.x.

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28

Flevaris, Panagiotis, Aleksandra Stojanovic, Haixia Gong, Athar Chishti, Emily Welch, and Xiaoping Du. "A molecular switch that controls cell spreading and retraction." Journal of Cell Biology 179, no. 3 (October 29, 2007): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200703185.

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Integrin-dependent cell spreading and retraction are required for cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, and thus are important in thrombosis, wound repair, immunity, and cancer development. It remains unknown how integrin outside-in signaling induces and controls these two opposite processes. This study reveals that calpain cleavage of integrin β3 at Tyr759 switches the functional outcome of integrin signaling from cell spreading to retraction. Expression of a calpain cleavage–resistant β3 mutant in Chinese hamster ovary cells causes defective clot retraction and RhoA-mediated retraction signaling but enhances cell spreading. Conversely, a calpain-cleaved form of β3 fails to mediate cell spreading, but inhibition of the RhoA signaling pathway corrects this defect. Importantly, the calpain-cleaved β3 fails to bind c-Src, which is required for integrin-induced cell spreading, and this requirement of β3-associated c-Src results from its inhibition of RhoA-dependent contractile signals. Thus, calpain cleavage of β3 at Tyr759 relieves c-Src–mediated RhoA inhibition, activating the RhoA pathway that confines cell spreading and causes cell retraction.

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29

"Molecular Switch Controls Neuronal Migration in the Developing Brain." Current Research in Neuroscience 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2010): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/crn.2011.27.28.

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Gerber, Stefan H., Jong-Cheol Rah, Sang-Won Min, Xinran Liu, Heidi de Wit, Irina Dulubova, Alexander C. Meyer, et al. "Conformational Switch of Syntaxin-1 Controls Synaptic Vesicle Fusion." Science 321, no. 5895 (August 14, 2008): 1507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1163174.

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Whittle, Martin C., Kamel Izeradjene, P. Geetha Rani, Libing Feng, Markus A. Carlson, Kathleen E. DelGiorno, Laura D. Wood, et al. "RUNX3 Controls a Metastatic Switch in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma." Cell 161, no. 6 (June 2015): 1345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.048.

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van Wijk, Sebastiaan W., Mieke M. Driessen, Folkert J. Meijboom, Pieter A. Doevendans, Paul H. Schoof, Hans M. Breur, and Tim Takken. "Left ventricular function and exercise capacity after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Cardiology in the Young 28, no. 7 (May 31, 2018): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951117001032.

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AbstractBackgroundThe arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries was initially believed to be an anatomical correction. Recent evidence shows reduced exercise capacity and left ventricular function in varying degrees in the long term after an arterial switch operation.ObjectiveTo perform a meta-analysis on long-term exercise capacity and left ventricular ejection fraction after an arterial switch operation.MethodsA literature search was performed to cover all studies on patients who had undergone a minimum of 6 years of follow-up that reported either left ventricular ejection fraction, peak oxygen uptake, peak workload, and/or peak heart rate. A meta-analysis was performed if more than three studies reported the outcome of interest.ResultsA total of 21 studies reported on the outcomes of interest. Oxygen uptake was consistently lower in patients who had undergone an arterial switch operation compared with healthy controls, with a pooled average peak oxygen uptake of 87.5±2.9% of predicted. The peak heart rate was also lower compared with that of controls, at 92±2% of predicted. Peak workload was significantly reduced in two studies. Pooled left ventricular ejection fraction was normal at 60.7±7.2%.ConclusionExercise capacity is reduced and left ventricular ejection fraction is preserved in the long term after an arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.

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Pilquil, Carlos, Zahra Alvandi, and Michal Opas. "Calreticulin regulates a switch between osteoblast and chondrocyte lineages derived from murine embryonic stem cells." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 20 (March 27, 2020): 6861–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011029.

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Calreticulin is a highly conserved, ubiquitous Ca2+-buffering protein in the endoplasmic reticulum that controls transcriptional activity of various developmental programs and also of embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Calreticulin activates calcineurin, which dephosphorylates and induces the nuclear import of the osteogenic transcription regulator nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATC1). We investigated whether calreticulin controls a switch between osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in mouse ESCs through NFATC1. We found that in the absence of calreticulin, intranuclear transport of NFATC1 is blocked and that differentiation switches from osteogenic to chondrogenic, a process that could be mimicked by chemical inhibition of NFAT translocation. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) deactivation and nuclear localization of β-catenin critical to osteogenesis were abrogated by calreticulin deficiency or NFAT blockade. Chemically induced GSK3β inhibition bypassed the calreticulin/calcineurin axis and increased osteoblast output from both control and calreticulin-deficient ESCs, while suppressing chondrogenesis. Calreticulin-deficient ESCs or cells treated with an NFAT blocker had enhanced expression of dickkopf WNT-signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (Dkk1), a canonical Wnt pathway antagonist that blocks GSK3β deactivation. The addition of recombinant mDKK1 switched osteogenic ESC differentiation toward chondrogenic differentiation. The results of our study indicate a role for endoplasmic reticulum calcium signaling via calreticulin in the differentiation of ESCs to closely associated osteoblast or chondrocyte lineages.

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Shereen, Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Irfan Khattak, and Mu’ath Al-Hasan. "A Frequency and Radiation Pattern Combo-Reconfigurable Novel Antenna for 5G Applications and Beyond." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091372.

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This paper presents a novel combo-reconfigurable architecture for the frequency and radiation patterning of a novel antenna system for future fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave mobile communication. The tuning system independently controls the frequency and radiation pattern shifts, without letting them affect each other. The proposed antenna consists of two patches, radiating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz. A negative-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor (NMOS) transistor was used as a switch for ON/OFF states. Frequency reconfiguration was controlled by switches SD1 and SD2, while pattern reconfigurability was achieved by SD3–SD18. The desired resonant frequencies of 28 GHz and 38 GHz were achieved by varying patch dimensions through the ON and OFF states of the SD1 and SD2 switches. Similarly, parasitic stubs on the ground are used to control surface currents, which results in pattern reconfiguration. The results were analyzed for 18 different combinations of the switch states. Adding/removing parasitic stubs and switches changed the beam steering angle (by 45° shift) from 0° to 180°, which modified the stub dimensions and changed the beam-width of the main lobe.

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Lin, Yuan, Youchao Qi, Jiaqi Wang, Guoxu Liu, Zhaozheng Wang, Junqing Zhao, Yi Lv, et al. "Self-Powered and Autonomous Vibrational Wake-Up System Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators and MEMS Switch." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 14, 2022): 3752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103752.

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With the extensive application of wireless sensing nodes, the demand for sustainable energy in unattended environments is increasing. Here, we report a self-powered and autonomous vibrational wake-up system (SAVWS) based on triboelectric nanogenerators and micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switches. The energy triboelectric nanogenerator (E-TENG) harvests vibration energy to power the wireless transmitter through a MEMS switch. The signal triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG) controls the state of the MEMS switch as a self-powered accelerometer and shows good linearity in the acceleration range of 1–4.5 m/s2 at 30 Hz with a sensitivity of about 14.6 V/(m/s2). When the acceleration increases, the S-TENG turns on the MEMS switch, and the wireless transmitter transmits an alarm signal with the energy from E-TENG, using only 0.64 mJ. Using TENGs simultaneously as an energy source and a sensor, the SAVWS provides a self-powered vibration monitoring solution for unattended environments and shows extensive applications and great promise in smart factories, autonomous driving, and the Internet of Things.

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Yi, Sang Ah, Ye Ji Jeon, Min Gyu Lee, Ki Hong Nam, Sora Ann, Jaecheol Lee, and Jeung-Whan Han. "S6K1 controls adiponectin expression by inducing a transcriptional switch: BMAL1-to-EZH2." Experimental & Molecular Medicine 54, no. 3 (March 2022): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-022-00747-7.

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AbstractAdiponectin (encoded by Adipoq), a fat-derived hormone, alleviates risk factors associated with metabolic disorders. Although many transcription factors are known to control adiponectin expression, the mechanism underlying its fluctuation with regard to metabolic status remains unclear. Here, we show that ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) controls adiponectin expression by inducing a transcriptional switch between two transcriptional machineries, BMAL1 and EZH2. Active S6K1 induced a suppressive histone code cascade, H2BS36p-EZH2-H3K27me3, leading to suppression of adiponectin expression. Moreover, active S6K1 phosphorylated BMAL1, an important transcription factor regulating the circadian clock system, at serine 42, which led to its dissociation from the Adipoq promoter region. This response resulted in EZH2 recruitment and subsequent H3K27me3 modification of the Adipoq promoter. Upon fasting, inactivation of S6K1 induced the opposite transcriptional switch, EZH2-to-BMAL1, promoting adiponectin expression. Consistently, S6K1-depleted mice exhibited lower H3K27me3 levels and elevated adiponectin expression. These findings identify a novel epigenetic switch system by which S6K1 controls the production of adiponectin, which displays beneficial effects on metabolism.

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Socolovsky, Merav. "Systems Biology and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Erythropoiesis." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): SCI—11—SCI—11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.sci-11.sci-11.

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Abstract Irreversible rapid cellular decisions are often controlled by network motifs known as bistable switches. We identified a cell-cycle regulated bistable switch that controls activation of the erythroid transcriptional program during early S phase of the last generation of erythroid colony-forming-unit progenitors (CFUe). This switch drives a rapid, multi-layered commitment event that activates GATA-1 transcription, renders the cells dependent on erythropoietin, and brings about chromatin reconfiguration at erythroid gene loci. In addition, it triggers an unusual process of genome-wide DNA demethylation, the first known example of such a process in somatic cell development. Approximately 25 to 30 percent of all methylation marks are lost from essentially all genomic elements during erythroid terminal differentiation. The bistable switch activating erythroid transcription consists of two linked double-negative feedback interactions of the erythroid transcriptional repressor PU.1, which antagonizes both S phase progression, and the erythroid master transcriptional regulator GATA-1. During operation of the switch, a rapid S phase-dependent decline in PU.1 activates GATA-1 transcription. The dependence of this switch on S phase progression coincides with a dramatic change in the nature of S phase itself, which becomes shorter and 50 percent faster. The accelerated intra-S phase DNA synthesis rate is essential for the loss of genome-wide DNA methylation, which in turn is required for the rapid induction of erythroid genes. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Cattaneo, Gabriele, Albert Costa, Alexandre Gironell, and Marco Calabria. "On the specificity of bilingual language control: A study with Parkinson's disease patients." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891900004x.

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AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between mechanisms involved in language control within dual- and single-language contexts by examining whether they are similarly impaired in bilingual PD patients. To do so, we explored the performance of bilingual individuals affected by PD and healthy controls on two linguistic tasks: between-language and within-language switching tasks. We focused on switch and mixing costs as measures of linguistic control.The results indicate that, whereas larger switch costs were observed in PD patients, compared to controls, solely during the between-language task, larger mixing costs appeared during both the between-language task and the within-language task. These results are discussed within the framework of the dual mechanism hypothesis, which suggests that switch and mixing costs are measures of two types of control: specifically reactive and proactive control. Therefore, we conclude that reactive control for switching between languages is domain-specific while proactive control mechanisms are more domain-general.

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Lukas, Martin, K. Malickova, M. Kolar, M. Bortlik, M. Vasatko, N. Machkova, V. Hruba, D. Duricova, and Milan Lukas. "Switching From Originator Adalimumab to the Biosimilar SB5 in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Short-term Experience From a Single Tertiary Clinical Centre." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, no. 7 (January 6, 2020): 915–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa001.

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Abstract Background and Aims Patients’ perspectives after switching from originator to biosimilar adalimumab have yet to be assessed. We evaluated the efficacy of switching from the originator adalimumab to a biosimilar compound [SB5] in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Methods Data on IBD patients who were switched from the originator to biosimilar adalimumab [SB5] at IBD Center ISCARE were analysed. Disease activity was assessed using standard clinical indices (Harvey-Bradshaw index [HBI] for Crohn’s disease [CD] and partial Mayo score for ulcerative colitis [UC]), and laboratory parameters (C-reactive protein [CRP] and faecal calprotectin [FC]). Trough levels and anti-drug antibodies were measured. Patients were evaluated 10 weeks [W10] after the switch, and results were compared with the control group of patients on originator compound. Results A total of 93 patients switched to biosimilar adalimumab were included [CD 86%] and were matched to 93 controls for age, gender, diagnosis, and disease activity. There was no difference in the disease activity in either SWITCH or ORIGINATOR cohorts between Weeks 0 and 10. Similarly, no difference was found between cohorts at both prespecified time points. Moreover, no significant differences in CRP or FC concentrations were seen between W0 and W10 either in the SWITCH, or in the ORIGINATOR cohort [p >0.05]. Adalimumab serum trough levels remained stable after the switch. No new safety signals were detected. Conclusions Our study confirmed that switching IBD patients from the originator adalimumab to a biosimilar compound [SB5] does not affect treatment efficacy.

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Wildish, David J., and Adriana E. Radulovici. "Amphipods in estuaries: the sibling species low salinity switch hypothesis." Zoosystematics and Evolution 96, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.55896.

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A novel low salinity switch hypothesis is proposed to account for the speciation of an obligate estuarine (oligohaline) amphipod, Orchestia aestuarensis, from a closely-related one, Orchestia mediterranea, found in both estuarine and marine conditions (euryhaline). The underlying genetic mechanisms could involve: 1. A dimorphic allele, or linked set of alleles, carried by the euryhaline amphipod which controls the ability to breed in low salinity conditions in estuaries and which is selected for in these conditions, producing the oligohaline amphipod. 2. A genetically-assimilated gene or genes, controlling the ability to breed in low salinity conditions in estuaries, which is/are “switched on” by low salinity conditions. 3. Allopatric speciation from a euryhaline to an oligohaline amphipod species where low salinity conditions is the selective switch. It is possible that other estuarine, sibling, amphipod pairs have evolved by salinity switching. In the North Atlantic coastal region, this could include: Gammarus tigrinus/G. daiberi and G. salinus/G. zaddachi (Amphipoda, Gammaridae).

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Sun, Xiang-Yu, Ping-Hong Jhou, Min-Ze Lu, and Chang-Ming Liaw. "Development of Wind IPMSG Based Bipolar DC Microgrids." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 03, no. 02 (February 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2102028.

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This paper presents the development of a wind Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator (IPMSG) based bipolar DC microgrids along with various switch-mode rectifiers. Firstly, the wind IPMSG is established and adequately controlled to possess satisfactory generating characteristics during different driven speeds and loads. Later, the boost switch-mode rectifier (SMR) based bipolar DC bus is established. Further, three-phase single-switch (3P1SW) boost SMR, three-phase two-switch (3P2SW) three-level boost SMR, and a three-phase three-switch (3P3SW) Vienna SMR are comparatively evaluated. Along with the proposed robust voltage and current controls, a well-regulated microgrid DC-bus voltage is established. Moreover, the voltage balancing control is proposed to minimize the imbalance in the bipolar DC-bus voltage. For the wind IPMSG having Vienna SMR, the commutation angle setting is adjusted to use the reluctance power component effectively.

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Falkenberg, Cecilia, Stefan Hallhagen, Krister Nilsson, Boris Nilsson, and Ingegerd Östman-Smith. "A study of the physiological consequences of sympathetic denervation of the heart caused by the arterial switch procedure." Cardiology in the Young 20, no. 2 (March 11, 2010): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951109990643.

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AbstractBackgroundThe arterial switch operation is the corrective operation for transposition of the great arteries, defined as the combination of concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculo–arterial connections, but there have been concerns about silent subendocardial ischaemia on exercise and coronary artery growth. The arterial switch divides the majority of the sympathetic nerves entering the heart; we have studied the effects of coronary flow and sensitivity to catecholamine stimulation in an animal model.MethodsA total of 10 piglets were operated on cardiopulmonary bypass with section and resuturing of aortic trunk, pulmonary artery and both coronary arteries, with 13 sham-operated controls. After 5–7 weeks of recovery, seven simulated switch survivors and 13 controls were studied.ResultsBasal heart rate was significantly higher in switch piglets: in vivo mean (standard deviation) 112 (12) versus sham 100 (10) beats per minute, (p = 0.042); in vitro (Langendorff preparation): 89 (9) versus sham 73 (8) beats per minute (p = 0.0056). In vivo maximal heart rate in response to epinephrine was increased in switch piglets, 209 (13) versus 190 (17) beats per minute (p = 0.044). In vitro dose–response curves to norepinephrine were shifted leftward and upwards (p = 0.0014), with an 80% increase in heart rate induced by 0.095 (0.053) norepinephrine micromole per litre perfusate in switch hearts versus 0.180 (0.035) norepinephrine micromole per litre (p = 0.023). Increase in coronary flow on norepinephrine stimulation and maximal coronary flow were significantly reduced in switch hearts: 0.3 (0.2) versus 0.8 (0.4) millilitre per gram heart weight (p = 0.045) and 2.5 (0.4) versus 3.1 (0.4) millilitre per gram heart (p = 0.030), respectively.ConclusionsA combination of increased intrinsic heart rate, increased sensitivity to chronotropic actions of norepinephrine, and a decreased maximal coronary flow creates potential for a mismatch between perfusion and energy demands.

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Migliore, Simone, Giuseppe Curcio, Alessandro Couyoumdjian, Anna Ghazaryan, Doriana Landi, Filomena Moffa, Livia Quintiliani, et al. "Executive functioning in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients without cognitive impairment: A task-switching protocol." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 24, no. 10 (July 5, 2017): 1328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517719149.

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Background: Cognitive dysfunction affects 40%–65% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, most often affecting information processing speed and working memory, mediated by the pre-frontal cortex (PFC). Objective: Our study aimed to investigate PFC functioning through a task-switching protocol in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients without cognitive impairment. Methods: A total of 24 RRMS patients and 25 controls were enrolled. Two different tasks were performed in rapid and random succession, so that the task was either changed from one trial to the next one (switch trials) or repeated (repetition trials). Switch trials are usually slower than repetitions, causing a so-called switch cost (SC). Results: Patients had worse performance than controls only in the switch trials, as indicated by increased SC and reaction times. Moreover, patients showed a reduced ability to reconfigure the task-set for the execution of a new task and to disengage from the previous one. Conclusion: Our results showed a primary deficit in executive control processes involved in the task-switching performance in RRMS patients without cognitive impairment. This deficit may depend on the functional impairment of the PFC, which is essential to adjust behaviour rapidly and flexibly in response to environmental changes, representing one of the most sophisticated human abilities.

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Chen, Wenlan, Kristin M. Beck, Robert Bücker, Michael Gullans, Mikhail D. Lukin, Haruka Tanji-Suzuki, and Vladan Vuletić. "All-Optical Switch and Transistor Gated by One Stored Photon." Science 341, no. 6147 (July 4, 2013): 768–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1238169.

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The realization of an all-optical transistor, in which one “gate” photon controls a “source” light beam, is a long-standing goal in optics. By stopping a light pulse in an atomic ensemble contained inside an optical resonator, we realized a device in which one stored gate photon controls the resonator transmission of subsequently applied source photons. A weak gate pulse induces bimodal transmission distribution, corresponding to zero and one gate photons. One stored gate photon produces fivefold source attenuation and can be retrieved from the atomic ensemble after switching more than one source photon. Without retrieval, one stored gate photon can switch several hundred source photons. With improved storage and retrieval efficiency, our work may enable various new applications, including photonic quantum gates and deterministic multiphoton entanglement.

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Morrison, Kaitlin R., William J. Smiles, Naomi X. Y. Ling, Ashfaqul Hoque, Gabrielle Shea, Kevin R. W. Ngoei, Dingyi Yu, et al. "An AMPKα2-specific phospho-switch controls lysosomal targeting for activation." Cell Reports 38, no. 7 (February 2022): 110365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110365.

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Li, Hai, Jun-Jiang Shen, Zhi-Liang Zheng, Yakang Lin, and Zhenbiao Yang. "The Rop GTPase Switch Controls Multiple Developmental Processes in Arabidopsis." Plant Physiology 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 670–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.126.2.670.

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Agosto, Laura M., and Kristen W. Lynch. "Alternative pre-mRNA splicing switch controls hESC pluripotency and differentiation." Genes & Development 32, no. 17-18 (September 1, 2018): 1103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.318451.118.

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Kisselev, Oleg G., and Maureen A. Downs. "Rhodopsin Controls a Conformational Switch on the Transducin γ Subunit." Structure 11, no. 4 (April 2003): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-2126(03)00045-5.

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Tang, Jiong, Anton Maximov, Ok-Ho Shin, Han Dai, Josep Rizo, and Thomas C. Südhof. "A Complexin/Synaptotagmin 1 Switch Controls Fast Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis." Cell 126, no. 6 (September 2006): 1175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.030.

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Ryu, Dongryeol, Young Suk Jo, Giuseppe Lo Sasso, Sokrates Stein, Hongbo Zhang, Alessia Perino, Jung Uee Lee, et al. "A SIRT7-Dependent Acetylation Switch of GABPβ1 Controls Mitochondrial Function." Cell Metabolism 20, no. 5 (November 2014): 856–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.08.001.

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