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Journal articles on the topic 'Swine'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Nedbalcová, Kateřina, Kateřina Nechvátalová, and Zdeňka Kučerová. "Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of selected antimicrobials in bovine and swine Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus isolates." Acta Veterinaria Brno 84, no. 2 (2015): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201584020083.

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We compared the values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) values of three antimicrobial agents for 72 bovine isolates ofPasteurella multocida, 80 swine isolates ofP. multocida, 80 bovine isolates ofEscherichia coli, 80 swine isolates ofE. coli, and 80 isolates ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom bovine mastitis. The ratio of MIC90/MPC90which limited mutant selection window (MSW) was ≤ 0.12/4 mg/l for enrofloxacin, 0.5/≥ 64 mg/l for florfenicol and 4/≥ 128 mg/l for tulathromycin in bovineP. multocidaisolates, ≤ 0.12/2 mg/l for enrofloxacin, 0.5/≥ 64 mg/l for florfenicol and 4/≥ 128 mg/l for tulathromycin in swineP. multocidaisolates, 1/16 mg/l for enrofloxacin, 8/≥ 64 mg/l for florfenicol and 8/≥ 128 mg/l for tulathromycin in bovineE. coliisolates, 0.5/16 mg/l for enrofloxacin, ≥ 64/≥ 64 mg/l for florfenicol and 8/≥ 128 mg/l for tulathromycin in swineE. coliisolates, and 0.25/16 mg/l for enrofloxacin, 4/≥ 64 mg/l for florfenicol and 4/≥ 128 mg/l for tulathromycin inS. aureusisolates. These findings indicate that the dosage of antimicrobial agents to achieve serum concentration equal to or higher than MPC could reduce selection of resistant bacterial subpopulation.

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2

Grgic, Zivoslav, Branka Vidic, Sara Savic-Jevdjenic, and Igor Stojanov. "Swine leptospirosis in southern backa district from 1997 to 2001." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 3-4 (2002): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0204195g.

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In a 5 year period 48748 swine blood samples were examined, or 24.52% of the breeding stock. The samples were examined by the method of microscope agglutination, with "live" antigen of 8 leptospira serotypes: L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhragiae, L. grippotyphosa, L. sejroe, L. tarassovi, L. australis, L. bataviae and L. canicola. During the investigation specific antibodies for leptospira were diagnosed in 280 (0.57%) samples of swine sera. The highest level of seroprevalence for leptospirosis in swine was in the year 1998 with 130 (1.27%) seropositive swines. The lowest seroprevalence level was detected in the years 1999 and 2000 with only 13 seropositive animals (0.13-0.14%). During this period the highest number of seropositive swines was found in the Becej area, 241 (0.92%). In this period 3 serotypes of leptospira were present: L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. grippotyphosa. Serotype L. icterohaemorrhagiae was most present on the investigated area (in 94.32% cases), followed by L. pomona (5.31%) while serotype L. grippotyphosa appeared only sporadically in only 0.35% cases. In this period a trend of slight decrease was noticed in swine prevalence for leptospirosis amounting to 0.048% annually. Based on these analyses, it may be expected with 95% certainty that the level of prevalence for leptospirosis in the coming period in this epizootiological area will range from 0.00% to 0.82% of the infected animals.

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3

Kleiboeker, Steven B. "Swine fever: classical swine fever and African swine fever." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 18, no. 3 (November 2002): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00028-2.

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4

Sebastian, Meghna R., Rakesh Lodha, and S. K. Kabra. "Swine origin influenza (swine flu)." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 76, no. 8 (August 2009): 833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-009-0170-6.

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5

Braga, Juliana Fortes Vilarinho, Maurício De Paula Ferreira Teixeira, João Batista Lopes, Manoel Henrique Klein Júnior, and Silvana Maria Medeiros de Sousa Silva. "Ocorrência de rinite atrófica e pneumonia em suínos híbridos e sem raça definida em criação intensiva." Comunicata Scientiae 7, no. 1 (May 10, 2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v7i1.504.

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The atrophic rhinitis (AR) and pneumonia are among the most frequently diagnosed respiratory diseases in swine production systems and can lead to significant economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and degree of AR and pneumonia in hybrids and undefined breed swine herds submitted to intensive farming system and check if there is an association between the occurrence of these diseases in the herds. For this, we used 30 swines hybrids (Group I) and 30 undefined breed swines (Group II) from intensive farming system. The index of atrophic rhinitis (IAR) of herds for Groups I and II were, respectively, 1.00 and 0.57. In Group I, 20.8% (5/24) of the pigs presented pneumonia, while none of the animals in Group II exhibited this pathology. There was no correlation between the presence of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia for the studied animals. These are the first data on the occurrence of these diseases in swines of Piauí State, Brazil. We demonstrated that these pathologies are present in animals from intensive farming systems and that occurrence varied according to racial type, being the hybrid swines the most affected animals by AR and pneumonia.

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6

Hu, L., X. Y. Lin, Z. X. Yang, X. P. Yao, G. L. Li, S. Z. Peng, and Y. Wang. "A multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of classical swine fever virus, African swine fever virus, highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and pseudorabies in swines." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2015-0093.

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Abstract In this assay, we developed and evaluated a multiplex PCR (mPCR) for its ability in detecting multiple infections of swine simultaneously. Four pairs of primers were used to detect five viruses. Specific primers were designed for classical swine fever virus (CSFV), African swine fever virus (ASFV) and pseudorabies (PRV). A pair of primers was designed prudently for two different types of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus that respectively were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV). The detection limits of the mPCR were 1.09×104, 1.50×103, 2.10×103, 1.30×103 and 8.97×102 copies/reaction for CSFV, ASFV, HP-PRRSV, PRRSV and PRV, respectively. A total of 49 clinical specimens were tested by the mPCR, and the result showed that co-infection by two or three viruses was 51%. In conclusion, the PCR is a useful tool for clinical diagnosis of not only single infections but also mixed infections in swines.

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7

Gray, Gregory C., Troy McCarthy, Ana W. Capuano, Sharon F. Setterquist, Christopher W. Olsen, Michael C. Alavanja, and Charles F. Lynch. "Swine Workers and Swine Influenza Virus Infections." Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 12 (December 2007): 1871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1312.061323.

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8

Pavlovic, Ivan, Zoran Kulisic, Zoran Tambur, and Nada Protic. "Scarabidae: Intermediate host for Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 119 (2010): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1019089p.

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ltd. za kontrolu kvaliteta, Beograd KW Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus % coleopteras % swine's % epysootiology KR nema Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus infestation is parasitosis caused by Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus Adult forms parasite in small intestine of swine. Development of parasite is happening through intermediate hosts - coleopteras from Scarabaeidae family (Melolontha vulgaris, Cetonia aurata, Polyphilla fullo, Anomalia vitis etc). Infection begins when swines ingest infected coleopteras. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus infestation is encountered in swines in extensive breeding, as well as in wild boars.

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9

Borkenhagen, Laura K., Guo-Lin Wang, Ryan A. Simmons, Zhen-Qiang Bi, Bing Lu, Xian-Jun Wang, Chuang-Xin Wang, et al. "High Risk of Influenza Virus Infection Among Swine Workers: Examining a Dynamic Cohort in China." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz865.

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Abstract Background China is thought to be a hotspot for zoonotic influenza virus emergence, yet there have been few prospective studies examining the occupational risks of such infections. Methods We present the first 2 years of data collected from a 5-year, prospective, cohort study of swine-exposed and -unexposed participants at 6 swine farms in China. We conducted serological and virological surveillance to examine evidence for swine influenza A virus infection in humans. Results Of the 658 participants (521 swine-exposed and 137 swine-unexposed), 207 (31.5%) seroconverted against at least 1 swine influenza virus subtype (swine H1N1 or H3N2). Swine-exposed participants’ microneutralization titers, especially those enrolled at confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), were higher against the swine H1N1 virus than were other participants at 12 and 24 months. Despite elevated titers, among the 187 study subjects for whom we had complete follow-up, participants working at swine CAFOs had significantly greater odds of seroconverting against both the swine H1N1 (odds ratio [OR] 19.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.55–358.65) and swine H3N2 (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.16–8.01) viruses, compared to unexposed and non-CAFO swine workers with less intense swine exposure. Conclusions While some of the observed increased risk against swine viruses may have been explained by exposure to human influenza strains, study data suggest that even with elevated preexisting antibodies, swine-exposed workers were at high risk of infection with enzootic swine influenza A viruses.

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10

Olson, LeRoy D. "Survival of Serpulina hyodysenteriae in an effluent lagoon." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207, no. 11 (December 1, 1995): 1470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1995.207.11.1470.

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Objective— To determine the survival of Serpulina hyodysenteriae in an infected lagoon that received effluent from a confinement building housing swine dysenteryinfected swine. Design— Prospective controlled trial. Animals— 48 shedder swine inoculated with S hyodysenteriae and housed in the building drained by the lagoon; 18 clinically normal detector swine confined in a separate building. Procedure— Shedder swine were inoculated with S hyodysenteriae by oral administration of 20 g of diced colon from swine infected with swine dysentery. The lagoon that received effluent from the building housing the shedder swine was assayed for S hyodysenteriae by providing lagoon effluent twice daily for 2 or 4 days to detector swine as their sole source of drinking water and by subsequently examining these swine for signs of swine dysentery. Smears from rectal swab specimens and sometimes fecal specimens were stained for detection of large spirochetes. Fecal and rectal swab specimens and colonic scraping specimens were examined for S hyodysenteriae by anaerobic microbial culture on blood agar containing 400 μg of spectinomycin/ml. All shedder swine were necropsied after removal from the confinement building, as were detector swine after developing diarrhea or after 42 days of monitoring. Results— For the first 5 to 6 days after removal of swine dysentery-infected shedder swine from the confinement building, lagoon effluent from the building remained infective. Detector swine, given lagoon effluent as their drinking water for a 2-day period, developed clinical swine dysentery, and S hyodysenteriae was cultured from specimens from these swine. Swine dysentery did not develop in each group of 2 detector pigs given lagoon effluent as their sole source of drinking water on days 7 and 8, 9 and 10, 11 through 14, or 15 through 18 after removal of the infected shedder swine. Large spirochetes were not observed on microscopy of stained colonic scraping specimens, and S hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp were not cultured from specimens from these detector swine after being monitored for 42 days. Serpulina hyodysenteriae or Salmonella spp were not cultured from samples of the lagoon effluent. Clinical Implications— Although many factors could influence the survivability of S hyodysenteriae in a lagoon, results suggested that a facility with an open gutter-flush system that housed swine dysentery-infected swine should remain idle for more than 5 to 6 days before repopulating with unexposed swine.

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11

Jutur, Srinivasa, and Krishna Kumar Naik T. "Mortality in Swine Flu: Descriptive Study." Asian Journal of Medical Research 8, no. 1 (March 2019): ME14—ME16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ajmr.2019.8.1.me5.

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12

Dr. Shilpa.P, Dr Shilpa P., and Dr Pradeep M. Dr. Pradeep M. "Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum Induced Pyothorax in Swine." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/august2014/154.

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13

A, Singh. "Swine to Corona-The Ayush Reality." Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine 4, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000243.

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14

Montaner-Tarbes, Pujol, Jabbar, Hawes, Chapman, Portillo, Fraile, Sánchez-Cordón, Dixon, and Montoya. "Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from African Swine Fever Virus-Infected Pigs Selectively Recruit Viral and Porcine Proteins." Viruses 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100882.

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: African swine fever is a devastating hemorrhagic infectious disease, which affects domestic and wild swines (Sus scrofa) of all breeds and ages, with a high lethality of up to 90–100% in naïve animals. The causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a large and complex double-stranded DNA arbovirus which is currently spreading worldwide, with serious socioeconomic consequences. There is no treatment or effective vaccine commercially available, and most of the current research is focused on attenuated viral models, with limited success so far. Thus, new strategies are under investigation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have proven to be a promising new vaccination platform for veterinary diseases in situations in which conventional approaches have not been completely successful. Here, serum extracellular vesicles from infected pigs using two different ASFV viruses (OURT 88/3 and Benin ΔMGF), corresponding to a naturally attenuated virus and a deletion mutant, respectively, were characterized in order to determine possible differences in the content of swine and viral proteins in EV-enriched fractions. Firstly, EVs were characterized by their CD5, CD63, CD81 and CD163 surface expression. Secondly, ASFV proteins were detected on the surface of EVs from ASFV-infected pig serum. Finally, proteomic analysis revealed few specific proteins from ASFV in the EVs, but 942 swine proteins were detected in all EV preparations (negative controls, and OURT 88/3 and Benin ΔMGF-infected preparations). However, in samples from OURT 88/3-infected animals, only a small number of proteins were differentially identified compared to control uninfected animals. Fifty-six swine proteins (Group Benin) and seven proteins (Group OURT 88/3) were differentially detected on EVs when compared to the EV control group. Most of these were related to coagulation cascades. The results presented here could contribute to a better understanding of ASFV pathogenesis and immune/protective responses in the host.

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15

Calisher, Charles H. "Swine Flu." Croatian Medical Journal 50, no. 4 (August 2009): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2009.50.412.

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16

Cherian, Vigy Elizebth. "Swine Flu." International Journal of Nursing Education and Research 7, no. 2 (2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-2660.2019.00065.6.

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17

KOBISCH, M., and N. F. FRIIS. "Swine mycoplasmoses." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 15, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 1569–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.15.4.983.

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18

Borrell, Brendan. "Swine Ebola." Scientific American 301, no. 3 (September 2009): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0909-15.

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19

Kerr, J. R. "Swine influenza." Journal of Clinical Pathology 62, no. 7 (May 10, 2009): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2009.067710.

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20

Ratzan, Scott C. "Swine Conflusion." Journal of Health Communication 14, no. 5 (July 31, 2009): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730903034123.

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21

Coker, R. "Swine flu." BMJ 338, apr30 3 (April 30, 2009): b1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b1791.

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22

NAKAJIMA, Hiromi, Kiyoshi KASAI, Koichi KADOTA, and Seishi ISHINO. "Swine Lymphoma." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 53, no. 5 (2000): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.53.319.

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23

NAKAJIMA, Hiromi, Kiyoshi KASAI, Koichi KADOTA, and Seishi ISHINO. "Swine Lymphoma." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 53, no. 5 (2000): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.53.324.

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24

NAKAJIMA, Hiromi, Kiyoshi KASAI, Koichi KADOTA, and Seishi ISHINO. "Swine Lymphoma." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 53, no. 5 (2000): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.53.328.

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25

Hupperts, Charles. "Boeotian Swine." Journal of Homosexuality 49, no. 3-4 (December 2005): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j082v49n03_06.

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26

Chandra, Suresh, and Neelam Bisht. "Swine Influenza." Apollo Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 2010): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0976-0016(12)60003-9.

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27

Plain, Ronald L., and John D. Lawrence. "Swine production." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 19, no. 2 (July 2003): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(03)00025-2.

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28

Grandin, Temple. "Swine fever." Nature 432, no. 7018 (December 2004): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/432676b.

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29

van der Lei, Berend, and Marije Smittenberg. "Swine Sign." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 133, no. 2 (February 2014): 234e—235e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000437243.76541.bb.

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30

Burrough, E. R. "Swine Dysentery." Veterinary Pathology 54, no. 1 (July 11, 2016): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985816653795.

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Swine dysentery is a severe enteric disease in pigs, which is characterized by bloody to mucoid diarrhea and associated with reduced growth performance and variable mortality. This disease is most often observed in grower–finisher pigs, wherein susceptible pigs develop a significant mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis following infection with strongly hemolytic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. While swine dysentery is endemic in many parts of the world, the disease had essentially disappeared in much of the United States by the mid-1990s as a result of industry consolidation and effective treatment, control, and elimination methods. However, since 2007, there has been a reported increase in laboratory diagnosis of swine dysentery in parts of North America along with the detection of novel pathogenic Brachyspira spp worldwide. Accordingly, there has been a renewed interest in swine dysentery and Brachyspira spp infections in pigs, particularly in areas where the disease was previously eliminated. This review provides an overview of knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of swine dysentery, with insights into risk factors and control.

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31

Sinha, Manish. "Swine flu." Journal of Infection and Public Health 2, no. 4 (2009): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2009.08.006.

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32

Ornes, Stephen. "You swine!" New Scientist 230, no. 3067 (April 2016): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(16)30575-9.

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33

Wang, Fun-In, and Chia-Yi Chang. "Classical Swine Fever: A Truly Classical Swine Disease." Pathogens 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090745.

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34

Kim, Yeong-Hun, Ill-Kyong Kwon, and Jeong-Hee Han. "Seroprevalence of Swine Salmonellosis in Korean Swine Herds." Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources 30, no. 1 (February 28, 2010): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.1.62.

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35

White, B. R. "Swine Symposium: Environmental concerns based on swine production1." Journal of Animal Science 88, suppl_13 (April 1, 2010): E82—E83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-2909.

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36

Do, Kyung-Hyo, Kwangwon Seo, Myunghwan Jung, Woo-Kon Lee, and Wan-Kyu Lee. "Comparative Genetic Characterization of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients and Swine Suffering from Diarrhea in Korea." Animals 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13071154.

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The aim of this study was to compare the virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of the most common pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in swine and patients with diarrhea in Korea. We examined virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility in 85 and 61 E. coli strains isolated from swine and patients with diarrhea, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen in swine was enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (47.1%), followed by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) (32.9%). Similarly, the majority of the patient isolates (50.8%) were proven to be STEC, the most common pathotype, followed by ETEC (23.0%). We found that swine isolates had significantly higher resistance than patient isolates, especially to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin: 37.5% and 16.1%; norfloxacin: 29.7% and 16.1%, respectively). Additionally, sequence type (ST) 100 (swine: 21; patients: 4), ST 1 (swine: 21, patients: 2), ST 10 (swine: 8; patients: 6), ST 641 (swine: 3, patients: 2), and ST 88 (swine: 2, patients: 11) were detected in both swine and humans. In addition, we confirmed that isolates from swine and patients had similar virulence traits and were phylogenetically similar. According to these findings, swine and humans are susceptible to cross infection and the transfer of antimicrobial resistance.

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37

Walters, Eric M., Melissa S. Samuel, Kevin D. Wells, Lela K. Riley, and Randall S. Prather. "THE PIG AS A BIOMEDICAL MODEL: HOW THE NATIONAL SWINE RESOURCE AND RESEARCH CENTER CAN HELP YOU." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab242.

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Swine are an excellent large animal model for human health and disease because their size and physiology are similar to humans, and the progression of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, is similar to humans. Due to these similarities, technology, procedures, and novel treatments that have been developed for human diseases can be applied to swine, and vice versa. In addition there are some human diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, that don't recapitulate in the rodent models but are well modeled in swine. Swine have been accepted as the model of choice for several medical applications such as xenotransplantation and surgical training for medical students. Because of the usefulness of swine to better understand human health, the National Institutes of Health has established the National Swine Research and Resource Center to help meet the needs of the biomedical community. While wild type swine and spontaneous mutants have been shown to be valuable, genetically engineered swine provide a new level of utility. With the improvement of the techniques to add genes and make targeted genetic modifications not only have the number of types of genetically engineered pigs increased, but also the number of different diseases modeled have increased. The completion of the swine genome combined with development and improvements of techniques for gene modification will only enhance the continued use and development of swine as models of human health, syndromes and conditions. The resources at the National Swine Resource and Research Center are available to aid investigators with their swine needs for biomedical research. Here will be discussed the importance of swine as a biomedical model, current technologies to produce genetically engineered swine, current biomedical models, and how the completion of the swine genome will promote swine as a biomedical model.

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38

Zhu, Zhaozhong, Yunshi Fan, Yang Liu, Taijiao Jiang, Yang Cao, and Yousong Peng. "Prediction of antiviral drugs against African swine fever viruses based on protein–protein interaction analysis." PeerJ 8 (April 1, 2020): e8855. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8855.

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The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has severely influenced the swine industry of the world. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective antiviral drug or vaccine against the virus. Identification of new anti-ASFV drugs is urgently needed. Here, an up-to-date set of protein–protein interactions between ASFV and swine were curated by integration of protein–protein interactions from multiple sources. Thirty-eight swine proteins were observed to interact with ASFVs and were defined as ASFV-interacting swine proteins. The ASFV-interacting swine proteins were found to play a central role in the swine protein–protein interaction network, with significant larger degree, betweenness and smaller shortest path length than other swine proteins. Some of ASFV-interacting swine proteins also interacted with several other viruses and could be taken as potential targets of drugs for broad-spectrum effect, such as HSP90AB1. Finally, the antiviral drugs which targeted ASFV-interacting swine proteins and ASFV proteins were predicted. Several drugs with either broad-spectrum effect or high specificity on ASFV-interacting swine proteins were identified, such as Polaprezinc and Geldanamycin. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulation showed that Geldanamycin could bind with swine HSP90AB1 stably. This work could not only deepen our understanding towards the ASFV-swine interactions, but also help for the development of effective antiviral drugs against the ASFVs.

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39

Markin, Alexey, Giovana Ciacci Zanella, Zebulun W. Arendsee, Jianqiang Zhang, Karen M. Krueger, Phillip C. Gauger, Amy L. Vincent Baker, and Tavis K. Anderson. "Reverse-zoonoses of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza A viruses and evolution in United States swine results in viruses with zoonotic potential." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 7 (July 27, 2023): e1011476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011476.

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The 2009 H1N1 pandemic (pdm09) lineage of influenza A virus (IAV) crosses interspecies barriers with frequent human-to-swine spillovers each year. These spillovers reassort and drift within swine populations, leading to genetically and antigenically novel IAV that represent a zoonotic threat. We quantified interspecies transmission of the pdm09 lineage, persistence in swine, and identified how evolution in swine impacted zoonotic risk. Human and swine pdm09 case counts between 2010 and 2020 were correlated and human pdm09 burden and circulation directly impacted the detection of pdm09 in pigs. However, there was a relative absence of pdm09 circulation in humans during the 2020–21 season that was not reflected in swine. During the 2020–21 season, most swine pdm09 detections originated from human-to-swine spillovers from the 2018–19 and 2019–20 seasons that persisted in swine. We identified contemporary swine pdm09 representatives of each persistent spillover and quantified cross-reactivity between human seasonal H1 vaccine strains and the swine strains using a panel of monovalent ferret antisera in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. The swine pdm09s had variable antigenic reactivity to vaccine antisera, but each swine pdm09 clade exhibited significant reduction in cross-reactivity to one or more of the human seasonal vaccine strains. Further supporting zoonotic risk, we showed phylogenetic evidence for 17 swine-to-human transmission events of pdm09 from 2010 to 2021, 11 of which were not previously classified as variants, with each of the zoonotic cases associated with persistent circulation of pdm09 in pigs. These data demonstrate that reverse-zoonoses and evolution of pdm09 in swine results in viruses that are capable of zoonotic transmission and represent a potential pandemic threat.

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Rajão, Daniela S., Phillip C. Gauger, Tavis K. Anderson, Nicola S. Lewis, Eugenio J. Abente, Mary Lea Killian, Daniel R. Perez, Troy C. Sutton, Jianqiang Zhang, and Amy L. Vincent. "Novel Reassortant Human-Like H3N2 and H3N1 Influenza A Viruses Detected in Pigs Are Virulent and Antigenically Distinct from Swine Viruses Endemic to the United States." Journal of Virology 89, no. 22 (August 26, 2015): 11213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01675-15.

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ABSTRACTHuman-like swine H3 influenza A viruses (IAV) were detected by the USDA surveillance system. We characterized two novel swine human-like H3N2 and H3N1 viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) genes similar to those in human seasonal H3 strains and internal genes closely related to those of 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses. The H3N2 neuraminidase (NA) was of the contemporary human N2 lineage, while the H3N1 NA was of the classical swine N1 lineage. Both viruses were antigenically distant from swine H3 viruses that circulate in the United States and from swine vaccine strains and also showed antigenic drift from human seasonal H3N2 viruses. Their pathogenicity and transmission in pigs were compared to those of a human H3N2 virus with a common HA ancestry. Both swine human-like H3 viruses efficiently infected pigs and were transmitted to indirect contacts, whereas the human H3N2 virus did so much less efficiently. To evaluate the role of genes from the swine isolates in their pathogenesis, reverse genetics-generated reassortants between the swine human-like H3N1 virus and the seasonal human H3N2 virus were tested in pigs. The contribution of the gene segments to virulence was complex, with the swine HA and internal genes showing effectsin vivo. The experimental infections indicate that these novel H3 viruses are virulent and can sustain onward transmission in pigs, and the naturally occurring mutations in the HA were associated with antigenic divergence from H3 IAV from humans and swine. Consequently, these viruses could have a significant impact on the swine industry if they were to cause more widespread outbreaks, and the potential risk of these emerging swine IAV to humans should be considered.IMPORTANCEPigs are important hosts in the evolution of influenza A viruses (IAV). Human-to-swine transmissions of IAV have resulted in the circulation of reassortant viruses containing human-origin genes in pigs, greatly contributing to the diversity of IAV in swine worldwide. New human-like H3N2 and H3N1 viruses that contain a mix of human and swine gene segments were recently detected by the USDA surveillance system. The human-like viruses efficiently infected pigs and resulted in onward airborne transmission, likely due to the multiple changes identified between human and swine H3 viruses. The human-like swine viruses are distinct from contemporary U.S. H3 swine viruses and from the strains used in swine vaccines, which could have a significant impact on the swine industry due to a lack of population immunity. Additionally, public health experts should consider an appropriate assessment of the risk of these emerging swine H3 viruses for the human population.

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Parera, Hermilinda, Bernadus Ndoen, Victor Lenda, and Muhammad Mirandy Pratama Sirat. "EFEKTIVITAS PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK MESOCARP Borassus flabellifer PADA PENGENCER BELTSVILLE THAWING SOLUTION TERHADAP VIABILITAS SPERMATOZOA ASAL KAUDA EPIDIDIMIS BABI." JURNAL ILMIAH PETERNAKAN TERPADU 7, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v7i1.p212-216.

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This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of adding various concentrations of palm fruit mesocarp (Borassus flabellifer) extract to Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) diluents on the viability of swines cauda epididymis spermatozoa at 13°C for 4 days. During the storage period, the metabolic activity of spermatozoa will produce free radicals which can reduce spematozoa viability. Borassus flabellifer mesocarp extract contains antioxidants that can counteract free radicals. Testicular and epididymal samples from the 3-4 years old Duroc Landrace Swine Crossbreed. Swine cauda epididymis were obtained from the Oeba Abattoir, Kupang. Cauda epididymis spermatozoa were collected using a combination of incision, rinsing and suppression methods then collected and diluted using BTS and divided into four groups to be given various concentrations of Borassus flabellifer mesocarp extract (K0: without extract; K1: 0.01%; K2: 0.03%; and K3: 0.05 %) and preserved at 13°C for 4 days. Evaluation of spermatozoa viability was carried out microscopically. The results of cauda epididymis sperm viability were K0 = 43.57%; K1 = 54.81%; K2 = 50.52%; and K3 = 49.95%. Analysis of variance showed that the addition Borassus flabellifer mesocarp extract gave a significant difference (P> 0.05) to spermatozoa viability. The Duncan region test showed a significant difference (P <0.05) between treatment K1 with treatments K0, K2 and K3 on the viability of spermatozoa. The conclusions of this study was the addition of Borassus flabellifer mesocarp extract at 0.01% concentration was the most appropriate dose to maintain the viability of swine cauda epididymis spermatozoa. Keywords: Borassus flabellifer, Cauda Epididymal, Mesocarp Extract, Spermatozoa, Swine.

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De Matteis, Maria C., T. Edward Yu, Christopher N. Boyer, Karen L. DeLong, and Jason Smith. "Economic and environmental implications of incorporating distillers’ dried grains with solubles in feed rations of growing and finishing swine in Argentina." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 6 (July 14, 2018): 803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0073.

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The Argentinean swine industry has quickly expanded over the past decade, hence increasing the demand for swine feedstuffs. The growing supply of distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from the emerging Argentinean corn-based ethanol industry is a potential feedstuff for swine producers. Using a multi-objective linear programming model, this study examined the economic and environmental concerns (i.e. cost and phosphorus content) associated with introducing DDGS in swine feed rations. Results suggest that including DDGS in swine diets concurrently minimized cost and phosphorus content. The results were extrapolated to the entire Argentinean swine industry and show that the inclusion of DDGS in swine rations could potentially save the Argentinean swine industry about 19.21 million US dollars annually and reduce phosphorus content by up to 5%. In addition, sensitivity analysis of DDGS price was conducted and the potential demand for DDGS from swine by growth category was derived.

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Rajao, Daniela S., Eugenio J. Abente, Joshua D. Powell, Marcus J. Bolton, Phillip C. Gauger, Bailey Arruda, Tavis K. Anderson, Troy C. Sutton, Daniel R. Perez, and Amy L. Vincent Baker. "Changes in the Hemagglutinin and Internal Gene Segments Were Needed for Human Seasonal H3 Influenza A Virus to Efficiently Infect and Replicate in Swine." Pathogens 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090967.

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The current diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) circulating in swine is largely a consequence of human-to-swine transmission events and consequent evolution in pigs. However, little is known about the requirements for human IAVs to transmit to and subsequently adapt in pigs. Novel human-like H3 viruses were detected in swine herds in the U.S. in 2012 and have continued to circulate and evolve in swine. We evaluated the contributions of gene segments on the ability of these viruses to infect pigs by using a series of in vitro models. For this purpose, reassortant viruses were generated by reverse genetics (rg) swapping the surface genes (hemagglutinin-HA and neuraminidase-NA) and internal gene segment backbones between a human-like H3N1 isolated from swine and a seasonal human H3N2 virus with common HA ancestry. Virus growth kinetics in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (SD-PJEC) and in ex-vivo porcine trachea explants were significantly reduced by replacing the swine-adapted HA with the human seasonal HA. Unlike the human HA, the swine-adapted HA demonstrated more abundant attachment to epithelial cells throughout the swine respiratory tract by virus histochemistry and increased entry into SD-PJEC swine cells. The human seasonal internal gene segments improved replication of the swine-adapted HA at 33 °C, but decreased replication at 40 °C. Although the HA was crucial for the infectivity in pigs and swine tissues, these results suggest that the adaptation of human seasonal H3 viruses to swine is multigenic and that the swine-adapted HA alone was not sufficient to confer the full phenotype of the wild-type swine-adapted virus.

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Emery, David W., Kristine Holley, and David H. Sachs. "Enhancement of swine progenitor chimerism in mixed swine/human bone marrow cultures with swine cytokines." Experimental Hematology 27, no. 8 (August 1999): 1330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-472x(99)00058-2.

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LANGE, H., J. ØVERBØ, K. BORGEN, S. DUDMAN, G. HODDEVIK, A. M. URDAHL, L. VOLD, and S. K. SJURSETH. "Hepatitis E in Norway: seroprevalence in humans and swine." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 1 (September 27, 2016): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002144.

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SUMMARYIn Norway, no published data on seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in humans and swine exists. Serum samples from blood donors, veterinarians, swine farm workers and swine were analysed by ELISA to estimate the seroprevalence of HEV in Norway and to investigate the association between direct contact with swine and HEV seroprevalence in humans. The seroprevalence of HEV IgG antibodies was 30% (24/79) in farm workers, 13% (21/163) in veterinarians, 14% (162/1200) in blood donors and 90% (137/153) in swine. Our results show a high seroprevalence of HEV in humans and swine in Norway. HEV seroprevalence in farm workers and blood donors increased with age, and veterinarians working with swine were twice as likely to be HEV seropositive compared to other veterinarians. High HEV seroprevalence in farm workers and veterinarians working with swine support previous reports suggesting swine as a reservoir for HEV infections in humans in Europe.

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Olsen, Christopher W., Martha W. McGregor, A. James Cooley, Brian Schantz, Brian Hotze, and Virginia S. Hinshaw. "Antigenic and genetic analysis of a recently isolated H1N1 swine influenza virus." American Journal of Veterinary Research 54, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 1630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1993.54.10.1630.

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Summary Hemagglutinins (ha) of H1N1 swine influenza viruses isolated in the United States have remained antigenically and genetically conserved for many years. In contrast to such conservation, the ha of A/Swine/Nebraska/1/92 (Sw/Neb) could readily be distinguished from those of contemporary porcine viruses. Twenty-eight amino acid mutations differentiated the ha of Sw/Neb and A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88, the most recent H1N1 swine influenza virus for which ha sequence data were available. Among these differences were mutations at potential asparagine-linked glycosylation sites and charge changes at many residues. The Sw/Neb virus also could be differentiated from other swine influenza viruses in hemagglutination-inhibition assays with monoclonal antibodies to recent Hl swine ha. Nonetheless, overall sequence analysis of the ha and the nucleoprotein genes of Sw/Neb indicated that this virus was more closely related genetically to classic H1N1 swine influenza viruses than to H1N1 avian or human viruses. Infection of swine with Sw/Neb under experimental conditions induced clinical signs and lesions typical of swine influenza. However, affected swine in the field had high, persistent fevers, but relatively mild signs of respiratory tract disease. This study indicated that an antigenically and genetically novel variant of swine influenza virus was detected in the United States.

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Kumar, Deepak, Frances K. Shepherd, Nora L. Springer, Waithaka Mwangi, and Douglas G. Marthaler. "Rotavirus Infection in Swine: Genotypic Diversity, Immune Responses, and Role of Gut Microbiome in Rotavirus Immunity." Pathogens 11, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101078.

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Rotaviruses (RVs) are endemic in swine populations, and all swine herds certainly have a history of RV infection and circulation. Rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) are the most common among all RV species reported in swine. RVA was considered most prevalent and pathogenic in swine; however, RVC has been emerging as a significant cause of enteritis in newborn piglets. RV eradication from swine herds is not practically achievable, hence producers’ mainly focus on minimizing the production impact of RV infections by reducing mortality and diarrhea. Since no intra-uterine passage of immunoglobulins occur in swine during gestation, newborn piglets are highly susceptible to RV infection at birth. Boosting lactogenic immunity in gilts by using vaccines and natural planned exposure (NPE) is currently the only way to prevent RV infections in piglets. RVs are highly diverse and multiple RV species have been reported from swine, which also contributes to the difficulties in preventing RV diarrhea in swine herds. Human RV-gut microbiome studies support a link between microbiome composition and oral RV immunogenicity. Such information is completely lacking for RVs in swine. It is not known how RV infection affects the functionality or structure of gut microbiome in swine. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of genotypic diversity of swine RVs, host-ranges, innate and adaptive immune responses to RVs, homotypic and heterotypic immunity to RVs, current methods used for RV management in swine herds, role of maternal immunity in piglet protection, and prospects of investigating swine gut microbiota in providing immunity against rotaviruses.

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Kumar, Pankaj, and Jayshree J. Upadhye. "Swine flu awareness in general population." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190063.

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Background: By simple hygiene and sanitation measures for cough, swine flu transmission can be effectively prevented. The purpose of this study was to know whether the people had enough knowledge about swine flu (H1N1) and to assess their knowledge about possible preventive measures to be taken including vaccination against swine flu epidemics.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during November to December 2018. 200 residents were surveyed.Results: In our study, 196 (98%) of respondents were aware of swine flu infection, 170 (85%) of respondents knew that swine flu is due to viral infection while 130 (65%) of respondents were aware that swine flu infection spreads through air while sneezing and coughing. 192 (96%) of respondents knew fever as symptom of swine flu, 166 (83%) of respondents knew cough and cold as symptoms while 128 (64%) of respondents knew headache and body ache as symptoms. 188 (94%) of respondents were aware that vaccination against Swine flu can prevent swine flu infection. 160 (80%) of respondents knew that covering mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing can prevent spread of Swine flu infection while 104 (52%) of respondents knew that frequent hand washing helps in preventing spread of Swine flu infection.Conclusions: The present review concluded that majority of the respondents had substantial knowledge regarding swine flu, yet there were notable deficiencies regarding the transmission, preventive measures and availability of vaccine. There is need for appropriate training regarding infectious diseases and continuous education programs.

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Wang, Long-Bai, Qiu-Yong Chen, Xue-Min Wu, Yong-Liang Che, Cheng-Yan Wang, Ru-Jing Chen, and Lun-Jiang Zhou. "Isolation of a Reassortant H1N2 Swine Flu Strain of Type “Swine-Human-Avian” and Its Genetic Variability Analysis." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 29, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1096079.

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We isolated an influenza strain named A/Swine/Fujian/F1/2010 (H1N2) from a pig suspected to be infected with swine flu. The results of electron microscopy, hemagglutination (HA) assay, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and whole genome sequencing analysis suggest that it was a reassortant virus of swine (H1N1 subtype), human (H3N2 subtype), and avian influenza viruses. To further study the genetic evolution of A/Swine/Fujian/F1/2010 (H1N2), we cloned its whole genome fragments using RT-PCR and performed phylogenetic analysis on the eight genes. As a result, the nucleotide sequences of HA, NA, PB1, PA, PB2, NP, M, and NS gene are similar to those of A/Swine/Shanghai/1/2007(H1N2) with identity of 98.9%, 98.9%, 99.0%, 98.6%, 99.0%, 98.9%, 99.3%, and 99.3%, respectively. Similar to A/Swine/Shanghai/1/2007(H1N2), we inferred that the HA, NP, M, and NS gene fragments of A/Swine/Fujian/F1/2010 (H1N2) strain were derived from classical swine influenza H3N2 subtype, NA and PB1 were derived from human swine influenza H3N2 subtype, and PB2 and PA genes were derived from avian influenza virus. This further validates the role of swine as a “mixer” for influenza viruses.

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Olson, LeRoy D., K. I. Dayalu, and Gerald T. Schlink. "Exacerbated onset of dysentery in swine vaccinated with inactivated adjuvanted Serpulina hyodysenteriae." American Journal of Veterinary Research 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.01.67.

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Summary After oral challenge exposure with Serpulina hyodysenteriae-infected diced colon, fewer swine vaccinated with an experimental vaccine adjuvanted with mineral oil died (8 of 25 [32%]) than did nonvaccinated controls (6 of 15 [40%]), although the difference was not significant. However, onset and exacerbation of dysentery were accelerated in vaccinated swine because: 5 of the 8 dead vaccinated swine died before any of the nonvaccinates, which was significant (P<0.01); vaccinated swine that died were observed to have more hemorrhage in the feces, colonic mucosa, and colonic lumen than did nonvaccinated swine; and the earlier diarrhea onset in vaccinates, the more days of hemorrhagic diarrhea (P<0.05). Antibody titer in vaccinated swine immediately before challenge exposure that subsequently died was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in vaccinated swine that recovered. Of of the 30 swine vaccinated with the experimental vaccine, 20 had dispersed droplets of mineral oil at the site of vaccination in the neck muscles and 3 swine had purulent abscesses at the injection site. It was concluded that vaccination with the experimental vaccine for controlling swine dysentery was ineffective.

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