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Journal articles on the topic 'Swine Pregnancy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Doshi, Nilesh, Aditi J. Upadhye, and Jayshree J. Upadhye. "Swine flu awareness in pregnancy." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201792.

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Background: Swine influenza outbreaks are common in pigs year-round and infection in humans is a result of close contact with infected animals. Understanding the perception of the public and their potential resources would help public health agencies in developing educational programs to increase the awareness of the public. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices on different aspects of swine flu.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 100 pregnant women was conducted at Varun Arjun Medical College, Banthara, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India to test their knowledge, attitudes, and use of precautionary measures against influenza infection.Results: In this study, 98 (98%) of pregnant women were aware of swine flu infection, 85 (85%) of pregnant women knew that swine flu is due to viral infection while 65 (65%) of pregnant women were aware that swine flu infection spreads through air while sneezing and coughing. In this study, 95 (96%) of pregnant women knew fever as symptom of swine flu, 83 (83%) of pregnant women knew cough and cold as symptoms while 64 (64%) of pregnant women knew headache and body ache as symptoms. 94 (94%) of pregnant women were aware that vaccination against swine flu can prevent swine flu infection. 80 (80%) of pregnant women knew that covering mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing can prevent spread of swine flu infection while 52 (52%) of pregnant women knew that frequent hand washing helps in preventing spread of swine flu infection. 76 (76%) of pregnant women received vaccination against swine flu while 24 (24%) of pregnant women did not receive vaccination against swine flu.Conclusions: Learning more about the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the public during swine flu and other infectious disease outbreak can be crucial to improve efforts by public health officials and clinicians.

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2

Toal, M., K. Agyeman-Duah, A. Schwenk, and W. Yoong. "Swine flu and pregnancy." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 30, no. 2 (February 2010): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443610903502049.

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3

Saxena, Namrata, Prachi Singh, Shweta Jain Jain, Vineeta Gupta, Bhawna Sharma, Kamal S. Negi, Narotam Sharma, and Yashika Pehal. "Obstetrical outcome of Swine flu in pregnancy at tertiary care centre of Uttarakhand." New Indian Journal of OBGYN 7, no. 1 (July 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/obgyn.2020.7.13.

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4

Ogah, K., N. Munjuluri, and R. Hartis. "Swine flu mimicking acute abdomen in pregnancy." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 31, no. 5 (May 31, 2011): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2011.567341.

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5

Lim, Boon H., and Tahir A. Mahmood. "Pandemic H1N1 2009 (swine flu) and pregnancy." Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine 20, no. 4 (April 2010): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2010.01.005.

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6

McKinney, W. P. "Fatal swine influenza pneumonia during late pregnancy." Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.150.1.213.

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7

McKinney, W. Paul. "Fatal Swine Influenza Pneumonia During Late Pregnancy." Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1990.00390130173029.

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8

Muro, B., R. Carnevale, M. Mendonça, D. Leal, M. Torres, D. Nakasone, G. Ravagnani, et al. "54 Altrenogest supplementation during early pregnancy improves swine embryonic development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab54.

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Progesterone (P4) is of paramount importance in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy for mammals. Progesterone stimulates the endometrial secretion of several molecules involved in conceptus growth and development during the peri-implantation period. Indeed, several studies involving ruminants have reported that exogenous P4 supplementation is related to increased early embryo development, higher levels of interferon tau, and improved pregnancy rate. However, there is a lack of information about P4 supplementation during early pregnancy regarding swine embryonic development. Additionally, some of the few studies involving pigs have shown an impaired pregnancy rate when supplementation was performed before Day 6 of pregnancy. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of progesterone/progestin supplementation from Day 6 of pregnancy on total number of embryos (TE), pregnancy rate (PR), embryo development, and maternal serum 17β-oestradiol concentration (17β-E). A total of 31 crossbred, 2 to 6 parity sows were used. All sows were inseminated every 24h through the first oestrus following a 21-day lactation, and ovulation was detected by transrectal real-time ultrasound to determine Day 0 of pregnancy. On Day 6 of pregnancy, animals were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: CON (n=11), non-supplemented sows; RU (n=11), sows supplemented daily with 20mg of Altrenogest-Regumate® from Day 6 to 12 of pregnancy; and PG (n=9), sows supplemented with 2.15 mg/kg of long-acting P4 IM on Day 6 of pregnancy. Sows were treated with altrenogest p.o. as a top dressing over a small portion of feed. Blood samples were collected from 12 sows (4 per group) on Day 12 of pregnancy to measure the level of plasma 17β-E by radioimmunoassay. Sows were slaughtered on Day 28 of pregnancy. The uterus from each sow was collected and embryos were counted to determine TE. Embryos were individually separated from their placentas, weighed, and crown-to-rump length was determined. Data were analysed by the SAS program. All variables were analysed by PROC-MIXED t-test. Statistical difference was considered when P<0.05. The PR did not differ among groups (91, 90, and 88%, for CON, RU, and PG, respectively; P>0.05). No difference was observed among groups for TE and 17β-E level (P>0.05). However, embryonic weight and crown-to-rump length differed among the 3 groups (P<0.001). The RU-treated sows had heavier and bigger embryos when compared with the other groups. In contrast, PG-treated sows had the lowest averages for the same variables (weight: 1.39±0.01, 1.46±0.02, and 1.22±0.01; crown-to-rump: 21.07±0.08, 21.61±0.11, and 20.66±0.11; for CON, RU, and PG, respectively). In conclusion, altrenogest supplementation from Day 6 to 12 of pregnancy increases size and weight of porcine embryos, whereas 2.15mg kg−1 of long-acting P4 on Day 6 of pregnancy decreased these variables when compared with non-supplemented sows. Research was supported by FAPESP Grant 2017/00290-0.

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9

Flowers, W. L., J. D. Armstrong, S. L. White, T. O. Woodard, and G. W. Almond. "Real-time ultrasonography and pregnancy diagnosis in swine." Journal of Animal Science 77, E-Suppl (2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2000.77e-suppl1l.

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10

Parraguez, Víctor H., Francisco Sales, Oscar A. Peralta, Mónica De los Reyes, Alfonso Campos, Javier González, Wolfgang Peralta, Camila Cabezón, and Antonio González-Bulnes. "Maternal Supplementation with Herbal Antioxidants during Pregnancy in Swine." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050658.

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The effects of a combined supplementation with herbal antioxidants during pregnancy on reproductive traits and piglet performance (number of live, dead, and mummified newborns and litter weight at birth and individual body weight at both birth and weaning) were assessed in a total of 1027 sows (504 treated and 523 control females) kept under commercial breeding conditions. The supplementation increased the number of live-born piglets (13.64 ± 0.11 vs. 12.96 ± 0.13 in the controls; p = 0.001) and the total litter weight, decreasing the incidence of low-weight piglets without affecting the number of stillbirths and mummified newborns. Such an effect was modulated by the number of parity and the supplementation, with supplementation increasing significantly the number of living newborns in the first, second, sixth, and seventh parities (0.87, 1.10, 1.49, and 2.51 additional piglets, respectively; p < 0.05). The evaluation of plasma vitamin concentration and biomarkers of oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, TAC, and malondialdehyde concentration, MDA) performed in a subset of farrowing sows and their lighter and heavier piglets showed that plasma levels of both vitamins were significantly higher in the piglets than in their mothers (p < 0.05 for vitamin C and p < 0.005 for vitamin E), with antioxidant supplementation increasing significantly such concentrations. Concomitantly, there were no differences in maternal TAC but significantly higher values in piglets from supplemented sows (p < 0.05). On the other hand, supplementation decreased plasma MDA levels both in the sows and their piglets (p < 0.05). Finally, the piglets from supplemented mothers showed a trend for a higher weaning weight (p = 0.066) and, specifically, piglets with birth weights above 1 kg showed a 7.4% higher weaning weight (p = 0.024). Hence, the results of the present study, with high robustness and translational value by offering data from more than 1000 pregnancies under standard breeding conditions, supports that maternal supplementation with herbal antioxidants during pregnancy significantly improves reproductive efficiency, litter traits, and piglet performance.

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11

McNamara, J. P., M. H. Dehoff, R. J. Collier, and F. W. Bazer. "Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Metabolism during Pregnancy in Swine." Journal of Animal Science 61, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1985.612410x.

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12

Kauffold, Johannes, Olli Peltoniemi, Axel Wehrend, and Gary C. Althouse. "Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110950.

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Within the past 30 years, through ongoing technology and portability developments, real-time (b-mode) ultrasonography (RTU) has increasingly become a valuable diagnostic tool in assessing the female reproductive tract in swine. Initially applied in swine production to visually determine pregnancy status, RTU use has expanded to include assessment of the peri-pubertal and mature non-pregnant females as well. Transabdominal and transrectal modalities to visualizing the reproductive tract in swine have been reported with the transabdominal approach more common due to the fact of its ease of accessibility, animal/personnel safety, and reduced time to perform. Adjustable frequency transducers are preferred as they allow optimization of image quality at various depths. If a single transducer frequency must be selected, a 5 MHz probe provides the best versatility for visualizing the reproductive tract in swine. Other basic requirements for ultrasound equipment which will be used on commercial swine farms include being light weight and easy to handle, readily cleanable and disinfectable, long battery-life, and good durability. When using RTU for pregnancy determination, diagnosis is based upon a combination of the animal’s breeding records, the presence of embryonic fluid, and, depending upon gestational stage, fetal structures. If RTU is used as a diagnostic tool in assessing reproductive problems in an individual or a group of animals, sonographic evaluation of both the uterus and ovaries is performed. Tissues are delineated and assessed based upon their echogenicity, echotexture, and size. Uses of RTU in clinical practice may include assessment of delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, herd disruptions in conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU with respect to application to address female reproductive performance issues in commercial swine operations.

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13

Kousenidis, Konstantinos, Ioannis A. Giantsis, Efstathia Karageorgiou, and Melpomeni Avdi. "Swine Ultrasonography Numerical Modeling for Pregnancy Diagnosis and Prediction of Litter Size." International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 15 (February 10, 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91011.2021.15.5.

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Early and reliable diagnosis of pregnancy in sows is considered one of the most crucial parameters for the proper management in pig farming. Reproductive activity of the sows is directly correlated with the overall productivity of the enterprise. The best and most precise methodology to diagnose pregnancy in farm animals, including pigs, is ultrasonography. For getting optimal outputs of real-time ultrasonography application in pigs, both gestation status and litter size of sows is of high importance. Hence, a detailed evaluation and careful reading of the retrieved ultrasonic image could serve to the prediction of the sow’s litter size, providing valuable information to the producer. In the present article we studied the ultrasonic typification of sows in an effort to develop a methodology for the precise pregnancy diagnosis and the prediction of the litter size. To achieve this goal, 1214 matings and 1010 pregnancies were recorded and evaluated over a period of 20 months, in a pig unit in Northern Greece. Two thorough scans were performed on each sow, classifying the ultrasonic image in a scale of 0 to 10, 0 being ‘non pregnant’ and 10 given to the most reassuring image of pregnancy. Evaluations took place in a wide range of time since mating, hence between days 16 (the earliest first scan) and 68 (the latest that a second scan was performed) and the mean values obtained were 8,36 and 8,83 for the first and second scan respectively. Furthermore, the litter size of each subsequent parturition was recorded (mean: 12.22) and correlated to the score of each of the two scans performed during pregnancy. The results showed that more reassuring images and higher scores for both examinations of pregnancy were achieved with increasing time interval from mating (P<0.05). It is therefore suggested that a detailed real-time ultrasonic scanning, can provide a very useful tool, not only for pregnancy diagnosis, but also for the prediction of litter size and eventually the precise management of pregnant sows.

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14

Kirkwood, R. N., and P. A. Thacker. "The influence of adding estradiol to semen on reproductive performance of sows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-071.

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One hundred gilts and one hundred mixed-parity sows of Yorkshire and Landrace breeding were inseminated with semen with or without an additional 10 μg estradiol-17β. Pregnancy rates of gilts receiving estradiol-supplemented and control semen were 90 and 79%, respectively (P < 0.09). The estradiol supplementation of semen did not improve the pregnancy rates or litter size in sows. Key words: Swine, artificial insemination, estradiol

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15

YAMADA, Yutaka. "Effects of Prostaglandin F2.ALPHA. in Early Pregnancy in Swine." Nihon Yoton Gakkaishi 35, no. 2 (1998): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5938/youton.35.43.

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16

Jabłonowska, C., D. Piechocki, and A. Wołos. "Swine uterus carnosinase activity in oestrous cycle and early pregnancy." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 80, no. 2 (January 1985): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(85)90223-8.

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17

Taiyeb, Ahmed M., Saeeda A. Muhsen-Alanssari, Duane C. Kraemer, Olivia Ash, Virginia Fajt, and Mundhir T. Ridha-Albarzanchi. "Cilostazol blocks pregnancy in naturally cycling swine: An animal model." Life Sciences 142 (December 2015): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.017.

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18

Schoknecht, P. A., W. G. Pond, H. J. Mersmann, and R. R. Maurer. "Protein Restriction during Pregnancy Affects Postnatal Growth in Swine Progeny." Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.11.1818.

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19

SMITH, JAMES L. "A Review of Hepatitis E Virus†." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 572–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.4.572.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of viral hepatitis in tropical and subtropical countries but is infrequent in industrialized countries. The virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route with fecally contaminated drinking water being the usual vehicle. Hepatitis resulting from HEV infection is a moderately severe jaundice that is self-limiting in most patients. Young adults, 15 to 30 years of age, are the main targets of infection, and the overall death rate is 0.5 to 3.0%. However, the death rate during pregnancy approaches 15 to 25%. Death of the mother and fetus, abortion, premature delivery, or death of a live-born baby soon after birth are common complications of hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. Hepatitis E virus is found in both wild and domestic animals; thus, HEV is a zoonotic virus. The viruses isolated from swine in the United States or Taiwan are closely related to human HEV found in those areas. The close genetic relationship of the swine and human virus suggests that swine may be a reservoir of HEV. In areas where swine are raised, swine manure could be a source of HEV contamination of irrigation water or coastal waters with concomitant contamination of produce or shellfish. Increasing globalization of food markets by industrialized countries has the potential of introducing HEV into new areas of the world. The purpose of this review is to cover certain aspects of hepatitis E including the causative agent, the disease, diagnosis, viral detection, viral transmission, epidemiology, populations targeted by HEV, and the role of animals as potential vectors of the virus.

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20

McNamee, K., and F. Dawood. "Severe H1N1 virus in pregnancy requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and lobectomy." Obstetric Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/om.2010.100021.

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Prompt diagnosis and treatment of H1N1 is crucial during pregnancy to prevent major morbidity and mortality as the virus poses an increased risk of severe illness in pregnant women. Currently, there is limited obstetric literature concerning pregnancy and the pandemic swine flu outbreak in the UK. Although there was a concerted effort to stockpile the HIN1 virus vaccinations, critical care adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is only available in one centre in the UK.

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21

DYCK, G. W., and R. M. McKAY. "INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FETAL WEIGHT AT MID-PREGNANCY IN SWINE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-104.

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The relationship between fetal weight (FW) at mid-pregnancy, and uterine weight of the area of placental attachment (UW), fetal membrane weight (FMW), allantoic fluid volume (ALFV), amniotic fluid volume (AMFV), fetal sex (FS), left vs. right uterine horn (UH), number of fetuses per uterine horn (NF), fetal location within the uterine horn (FL), fetal age (FA), dietary intake (DI) and year group of gilts (YG) was determined on 935 fetuses from 93 Lacombe gilts, bred to Yorkshire boars, that were slaughtered at 58–62 d of gestation. A stepwise regression analysis was utilized with 9 of the 11 variables found to have a significant effect and accounted for 66.5% of the variation in fetal weight. Uterine weight of the area of placental attachment (UW) accounted for 47.5% of the variation in fetal weight. The next five variables (FA, AMFV, FS, FMW and ALFV) accounted for a further 17.9% of the variation in fetal weight. The remaining 1.1% reduction in variation in fetal weight occurred with the inclusion of FL, DI and NF. The effects of the UH and YG were not significant. Thus, the parameters associated with the individual fetus are the most important variables influencing fetal weight with the uterine weight of the area of placental attachment being of greatest importance. Key words: Gilts, mid-pregnancy, fetal weight

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22

Goodband, R. D., M. D. Tokach, M. A. D. Goncalves, J. C. Woodworth, S. S. Dritz, and J. M. DeRouchey. "Nutritional enhancement during pregnancy and its effects on reproduction in swine." Animal Frontiers 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/af.2013-0036.

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23

ITO, Kazuei, Masataka BABA, Yasuhisa YASUDA, Soichiro SEKIGUCHI, and Yoichiro SHIMOGORI. "Early Pregnancy Factor: Its Characterization and Purification from Pregnant Swine Serum." Journal of Reproduction and Development 39, no. 2 (1993): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1262/jrd.39.129.

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24

Pond, Wilson G., Ralph R. Maurer, and John Klindt. "Fetal Organ Response to Maternal Protein Deprivation During Pregnancy in Swine." Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.4.504.

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25

Kirkwood, R. N., A. J. Peacock, and P. A. Thacker. "The influence of growth hormone injections either pre- or post-breeding on the reproductive performance of sows and gilts." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-028.

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Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of porcine growth hormone (pGH) injections on reproductive performance of swine. In exp. 1, 62 mixed-parity Yorkshire × Land-race sows received 6 mg of pGH either daily (n = 20) or on alternate days (n = 20) from 2 d preweaning until 4 d postweaning, with remaining sows (n = 22) serving as controls. A single blood sample was obtained from each sow prior to the first injection, at weaning and at 4 d postweaning and samples were assayed for insulin, IGF-I and triiodothyronine (T3). Serum insulin tended (P = 0.1) to be higher at 4 d postweaning in sows injected daily but was unaffected by injections on alternate days. However, T3 and IGF-I were higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in both pGH groups compared with controls. No significant effects of either pGH treatment were apparent for the mean remating interval or subsequent litter size but the rebreeding interval was less variable (P < 0.01) for sows injected on alternate days. In experiment two, 40 Yorkshire × Landrace gilts received either 6 mg of pGH or vehicle on alternate days from days 5 to 21 of pregnancy. Single blood samples were obtained on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of pregnancy and were assayed for insulin, IGF-I, T3 and progesterone. The injection of pGH had no effect on serum insulin or progesterone, caused a mild increase (P = 0.15) in serum T3 and increased (P < 0.01) serum IGF-I. There was no effect of treatment on pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, number of embryos or on embryo weight or crown-rump length. From the data of both experiments, we conclude that the injection of pGH either pre- or post-breeding will not improve the reproductive performance of swine. Key words: Growth hormone, IGF-I, reproduction, swine

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26

Schoknecht, P. A. "Swine nutrition: nutrient usage during pregnancy and early postnatal growth, an introduction." Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 10 (1997): 2705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1997.75102705x.

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27

Pyörälä, S. "Pregnancy diagnosis in swine by palpation and by amplitude-depth ultrasound scanning." Theriogenology 31, no. 5 (May 1989): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(89)90490-1.

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28

Wei, Zhengkai, Tingting Yu, Jingjing Wang, Chaoqun Wang, Xiao Liu, Zhen Han, Xu Zhang, Yong Zhang, Hongsheng Ouyang, and Zhengtao Yang. "Swine sperm induces neutrophil extracellular traps that entangle sperm and embryos." Reproduction 160, no. 2 (August 2020): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0327.

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Sperm motility, fertilization and embryo implantation are several important factors in reproduction. Except healthy state of sperm and embryo themselves, successful pregnancy is closely related to the status of female reproductive tract immune system. Increased immune cells in reproductive tract often leads to low sperm motility and low chance of embryo implantation, but the mechanisms remain not well clarified. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effects of swine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) on sperm or embryo in vitro and then try to clarify the molecular mechanisms undergoing the phenomenon. Swine sperm-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PMNs phagocytosis of sperms was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sperm-triggered NETs were quantitated by Pico Green®. Vital staining of the interaction between PMNs and embryo were observed by using confocal microscope. It was showed that PMNs were directly activated by sperm in the form of phagocytosis or casting NETs and that sperm-triggered-NETs formation was made up with DNA co-located with citrullinated histone 3 (citH3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In addition, the potential mechanism of NETs release was relevant to NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Of great interest was that swine embryo was first found entangled in NETs in vitro, but the function and mechanism of this action in vivo fertilization still needed further investigation. In conclusion, this is the first report about swine sperm-induced NETs that entangle sperm and embryo, which might provide an entirely understanding of swine reproductive physiology and immunology.

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29

Taparia, Nirmal B., Vishwas N. Jeurkar, Siddheshwar M. Rudrakshi, and Pradeep J. Singhal. "Clinical aspects and outcome of patients with swine flu among survivors and non-survivors." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, no. 5 (September 22, 2018): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20183458.

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Background: Swine flu is an infective disease caused by any one of the several types of Influenza viruses. The world saw its first pandemic of swine flu this century in the year 2009 when the WHO raised a world-wide pandemic alert to level 6 on June 11, 2009. In India, first few cases (index cases) of swine flu were reported from Pune, Maharashtra. The most recent outbreak of this dreaded infection was reported during late winter of 2015.Methods: The present study was retrospective study. In order to collect the data, we reviewed medical charts of patients who were hospitalized in our hospital during the study period. Diagnosis of swine flu was confirmed after sending the blood-samples to Government approved laboratories in Pune and Mumbai. Real time, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method was employed for serological diagnosis. Forty-five confirmed cases of swine flu were included in this retrospective study. The primary objective of this study was to highlight the differences in the clinical profile as well as outcome between the patients who survived the attack of swine flu and those who did not.Results: Forty-five of these patients tested positive for H1N1 amounting to a positivity rate of 52.94%. Cough (93.3%) was the most common symptom followed by fever (88.8%) and breathlessness (82.2%). Patients who did not survive were more likely to have associated co-morbid conditions like Hypertension, Diabetes, cardio-vascular disease, pre-existing lung disease and pregnancy though this was not statistically significant ( p=0.189). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Multi-Organ Dysfunction (MOD) and secondary bacterial infections were among the most common conditions that lead to death.Conclusions: Early detection of swine flu through meticulous screening in the community with a high index of suspicion followed by prompt and adequate treatment can go a long way in preventing another pandemic. Creating awareness among the lay people about personal as well as public hygiene is also vital to prevent the spread of this viral illness.

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30

Bampi, D., K. K. Borstnez, C. P. Dias, O. A. D. Costa, F. Moreira, V. Peripolli, J. M. Oliveira Júnior, E. Schwegler, L. P. Rauber, and I. Bianchi. "Evaluation of reproductive and animal welfare parameters of swine females of different genetic lines submitted to different reproductive management and housing systems during pregnancy." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 5 (September 2020): 1675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11767.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate swine females of different genetic lines submitted to different reproductive management and housing systems during pregnancy on reproductive performance and animal welfare parameters. After artificial insemination protocol, 524 females were divided into two gestation housing systems: PEN1=animals housed in individual stalls during the breeding and after group-housed; PEN32=animals housed in individual stalls from breeding until 32 days of pregnancy and after group-housed. The number of piglets born, and the pregnancy and farrowing rates were evaluated. Welfare parameters related to the pregnancy phase were used. Females who weaned more piglets in the previous farrowing had a higher number of piglets born at the next farrowing. The pregnancy rate was affected by the number of semen doses. The farrowing rate was not influenced by the evaluated parameters, with average value of 91.36%. There was no effect of the gestation housing system and the genetic lines on pregnancy and farrowing rates, with values above 90.0%. The animal welfare indicators showed more compromised parameters in PEN1 system. PEN1 system did not impair the reproductive performance although it presented more compromised animal welfare parameters.

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Lwin, Soe, Myat San Yi, May Shi Leong, Haris Suharjono, and Tin Moe Nwe. "Influenza A Viral Infection with Septic Shock in Pregnancy." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019 (April 21, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2470352.

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The influenza virus is RNA virus and is classified into four subtypes, influenza A, influenza B, influenza C, and influenza D. One of the subtypes of influenza A, the H1N1 strain, also known as swine flu, is especially of high risk for development of complications in pregnant women. The influenza A virus infection is difficult to diagnose clinically because its presenting symptoms are similar to those of the common cold but are more severe, last longer, and can be potentially life-threatening. This case also presented with common cold symptoms but her condition worsened later. Fortunately, obstetric health providers were vigilant enough to address the developing infection and its related complications. It was the cooperative effort of multidisciplinary team care which resulted in a favourable outcome in both mother and baby.

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Singhal, Yogesh Kumar, and Nitin Kothari. "Mortality profile of confirmed cases of swine flu attending a tertiary care center of Udaipur region of Rajasthan, India." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20192262.

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Background: Mortality profile is an analytical tool used to identify the various factors responsible for poor outcome of disease and it can also use to evaluate quality and efficiency of healthcare providers. The aim of this study is to summarise the clinical and epidemiological factors as well as to identify the risk factors associated with mortality among swine flu cases.Methods: It is a cross-sectional, descriptive, hospital-based study conducted on 62 deceased patients due to swine flu reported at Maharana Bhupal Government Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan during the outbreak of influenza A H1N1 in the year 2015. A standardized pre-structured questionnaire with consent was filled by help of bed head tickets and by interview of attendants of deceased patients.Results: Deaths were higher among age group of 31-45 years (35.48%). Case fatality rate for male patients (13.88%) was higher. Mortality was highest in females of rural background 27(43.55%). Majority of deceased patients (70.97%) had delay of 4-7 days in admission after onset of symptoms. Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and pregnancy was the major risk factors for poor outcome.Conclusions: Delay in diagnosis and admission may be the reason for higher mortality rate. The most common co morbid illness was Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases (Ischemic heart disease, Rheumatic heart disease, Hypertension) and pregnancy.

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Speer, V. C. "Partitioning nitrogen and amino acids for pregnancy and lactation in swine: a review." Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (1990): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1990.682553x.

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G., Prema Priya, Jeyamani B., Nithya S., Gayathri N., and Vimala D. "MATERNAL AND PERINATAL OUTCOME OF WOMEN WITH SWINE FLU IN PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 8, no. 18 (May 6, 2019): 1419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2019/316.

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Zhao, Wangsheng, Khuram Shahzad, Mingfeng Jiang, Daniel E. Graugnard, Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas, Jun Luo, Juan J. Loor, and Walter L. Hurley. "Bioinformatics and Gene Network Analyses of the Swine Mammary Gland Transcriptome during Late Gestation." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 7 (January 2013): BBI.S12205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s12205.

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We used the newly-developed Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) and gene network analysis to study the sow mammary transcriptome at 80, 100, and 110 days of pregnancy. A swine oligoarray with 13,290 inserts was used for transcriptome profiling. An ANOVA with false discovery rate (FDR < 0.15) correction resulted in 1,409 genes with a significant time effect across time comparisons. The DIA uncovered that Fatty acid biosynthesis, Interleukin-4 receptor binding, Galactose metabolism, and mTOR signaling were among the most-impacted pathways. IL-4 receptor binding, ABC transporters, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and Jak-STAT signaling were markedly activated at 110 days compared with 80 and 100 days. Epigenetic and transcription factor regulatory mechanisms appear important in coordinating the final stages of mammary development during pregnancy. Network analysis revealed a crucial role for TP53, ARNT2, E2F4, and PPARG. The bioinformatics analyses revealed a number of pathways and functions that perform an irreplaceable role during late gestation to farrowing.

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FILATOV, A. V., V. S. LOBANOV, and V. P. KHLOPITSKY. "PROGESTAMAG® – AN EFFECTIVE REMEDY FOR INCREASE OF REPRODUCTIVE INDICATORS IN SWINE-BREEDING." PIG-BREEDING, no. 2 (2021): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37925/0039-713x-2021-2-43-45.

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The optimal frequency of administration and terms use of preparation Progestamag® for increased level of reproduction in sows are defined. The efficiency this hormonal progesterone-containing preparation in the critical period pregnancy of animals is revealed. Experimental studies have shown that injection of exogenous progesterone during early gestation contributes increase level of fertilization and multiple fetation of breeding stock pigs.

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Safranski, Timothy J. "34 Swine Breeding Herd Practicum Winternship." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.203.

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Abstract Approximately 70% of Animal Science students at Mizzou enroll without large animal experience, and commercial swine production exposure is very low (1-3%). As such, few consider careers in the swine industry. Winter break is 4 or 5 weeks long, allowing more than enough family time. An opportunity for full-time employment for students for 1-2 weeks over winter break on commercial sow units was arranged for 1 or 2 students each of 2 years. Host farms reported students were ‘shell shocked’ for the first 3 or 4 d, finding the scope of production overwhelming. A more formal program was designed to introduce students to modern swine breeding herd management, combining academic and field training over a period of several months. Eligible students have at least sophomore standing, can demonstrate a sincere interest in learning about careers in commercial pork production, and are able to commute to farms within 2 hr of campus. Cooperating farms provide hands-on experience on a modern commercial sow farm, help arrange housing, and pay students nominally during the winter break portion. Students are interviewed, and those selected to participate (n = up to 6) sign a code of conduct and participation agreement. In the fall semester they attend 8 hours of classroom instruction covering: gilt development; isolation/acclimation and biosecurity; reproductive anatomy/physiology; detection and synchronization of estrus; artificial insemination; pregnancy diagnosis; farrowing room preparation; induction of farrowing; obstetrical intervention; colostrum management; d 1 pig care; feeding and handling sows and piglets; careers. Interspersed on weekends during fall semester are 3 weekend days shadowing/working in pairs on commercial farms within 1.5 hours of campus. This training prepares them for ‘full time employment’ on a breeding farm, and students work for 1 or 2 weeks over the winter break on commercial sow units. Upon completion of the full-time employment phase, students prepare a written summary of their experience, upon which the majority of their grade rests.

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Wang, Peng, Heju Zhong, Yumo Song, Peiqiang Yuan, Yunxia Li, Sen Lin, Xiaoling Zhang, et al. "Targeted metabolomics analysis of maternal-placental-fetal metabolism in pregnant swine reveals links in fetal bile acid homeostasis and sulfation capacity." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): G8—G16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00056.2019.

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Cholestasis of pregnancy endangers fetal and neonatal survival, yet systematic knowledge of the cause and effect of disrupted bile acid (BA) homeostasis in pregnancy is limited. Here we show that gestation stage-associated BA dysregulation in swine correlated with fetal death resulting from compromised capacity for BA secretion and increased alternative systemic efflux. The balance of BA input and output in the developing uterus suggested little uptake and metabolism of maternal BA by the placenta-fetus unit, implying a protection role of placenta in preventing maternal BA transported into the fetus. We showed that the maternal origin of BA accounted for the increase in placental total BA, leading to dysregulated expression of genes involved in BA transport and potentially impaired transplacental export of fetus-derived BA. Correspondingly, the secondary BA, mainly derived from the mother, gradually decreased in the fetus. Finally, we identified that sulfation rather than glucuronidation played pivotal roles in maintaining BA homeostasis of the developing fetus. These novel and systemic findings contribute to a whole picture of BA metabolism in pregnancy and provide new insights into mechanisms responsible for maternal and fetal BA homeostasis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used a swine model to demonstrate the potentially impaired transplacental bile acid (BA) export, immaturity of fetal hepatic excretory function, and elevated BA synthesis in the developing fetus. Under these conditions, we have further identified that BA sulfation plays a pivotal role in regulation of fetal BA homeostasis, which appears to depend on the balance of BA synthesis and sulfation capacity. These novel findings have uncovered a previously unknown mechanism of BA homeostasis regulation in the developing fetus.

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Terlouw, S. L., C. D. Bierman, D. L. Kohler, B. A. Didion, and J. R. Dobrinsky. "146 RELOCATION OF SWINE GENETICS USING EMBRYO TRANSFER." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab146.

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Swine production requires a stable health status that can be compromised by introduction of live animals for genetic change. Our objective was to use embryo transfer to avoid disease transmission during genetic relocation. Forty genotype-specific (GS) donor females were scheduled for 3 sessions of embryo recovery at 6-week intervals using Altrenogest (Matrix®, Intervet, Millsboro, DE), 1250 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and 750 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; Chorulon®, Intervet). Single-sire GS matings were made 34 h after Chorulon® injection. To accomplish single-sire transfers, color specific (CS) supplemental embryos were used to assist in maintenance of recipient pregnancy. The CS embryo donors and GS embryo recipients were synchronized with Matrix®, P.G. 600® (200 IU hCG, 400 IU PMSG, Intervet) and Chorulon®. Embryos from GS donors were surgically recovered on Day 5 post-insemination, washed per IETS recommendations using a zwitterion-buffered culture medium (PorcPro E-Blast, Minitube of America, Verona, WI) and transported in a portable incubator (Minitube of America) 2.5 h to the recipient herd. Embryos were surgically transferred into –24-h asynchronous recipients within 6 to 14 h after recovery. A total of 620 embryos were recovered from 65.2% (60/92) of GS matings, and 587 (59.4%) GS and 402 (40.6%) CS embryos were transferred into 63 recipients. On average, 9.3 GS and 6.4 CS embryos were transferred per recipient (15.7). A total of 33 GS embryos were discarded before transfer. To achieve a target of 17 embryos per transfer, 59 embryo transfers required CS embryos and 4 embryo transfers were only GS embryos. Fifty-three (84.1%) recipients were confirmed pregnant by ultrasound at 35 days of gestation. Of the 40 GS donors, one was culled for genetic reasons, 6 did not give transferable embryos, and 1 gave transferable embryos but the corresponding recipient returned to estrus for a total genetic transfer rate of 80% (32/40). After 3 sessions of embryo transfer, 32/33 (97%) GS donors that produced embryos for transfer were represented by a minimum of 1 pregnant recipient at 35 days of gestation; 17/32 GS donors were represented by a single pregnancy and 15/32 by multiple pregnancies. Sera from GS donors were evaluated for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) before each embryo recovery session. Serology results were negative for PRRS (0/98)) and positive for PCV2 in 27.5% (27/98) of GS donors. Embryo wash media from the last 2 washes from PCV2 positive GS donors producing embryos for transfer were pooled and evaluated for PCV2 after transfer; all samples (0/18) were negative for PCV2. In summary, zona pellucida-intact embryos were successfully used to relocate swine genetics from a donor herd into a recipient herd with no apparent health status change in the recipient herd.

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Magudapathi, Chandrakala, Jayamohan Unnithan, Gnanam Sathyamoorthy, and Sahitya J. Andluru. "Swine Flu in Pregnancy with Severe Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Ventilator—Normal Delivery." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 11, no. 3 (2019): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1680.

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Kim, J. G., and J. L. Vallet. "Placental expression of the membrane form of folate binding protein during pregnancy in swine." Theriogenology 67, no. 7 (April 2007): 1279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.01.016.

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Botero, O., F. Martinat-Botté, and F. Bariteau. "Use of ultrasound scanning in swine for detection of pregnancy and some pathological conditions." Theriogenology 26, no. 3 (September 1986): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(86)90146-9.

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Gonzalez-Bulnes, A., C. Ovilo, C. J. Lopez-Bote, S. Astiz, M. Ayuso, M. L. Perez-Solana, R. Sanchez-Sanchez, and L. Torres-Rovira. "Gender-specific early postnatal catch-up growth after intrauterine growth retardation by food restriction in swine with obesity/leptin resistance." REPRODUCTION 144, no. 2 (August 2012): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0105.

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The effects of undernutrition during pregnancy on prenatal and postnatal development of the offspring were evaluated in sows with obesity/leptin resistance. Females were fed, from day 35 of pregnancy onwards, a diet fulfilling either 100% (group control,n=10) or 50% of the nutritional requirements (group underfed,n=10). In the control group, maternal body weight increased during pregnancy (P<0.05) while it decreased or remained steady in the underfed group. At days 75 and 100 of gestation, plasma triglycerides were lower but urea levels were higher in restricted than in control sows (P<0.05 for both). Assessment of the offspring indicated that the trunk diameter was always smaller in the restricted group (P<0.01 at day 50,P<0.005 at days 75 and 100 andP<0.0001 at birth) while head measurements were similar through pregnancy, although smaller in the restricted than in the control group at birth (P<0.05). Newborns from restricted sows were also lighter than offspring from control females (P<0.01) and had higher incidence of growth retardation (P<0.01). Afterwards, during lactation, early postnatal growth in restricted piglets was modulated by gender. At weaning, males from restricted sows were still lighter than their control counterparts (P<0.05), while females from control and underfed sows were similar. Thus, the current study indicates a gender-related differential effect in the growth patterns of the piglets, with females from restricted sows evidencing catch-up growth to neutralise prenatal retardation and reaching similar development than control counterparts.

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Tramontana, S., M. Bionaz, A. Sharma, D. E. Graugnard, E. A. Cutler, P. Ajmone-Marsan, W. L. Hurley, and J. J. Loor. "Internal Controls for Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction of Swine Mammary Glands During Pregnancy and Lactation." Journal of Dairy Science 91, no. 8 (August 2008): 3057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1164.

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Moenter, Suzanne M., Stephen K. Webel, and Philip J. Dziuk. "Pregnancy detection and litter size classification by estrone sulfate measurements in swine under farm conditions." Animal Reproduction Science 27, no. 2-3 (April 1992): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(92)90055-i.

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BUHR, M. M., R. M. McKAY, and D. L. GRINWICH. "LUTEOLYTIC ACTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS IN SWINE AND THE EFFECTS OF CLOPROSTENOL ON LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTORS AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURE OF PORCINE CORPORA LUTEA." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-043.

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The luteolytic action of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), 15-keto-PGF2α, 15-methyl-PGF2α, and cloprostenol was evaluated in cycling gilts and sows after intramuscular injection on day 13 of the estrous cycle. Only cloprostenol significantly shortened the mean cycle length (18.5 vs. 20.3 d, P < 0.05). Cloprostenol also caused a more rapid decline in serum progesterone concentrations than did the other prostaglandins. Serum concentrations of the prostaglandin metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM), showed rapid transitory peaks after PGF2α or 15-keto-PGF2α and a lower, later rise after cloprostenol. A second experiment examined luteal luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors and luteal membrane ultrastructure during the estrous cycle and pregnancy and the effect of cloprostenol on these parameters during the estrous cycle. The number of unoccupied luteal LH receptors, as measured by specific 125I-hCG binding, dropped significantly from mid to late pregnancy and from mid to late cycle. Cloprostenol lowered serum progesterone concentrations but did not affect hCG binding. X-ray diffraction showed no correlation of gel or liquid-crystalline phase lipids in luteal microsomes with the stage of the estrous cycle or pregnancy or cloprostenol treatment. Key words: Swine, luteolysis, estrous cycle, prostaglandins, luteal LH receptors

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Martinsson, Kjell, and Kjell Carlström. "The Analogues of some Human Trypsin-binding Proteins in Swine Serum with Special Reference to Pregnancy Zone Protein (PZ) and Pregnancy Diagnosis." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 24, no. 2 (May 13, 2010): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1977.tb00985.x.

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Wang, Peng, Yumo Song, Heju Zhong, Sen Lin, Xiaoling Zhang, Jian Li, Lianqiang Che, et al. "Transcriptome Profiling of Placenta through Pregnancy Reveals Dysregulation of Bile Acids Transport and Detoxification Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 4099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174099.

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Placenta performs the function of several adult organs for the fetus during intrauterine life. Because of the dramatic physiological and metabolic changes during pregnancy and the strong association between maternal metabolism and placental function, the possibility that variation in gene expression patterns during pregnancy might be linked to fetal health warrants investigation. Here, next-generation RNA sequencing was used to investigate the expression profile, including mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of placentas on day 60 of gestation (G60), day 90 of gestation (G90), and on the farrowing day (L0) in pregnant swine. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs consistently showed dysregulation of bile acids transport and detoxification as pregnancy progress. We found the differentially expressed mRNAs, particularly bile salt export pump (ABCB11), organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2), carbonic anhydrase II (CA2), Na+-HCO3− cotransporter (NBC1), and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases (SULT2A1) play an important role in bile acids transport and sulfation in placentas during pregnancy. We also found the potential regulation role of ALDBSSCG0000000220 and XLOC_1301271 on placental SULT2A1. These findings have uncovered a previously unclear function and its genetic basis for bile acids metabolism in developing placentas and have important implications for exploring the potential physiological and pathological pathway to improve fetal outcomes.

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Park, Y. S., S. H. Yang, S. M. Park, S. J. Kim, and J. B. Kim. "118 DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTRONE-1-SULFATE IN URINE AS A TOOL FOR DIAGNOSIS OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN SWINE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab118.

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Early identification of pregnancy or non-pregnancy in sows is considered very important, as the management of sows during the post service period is crucial if the breeding efficiency of a herd is to be maximized. Studies of steroid hormones in pregnant sows showed that there was a significant increase in plasma estrone-1-sulfate concentration by the 16th day of gestation, which reaches peak values between Days 23 and 30 of gestation. Since plasma estrone-1-sulfate concentrations are high between Days 23 and 30 of pregnancy, its determination has been used as a means for early pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring fertility in sows. However, the application of the method in pig farms on a routine basis remains restricted because blood sampling is difficult and disturbs the animals. The present study describes the development of a simple and reliable time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TR-FIA) method for the estimation of estrone-1-sulfate in swine urine, which was assessed as a means for early diagnosis of pregnancy and monitoring fertility in sows. We demonstrated cross activity between Anti-estrone-1-glucuronide antibody (Clone 155) and estrone-1-sulfate. The method is based on a direct competitive heterogeneous immunoassay by the typical procedure of competitive immunocomplex formation. For detection of estrone-1-sulfate, anti-estrone-1-glucuronide antibody (Clone 155) was first coated on polystyrene microplates, and estrone-1-sulfate was captured by the primary antibody with estrone-1-glucuronide labeled with europium. The immunocomplex was subsequently dissociated by the enhancement solution containing Triton X-100, acetic acid, and chelators. The free europium was detection by DELFIA 1420 detector (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Waltham, MA, USA). The fluorescence intensity of free europium at 613 nm was proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of estron-1-sulfate in a dynamic range of 0.078~10 ng mL–1. Intra-assay variation for estrone-1-sulfate was 4%. The limit of quantification was 100 pg mL–1. The mean estrone-1-sulfate concentration was significantly higher in pregnant sows (15.6 � 5.3 ng mL–1) than in non-pregnant sows and in sows in estrus (0.74 � 0.44 ng mL–1). Taking the concentration of 20 pg mL–1 as a cut-off, all cases of non-pregnant sows and sows in estrus were negative. Urine estrone-1-sulfate concentrations in pregnant sows at 23-day intervals post-service were 14~16 ng mL–1. According to the results of our field trial, urine estrone-1-sulfate concentrations are very low during estrus and remain low in non-pregnant sows at different stages of the estrous cycle, whereas the concentration increases significantly during specific stages of pregnancy at 23-day intervals. It is concluded that the satisfactory sensitivity of the present assay in combination with the good correlation for pregnancy from the present field trial makes this method a very useful technique for early pregnancy diagnosis in swine; the simplicity of urine sampling makes also it suitable for practical use.

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Mali, A. B., R. M. Mehar, S. H. Kapane, and M. R. Hadimani. "Scanning the Future: Veterinary Reproductive Ultrasonography." Animal Reproduction Update 2, no. 1 (March 13, 2022): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/aru.2022.2105.

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Reproductive ultrasonography can be an extensively preferred diagnostic modality in farm and companion animals for maximizing reproductive health in future days. The shape, contour, size, and position of the structure being analyzed, as well as its echogenicity, which is determined by the amplitude of the echoes received, are being used to describe ultrasound pictures. Reproductive ultrasonography has introduced a new dimension to animal reproduction by allowing not only visualization of the reproductive tract but also early pregnancy diagnosis, surveillance of embryonic or fetus development, and detection of the estrous cycle phase. Confirmation of ovarian and uterine ailments such as cystic ovarian follicle, endometritis, hydrometra, mucometra, and pyometra can be easily diagnosed for the earliest treatment regimens. The technique is a simple, safe, non-invasive, cost-effective, and practical way to confirm reproductive status in farm and companion animals from 30 days of gestation onwards, and by trans-rectal approach, the earliest diagnosis of pregnancy and non-pregnancy in small ruminants and swine can be confirmed from day 20 onwards. As a result, it appears that veterinary reproductive ultrasonography is an excellent technique for managing fertility in farm and companion animals

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